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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hang, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh

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Speaker 1: Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant, Jerry's over there, Chandler's

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Speaker 1: over Chuck Shoulder in the window, Free things all weird.

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Speaker 1: I'm hot and your cold. Uh yeah, I'm cold. One

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Speaker 1: of us is Mars and one of us is being this.

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Speaker 1: That a book Chuck from Mars. It's the best seller

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Speaker 1: in the podcast co host segment of Barnes and Noble.

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Speaker 1: Are those still around? Yeah? They got like three books

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Speaker 1: in three stores. That one click and clack, by the way,

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Speaker 1: r P R I P legend. Man, that was a

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Speaker 1: sad one. Was he click or clack? You know? Always

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Speaker 1: got that confused? Um it was Tom right, I want

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Speaker 1: to say click but um but as Tom who died

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Speaker 1: and his younger brother Ray still around. Yeah, it was

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Speaker 1: a great show man. Yeah, my house is off to

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Speaker 1: MPR for like immediately like lowering the flag and making

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Speaker 1: a big deal out of it, I mean like it

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Speaker 1: was cool. Yeah, he certainly taught us a thing or

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Speaker 1: two if they did about just everything we know, kind

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Speaker 1: of being natural goose leaving it in everything. So hats

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Speaker 1: off to you, sir, so Chuck. Moving along to terraforming, Um,

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Speaker 1: did you know that a recent study found that even

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Speaker 1: if we instituted a global one child policy like China,

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Speaker 1: but global sure, which is less than a hundred years

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Speaker 1: away now, Um, it's like eighty five years away, that's

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Speaker 1: not that far, we'd be able to keep the population

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Speaker 1: at about current levels. A lot of people would say

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Speaker 1: the current level is too much as it is. But

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Speaker 1: if we didn't do anything and continued on this pace

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Speaker 1: of growth, we've hit about twelve billion people. By that

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Speaker 1: is a ton of people. It's a lot of folks.

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Speaker 1: There's a that's a lot of stretch on resources for agriculture,

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Speaker 1: for fuel, energy, all that kind of stuff, and it's

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Speaker 1: it's caused a lot of people numbers like this, studies

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Speaker 1: like this. It's caused a lot of people to say, Um,

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Speaker 1: how are we going to support all of these people? Yeah?

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Speaker 1: Did you know a lot of people poo poo that notion.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I had no idea when I did that

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Speaker 1: little video and overpopulation. A lot of people are like,

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Speaker 1: this is not a problem, this is a conspiracy. There's

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Speaker 1: a there's a there's a definite division between camps. There's

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Speaker 1: the gloom and doom camp who say like, we're screwed,

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Speaker 1: and then there's the other camp who says we'll always

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Speaker 1: technologically advance our way out of trouble like this, right,

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Speaker 1: is that what you're saying. I don't know what the

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Speaker 1: point was. I think there's just there's a camp that

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Speaker 1: says overpopulation is not an issue like people say it is. Well,

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Speaker 1: I think a few people redistributed people. It's possible that

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Speaker 1: that could alleviate overpopulation if it is a thing, But

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Speaker 1: I think most people I can't even say that. Some

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Speaker 1: people would say that agriculture has what's called a carrying capacity,

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Speaker 1: and we've talked about mouth this before, um, and that

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Speaker 1: we are possibly stretching it right now. UM. So a

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Speaker 1: lot of people, the ones who do believe in the

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Speaker 1: overpopulation problem, are starting to look to the stars and saying, hey, man,

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Speaker 1: let's figure out how to exploit other planets too, so

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Speaker 1: the human race can survive. Isn't that what Interstellar is about?

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Speaker 1: That new movie? Yeah, And and it was totally I

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Speaker 1: didn't think, like, oh, Interstellar, this will be timely, like

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Speaker 1: the two just happen to coincide. Is about terraforming, or

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Speaker 1: is it just like, hey, go find a place that's hospitable. Well,

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Speaker 1: according to what Michael Caine says in the preview, it's

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Speaker 1: about just going to find a hospitable plan which is

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Speaker 1: a search that is currently underway and has been for

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Speaker 1: a while through NASA's Kepler Um Observatory. They've been looking

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Speaker 1: for exoplanets, and supposedly right now they have. They're eighteen

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Speaker 1: hundred and fifty four confirmed exoplanets, forty one undred and

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Speaker 1: seventy three unconfirmed, and all of them are between ten

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Speaker 1: light years and twenty five thousand light years from Earth.

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Speaker 1: Pretty far it is right now, it's it's prohibitively far.

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Speaker 1: But there are planets out there that exist in what's

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Speaker 1: called the Goldilocks zone, which is they orbit a star

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Speaker 1: and they're just far enough away from the star that

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Speaker 1: they're not going to burn to a crisp, but they're

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Speaker 1: not so far away that you're going to freeze to death.

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Speaker 1: Hence the Goldilocks zone. Not too hot, not too cold,

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Speaker 1: got it. That's cute. So that's one thing we could do.

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Speaker 1: We could go find a planet that's like ready made

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Speaker 1: for us to live on. If it I doubt that

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Speaker 1: exists though. Yeah, and plus, even if we did find it,

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Speaker 1: like I said, the closest exo planet that we know of,

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Speaker 1: I think is about ten light years away. That means

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Speaker 1: it would take a photon, which travels at the speed

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Speaker 1: of light, ten years to get there. We can't travel

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Speaker 1: anywhere near the speed of light, so it might as

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Speaker 1: well not exist, so all you know, we're not so. Alternately,

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Speaker 1: a lot of people are proposing to take a planet

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Speaker 1: or a moon or an asteroid or something and turn

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Speaker 1: it into something habitable for us, and that's terraforming. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: find a nice little fixer upper planet, go in there

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Speaker 1: and flip it and move humanity there to ruin it.

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Speaker 1: Maybe have a meltdown in front of the cameras, make

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Speaker 1: a couple of stupid things, cliffhangers. Boom, you've got yourself

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Speaker 1: a serious that's right, terraforming. We did a short video

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Speaker 1: about this once about a hundred years ago, where we

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Speaker 1: explained it in sixty seconds. We should just try that again, No,

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Speaker 1: just press play and sit back. We also did one

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Speaker 1: of lunar building a lunar base. Yeah almost at a

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Speaker 1: lunar base on the Moon, but that's redundant. Yeah. Uh,

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Speaker 1: and that's another idea, is what we could just build

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Speaker 1: lunar bases and stuff. I think Russia is doing that, right.

