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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 1: dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. Hey or hey?

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Speaker 1: Does starting a new decade make you feel young or old?

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Speaker 2: What?

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Speaker 3: It's a new decade.

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Speaker 1: It's gonna be very soon when this podcast comes out,

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Speaker 1: it will be twenty twenty.

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Speaker 3: Well, you know, I uh, it makes you feel a

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Speaker 3: little bit of both. I guess I feel you old

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Speaker 3: y old?

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Speaker 1: Is that a quantum superposition of young and old kids?

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Speaker 3: It's both of neither.

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Speaker 1: Well, here's something that might make you feel kind of young.

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Speaker 3: Oo. Did physicists invent the fountain of youth?

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Speaker 1: Still writing the grant application for that project? But no,

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Speaker 1: it's more a sense of perspective.

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Speaker 3: All right, well, what is it? I'll take it?

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Speaker 1: Well, did you know that the particles in your body

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Speaker 1: are more than thirteen billion years old? Compared to that

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Speaker 1: you're like a baby.

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Speaker 3: Wait, you're telling me that I'm a billion years old,

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Speaker 3: and that's supposed to make me feel young.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it just means you need a n app.

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Speaker 3: Sounds good calculator. Hi. I'm Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and

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Speaker 3: the creator of PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I've seen

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Speaker 1: many many particles pass away.

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Speaker 3: Welcome to a new decade of our podcast, Daniel and

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Speaker 3: Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeart Radio.

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Speaker 1: In which we venture forth into a whole new decade

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Speaker 1: and try to understand the universe, a decade perhaps in

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Speaker 1: which we will reveal new secrets about the universe that

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Speaker 1: nobody in human history has ever understood.

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Speaker 3: That's right. We like to talk about the planets and

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Speaker 3: the stars and the cosmos, but also the little tiny

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Speaker 3: things in the universe, the particles that we're all made

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Speaker 3: out of and that are all around us all the time.

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Speaker 1: I'm glad that you said we like to talk about particles.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes I think it's just me.

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Speaker 3: Well, I'm using the Royal Weed Edu the Physicist podcast.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, well, I do like to talk about particles

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Speaker 1: because I feel like, in the end, we're all made

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Speaker 1: of particles, and if we want to understand the universe.

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Speaker 1: We got to start at the beginning, the smallest, the

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Speaker 1: littlest nuggets. And if we understand the way the universe

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Speaker 1: works at these smallest scales, then we have a chance

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Speaker 1: to maybe understand the way things work at larger scales.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, you know, I think that as humans, we tend

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Speaker 3: to kind of forget that fact. You know, we're made

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Speaker 3: out of tiny little molecules and atoms and tiny little particles.

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Speaker 3: I think we love to think of ourselves as these

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Speaker 3: sort of ethereal thinking beings, but really we're just like

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Speaker 3: a giant lego set of particles, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And ever since I learned about quantum mechanics and

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Speaker 1: the frothing vacuum and how particles are popping in and

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Speaker 1: out of existence at all times, it gives a different

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Speaker 1: sense for what you are. You are a collection of particles,

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Speaker 1: but that set of particles is changing, so you're more

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Speaker 1: like a storm, like a cloud. You're like an excitation

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Speaker 1: of the space in which you were living. It gives

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Speaker 1: a different sense for what it means to be you.

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Speaker 1: And that's why I want to understand the universe from

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Speaker 1: the smallest scale, because it tells us what it's like

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Speaker 1: to be us. What it means to be a thing.

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Speaker 3: Well, I am definitely hopefully a thing, and I'm definitely

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Speaker 3: in a state of excitation. And I have to say

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Speaker 3: that I did get a frothing vacuum for Christmas, so

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Speaker 3: I'm glad you you brought that.

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Speaker 1: Does that mean that it makes foam for your coffee

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Speaker 1: while it cleans the the kitchen?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it's a multitasker's dream.

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Speaker 1: I'll have the cappuccino vacuum please.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. So today we'll be talking about the things that

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Speaker 3: everyone is made out of. You, me, this microphone that

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Speaker 3: I'm speaking to, those speakers that are broadcasting our voices.

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Speaker 3: Everything is made out of particles. And some people might

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Speaker 3: be surprised, maybe or maybe not that particles don't last forever.

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Speaker 1: That's right, particles are not forever as far as we know.

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Speaker 1: But there are kind of two different kinds of particles.

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Speaker 1: There's the particles that make up me and you, and

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Speaker 1: as we've talked about on the podcast, those are mostly

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Speaker 1: three different particles up quarks, down quarks, and electrons. But

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Speaker 1: then we talk about all these other particles Higgs, bosons,

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Speaker 1: top quarks, w bosons, and those particles aren't around. You

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Speaker 1: don't like find a pile of them under rock somewhere,

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Speaker 1: And that's because they don't last very long. They flash

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Speaker 1: into existence and then they die very quickly.

