Speaker 1: So, Daniel, you do a lot of cooking. What is
Speaker 1: the biggest kitchen implement that you have?
Speaker 2: Do We measure kitchen implements by size. Now is the
Speaker 2: biggest one? The most important?
Speaker 1: It is to me, I got one giant ladle and
Speaker 1: that is the most important. What is let's talk about
Speaker 1: sheer volume? What takes up the most space for you?
Speaker 2: Well, actually, we went out and bought a huge soup pot.
Speaker 2: Last time, we made soup for about one hundred people.
Speaker 1: One hundred people for dinner. That's a lot.
Speaker 2: Yeah. Well, you know, we were out celebrating solstice and
Speaker 2: you got to go a little crazy on the solstice.
Speaker 2: So we had one hundred people over for sit down
Speaker 2: dinner and we made a lot of soup.
Speaker 1: I would rather burn my kitchen down in a ritualistic
Speaker 1: bonfire than do one hundred sets of dishes after that.
Speaker 2: That sounds like a great way to celebrate the solstice. Actually,
Speaker 2: kitchen bonfire.
Speaker 1: Kitchen effigy. There we go, No more washing dishes.
Speaker 2: Hooray, it's the solstice magic.
Speaker 1: Hi.
Speaker 2: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor a
Speaker 2: uc irvine and I'm not into astrology, but I do
Speaker 2: love the Solstice.
Speaker 1: I am Katie Golden. I host podcast on animal behavior
Speaker 1: called Creature Feature, and I am super duper into Solstice
Speaker 1: magics such as logs in the house and putting stones
Speaker 1: up such that they make interesting shapes and the light
Speaker 1: hits them in just such a way. M.
Speaker 2: I see you're building Katie hinge.
Speaker 1: Katie hinge. You know, Okay for the summer Solstice one,
Speaker 1: I actually did talk about Britta Boyne, but I also
Speaker 1: want to talk about how there's a wood hinge as
Speaker 1: well as the stone hinge. And the word hinge it
Speaker 1: actually comes from the idea of a thing hanging like
Speaker 1: a hinge hanging. So stone hinge is like hanging rocks,
Speaker 1: and wood hinge is another ancient people's way of creating
Speaker 1: basically a annual sun dial, and that was made out
Speaker 1: of wooden timber.
Speaker 2: M I just always thought they were trying to hinge
Speaker 2: their bets. I was thinking about starting a hinge.
Speaker 1: Fund, you know, Oh my god, Well we do need
Speaker 1: to teach Daniel about the difference between a hinge and
Speaker 1: a hedge.
Speaker 2: Well could you have a hedge hinge?
Speaker 1: Uh? You know what, It's never been done as far
Speaker 1: as I know in gardening science, but that never doesn't
Speaker 1: mean never.
Speaker 2: Well, okay, how about a biology one that a hedgehog
Speaker 2: hinge hedgehog hinge.
Speaker 1: Well, you know, maybe there's a hedgehog hinge for hedgehogs
Speaker 1: looking for love.
Speaker 2: All right, we'll hedge our bets until we get there.
Speaker 2: But anyway, welcome to the podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain
Speaker 2: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which we do
Speaker 2: not hedge our bets. We go all in on trying
Speaker 2: to understand how the universe works and explain it all
Speaker 2: to you. We tackle the biggest questions, from the very
Speaker 2: nature of the universe to the smallest questions about quantum
Speaker 2: particles and the fundamental nature of space and time and
Speaker 2: everything in between, including how to get your hedgehogs out
Speaker 2: of your hinge.
Speaker 1: So there is a question I always get about hedgehogs,
Speaker 1: and it is how do they reproduce? And my answer
Speaker 1: is very carefully, that's a.
Speaker 2: Very pointed answer, Katie. And people have questions about the universe.
Speaker 2: They want about hedgehogs, they want about quantum particles, they
Speaker 2: wonder about quantum hedgehogs, they wonder about hinges, and what
Speaker 2: ancient people saw on them. They wonder what the solstice means,
Speaker 2: and they wonder what's going on between us and distant stars.