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Speaker 1: They announced in May or June they want to build

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Speaker 1: a like habitable base up there, right. They plan to

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Speaker 1: spend several hundred million dollars and put it on the

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Speaker 1: Moon and just start mining the Moon. They want to

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Speaker 1: get a jump on the rest of the humanity. And

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Speaker 1: it's pretty smart. But building a lunar base, or building

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Speaker 1: a base anywhere, a floating city on venus or anything

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Speaker 1: like that, that's not terraforming. That's building a base somewhere

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Speaker 1: or floating city somewhere. Yeah, we're talking about changing the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere of a planet and more. Yeah, which requires a

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Speaker 1: substantial amount of energy, a lot of foresight, and and

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Speaker 1: a tremendous amount of patients and money. Yeah I have money.

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Speaker 1: But I mean if if you take money and the

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Speaker 1: amount of time, I would say the amount of time

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Speaker 1: is more depressed seeing them the amount of money you're

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Speaker 1: going to have to sink into it, because what we're

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Speaker 1: talking about is stuff that's not going to take place

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Speaker 1: until millennia have passed. Yeah, there's all sorts of ranges

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Speaker 1: of how long it might take the terror form of

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Speaker 1: planet from a thousand years to twenty years. I saw, yeah,

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Speaker 1: for Mars to for us to be able to go

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Speaker 1: to Mars and take off a helmet and be like.

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Speaker 1: Michio Kaku has a very cheap idea. Have you ever

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Speaker 1: seen his little short video he explains in sixty seconds?

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Speaker 1: What is he what's his idea? He's like, you know,

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Speaker 1: there's lots of CEO two under the surface, and all

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Speaker 1: we have to do is heat that up a little

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Speaker 1: bit and jump start the process, and then it creates

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Speaker 1: a what he called a catalytic effect and it just

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Speaker 1: sort of sustains itself. Well, it's yeah, so that's called

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Speaker 1: what he's talking about is called the standard paradigm that

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Speaker 1: Mars has not CEO two on the planet, that if,

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Speaker 1: like he says, you can just melt it, it will

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Speaker 1: create an atmosphere that traps heat. You know, we have

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Speaker 1: a problem with c O two on this planet, which

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Speaker 1: is another reason people say we need to go find

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Speaker 1: another planet and create a greenhouse effect, and that will

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Speaker 1: trap heat, which would melt more c O two and

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Speaker 1: more and more, and it will just create this cycle.

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Speaker 1: Do there what we don't want to do here exactly

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Speaker 1: jumps started. Let's let's talk about Mars. Man, You've got

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Speaker 1: some time to wrap about Mars and and why Mars

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Speaker 1: is frequently pointed to as an ideal locale for terraforming. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if you listen to our April episode on Mars, then

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Speaker 1: you know a lot about mars um. But we're gonna

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Speaker 1: recap some of it. Mars is a very cold, dried,

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Speaker 1: dusty place now, but it used to be wet and

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Speaker 1: warm and a lot more like Earth than a lot

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Speaker 1: of surrounding planets. So they think we can just get

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Speaker 1: it back to that state, then we've got a good start.

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Speaker 1: Probably the key to Mars, more than anything else, that

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Speaker 1: makes it a the likeliest candidate for terra for me,

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Speaker 1: is that the Martian day is twenty three point seven hours.

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Speaker 1: I think it's almost exactly like Earth's day, right, getting

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Speaker 1: shorter or no, twenty four point seven hours, I'm sorry,

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Speaker 1: twenty four hours and thirty seven minutes something, yes, point

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Speaker 1: seven is thirty seven minutes, isn't sure. I just wanted

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Speaker 1: to give it a relatable So it's close. It's it's

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Speaker 1: very close to the Earth day um, and that indicates

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Speaker 1: that it spits so if Mars is already spinning, it

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Speaker 1: has a huge leg up over the competition in the

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Speaker 1: terraforming contest. So many many years ago, Mars was wet,

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Speaker 1: there was volcanic activity, and it was getting bombarded by asteroids.

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Speaker 1: That right, that did two things chuck, two huge things

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Speaker 1: for Mars. One, these asteroids were bringing in gases or

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Speaker 1: compounds that Mars needed to have an atmosphere, right, it

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Speaker 1: was applying the planet with it. And then the volcanic

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Speaker 1: activity was taking these, um, these compounds and elements that

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Speaker 1: were locked into rock and stuff like that and recycling

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Speaker 1: them back into the atmosphere, which was sustaining the atmosphere, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: which was great as long as that was going on.

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Speaker 1: But once those volcanoes stopped and it was lousy with volcanoes.

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Speaker 1: Once they stopped doing their recycling, gig uh, it basically

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Speaker 1: absorbed all that stuff and locked it in the the planet. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the same thing would happen here, apparently, like if we

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Speaker 1: didn't have volcanic activity. Um, what volcanoes do. One of

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Speaker 1: the things they performs atmospheric recycling, which is taking this

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Speaker 1: stuff that you normally have an atmosphere that's been absorbed

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Speaker 1: by by the soil or by rock and boiling it,

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Speaker 1: melting the rock and spewing it out as a gas

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Speaker 1: back in the atmosphere. And like you said, when Marsh

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Speaker 1: stopped doing that, it's the recycling process stopped, and all

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Speaker 1: of a sudden you just had a static atmosphere that

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Speaker 1: slowly was stripped away. Another part of the problem was

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Speaker 1: Mars cool that the core, and that means it lost

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Speaker 1: its magnetic field, so the upper atmosphere was not being

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Speaker 1: held in place any longer by the magnetosphere, so the

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Speaker 1: solar winds were just stripping it away, and all of

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Speaker 1: a sudden, Mars had this very thin atmosphere that wasn't

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Speaker 1: they couldn't trap heat any longer, and the whole planet,

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Speaker 1: like you said, got really dry and really cold like

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Speaker 1: we know it today. That's right, and uh, completely uninhabitable. UM.

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Speaker 1: A couple of other things Mars doesn't have going for it.