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Speaker 3: Hey, can I chew? Wh what kind of quarks I'm

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Speaker 3: made out of?

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Speaker 4: You?

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Speaker 3: Like? Can I be up quarks all the time?

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Speaker 1: I don't know what kind of special powers you have

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Speaker 1: as a cartoonist, but if you're made of protons and neutrons,

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Speaker 1: and there's not a whole lot of flexibility.

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Speaker 3: So some of them disappear and some of them are

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Speaker 3: born all the time. And so to the on the podcast,

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Speaker 3: we'll be sort of tackling that crazy phenomenon of what

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Speaker 3: makes particles come into and out of existence?

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Speaker 1: Why is it that some particles were born in the

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Speaker 1: Big Bang and are still around, whereas other particles only

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Speaker 1: get to last ten to the minus twenty three seconds

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Speaker 1: in our universe?

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Speaker 3: So to the on the podcast, we'll be talking about

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Speaker 3: why do particles die?

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Speaker 1: It make it sound so sad, you know, Oh.

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Speaker 3: I see why do particles move on?

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Speaker 1: We just talk about why particles are born and what

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Speaker 1: they've accomplished in their brief, beautiful lives.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, why do particles go? To Grandpa's farm.

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Speaker 1: Where they're running happily and jumping over street streams.

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Speaker 3: Of particles, they go to the particle reserve where they're

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Speaker 3: well taken care of.

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Speaker 1: And here's another example of where we're sort of anthropomorphizing particles.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 1: Particles definitely don't have feelings and emotions and families and

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Speaker 1: Thanksgiving dinners. But we talk about them as if they

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Speaker 1: are born and as if they die, and I think

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Speaker 1: it just helps us connect to them, It helps us

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Speaker 1: think about them.

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Speaker 3: So some particles decay and others don't. So some particles

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Speaker 3: die and some of them live forever. Is that true?

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Speaker 3: Can some particles live from the beginning of time till

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Speaker 3: the end of time?

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Speaker 1: We can never say for sure. All we can say

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Speaker 1: is what we've seen, and we in some particles, like electrons,

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Speaker 1: we have never seen them decay. So we can estimate

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Speaker 1: how long the lifetime and of an electron is based

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Speaker 1: on never having seen any of them decay and having

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Speaker 1: looked at a lot of them. And the current estimate

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Speaker 1: is like seventeen gajillion years. Now, it might.

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Speaker 3: Be that in a paper. Actually, okay, I.

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Speaker 1: Round it up. It's six point nine gajillion years. But

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Speaker 1: The point is, we make some statistical statements, it must

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Speaker 1: be longer than this very very big number, much longer

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Speaker 1: than the age of the universe, or we would have

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Speaker 1: seen one decay. But we can never be one hundred

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Speaker 1: percent sure. And it's the same with a proton.

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Speaker 3: They're pretty stable. Like if you put an electron in

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Speaker 3: a jar, it's just going to sit there. It's never

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Speaker 3: going to turn into anything. It's never going to I guess,

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Speaker 3: collide with something and turn into something else. Is that possible?

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Speaker 1: Oh, it certainly could actually could get absorbed and then disappear.

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Speaker 1: But an electron in isolation could just sit there forever,

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Speaker 1: the same way a photon can fly across the universe

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Speaker 1: for billions of years and still be a photon. But

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Speaker 1: other particles, you know, you put a neutron in a

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Speaker 1: jar or a top quark in a jar, and it

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Speaker 1: will spontaneously decay, it'll turn into other stuff.

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Speaker 3: Some of the particles that I am made out of

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Speaker 3: might be bajillions of years old, and some of them

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Speaker 3: could be you know, forty three years old.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Unfortunately, most of them are billions of years old.

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Speaker 3: Uh.

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Speaker 1: If you were looking to feel young, that's not the

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Speaker 1: way to do it.

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Speaker 3: I like to focus on the young part of me, Daniel,

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Speaker 3: I'm young inside.

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Speaker 5: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And so in particle physics, the technical term we use

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Speaker 1: is that some particles are stable. We think they just

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Speaker 1: hang out forever, they don't do anything, and other particles

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Speaker 1: are unstable because they decay into other particles.

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Speaker 3: And so this is kind of an interesting word decay

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Speaker 3: and particle using that for particles. And so we were wondering,

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Speaker 3: as usual, how many people out there associate the two

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Speaker 3: works together and know about this process that all particles

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Speaker 3: go through or don't go through.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. So I walked around campusy U see Irvine, and

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Speaker 1: I ask people if they knew that heavier particles can

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Speaker 1: decay into lighter particles and why it happens.