Speaker 2: And that's all part of doing physics. You don't have
Speaker 2: to be a professional academic to be a physicist. You
Speaker 2: just have to wonder about the nature of the universe
Speaker 2: and then share that curiosity with everybody else, and we
Speaker 2: hope you share it with us. If you have a
Speaker 2: question about how the universe works, and you can find
Speaker 2: an answer on Google or chat, GPT or your friendly
Speaker 2: neighborhood physicists, please write to me to questions at Daniel
Speaker 2: Andjorge dot com. We will answer it. Everybody gets an
Speaker 2: answer in their inbox, and sometimes we take an answer
Speaker 2: and put it right here on the podcast, also because
Speaker 2: we've been missing you and we wanted to hear from
Speaker 2: you again.
Speaker 1: So ninety nine percent of a part of coul physicist's
Speaker 1: job is asking the right questions, and one percent is
Speaker 1: you know, math or whatever.
Speaker 2: And there's also got to be rooting there for now.
Speaker 1: Napping is crucial, right right, And like a little bit
Speaker 1: of grant.
Speaker 2: Writing occasionally, and so on today's episode, we'll be answering
Speaker 2: listener questions. Winter Solstice Edition Happy holidays and New Year
Speaker 2: and Solstice to everybody out there who celebrates whatever it
Speaker 2: is you celebrate. Today, we're going to be celebrating my
Speaker 2: answering a really fun question from a listener, a question
Speaker 2: he thought of while he was in his backyard shed,
Speaker 2: maybe building his own hinge. Here's the question from Alex.
Speaker 3: Hi, guys, I was working in my backyard on my shed,
Speaker 3: and I was using a metal crowbar to help out
Speaker 3: one day when I just realized holding it how strong
Speaker 3: it was. So my question that came to me was,
Speaker 3: what is actually the longest physical possible crowbar made of
Speaker 3: metal that that could exist in space? Is it possible
Speaker 3: that you could build one? One could exist that's long
Speaker 3: enough to stretch between stars, especially if you didn't have
Speaker 3: to worry about adding to its length with unlimited supplies,
Speaker 3: and if it was nowhere near any other gravitational objects.
Speaker 3: What would the ramifications be of having it like a
Speaker 3: crowbar where one end was light hours away from the other,
Speaker 3: or even light years away from the other. It seems
Speaker 3: a bit weird to travel light speed and not get
Speaker 3: from one end to the other on one particular object.
Speaker 1: Thank you, So you know I have a similar question.
Speaker 1: But once I just saw a crow bar on the ground,
Speaker 1: I think there were some people working on something like
Speaker 1: a manhole or something sort of nearby. But also I
Speaker 1: wondered if the world operates by video game rules, which is,
Speaker 1: if you find a crowbar, is that yours now? Do
Speaker 1: you pick it up and put it in your inventory?
Speaker 1: Or is that that's still stealing?
Speaker 2: I don't know. Maybe the world operates by checkof rules.
Speaker 2: If you find a crowbar in act one, then you're
Speaker 2: gonna have about to break into something with it in
Speaker 2: Act three.
Speaker 1: I mean that is just video game rules.
Speaker 2: Also exactly exactly. I used to play like King's Quest
Speaker 2: back in the day, and every time you found like
Speaker 2: a weird magic rap mushroom, you put it in your
Speaker 2: back pocket because you knew you were gonna need it
Speaker 2: to solve some puzzle later on.
Speaker 1: Get ye bucket. You're gonna need that bucket for the
Speaker 1: dragon at the end of the game.
Speaker 2: Exactly, and you can't go back, so get the bucket now.
Speaker 2: And Alex is wondering about like the practical limits of
Speaker 2: how big we could build something like, could you build
Speaker 2: a crowbar that's long enough that you can use it
Speaker 2: to like poke people on other planets that that's pretty crazy,
Speaker 2: thought Alex.
Speaker 1: It's interesting, right, because sure you could have like a
Speaker 1: large object, but the bigger it gets. Like, there's a
Speaker 1: lot of questions here, right, we need to know about
Speaker 1: a what are crowbars made out of? Steel? Iron?
Speaker 2: Feeling?
Speaker 1: Steal? And so it's like, I guess a lot of
Speaker 1: it is basically the strength, like the steal, you know,
Speaker 1: the the what steals made out of? How that would work?
Speaker 1: But also you know how even if it's made out
Speaker 1: of any material, right, Like let's say crowbar made out
Speaker 1: of whatever material, the strongest, hardest material you could get, Like,
Speaker 1: is there a limit to the size of physical objects
Speaker 1: in the universe before some wacky starts happening?