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Speaker 1: UM is it's not very close. It's what like six

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Speaker 1: months away to get there. Yeah, I guess yeah. I

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Speaker 1: think it's like a six month trip to get to Mars. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And that's a long way to go if you want

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Speaker 1: to make regular trips. It's cost prohibitive, yes, but compared

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Speaker 1: to the Moon, which you can get to like lickt

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Speaker 1: ease play that's like a weekender six months is that's

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Speaker 1: pretty distant. Um. But the fact again, the fact that

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Speaker 1: Mars has this history of um being able to hold

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Speaker 1: an atmosphere and surface water, two huge factors in an

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Speaker 1: a habitable planet. UM and the fact that, uh there's

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Speaker 1: stuff that's necessary for life, like c O two and

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Speaker 1: things like that trapped on the planet already in a

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Speaker 1: frozen form really just kind of is a is a

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Speaker 1: bright flashing neon signed to people saying, hey, man, come

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Speaker 1: terra formed me. That's right. We'll talk about some of

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Speaker 1: the steps that you have to take to terra form

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Speaker 1: a planet like Mars right after this. Okay, so Mars

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Speaker 1: is a good it's a good, nice old house that

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Speaker 1: has good bones. Oh yeah, it's a great analogy, and

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Speaker 1: we want to restore it to its former moist wet glory,

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Speaker 1: which sounds really gross. Some people can't even hear the

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Speaker 1: word moist. You know. Yeah, there's a whole it's like

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Speaker 1: a yeah, I don't mind it. Uh so meetchokaku is

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Speaker 1: has the right idea. There are polar ice caps on Mars,

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Speaker 1: which have a lot of CEO two, And if you

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Speaker 1: jump start those and start to melt them, let's say,

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Speaker 1: with solar reflective mirrors, bounce that sun over there that way. Uh,

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Speaker 1: that might be a good way to get things started, right,

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Speaker 1: And it's not going to take too terribly much energy

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Speaker 1: um to melt those that sequestered c c O two

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Speaker 1: because carbon dioxad. Basically what those polar ice caps are

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Speaker 1: is dry ice. Like Mars has dry ice all over it.

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Speaker 1: That's from the atmosphere that was frozen, right, that's right,

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Speaker 1: and um, dry ice sublimates that a hundred negative a

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Speaker 1: hundred and nine degrees fahrenheight. Right, So if you can

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Speaker 1: just direct some mirrors at it and just raise it

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Speaker 1: to that temperature, all that c O two is going

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Speaker 1: to go from ice and vaporizing to gas and it's

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Speaker 1: going to float up and hang in that thin atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: And like we said, once you have that c O

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Speaker 1: two in that thin atmosphere, you've just started this chain

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Speaker 1: reaction that's going to create a cycle where the planet

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Speaker 1: gets warmer and warmer, and the more and more CEO

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Speaker 1: two sublimates and joins the atmosphere and you have a

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Speaker 1: runaway greenhouse effect. Apparently the at the peak the calculations

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Speaker 1: of the amount of c O two on Mars uh

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Speaker 1: says that you would have a surface temperature of about

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Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty eight degrees fahrenheight. That's great. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a little hot, but that means water can be sustained. Um,

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Speaker 1: that means that with that atmosphere, the air pressure will

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Speaker 1: be increased, because right now the air pressure on Mars

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Speaker 1: is pretty low too. I think it's about one percent

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Speaker 1: of sea level here on Earth, which is another challenge. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well maybe once it's that hot, we can introduce hyper

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Speaker 1: thermophiles because and I we'll get to Venus. But that's

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Speaker 1: one of the ideas for Venus. And the idea is

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Speaker 1: you want you can't just plot humans down immediately. What

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Speaker 1: what you're gonna have to start with is some basic

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Speaker 1: form of life, some kind of bacteria perhaps that just

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Speaker 1: starts doing its thing and uh chowing down on CEO

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Speaker 1: two and the making oxygen, and uh pretty soon, like

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Speaker 1: many thousands of years later, humans might be able to

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Speaker 1: live there. Right. One of the that's that's almost like

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Speaker 1: the intermediate steps. So the first step is to get

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Speaker 1: an atmosphere back on Mars. And to get an atmosphere

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Speaker 1: back on Mars, you take Mitchio Cacus mirrors and melt

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Speaker 1: the polar for his mirrors. But yeah, right, it's just

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Speaker 1: nice to say his name. Uh. And you melt the

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Speaker 1: polar ized caps of dry ice, and you create this atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: and you allow water to to melt onto the surface,

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Speaker 1: and then you add something like I think the likeliest

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Speaker 1: candidate to cyano bacteria, which is incorrectly referred to as

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Speaker 1: blue green algae. Who says that? Who says, what? Blue

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Speaker 1: green algae? That's the other term for it. But it's

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Speaker 1: not analogy. It's like a protozoan, I think or something.

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Speaker 1: It's a prokaryote, not a eukaryote like algae. Got man,

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Speaker 1: I feel nerdy right now. It's the oldest fossil on Earth.

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Speaker 1: I mean, that's kind of where it all began, right,

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Speaker 1: That's what gave Earth. It's oxygen. So we're saying, hey,

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Speaker 1: why not try the same thing on Mars. Got a

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Speaker 1: bunch of CEO two on Mars a runaway greenhouse effect. Well,

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Speaker 1: it just so happens that Ciano bacteria eats CEO two,

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Speaker 1: and not only does it eat CEO two, it converts

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Speaker 1: that stuff into oxygen as a waste product. So all

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Speaker 1: of a sudden, you have something, a living organism on

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Speaker 1: Mars that's converting the atmosphere into something breathable for us

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Speaker 1: humans here on Earth. The problem is you have to

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Speaker 1: have water present for Ciano bacteria to live. But you're

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Speaker 1: gonna have that water because you've melted the ice caps.

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Speaker 1: You've melted the ice caps to get the CEO to release,

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Speaker 1: which is like negative a hundred nine. You need to

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Speaker 1: raise the temperature to at least thirty two degrees to

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Speaker 1: start melting the water, which requires even more energy. Where

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Speaker 1: you're gonna get that, well, you're not gonna introduce any

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Speaker 1: sound of bacteria until you have that water. Like that's

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Speaker 1: the first goal. You can't have life without water exactly.