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Speaker 3: So think about it for a second. How much do

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Speaker 3: you know about particle decay? And what would you be

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Speaker 3: able to answer if Daniel approach you on the street

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Speaker 3: one day. Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: Do you know that particles decay?

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Speaker 6: No?

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Speaker 2: I didn't.

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Speaker 1: Yes, Yeah, do you know why that happens?

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Speaker 2: No?

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Speaker 1: Yes? Do you know why that happens? I'm gonna say

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Speaker 1: energy emissions?

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Speaker 3: Yes?

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Speaker 1: Do you know why that happens? A radioactive de Kay

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Speaker 1: you why is why they decay?

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Speaker 3: I just know that I as like too many neutrons

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Speaker 3: in its center.

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Speaker 4: It's like unstable, so they can't all stay so they

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Speaker 4: shut off.

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Speaker 3: No, I do not know that.

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Speaker 6: I don't know because like there's some kind of potentials

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Speaker 6: high for them.

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Speaker 1: I'm actually not sure. Yeah, do you know why that happens?

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Speaker 3: Uh?

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Speaker 1: No, but I do know like the half life of particles.

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Speaker 3: And so all right, a couple of yes and no answers.

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Speaker 3: None of the answers changed though none of the answers decayed.

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Speaker 1: They're all stable in their ignorance of this question.

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Speaker 3: Some people said yes, and are you saying they maybe?

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Speaker 3: They said yes, but they didn't really know.

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Speaker 1: Some people said yes, they know that it does happen,

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Speaker 1: but they weren't really clear on why. And when I

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Speaker 1: pressed them, they just sort of described the process that happens,

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Speaker 1: you know, like they have short lifetimes. That's like asking,

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Speaker 1: you know, why does something have a short lifetime? Because

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Speaker 1: it has a short lifetime, it isn't really there wasn't

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Speaker 1: really much under standing for why it happens, Like why

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Speaker 1: can these heavy particles not just stick around forever?

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Speaker 3: I see, Well, some people said radioactive decay, But that's

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Speaker 3: that's a little bit different, right, that's when a whole

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Speaker 3: atom sort of breaks down, not a particular particle.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a little bit different, but it's actually the

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Speaker 1: same thing because what's going on inside radioactive decay is

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Speaker 1: just a particle decay. It has an impact on the

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Speaker 1: rest of the atom. It changes the atom. It changes

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Speaker 1: a neutron into a proton, and that changes what the

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Speaker 1: atom is. But radioactive decay is actually just an example

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Speaker 1: of one of the particles inside the atom decay.

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Speaker 3: Oh wow, so it's like a Russian doll.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. Well that's what reality is, is like Russian dolls, right,

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Speaker 1: you got these layers and layers of reality.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it all leads back to Russia.

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Speaker 1: We were going to try to avoid politics on.

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Speaker 3: The show, but in the New Decade, we're not doing politics,

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Speaker 3: all right, So pretty good answers. And I have to

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Speaker 3: admit I don't know why particle decay. I know that

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Speaker 3: they decay and they sometimes spontaneously run into other things,

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Speaker 3: but I also don't know why some of them don't decay.

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Speaker 3: That's kind of puzzling to me. So let's get into it. Daniel. Well,

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Speaker 3: let's maybe define for people first, what is particle decay.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, decay is a funny word because it implies like

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Speaker 1: you've died and your bits are sort of falling apart

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Speaker 1: and blowing away in the winds, really dramatically, right, But really,

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Speaker 1: by decay, we just mean that a particle turns into

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Speaker 1: other particles.

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Speaker 3: Like it was one kind of particle and then an

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Speaker 3: instant later it broke apart. Did it break apart or

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Speaker 3: does it transform?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly it. It doesn't break apart. It transforms

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Speaker 1: like when a Higgs boson turns into a pair of

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Speaker 1: bottom quarks, which it likes to do. It's not like

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Speaker 1: it was made out of a pair of bottom quarks

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Speaker 1: and it broke up into those. This is not like

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Speaker 1: you're taking a molecule of water and splitting it into

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Speaker 1: the hydrogen and the oxygen. You can do. But when

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Speaker 1: particles decay, they transform from one kind of matter to another.

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Speaker 1: It's really it's alchemy. So the Higgs boson was not

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Speaker 1: made of bottom quarks. It transformed from a Higgs boson

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Speaker 1: into a pair of bottom quarks.

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Speaker 3: It's kind of like when the Beatles broke up. It's

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Speaker 3: not that they broke up.

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Speaker 1: It's almost like when the Beatles broke up.

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Speaker 3: I'm glad, I'm right. Okay. So it's not like a thecase,

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Speaker 3: like it breaks down, but it's more like it just

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Speaker 3: decided to be something else totally.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And it's not like it's making a decision right,

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Speaker 1: It's like it's alive and has moods and it's like today,

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Speaker 1: I'm not feeling it. I just want to be be

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Speaker 1: quarks today.