Speaker 2: Yeah, this is really fun, And there's a really important
Speaker 2: lesson here about how we do physics anyway, because an
Speaker 2: important sort of often implicit step that we don't talk
Speaker 2: about when we do physics is building a simplified model
Speaker 2: of the universe. Like you want to answer a physics question,
Speaker 2: you know, like a piano is falling from a window.
Speaker 2: Is it going to squish that little doggie?
Speaker 1: No?
Speaker 2: Oh no, hopefully answer is no. But to answer that
Speaker 2: physics question, which you have to do is simplify at first.
Speaker 2: Because you don't care about a lot of the details.
Speaker 2: You don't care about the color of the piano, you
Speaker 2: can probably ignore the crosswinds. You build a simplified model
Speaker 2: that just contains the information necessary to.
Speaker 1: Answer the question, like the breed of the dog for.
Speaker 2: Example, Yeah we don't care, I mean we care, but
Speaker 2: doesn't change the answer. And so the trick there is
Speaker 2: to make a model that's simple enough that you can
Speaker 2: actually answer it because you've included all the details of
Speaker 2: all the quantum particles and be intractable, but is sophisticated
Speaker 2: enough that it still provides a realistic answer. That's the
Speaker 2: sweet spot for doing physics. And the interesting thing is
Speaker 2: that that's a different model in every scenario. You can
Speaker 2: ignore the winds in this case, but if you're solving
Speaker 2: a different problem like what's going to happen to this
Speaker 2: leaf and a tornado, you can't ignore the winds. So
Speaker 2: every time you solve a physics problem, you need to
Speaker 2: ask yourself, am I including the right assumptions or the
Speaker 2: assumptions I'm making going to ruin it? And so I
Speaker 2: run into this all the time with these very long
Speaker 2: space rods. Al It turns out Alex is not the
Speaker 2: only person to think about really long rods. It comes
Speaker 2: up a lot because people have this idea that a
Speaker 2: rod is sort of like infinitely rigid. Like if I'm
Speaker 2: across the room from you and I have a dowel
Speaker 2: like a wooden stick, if I push it, then you're
Speaker 2: gonna feel me pushing it. You're holding the other end,
Speaker 2: you're gonna feel it. And people imagine that sort of
Speaker 2: happens instantaneously, that if I push on the stick on
Speaker 2: one side, you feel it instantly. And that's mostly true,
Speaker 2: and for basically every problem you're going to solve here
Speaker 2: on Earth, that's basically the case, because the information travels
Speaker 2: very very fast. But then people wonder, all right, what
Speaker 2: if I take a rod and I build it so
Speaker 2: it's like four light years long, and I stretch it
Speaker 2: from here to Alpha Centauri and some alien is holding
Speaker 2: the other side. Can I tap on my side and
Speaker 2: use that to communicate faster than the speed of light.
Speaker 2: That's a very common question I get, And the answer
Speaker 2: is obviously no. You can't break special relativity with a
Speaker 2: dowel that's four light years long.
Speaker 1: Even dowels have their limits.
Speaker 2: I guess, yeah, and the reason is that you've broken
Speaker 2: the assumptions. Down here on Earth, it works to a boom. Yeah,
Speaker 2: the information travels instantly. That when you push one side
Speaker 2: of the dowel, the other side moves instantly. But that
Speaker 2: doesn't work anymore when the dowel's really really long, because
Speaker 2: the time it takes now matters, because a dowel, even
Speaker 2: here on Earth, doesn't transmit information instantly. What happens when
Speaker 2: you push on one side of the dowel is that
Speaker 2: you don't immediately move the other side. You push on
Speaker 2: one side, and it moves the layer of molecules that
Speaker 2: are next to the edge, which you mean the next layer,
Speaker 2: which moved the next layer, which moved the next layer.
Speaker 2: Because a dowel is not infinitely rigid, it's like a
Speaker 2: very stiff version of a tube of water or like
Speaker 2: a string. You're pushing on it and there's a wave
Speaker 2: of information that travels down the dowel. So here on Earth,
Speaker 2: you push on one side of the dowel, the other
Speaker 2: side moves very shortly afterwards, but not instantly. It takes
Speaker 2: time for that information and move down the dowel. Now,
Speaker 2: when your Dowel is four light years long. That time
Speaker 2: is no longer something you can ignore. It plays a
Speaker 2: big part in how long it takes for the information
Speaker 2: to get there. And if you ignore that, you're violating
Speaker 2: special relativity. And it seems like you could send information
Speaker 2: to the stars faster than the speed of light, which
Speaker 2: of course you can't.