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Speaker 1: But once you do get the water going, which again

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Speaker 1: you could use orbital mirrors, but you just have to

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Speaker 1: concentrate them a little more to reflect more energy into

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Speaker 1: a tighter spot. Um, you've got the cyanobacteria chomping away

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Speaker 1: at the CEO two. It's producing oxygen. Some conservative estimates

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Speaker 1: that i've seen are once you have the oceans or

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Speaker 1: the surface water on Mars, which staggeringly to me, we

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Speaker 1: could do in a couple hundred years. Supposedly, that's nuts, man,

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Speaker 1: Think about that, Like, Mars could be turned from a

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Speaker 1: desert into a place with service water in a couple

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Speaker 1: hundred years. That's not that far away, it's not. But

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Speaker 1: after that, it would take about forty thou years for

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Speaker 1: enough oxygen to be introduced in the atmosphere for a

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Speaker 1: human to possibly walk around on Mars. Yeah, this is

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Speaker 1: why it's so like far fetched to me. Well, it's

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Speaker 1: science fiction. It is far fetched. But if you take

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Speaker 1: a long view of humanity and say, yeah, I mean

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Speaker 1: there's no reason. What was the man in the extinction episode?

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Speaker 1: How long does the average species last? Wasn't it like

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Speaker 1: ten million years? We'll say it is even one million years.

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Speaker 1: That means humans will be around supposedly. I'd be surprised

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Speaker 1: well beyond forty thousand years. So we need to be

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Speaker 1: thinking like in in these terms, because there's no way

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Speaker 1: Earth is gonna last another forty tho years for us

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Speaker 1: unless we just radically re engineer ourselves. Yeah, I'm I

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Speaker 1: get I don't. I never thought of myself as a

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Speaker 1: dim and glimmer. But I must be because I don't

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Speaker 1: I don't know if humans will be around forty years.

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Speaker 1: I guess we'll see. Yeah, all right, we won't see that.

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Speaker 1: But I mean, technically, it should only take an existential

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Speaker 1: existential catastrophe to get rid of humans, Like we shouldn't

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Speaker 1: just necessarily die off as a species. It should It

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Speaker 1: should take something like physics experiment gonnawry, or a nuclear

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Speaker 1: war or biochemical attacks, something like that. Man will do it, yes,

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Speaker 1: it would be as self injury, probably suicide, I guess, well,

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Speaker 1: not suicide murder, murder humanity. So then there's two other things.

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Speaker 1: And there's a guy named Martin Fogg who wrote a

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Speaker 1: book called Terraforming Engineering Planetary Environments, and he basically laid

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Speaker 1: out what you have to do to get Mars going um.

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Speaker 1: And again, Mars is the easiest one to do because

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Speaker 1: it has that planetary rotation already. But additionally there's two

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Speaker 1: other things you have to handle. One is UM, the

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Speaker 1: atmospheric pressure. So apparently even at best Mars would um,

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Speaker 1: it would be a lot like existing on a mountaintop

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Speaker 1: here on Earth, Like the air would be thin. You'd

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Speaker 1: be like living on the top of Mountain Everest. You

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Speaker 1: kind of you'd have to bring your own oxygen, you

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Speaker 1: would so like, But maybe Tibetans and Ethiopian highlanders would

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Speaker 1: make like great early inhabitants of you know, a terraform Mars,

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Speaker 1: because they're already used to that kind of thing exactly.

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Speaker 1: The other thing is is you need nitrogen. Nitrogen is

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Speaker 1: vital of life and the atmosphere, and there's not much

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Speaker 1: nitrogen o Mars. No, So they're saying, well, then all

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Speaker 1: you have to do is start directing commets ammoniu based

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Speaker 1: ice sterroids I think is what they call them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because I don't know if everyone knows this. Commets are

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Speaker 1: I think one of the articles liking it two giant snowballs.

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Speaker 1: And if you sent a comet and exploded it before

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Speaker 1: it hit the planet, uh in theory would send ice everywhere,

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Speaker 1: which would be pretty cool. But you need a lot

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Speaker 1: of commets, you you. It's not just like one comment

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Speaker 1: you're done, no one, and done doesn't apply to there

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Speaker 1: for man, we have to figure out how to steer

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Speaker 1: these comments that way, which apparently is not I mean,

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Speaker 1: using um astrophysics. I guess that's not it's not all

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Speaker 1: the remo possibility to steer a comment and then hit

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Speaker 1: it with a nuclear device to blow it up so

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Speaker 1: that it explodes into shards and then rains down on Mars.

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Speaker 1: A lot of things can go wrong though. Yeah, you know,

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Speaker 1: it's frought with complications and comments, but it is a

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Speaker 1: viable way to introduce nitrogen to Mars, and it should

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Speaker 1: ideally stick around, especially once you have an atmosphere um

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Speaker 1: so that's Mars. It's probably the way we're gonna go.

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Speaker 1: Keep an eye out because in a couple of centuries

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Speaker 1: there'll probably be some sas on Mars. Yeah, and I

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Speaker 1: think that guy that you mentioned too says, even if

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Speaker 1: we do manage to do this, it's going to be

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Speaker 1: a constant process of reintroducing, uh, these these elements, these

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Speaker 1: volatile elements to keep that atmosphere going. I don't I

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Speaker 1: don't know if if Mitchocoko was right, if it would

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Speaker 1: ever like self sustain. Well, it could if you do

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Speaker 1: that standard paradigm of creating a runaway greenhouse effect. What

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Speaker 1: Martin Fogus saying is, why would you want to do that,

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Speaker 1: because then you have a greenhouse effect that you have

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Speaker 1: to deal with. I was wondering, and then you have

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Speaker 1: to rein that in exactly, he takes a longer view

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Speaker 1: of just slowly introducing stuff again and again to to

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Speaker 1: to create this Martian atmosphere over a longer period, but

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Speaker 1: um in a more granular way, right, Like more more

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Speaker 1: directed than just creating a runaway greenhouse effect. That makes

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Speaker 1: more sense, a little more focused. So we'll talk about

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Speaker 1: some of Mars's rivals for the terraforming game right after this.

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Speaker 1: So I guess I'm Venus, and so I'm always hot

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Speaker 1: because Venus is a very hot place. It's um very

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Speaker 1: unlike Mars. But some people say Venus has a few

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Speaker 1: things going for it. Namely, it's super close, closest planet

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Speaker 1: to us. Uh. We have similar almost well not identical,

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Speaker 1: but very similar size and mass and a very thick atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: just like Earth does. So there's a lot of similarities there. Um,

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Speaker 1: But you're sort of working in the opposite direction of Mars.