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Speaker 3: How do you know, Daniel, how do you know you.

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Speaker 1: Have the Higgs bosons. I've interviewed them. They're not very insightful.

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Speaker 3: You talk to them to find out that they don't

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Speaker 3: talk ex that what you're saying.

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Speaker 1: I try to interview them. You know, their agent never

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Speaker 1: calls me back, so you know they're super important or

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Speaker 1: they have nothing to say. And we see the same

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Speaker 1: process happen for lots of other particles. It's not just

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Speaker 1: the Higgs boson. Right, the neutron into a proton and

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Speaker 1: when it does so, it kicks out an electron and

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Speaker 1: some neutrino. The top quark decays into a W and

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Speaker 1: a bquark. This kind of stuff happens.

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Speaker 3: All the time, Like, what do you mean it kicks

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Speaker 3: out like it transformed into one thing and another thing,

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Speaker 3: but one of the things flies away.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, a particle can turns. We'll get into this a

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Speaker 1: little bit later. There are a lot of rules for

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Speaker 1: how particles decay, but one of the most important one

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Speaker 1: is that a particle cannot decay into one other single particle.

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Speaker 1: It can only decay in to multiple particles. So when

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Speaker 1: a neutron decays, it decays into a proton and an

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Speaker 1: electron and an anti neutrino. And this is what we

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Speaker 1: call beta decay. This is actually what happens inside the

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Speaker 1: nucleus when an atom radioactively decays. Is that one of

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Speaker 1: the neutrons has turned into a proton.

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Speaker 3: And this is all kind of that quantum mechanical magic.

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Speaker 1: Don't say magic, not magic.

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Speaker 3: Quantum mechanical wizardry.

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Speaker 1: Science. Man, it's science.

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Speaker 3: You used to word alchemy. How is that any different?

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Speaker 1: Alchemy is science. For a long time people thought it

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Speaker 1: was nonsense, impossible, But then it turns out it's actually possible.

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Speaker 1: We do it all the time, So it's been brought

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Speaker 1: back into science.

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Speaker 3: Well maybe it'll disable happen for wizardry. Okay, all right,

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Speaker 3: all right, I'll compromise. We'll call it quantum witching about that.

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Speaker 1: In what way is that a compromise? I don't quite understand,

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Speaker 1: but all right, it's quantum something.

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Speaker 3: Yes, it's yeah, yeah, I guess it's. What I mean

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Speaker 3: is that it's not like things are like you said,

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Speaker 3: they don't break apart into into the parts that they're

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Speaker 3: made out of. They literally sort of like become a

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Speaker 3: ball of for more deal energy and then that energy

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Speaker 3: transforms into other things.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, you're converting one kind of matter into another

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Speaker 1: kind of matter. And that seems really strange, right, You're like,

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Speaker 1: where did it go? But remember all of these things

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Speaker 1: are particles, and particles are just excited states of the

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Speaker 1: quantum fields. Space is filled with these fields, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: they ripple, and those ripples are particles. So we're really

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Speaker 1: talking about is moving energy from one quantum field, like

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Speaker 1: the Higgs field, into another quantum field, like the field

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Speaker 1: for bottom quarks.

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Speaker 3: It's like the excitation passes from one field to the other.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, just like a wave can move from one

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Speaker 1: kind of fluid into another kind of fluid, or when

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Speaker 1: you strum a guitar string, you're changing the shaking of

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Speaker 1: the guitar string into the shaking of the air.

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Speaker 3: Interesting, and so we go back to the Beatles because

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Speaker 3: it's it is sort of like the loneliest Guitar.

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Speaker 1: All right, Yoka, you win, you write, it's just like

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Speaker 1: the Beatles.

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Speaker 3: But that's kind of what we call particle decay or

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Speaker 3: particle death. I guess. I mean that's what we mean

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Speaker 3: when when we ask the question why do some particles die?

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Speaker 3: Because basically the elect the first particle that was there,

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Speaker 3: basically stops existing. It stops existing and something else exists.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's and it's bits are no longer there. We

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Speaker 1: don't know if the Higgs boson is made of smaller bits.

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Speaker 1: Right now, we think of it as just fundamental, but

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Speaker 1: whatever it is is no longer around. It's not just

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Speaker 1: getting taken apart and rearranged like Jigsaw puzzles into something else,

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Speaker 1: like Lego pieces into something else. It's really getting transformed.

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Speaker 1: And that's what we mean.

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Speaker 3: You mean, the Higgs is not made out of little higgees.

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Speaker 1: I think the Lego company has a copyrun on that name,

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Speaker 1: so we should avoid using.