Speaker 1: This is actually the same problem from a biological perspective
Speaker 1: of having like a giant brain, right, could you have
Speaker 1: an enormous brain that could like communicate instantly, right, like
Speaker 1: some galaxy sized brain. And the problem is that the
Speaker 1: way our brains work in the same way that you
Speaker 1: talked about, how like the molecules have to push on
Speaker 1: the other molecules, Like our brain is all physics based.
Speaker 1: Our whole bodies are basically a big rub Goldberg machine
Speaker 1: of molecules bonking into other molecules, which creates things like thought.
Speaker 1: And so if you have a say, a giant enough brain,
Speaker 1: the time it would take to like have a single
Speaker 1: thought would be incredibly slow. So the bigger the brain,
Speaker 1: the more galaxy size the brain, actually the slower it
Speaker 1: would take to have it.
Speaker 2: Not yeah, exactly. And so if you're ignoring that, when
Speaker 2: you're just thinking about a small brain. You can no
Speaker 2: longer ignore that in a large brain. So the lesson is,
Speaker 2: when you're doing physics, you have to always think about
Speaker 2: what are the assumptions we're making and are those assumptions
Speaker 2: still valid for this scenario. In the case of the
Speaker 2: like five light year long rod, if you assume instantaneous
Speaker 2: motion from one side to the other, then you're assuming
Speaker 2: special relativity is broken. So you can't then go and say, oh, look,
Speaker 2: this rod breaks special relativity. Well, you assume to it
Speaker 2: is broken, and that's why you broke it. And so
Speaker 2: there's a lot of unpacking of those assumptions in these questions.
Speaker 2: But Alex's question is a little bit different. He's not
Speaker 2: trying to communicate with aliens. He's just trying to build
Speaker 2: a really long rod, and he's wondering, like how big
Speaker 2: could you make it? Anyway? And I think that's exactly
Speaker 2: what he's digging into, like what would break down? What
Speaker 2: assumptions we make about building long rods would break down
Speaker 2: if we try to make one that's like a light
Speaker 2: year long, Which is a really cool question.
Speaker 1: Yeah, because I mean there's a lot of things that
Speaker 1: we could say, like on Earth, right, Like, we could
Speaker 1: try to build a really long crow bar and at
Speaker 1: a certain point it could collapse under its own weight.
Speaker 1: But if something's in space, we'd have to figure out
Speaker 1: what kinds of forces or how gravity would be acting
Speaker 1: on something in a way that's different from Earth, right, Like, yes,
Speaker 1: you can. You know, it's like have you ever you
Speaker 1: know whiteboard pins? Like you create a big old lightsaber
Speaker 1: out of whiteboard pins and at a certain point there's
Speaker 1: too many and it collapses. But that's all using Earth physics.
Speaker 1: So you could make a much longer whiteboard pin lightsaber
Speaker 1: out in space because gravity is not impacting it in
Speaker 1: the same way that it is on Earth. But then
Speaker 1: once you get big enough, right with this pin dowel
Speaker 1: or iron crowbar or whatever it is, something's happening. And
Speaker 1: this is where I would like you to talk.
Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly. So let's take this question out into deep space.
Speaker 2: And the first thing the wonder is like, well, what's
Speaker 2: the biggest thing we built in space so far? And
Speaker 2: that's the International Space Station. It's not that impressively long,
Speaker 2: it's about thirty six meters long, but you know, it's
Speaker 2: not very far out in space, and they're not trying
Speaker 2: to build something super duper long. I think the longest
Speaker 2: thing that's ever actually been in space, it's more like
Speaker 2: a kilometer. They build a space tether, which is like
Speaker 2: a really long wire that you dangle from a spaceship
Speaker 2: to try to like generate electrical current or to learn
Speaker 2: to steer using mechnetic fields. So like a kilometer long,
Speaker 2: it's the biggest thing that we've ever put into space.
Speaker 2: But again that's also just the near Earth orbit. So
Speaker 2: let's go deeper out into space and try to build
Speaker 2: something that's really long and think about the forces involved.