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Speaker 1: Is You've got a cool Venus down a lot, and

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Speaker 1: there's lots of wacky ideas on how to do that,

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Speaker 1: one of which is, what would you do if you

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Speaker 1: were hot? Put up a big shade? Yeah, like one

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Speaker 1: of those little umbrellas in a tiki drink. Yeah, just

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Speaker 1: a giant one. Yes. Basically, the idea is to block

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Speaker 1: all sunlight from Venus and cool it um And apparently

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Speaker 1: in about a hundred years, venus is atmosphere which is

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Speaker 1: pretty substantial, like you said, and almost all CEO two

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Speaker 1: would freeze and fall to the surface. Well, there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of sulphururic acid there is, but um, this this

404
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Speaker 1: atmosphere would freeze and create a surface layer, just like

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Speaker 1: on Mars, like how the CEO two is locked in

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Speaker 1: the polar ice caps would be doing the same thing

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Speaker 1: with Venus. Then you'd have to go in and deal

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Speaker 1: with this frozen atmosphere, which is kind of a thing,

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Speaker 1: but you could use it to your advantage, Chuck, because

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Speaker 1: the leg up like I said that Mars has over

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Speaker 1: Venus is that the Martian day is about twenty four

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Speaker 1: hours long, right, Well, the Venusian day is about a

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Speaker 1: hundred and sixty days long, which means it rotates way

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Speaker 1: too slowly for us to be habital for us. So

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Speaker 1: if you take this atmosphere and you freeze it, and

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Speaker 1: you create this frozen hulk of a planet, you can

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Speaker 1: actually make it spin faster if you can blow the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere off into space in a directed manner. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: actually inshow correction, that's a hundred and sixteen uh days

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Speaker 1: is the length of their day day. There you go.

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Speaker 1: But I think anything over a hundred you just call

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Speaker 1: a big problem. Yeah, it's too long. So if you

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Speaker 1: can figure out how to blow the atmosphere, the now

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Speaker 1: frozen atmosphere off of Venus in the direction that it's

425
00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:26,800
Speaker 1: already rotating, you could conceivably spin up speed up the

426
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:30,919
Speaker 1: rotation of Venus. Yeah. One of the other problems with

427
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:34,480
Speaker 1: Venus is is there's no water. Um. And as everyone knows,

428
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:36,400
Speaker 1: like we said, you need water for life. But then

429
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:39,560
Speaker 1: we come back to our common idea of driving these

430
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:43,119
Speaker 1: comics and exploding them and creating water that way. And

431
00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:46,720
Speaker 1: then the hyperthermals which I mentioned thermophiles sorry that I

432
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:50,840
Speaker 1: mentioned earlier, are these organisms that can thrive in really

433
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:55,440
Speaker 1: hot temperatures. Um, and we're talking really hot. I think

434
00:25:55,440 --> 00:25:57,880
Speaker 1: that the service temperature of Venus is something like eight

435
00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:01,120
Speaker 1: hundred degrees fahrenheight eight in seventy two, which is four

436
00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:03,919
Speaker 1: d and sixty seven degrees celsius. Yeah. The problem is

437
00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:07,520
Speaker 1: we We haven't found anything on Earth, any hypotherrmophiles that

438
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,600
Speaker 1: can handle that kind of temperature and pressure yet, but

439
00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:13,360
Speaker 1: they think they exist. Yeah. Did you mention the pressure

440
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:17,000
Speaker 1: of the atmosphere on Venus. It's two hundred times the

441
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,760
Speaker 1: pressure at sea level here on Earth. It's a problem

442
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:22,959
Speaker 1: as well. But if you could find a hypo hyper

443
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:27,800
Speaker 1: thermophile that could sustain that and a sulfur and then

444
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,840
Speaker 1: they do though, Yeah, and then yeah, because I think

445
00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:33,879
Speaker 1: some of them are by thermal vents under underwater, you know,

446
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,480
Speaker 1: they surf sulfur. We just haven't found any of that

447
00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:38,520
Speaker 1: can sustain that kind of heat and pressure yet. It's

448
00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:40,440
Speaker 1: only one way to find out, and that's the launch

449
00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:43,080
Speaker 1: them towards Venus and see what happens. Basically, in fact,

450
00:26:43,119 --> 00:26:46,760
Speaker 1: the planet is what you're talking about. Yeah. Um, so

451
00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:50,080
Speaker 1: the problem with all of this is is too to

452
00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:53,679
Speaker 1: freeze Venus, it's going to require a lot of energy

453
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:58,080
Speaker 1: to reflect all all the light from the surface. Uh too,

454
00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:01,960
Speaker 1: bit the frozen atmosphere out in the space is going

455
00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:05,399
Speaker 1: to require even more. Basically, it would require the amount

456
00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:08,280
Speaker 1: of energy that the Sun puts out in an entire year.

457
00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:11,960
Speaker 1: It is crazy, It is crazy. Now but have you

458
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:16,399
Speaker 1: ever heard of the Cardassian scale? Sure, so then you

459
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,080
Speaker 1: know there's type one, Type two, and Type three civilizations,

460
00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:22,879
Speaker 1: and a Type one civilization uses all of the available

461
00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,840
Speaker 1: energy from the star. So, like all of this energy

462
00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:29,680
Speaker 1: that hits the Earth normally from the sun, if you

463
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:31,800
Speaker 1: could harness all that, you'd be a Type one civilization.

464
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:35,640
Speaker 1: We're not even there yet. Type to civilization could harness

465
00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:39,280
Speaker 1: all of the energy at the that's created at the star,

466
00:27:39,560 --> 00:27:41,520
Speaker 1: not just the stuff that makes it to your planet.