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Speaker 3: It, all right, So that and so it really dies, right,

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Speaker 3: It's like it's no longer in the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's gone. And so we make particles like this

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Speaker 1: in collisions all the time. We collide protons together, we

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Speaker 1: make some heavy particle z a W, a top quark,

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Speaker 1: a Higgs boson, something else, and they live for like

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Speaker 1: ten to the minus twenty three seconds before they turn

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Speaker 1: into something else. And you know, that's what makes it

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Speaker 1: so hard to study these particles is that they're not

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Speaker 1: around for very long, so it's hard to talk to them.

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Speaker 3: Wow. Well, it seems like some particles are alive quote

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Speaker 3: unquote for ten to the minus twenty three seconds, and

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Speaker 3: some of them are alive for seven bi jillion years.

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Speaker 1: It seems unfair, doesn't it.

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Speaker 3: All Right, so let's get into why that is and

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Speaker 3: what causes a particle to decay or not. But first

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Speaker 3: let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, So why does it happen? Why do

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Speaker 3: particles have to die?

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Speaker 1: The key thing to understand is that there's a difference

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Speaker 1: in the mass of these particles. So higher mass particles

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Speaker 1: like the Higgs, like the top they decay into lower

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Speaker 1: mass particles. And this makes some because of conservation of energy.

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Speaker 1: If you have a high mass particle just at rest

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Speaker 1: all of its energies in its mass, if it turns

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Speaker 1: into other particles, those particles have to have lower mass.

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Speaker 1: Otherwise you'd be violating conservation of energy.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, And it's an it's a spontaneous event, right,

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Speaker 3: Like nothing triggers it. It's not like it bumped into

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Speaker 3: something and it broke up, or you shot a particle

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Speaker 3: at it and then that cause the transformation. It's like

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Speaker 3: it was just sitting there and because it had too

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Speaker 3: much too much mass, it just suddenly breaks up.

441
00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's spontaneous. It doesn't need to be triggered from

442
00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:37,840
Speaker 1: anything from the outside. And it's also random. So if

443
00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,600
Speaker 1: you have like one hundred Higgs bosons and you have

444
00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:43,480
Speaker 1: them all in an array somewhere and you watch them.

445
00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:45,320
Speaker 1: Some of them would decay very quickly and some of

446
00:21:45,320 --> 00:21:48,280
Speaker 1: them would live a little bit longer, and this distribution there,

447
00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:50,720
Speaker 1: So we can predict the probability of a Higgs boson

448
00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:53,720
Speaker 1: decaying after a certain time. You can predict it for

449
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,800
Speaker 1: an individual one because it's quantum mechanical. But we know,

450
00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,760
Speaker 1: like what the average lifespan is of a Higgs boson,

451
00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:01,720
Speaker 1: with average lifespan is of a top.

452
00:22:01,640 --> 00:22:04,560
Speaker 3: Quark, and it's totally random, Like what I guess what

453
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:07,280
Speaker 3: triggers a death? The death of a particle.

454
00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:10,760
Speaker 1: That's the deepest question in quantum mechanics, right. We know

455
00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:14,879
Speaker 1: that physics predicts the probability of things happening at various times,

456
00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:17,160
Speaker 1: but we don't know how the universe makes a decision

457
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:19,800
Speaker 1: about what's going to happen. When you know in which

458
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,439
Speaker 1: Shortener's box is the cat alive or dead. This is

459
00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:25,400
Speaker 1: exactly that question, because the way the Shortinger's box works,

460
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:27,320
Speaker 1: if you have an atom inside the box that can

461
00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:30,359
Speaker 1: decay or not decay, and it has a certain lifespan,

462
00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:32,720
Speaker 1: and if it's already decayed, that's killed the cat. And

463
00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:35,119
Speaker 1: if it hasn't decayed, it hasn't killed the cat. And

464
00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:37,879
Speaker 1: what makes a decision for an individual box We don't know.

465
00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:44,960
Speaker 1: The universe has some mysterious not magical which that makes

466
00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:45,680
Speaker 1: those decisions.

467
00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:49,440
Speaker 3: I see, it's not magic, it's just mysterious.

468
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,760
Speaker 1: It is mysterious. No, it's one of my deepest questions

469
00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:54,960
Speaker 1: about the universe is how it picks random numbers. Where

470
00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:58,280
Speaker 1: is the Universe's a random numbers generator? How does that work?

471
00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:01,080
Speaker 1: And anyway, that's a deep send any question. But the

472
00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:04,080
Speaker 1: key thing to understand is that higher mass particles decay

473
00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:05,400
Speaker 1: into lower mass particles.

474
00:23:05,680 --> 00:23:09,359
Speaker 3: Right, they're saying, that's like the Golden rule of particle decay.

475
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:12,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, there is actually something called the Golden rule, and

476
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:13,600
Speaker 1: it helps you sort of do.

477
00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:17,840
Speaker 3: Onto other particles. There's other particles we do onto you.