Speaker 2: Like when you build a rod at a steel or
Speaker 2: even a dowel out of wood or whatever, how are
Speaker 2: you actually building that thing. Usually we ignore it and
Speaker 2: just say, oh, it's some smooth, continuous substance. But if
Speaker 2: you zoom in, the reason it takes time to propagate
Speaker 2: information along it is the same thing that's holding it together,
Speaker 2: which is the forces between those molecules. All of these
Speaker 2: objects in the end are like a mesh of modules.
Speaker 2: Yet you have these little bits of matter tied together
Speaker 2: by forces to build something larger, and it's those forces
Speaker 2: that transmit the information also limit how big something can
Speaker 2: get right and so out into deep space. What is
Speaker 2: the thing that's limiting us. Well, those forces can work.
Speaker 2: They can tie something together basically infinitely. There's no limitation there.
Speaker 2: You can just keep adding layers and layers and layers
Speaker 2: to your rod. The thing that's going to keep you
Speaker 2: from building that rod light years long or infinitely long
Speaker 2: in the end, are going to be the gravitational effects,
Speaker 2: residual as they are, and the nature of space and
Speaker 2: time itself. But let's first talk about the gravitational effects.
Speaker 2: So one effect are tidal forces. So you say, well,
Speaker 2: let's be out between the stars. AX is actually talking
Speaker 2: about something which stretches between the stars. You have like
Speaker 2: one end at one star and the other end at
Speaker 2: another star. And if you have something that's like five
Speaker 2: light years long, you can't have it that far away
Speaker 2: from stars because it's going to be big enough. There's
Speaker 2: always going to be some star nearby. And remember that
Speaker 2: gravity does more than just pull on things. It can
Speaker 2: actually pull things apart. These are called tidal forces. And
Speaker 2: for example, if you're near a black hole, then your
Speaker 2: head can have a different gravitational tug on it than
Speaker 2: your feet, and that can effectively tear you apart. Like,
Speaker 2: if the black hole is pulling on your feet harder
Speaker 2: than it's pulling on your head because your feet are
Speaker 2: a little bit closer, then it's going to pull you
Speaker 2: apart because its gravity is really really strong. But if
Speaker 2: you're really really long, then you don't need strong gravity
Speaker 2: to have tidal forces. Because if one end of this
Speaker 2: rod is closer to the star then the other end,
Speaker 2: and the rod is really really long, it's going to
Speaker 2: be a very large difference in the gravitational force from
Speaker 2: one end of the rod to the other, and that
Speaker 2: star is going to tear it apart. Even if the
Speaker 2: star doesn't have really powerful gravity like black holes, the
Speaker 2: sheer length of the rod makes the title forces very significant.
Speaker 1: I see. So you can't span a dell from one
Speaker 1: start to the other because of the same title forces
Speaker 1: that spaghettifies you in a black hole. But what if
Speaker 1: you took away the stars? Right? Like, could you get
Speaker 1: a like infinity rod if you took away stars and
Speaker 1: just had it existing on its own in space without
Speaker 1: hitting anything?
Speaker 2: Yeah? Right, So get rid of the other gravity, and
Speaker 2: you still have the issue of the gravity of the
Speaker 2: rod itself. Right, You can't build an infinitely massive rod,
Speaker 2: because eventually that thing is going to have its own
Speaker 2: self gravity, that it's going to collapse into a black hole. Like,
Speaker 2: you can't just make a blob of metal and keep
Speaker 2: adding blobs of metal to it and make it as
Speaker 2: big as you want, because it's going to start collapsing.
Speaker 2: This already happens for things like planets, like the Earth
Speaker 2: is about the largest rocky planet you can make. You
Speaker 2: can add more rock to it, but that's going to
Speaker 2: mean more gravity, and it's just going to compress the
Speaker 2: Earth further. So as you add more mass to the Earth,
Speaker 2: it doesn't get any bigger, it just gets denser. And
Speaker 2: eventually you keep adding mass, you're going to end up
Speaker 2: with a black hole. And so there is a limit
Speaker 2: to how large and how massive you can make something
Speaker 2: before it collapses into a black hole. So something self
Speaker 2: gravity will also limit how large you can make an
Speaker 2: object out of practical stuff like steel or wood.
Speaker 1: Okay, so what about a really thin rod. Now stay
Speaker 1: with me. What if you have a rod that is
Speaker 1: like one atom per unit, right, is like one atom thick,
Speaker 1: and then you just stack a bunch of atoms into
Speaker 1: this very long rod, would that still be something that
Speaker 1: would at a certain point start to collapse in on
Speaker 1: itself because of gravity, or am I already breaking some
Speaker 1: laws of physics by trying to create a one atom
Speaker 1: diameter rod.