467
00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:43,920
Speaker 1: And if you could harness that, if you're a Type

468
00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:46,919
Speaker 1: too civilization, you could be doing this kind of terraforming,

469
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:50,880
Speaker 1: no problem. But no sweat man. But I mean, if

470
00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 1: you think about it, if you have a couple of

471
00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:57,080
Speaker 1: like leaps forward in understanding, a couple of geniuses are

472
00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,600
Speaker 1: born and live and advance human understanding over the course

473
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,679
Speaker 1: of a few generations, you could conceivably hit something like

474
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:06,159
Speaker 1: that in a hundred years. So, I mean, it's not

475
00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:08,520
Speaker 1: it's not out of the wrong possibility that we could

476
00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:11,120
Speaker 1: be doing stuff like this a hundred two hundred years

477
00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:14,639
Speaker 1: from now. Yeah, venus. Another idea they have instead of

478
00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 1: these huge giant um shade sales would be to have

479
00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:24,720
Speaker 1: a big, floating, pressurized geodesic sphere city that people basically

480
00:28:24,760 --> 00:28:29,399
Speaker 1: would use the atmosphere because the atmosphere is okay above

481
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,240
Speaker 1: the sulfur cast of that is but um. That would

482
00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:37,080
Speaker 1: provide shade and then eventually it would cool the planet

483
00:28:37,080 --> 00:28:41,160
Speaker 1: down enough. Just by creating a shadow. They'd be simultaneously

484
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,120
Speaker 1: sucking the CEO two out of the atmosphere and breaking

485
00:28:44,120 --> 00:28:47,280
Speaker 1: it down into carbon and oxygen as well, supposedly, so

486
00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:49,200
Speaker 1: be doing like two things at once. It's not a

487
00:28:49,240 --> 00:28:52,800
Speaker 1: bad idea. Yeah, sounds efficient, a little more efficient. And

488
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:56,880
Speaker 1: apparently if you pressurized um like a indoor city or

489
00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,960
Speaker 1: something like that, a floating city, and put it into

490
00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:04,320
Speaker 1: NUS atmosphere, it would naturally float in the atmosphere. It

491
00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:07,200
Speaker 1: would stay put. Yeah, I think that was the same

492
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:11,400
Speaker 1: for the The solar mirror wouldn't have to be attached

493
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:13,680
Speaker 1: to anything either off off of Mars. I think it

494
00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:16,480
Speaker 1: would just be held in place by I think gravity

495
00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:23,120
Speaker 1: and what solar bubble gum. And then of course, chuck

496
00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:27,560
Speaker 1: there is the moon. Seems pretty unlikely. The one thing

497
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:32,560
Speaker 1: that the moon has going for it is its proximity. Basically, Yeah, basically,

498
00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:36,560
Speaker 1: it's like the moon is close. It's small, so you're

499
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:38,680
Speaker 1: not gonna have to spend a lot of money getting there.

500
00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:40,640
Speaker 1: And it's because it's small, you're not gonna spend a

501
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:44,040
Speaker 1: ton of money fixing it up. It's the budget terraforming idea.

502
00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:47,160
Speaker 1: I guess the Russians are already be living there at

503
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:51,000
Speaker 1: this point. Um. I don't know if the moon is

504
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:54,120
Speaker 1: very viable though, Well, you'd have to again bombard it

505
00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:57,080
Speaker 1: with something to get it to spin faster, because right

506
00:29:57,080 --> 00:30:00,120
Speaker 1: now it's days Earth days right. Yeah, they said like

507
00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:04,120
Speaker 1: a hundred comments at least about the size of Haley's comment. Yeah,

508
00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:07,560
Speaker 1: to get it just spinning faster, and perhaps knock it

509
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 1: off its axis a bit and give it seasons, which

510
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,160
Speaker 1: would be nice. Like we have here on Earth, and

511
00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:15,000
Speaker 1: my money's on Mars. It's got everything you need except

512
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:19,040
Speaker 1: for nitrogen, and that you can just deliver however you like.

513
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:21,480
Speaker 1: I kind of like the shell idea that you sent along,

514
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:25,080
Speaker 1: kin Roy. He's an engineer who's basically says, why don't

515
00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:28,240
Speaker 1: we just in case a small planet and a huge

516
00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:32,239
Speaker 1: shell made of kevlar and steel and dirt, Yeah, and

517
00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:36,800
Speaker 1: just create like a huge geodesic dome around a planet.

518
00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:38,640
Speaker 1: I guess the question is where are you gonna get

519
00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:41,800
Speaker 1: all that dirt? I don't know, because that is the

520
00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:45,640
Speaker 1: it's it's an essentially greedy you're mostly sitting dirt. Then

521
00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:49,800
Speaker 1: you create an atmosphere between the shell and the dirt. Yeah,

522
00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:55,920
Speaker 1: where where's all that dirt coming from? Adobe? Adobe sphere?

523
00:30:57,240 --> 00:30:58,800
Speaker 1: I don't know. I think that's a pretty neat idea.

524
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:01,440
Speaker 1: I'd be, you know, I too, be all artificial that

525
00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:03,440
Speaker 1: you have to have artificial light because you're inside a

526
00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: dome um and apparently you would have like air locks

527
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,800
Speaker 1: and stuff to account for, like the vacuum. I don't

528
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 1: know about that though. That sounds like he was saying

529
00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:14,600
Speaker 1: the atmosphere be just thin enough for gravity, would be

530
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:18,480
Speaker 1: just light enough so that humans could fly around. I

531
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:22,080
Speaker 1: swear he added that I saw that. He's like, just

532
00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:24,600
Speaker 1: as sweeten the pod a little more, yea, to make

533
00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:26,560
Speaker 1: it that much more cool, you'll be able to fly.

534
00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:31,000
Speaker 1: So anyway, we'll eventually ruin this planet and need something.

535
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,040
Speaker 1: Hopefully we'll have had the foresight to have started terraforming

536
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:39,320
Speaker 1: in time. Well, they're they're already working on it, are they. Well,

537
00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:43,520
Speaker 1: people are talking about it, proposing ideas theoretical ideas. I

538
00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:46,959
Speaker 1: don't think they're like building. They should be the asteroid Slinger.

539
00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:50,120
Speaker 1: They should have started in the nineteenth century. They're building

540
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:55,600
Speaker 1: a comet sling in Texas as we speak. If you

541
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:58,120
Speaker 1: want to know more about terraforming, you can take that

542
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:00,440
Speaker 1: word in the search part how stuff works out com

543
00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:04,080
Speaker 1: And since I said search bar, it's time for Chuck

544
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:17,600
Speaker 1: a very special edition Thanksgiving edition of That's right. We

545
00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:20,920
Speaker 1: are here to say thanks because it's around Thanksgiving, because

546
00:32:21,080 --> 00:32:24,320
Speaker 1: my friend, it is Thanksgiving. Is it Thanksgiving Day? Yes? Well,

547
00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:26,680
Speaker 1: of course it's the thurs Day unless you're in Canada

548
00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:31,280
Speaker 1: and in which case happy late belated Thanksgiving. Yes, because

549
00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:35,360
Speaker 1: they do. There's in like October weirds. I think so too.