478
00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,720
Speaker 1: Yeah. I don't know how particles behave and if they're

479
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:22,760
Speaker 1: nice to each other or not. But for me, these

480
00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:26,280
Speaker 1: Golden rule helps you understand sort of why lower mass

481
00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:28,840
Speaker 1: particles are more likely to exist in the universe than

482
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,040
Speaker 1: higher mass Like why don't higher energy, lower mass particles

483
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,119
Speaker 1: turn into high mass particles all the time? Why does

484
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:36,840
Speaker 1: it mostly go the other way? Why do things sort

485
00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:39,120
Speaker 1: of move down the mass ladder?

486
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:42,040
Speaker 3: Well, to make something heavier running, you need to collide

487
00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:44,520
Speaker 3: with something else, and then from that you can like

488
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:45,280
Speaker 3: join together.

489
00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's exactly what we do in particle collisions.

490
00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:51,959
Speaker 1: We make these heavy particles very briefly by smashing lower

491
00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:54,600
Speaker 1: mass particles with a lot of energy together. So we

492
00:23:54,680 --> 00:23:57,439
Speaker 1: have enough energy to create these high mass particles. But

493
00:23:57,480 --> 00:23:59,879
Speaker 1: then you might wonder, like, why don't they just stick around?

494
00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,880
Speaker 1: Why don't high mass particles just sit there being high

495
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:04,040
Speaker 1: mass particles forever?

496
00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:08,040
Speaker 3: Right? And is that also a rule? I mean, so

497
00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:10,399
Speaker 3: the one rule is that you can only decay in

498
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:14,400
Speaker 3: too things that are less massive than you, so kind

499
00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,960
Speaker 3: of basically smaller, lighter things. That's one rule. The other

500
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,320
Speaker 3: rule seems to be that maybe the like, the more

501
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,920
Speaker 3: mass you have, the more the quicker you're going to decay.

502
00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:28,159
Speaker 3: Is there a correlation also in like, if you have

503
00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:31,400
Speaker 3: more mass the less life you have.

504
00:24:31,640 --> 00:24:34,560
Speaker 1: Yes, that's certainly true. The more mass you have, the

505
00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:37,720
Speaker 1: more likely you are to decay quickly. Also, the more

506
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:40,800
Speaker 1: ways you have to decay, the more ways you're allowed

507
00:24:40,840 --> 00:24:43,440
Speaker 1: to decay, the more rapidly you're going to decay. So

508
00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:45,800
Speaker 1: if you have a really heavy particle but it can

509
00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:48,600
Speaker 1: only decay via like the weak force, then it's going

510
00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:51,240
Speaker 1: to be around for longer because the weak force doesn't

511
00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:54,040
Speaker 1: act very often. It's very weak. Where if you can

512
00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,639
Speaker 1: decay via the strong force hydronically, then you can decay

513
00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:00,639
Speaker 1: very very quickly because the strong force is very power powerful.

514
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:03,359
Speaker 3: Oh so it's kind of like if it has a

515
00:25:03,359 --> 00:25:05,320
Speaker 3: lot of options, then it's going to take one of

516
00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:07,359
Speaker 3: those options sooner or later precisely.

517
00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:08,879
Speaker 1: And the way I like to think about it is

518
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,520
Speaker 1: that these particles sort of like to relax. They start

519
00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:13,280
Speaker 1: out in these very high mass states. You think of

520
00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:15,440
Speaker 1: it like having a lot of tension, and it wants

521
00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:17,639
Speaker 1: to relax down to the lower masts the way it

522
00:25:17,720 --> 00:25:20,320
Speaker 1: sort of water likes to flow downhill, right, and everything

523
00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:23,320
Speaker 1: in the universe likes to spread out and cool down

524
00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:27,280
Speaker 1: and sort of smooth out, and being in lower mass

525
00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:30,760
Speaker 1: states is more smooth, has less energy sort of concentrated

526
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:31,439
Speaker 1: in one place.

527
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,399
Speaker 3: So maybe we should rename this episode Why do particles

528
00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:35,600
Speaker 3: like to chilax?

529
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:38,000
Speaker 1: Why are particles so smooth?

530
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:43,520
Speaker 3: All right? Yeah, so you're saying this death that this decay,

531
00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:47,359
Speaker 3: this transformation is really just like the universe kind of

532
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:52,280
Speaker 3: reverting or going towards the lowest possible energy state.