Speaker 2: Now you could probably make a carbon nanofiber. Eventually it's
Speaker 2: like one atom thick and super duper long. I don't
Speaker 2: think it's a technical problem there, But what you're going
Speaker 2: to run into is a problem with a knee. You're
Speaker 2: a space and time, and if you can get rid
Speaker 2: of gravity then nearby stars and effectively get rid of
Speaker 2: the self gravity by making this thing really really lightweight,
Speaker 2: you're going to run into dark energy. So in short distances,
Speaker 2: like the size of our Solar system of the size
Speaker 2: of our galaxy, the dominant force is gravity. It holds
Speaker 2: things together, it shapes things, it determines the nature of
Speaker 2: our universe. But over very large distances, gravity gets weaker. Right,
Speaker 2: the further you are away from something, the weaker it's
Speaker 2: gravity is. And at those distances something else takes over,
Speaker 2: which is dark energy, meaning the expansion of the universe itself.
Speaker 2: Remember that everywhere in the universe is expanding. Take any
Speaker 2: arbitrary chunk of space as time goes on, that space
Speaker 2: is getting larger. It's making new space. So between the
Speaker 2: Earth and the Sun, for example, new space is being made,
Speaker 2: but the gravity of the Earth and the Sun overpowers it.
Speaker 2: Between our galaxy and the neighboring galaxy, new space is
Speaker 2: being made, but again the gravity overpowers it. But eventually,
Speaker 2: between clusters of galonyes, dark energy becomes more powerful because
Speaker 2: you have more of these cubes of space and each
Speaker 2: one is expanding, so that adds up and gravity gets
Speaker 2: very very weak. So take Alex's super duper long, infinitely
Speaker 2: thin rod. Eventually it's going to be so long that
Speaker 2: dark energy is going to tear it apart. It's going
Speaker 2: to be creating new space between those atoms faster than
Speaker 2: those atoms can recover and bind themselves together. So you
Speaker 2: can get spaghettified by space and time.
Speaker 1: All right, So we cannot make an infinity rod. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: do we know, like how big something can get before
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe starts to break it apart.
Speaker 2: It's gonna be really really big. And remember that nearby
Speaker 2: galaxies are millions of light years away, and dark energy
Speaker 2: only really dominates between clusters of galaxies, So we're talking
Speaker 2: hundreds of millions of light years. So if you can
Speaker 2: overcome the gravity of nearby stars and overcome tidal forces
Speaker 2: completely and overcome collapsing due to self gravity, then you
Speaker 2: could still build something that's like hundreds of millions of
Speaker 2: light years long. So that's pretty good.
Speaker 1: You know what. That sounds great. I'm going to write
Speaker 1: a grant for UH to get started building on the
Speaker 1: biggest spaghetti that one.
Speaker 2: Could make, exact spaghetti simo.
Speaker 1: Yeah. I bet Italy's government would fun that.
Speaker 2: It's going to write yes in honor of the winter solstice.
Speaker 2: I think that's a great idea. All right, Well, thank
Speaker 2: you very much Alex for thinking big and wondering about
Speaker 2: how far we can push our concepts of distance and
Speaker 2: structure and space and time. Really fun way to explore
Speaker 2: all of those different factors, and really appreciate everybody out
Speaker 2: there who's thinking about the universe and wondering about it,
Speaker 2: and who's brave enough to write into their favorite Internet
Speaker 2: physicists to look for some answers. If you'd like to
Speaker 2: see my email in your inbox, write to me two
Speaker 2: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. I'd sure love
Speaker 2: to hear from you. Thanks very much, Katie for pushing
Speaker 2: the boundaries of space and time and humor today.
Speaker 1: And thank you for signing on to my petition for
Speaker 1: universe's longest spaghetti.
Speaker 2: Funded funded funded. All right, Thanks everyone for listening, and
Speaker 2: tune in next time for more science and curiosity. Come
Speaker 2: find us on social media, where we answer questions and
Speaker 2: post videos. We're on Twitter, disc Org, Instant, and now TikTok.
Speaker 2: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain
Speaker 2: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts
Speaker 2: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
Speaker 2: you listen to your favorite shows.