550
00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:38,280
Speaker 1: So who do we have to think? Yeah, I mean

551
00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:39,760
Speaker 1: we have. For those of you who have never heard

552
00:32:39,760 --> 00:32:42,160
Speaker 1: this segment, we have listeners that send us gifts from

553
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:45,360
Speaker 1: time to time and it is always very much appreciated

554
00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:48,440
Speaker 1: and very nice, and so here they are. Yeah, I'm

555
00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:50,000
Speaker 1: gonna start with the second page. If you want to

556
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:52,560
Speaker 1: start with the first base, sure you go ahead, Chuck Uh.

557
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:56,600
Speaker 1: Anthony Savino sent us from his Etsy shop Swiss Chisel,

558
00:32:57,480 --> 00:32:59,840
Speaker 1: a lap laptop and business card holders made out of

559
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:03,240
Speaker 1: old wine barrel staves, and he makes all kinds of

560
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:05,960
Speaker 1: stuff out of these things. So check out a store

561
00:33:06,280 --> 00:33:11,920
Speaker 1: which is Swiss Chisel. Yes, and Matt Perky from Evolved

562
00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:15,760
Speaker 1: Workforce dot com sent us some mugs. Matt's aim is

563
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:19,880
Speaker 1: to refine drug testing for states where marijuana is legal,

564
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:24,160
Speaker 1: so he can get an idea of what your intoxication

565
00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:27,280
Speaker 1: is immediately after something like an accident or whatever. Yeah,

566
00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:30,000
Speaker 1: I was wondering about that well, because he's legalizing, like

567
00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:31,800
Speaker 1: if your job, you know, if you have to get

568
00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:34,880
Speaker 1: drug tested, this guy's on it. Interesting. Evolve workforce dot

569
00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:37,880
Speaker 1: com is that where the mug came from? Okay, I

570
00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:40,760
Speaker 1: thought that was a hint. New York, New York. The

571
00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:43,400
Speaker 1: band sent us a promo CD, which is terrific. So

572
00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:45,840
Speaker 1: we always like getting music from our musician friends, so

573
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:48,680
Speaker 1: thanks for that. Yep. Mike do Deck from the Clicky

574
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:51,720
Speaker 1: Post dot com c l I c K Y p

575
00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:55,200
Speaker 1: O s T send us Cube pen holders of his

576
00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:59,120
Speaker 1: own making. He also sent us some awesome pilot Metropolitan

577
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:02,280
Speaker 1: Fountain pens and Rhodeo dot pads. Mike is a pen

578
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:05,560
Speaker 1: person and he wanted to share his his passion with us,

579
00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:07,160
Speaker 1: So thank you very much. Mike. All right, we have

580
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:09,480
Speaker 1: an anonymous gift so one sent us a postcard from

581
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:12,680
Speaker 1: the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glencoe, Georgia, along

582
00:34:12,719 --> 00:34:16,279
Speaker 1: with the junior Federal Agent badges for all three of us,

583
00:34:16,719 --> 00:34:19,400
Speaker 1: and have mine in my wallet. Ye you really do,

584
00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,920
Speaker 1: don't you do? Huge thank you to Chloe the candy maker,

585
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:25,360
Speaker 1: who is also a ghost tour guide, who sent us

586
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:28,640
Speaker 1: tons of amazing candy from mckinaw Island, Michigan, where I

587
00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:30,759
Speaker 1: used to go sometimes as a child, so I was

588
00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,040
Speaker 1: very happy to get this. Y. Yeah, and um, we

589
00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:35,880
Speaker 1: want to say good luck and safe travels to you

590
00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:38,920
Speaker 1: and your sister and your world tour Chloe, be safe.

591
00:34:39,719 --> 00:34:44,160
Speaker 1: Big thanks to Annie from Brisbane, Quinsland, Australia send us

592
00:34:44,239 --> 00:34:47,879
Speaker 1: a megacre package for real of Australian treats. Uh. Tim

593
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:49,840
Speaker 1: TAM's I think you love those things, right man? I

594
00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:52,879
Speaker 1: went crazy for this and Carmelo Kids were pretty good

595
00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:56,759
Speaker 1: as well. Violet Crumble's picnic Boost Hero. There was some

596
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,480
Speaker 1: weird stuff in there, but there God, man 've got

597
00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:03,960
Speaker 1: some crazy candies. Uh. Thanks to Andrew Parr for an

598
00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:07,000
Speaker 1: entire puzzle dedicated to Stuff you should Know in the

599
00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:09,719
Speaker 1: World of Puzzles win Or two thousand fourteen issue. It

600
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,360
Speaker 1: was awesome. Oh boy, this is one of my favorites.

601
00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:16,200
Speaker 1: Rob henion Um from sin Us those awesome stuff you

602
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,839
Speaker 1: should know bookends made from industrial fasteners and they are

603
00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:23,840
Speaker 1: super cool. They're really heavy and they're awesome. And you

604
00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:27,160
Speaker 1: can get information at more Metal Welding at gmail dot

605
00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:30,560
Speaker 1: com or more metal dot Etsy dot com. It's like

606
00:35:30,719 --> 00:35:35,520
Speaker 1: quality quality stuff. Uh. Kevin pelo Quinn from Kevin polo

607
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:37,640
Speaker 1: Quinn dot com. That's k E v I N p

608
00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:41,600
Speaker 1: e l o q u I N and Red Dad Tease.

609
00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:44,200
Speaker 1: I think those are both of his sites. Uh. He

610
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:47,120
Speaker 1: gave us an amazing illustration of Steve Zesu from The

611
00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:50,560
Speaker 1: Like Aquatic looking pensively toward the horizon, which I have

612
00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:52,840
Speaker 1: up in my cubicle. Oh, I wonder where that was from.