533
00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:55,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, imagine what happens, for example, when you strum a

534
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:57,480
Speaker 1: guitar string, right, let's go back to that. You have

535
00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,320
Speaker 1: a lot of energy stored in that guitar string. But

536
00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:02,879
Speaker 1: then that guitar string interacts with other stuff, right, it

537
00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:04,960
Speaker 1: can bump into air molecules and give it some of

538
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 1: its energy, and then the sound spreads out through the

539
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,919
Speaker 1: air and you enjoy the music of the Beatles. This

540
00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:13,600
Speaker 1: is just energy dissipating, right. Why is energy dissipated. It

541
00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:17,000
Speaker 1: dissipates because of entropy, because things like to spread out,

542
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,520
Speaker 1: things like to get more smooth, and so in the

543
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:21,399
Speaker 1: same way, you can think of a particle sort of

544
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:24,040
Speaker 1: like it's the strumming of a quantum field. It's like

545
00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:26,840
Speaker 1: a field that's oscillating, and if that field can talk

546
00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:29,679
Speaker 1: to other fields, like the Higgs field can talk to

547
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:31,879
Speaker 1: the bottom core field, then it has a way to

548
00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:34,160
Speaker 1: sort of spread out into those other fields.

549
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:38,440
Speaker 3: It's like it's louder and so it can reach other

550
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:39,359
Speaker 3: fields better.

551
00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:42,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, or it's like you know, it's in a box

552
00:26:42,280 --> 00:26:43,960
Speaker 1: and there are more holes in the box, so it

553
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,080
Speaker 1: can spread out. If there are lots of really big

554
00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:47,960
Speaker 1: holes in the box, that it can get out, whereas

555
00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:49,760
Speaker 1: if you put it in a box and there's almost

556
00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:51,440
Speaker 1: no holes, then it's going to take a long time

557
00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:52,720
Speaker 1: for that energy to leak out.

558
00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:56,360
Speaker 3: And so the lower the mass, then the more stable

559
00:26:56,400 --> 00:26:56,800
Speaker 3: you are.

560
00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,199
Speaker 1: Precisely, and if there's no particle with lower mass than you,

561
00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:03,760
Speaker 1: then your stable because you can't spread out anymore. So

562
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,399
Speaker 1: the particles at the bottom of the rungs that have

563
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:09,800
Speaker 1: no particles below them, then they can't decay to anything

564
00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:12,120
Speaker 1: else and so they are stuck. And that's the situation

565
00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:13,280
Speaker 1: with the electron.

566
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 3: Because there's nothing with a less mass then you. Or

567
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,639
Speaker 3: does it have to do also with the rules of particles,

568
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,280
Speaker 3: like an electron can't just turn into a super light

569
00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:26,679
Speaker 3: I don't know, quark or higgs or something.

570
00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:29,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, there has to be something with less mass than

571
00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:32,359
Speaker 1: you that you are also allowed to decay into. So,

572
00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:35,800
Speaker 1: for example, a muon can decay into an electron. It

573
00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:38,160
Speaker 1: also has to create two neutrinos at the same time

574
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:42,040
Speaker 1: for other rules, but the opposite can't happen. Electrons don't

575
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:45,560
Speaker 1: decay into muons because muons are heavier than electrons and

576
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:49,320
Speaker 1: electrons are the lightest ones right tows and muons can

577
00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:52,000
Speaker 1: both decay into electrons electrons the bottom of the ladder,

578
00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:55,440
Speaker 1: but electrons can't decay into quarks and whatever. And there's

579
00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: all sorts of rules preventing some kind of decays from happening.

580
00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:01,600
Speaker 1: As long as you're not breaking one of the rules,

581
00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,240
Speaker 1: you always decay into the lightest particle around.

582
00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:07,560
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, so like a muon can't decay into

583
00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:09,160
Speaker 3: something that's not an.

584
00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:13,040
Speaker 1: Electron, meuon's almost always decay into electrons. Sometimes a particle

585
00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:16,120
Speaker 1: will have several things that can decay into. So for example,

586
00:28:16,119 --> 00:28:18,199
Speaker 1: the higgs can decay into a pair of bottoms, but

587
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,399
Speaker 1: it can also decay into a pair of photons or

588
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:23,240
Speaker 1: a pair of w bosons or something else, or a

589
00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:26,240
Speaker 1: pair of charm quarks or even a pair of electrons.

590
00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:28,800
Speaker 1: So sometimes a particle will have lots of different places

591
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:29,320
Speaker 1: it can.

592
00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:31,200
Speaker 3: Go, all right, So there are sort of rules to

593
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,840
Speaker 3: these decays, but generally they follow that rule, like if

594
00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:38,000
Speaker 3: you decay, you're going to decay into lower mass particles

595
00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,440
Speaker 3: until you hit the bottom, until you're like the gopher

596
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:44,480
Speaker 3: in them working in the mail room. You can't get

597
00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:46,200
Speaker 3: fired demoted more than that.

598
00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's just like that. It's like getting fired down

599
00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:51,560
Speaker 1: the hierarchy, and once you're at the bottom, you know,

600
00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:53,480
Speaker 1: then maybe you.