613
00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:55,839
Speaker 1: That's from Kevin pelo Quinn. Uh. Lauren and Megan from

614
00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:58,400
Speaker 1: Chopsticks for Salamanders. They've got a pretty cool cause they

615
00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:01,680
Speaker 1: sent him. Uh sent us stay less steal reusable chopsticks.

616
00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:05,480
Speaker 1: And this is a big deal because chopsticks are honestly,

617
00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:08,759
Speaker 1: they're kind of a problem. Uh. They sell these to

618
00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:12,520
Speaker 1: help prevent destruction of forests um from those little cheap

619
00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:15,560
Speaker 1: wooden ones. And they're the same forests where they where

620
00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:18,680
Speaker 1: they get these the wood for these things, where salamanders live.

621
00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:21,839
Speaker 1: And so every year sixty billion pairs of chopsticks are

622
00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:25,480
Speaker 1: thrown away and a lot of salamanders are having their forests,

623
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:30,840
Speaker 1: forests and habitats destroyed because of your sushi addictions, which

624
00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:33,560
Speaker 1: I have as well. So get some of these. You

625
00:36:33,560 --> 00:36:37,440
Speaker 1: can learn more at Chopsticks for Salamanders dot org. Nice. Um,

626
00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:39,440
Speaker 1: we got a postcard. It's been a while since we

627
00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:42,040
Speaker 1: did this. We got a postcard from one of our

628
00:36:42,080 --> 00:36:44,440
Speaker 1: announcing the birth of one of our newer fans, Clyde

629
00:36:44,480 --> 00:36:47,719
Speaker 1: Avery Thomas, who was born at one fifty eight am

630
00:36:47,719 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 1: on January sixteenth, two thousand fourteen, in Traverse City, Michigan.

631
00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:53,840
Speaker 1: I thought, you say it's like six by now. He

632
00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:56,040
Speaker 1: probably is, but um, he most likely came out a

633
00:36:56,040 --> 00:36:59,520
Speaker 1: little frost bitten because it's cold up there. But congratulations

634
00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:02,319
Speaker 1: to and Drew and Janelle Thomas on the birth of

635
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:06,000
Speaker 1: your son. Yeah, and happy first birthday pretty soon, pretty soon. Uh.

636
00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:09,719
Speaker 1: Mike and Cassidy Lord from Athens Georgia who send it's

637
00:37:09,719 --> 00:37:13,839
Speaker 1: a postcard from Cambodia. Um while in Borneo, I know,

638
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:17,480
Speaker 1: wrapped your mind around that interesting? Uh. Sarah Austin gave

639
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:21,520
Speaker 1: us a very chic and rugged handmade leather cardholder wallets,

640
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:25,720
Speaker 1: which are pretty awesome. Rachel Crandall for the line drawing

641
00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:28,640
Speaker 1: of stuff you should know written in Gallifrayan. It's the

642
00:37:28,719 --> 00:37:33,600
Speaker 1: language apparently that uh time lords and doctor who of

643
00:37:33,640 --> 00:37:36,200
Speaker 1: the time Lords. So I'm not a Doctor Who fan,

644
00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:38,600
Speaker 1: but I appreciated the gift. Yeah, that was pretty cool.

645
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:41,600
Speaker 1: Julie from Austin, Texas sent as a postcard from the

646
00:37:41,640 --> 00:37:45,920
Speaker 1: Shed Aquarium in beautiful Chicago, Illinois. Thank you, Julie. Oh boy,

647
00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:49,520
Speaker 1: Lois Olsen. This is my favorite gift I've gotten. Very

648
00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:54,239
Speaker 1: simple but awesome. The mini quilts they are. It's basically

649
00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:57,919
Speaker 1: a little tiny not a tiny. It's a small place

650
00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:00,480
Speaker 1: matt that you use in place of a coast right,

651
00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:03,640
Speaker 1: it's mug rugs bigger than a coaster, smaller than a placement. Yeah,

652
00:38:03,680 --> 00:38:05,960
Speaker 1: a little rectangular thing. And I often at dinner will

653
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,680
Speaker 1: have like maybe a beer, maybe a glass of water,

654
00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:11,360
Speaker 1: maybe a cup of coffee, shot of whiskey, and I

655
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:14,319
Speaker 1: put everything down on my little mug rug and if

656
00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:16,359
Speaker 1: anything spills, it soaks it up. It's better than a coaster.

657
00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:18,799
Speaker 1: It doesn't stick like a coaster. It's like it's gonna

658
00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:22,120
Speaker 1: revolutionize the coaster industry. I love them. So thank you

659
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,560
Speaker 1: Lois Olsen for that. Thank you to Brett Arnold, who

660
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,279
Speaker 1: won our horror fiction contest if you'll remember, he sent

661
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:30,520
Speaker 1: us a copy of his book Avalon and you can

662
00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:33,839
Speaker 1: get Avalon on Amazon dot com. And then lastly, for

663
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:36,000
Speaker 1: this one, UM, we want to thank Joe and Lynda

664
00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:40,640
Speaker 1: Heckt for sending us tons of stuff, including customized stuff

665
00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:45,000
Speaker 1: you should know mugs with hints to UM podcast topics

666
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:46,839
Speaker 1: that they'd like to hear stuff about. They put them

667
00:38:46,840 --> 00:38:48,480
Speaker 1: on a mug and have them made and send them

668
00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:51,080
Speaker 1: to us mugs. They send us copy of the DVD

669
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:54,120
Speaker 1: American Amazon. They gave us ten bucks to watch it

670
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:58,080
Speaker 1: O man. So they're the best. They are very great people.

671
00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:00,200
Speaker 1: So thank you to everybody, and we still have more

672
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:04,080
Speaker 1: people to think left. Um eventually. Yeah, that's this is

673
00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:07,000
Speaker 1: part one, right, but we are grateful for each and

674
00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:09,480
Speaker 1: every one of you and all of you listeners out there,

675
00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:11,680
Speaker 1: whether you send us stuff or not. We're thankful to

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00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:13,600
Speaker 1: all of you and we hope you're having a wonderful

677
00:39:13,640 --> 00:39:16,840
Speaker 1: holiday no matter where you are in the world. Agreed,

678
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:26,360
Speaker 1: Happy Thanksgiving, Happy Thanksgiving. You all for more on this

679
00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:29,080
Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff Works

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00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:36,760
Speaker 1: dot com