601
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,640
Speaker 3: Can hang on forever.

602
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:57,840
Speaker 1: I guess it's not like having a job, because you

603
00:28:57,840 --> 00:28:59,600
Speaker 1: could get kicked down the street. But I guess maybe

604
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,240
Speaker 1: stable particles are the unemployed ones in this analogy.

605
00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:03,400
Speaker 3: Right, Oh, there you go.

606
00:29:04,160 --> 00:29:06,360
Speaker 1: You don't have a job, so you can't get fired.

607
00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:08,960
Speaker 3: All right, And so then that's why some particles never

608
00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:12,040
Speaker 3: never decay, like electrons. You're saying, they can't decay into

609
00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:16,280
Speaker 3: anything lighter, and so they just hang around forever.

610
00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:19,440
Speaker 1: As far as we know, they hang around forever. I mean,

611
00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:21,400
Speaker 1: we don't know that we know all the list of

612
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:24,120
Speaker 1: particles that are out there. But for the electron to

613
00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:26,000
Speaker 1: decay into a lighter particle, there would have to be

614
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:28,840
Speaker 1: another particle out there that we hadn't heard it before,

615
00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:31,800
Speaker 1: and it would have to interact with the electron. So

616
00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:34,280
Speaker 1: it have to be some force that couples the electron

617
00:29:34,360 --> 00:29:36,320
Speaker 1: to this particle to allow it to decay, to create

618
00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:38,280
Speaker 1: sort of that hole in the box, to let the

619
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:41,720
Speaker 1: electron turn into that other particle. And you know, there

620
00:29:41,720 --> 00:29:45,280
Speaker 1: are other particles like neutrinos, but electrons can't decay into

621
00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,520
Speaker 1: neutrinos because that violates one of the rules, like electrons

622
00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:52,280
Speaker 1: have a charge, neutrinos don't. So you can't turn electron

623
00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:54,640
Speaker 1: into a neutrino because then where does the charge go.

624
00:29:54,880 --> 00:29:56,960
Speaker 3: There has to be conservation not just of mass, but

625
00:29:57,080 --> 00:30:01,240
Speaker 3: also all these other quantum magical quantities.

626
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:03,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we have this whole list and we'll go

627
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,400
Speaker 1: into it in a minute for all the rules of

628
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:07,880
Speaker 1: particles have to follow and then decay. And the thing

629
00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:09,920
Speaker 1: to understand about that is that this is just a

630
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,320
Speaker 1: list of rules we invented to sort of describe the

631
00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:15,920
Speaker 1: things that don't happen. We're like, well, this doesn't happen.

632
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:18,440
Speaker 1: Why not, Well, let's make a rule that says it

633
00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:20,760
Speaker 1: can happen. That doesn't mean we know why the rule

634
00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:23,880
Speaker 1: is there, right, It's just we noticed this never happens,

635
00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:26,440
Speaker 1: and so there must be a reason we just don't

636
00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:27,040
Speaker 1: know yet.

637
00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:30,600
Speaker 3: Not So it's not it's less rules, but more like

638
00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:35,120
Speaker 3: trends or you know, things we've never seen happen.

639
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:37,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, and our goal is to make the sort of

640
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:40,840
Speaker 1: minimal set of trends, like, what's the minimal set of

641
00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:43,520
Speaker 1: rules you need to describe everything we've seen. And then

642
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:45,080
Speaker 1: we look at those and we say, well, does this

643
00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:47,160
Speaker 1: make sense and what does it mean about the universe?

644
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:49,880
Speaker 1: And can we find a reason why these rules have

645
00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:51,360
Speaker 1: to exist and.

646
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:53,760
Speaker 3: Stuff like that, and so what are some of the

647
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:57,240
Speaker 3: other particles that also live forever? The quarks lift forever.

648
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,640
Speaker 1: The upquarks and the down quarks do live forever. Yes,

649
00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:04,040
Speaker 1: there are no lighter quarks right the charm cork and

650
00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:06,920
Speaker 1: the strange cork, those are heavier, so they decay into

651
00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:09,000
Speaker 1: the up and the down, and the top cork and

652
00:31:09,040 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 1: the bottom cork they're even heavier, so they decay also

653
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:14,960
Speaker 1: down the ladder to charm and strange and then into

654
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:15,560
Speaker 1: up and down.

655
00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:19,480
Speaker 3: So literally every particle in my body then is is

656
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:20,840
Speaker 3: as old as time itself.

657
00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:23,520
Speaker 1: All the particles in your body are just three different

658
00:31:23,560 --> 00:31:27,200
Speaker 1: kinds of particles upquarks, down quarks, and electrons. And I

659
00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:29,520
Speaker 1: think that those particles have been around since just after

660
00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 1: the Big Bang.

661
00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:33,560
Speaker 3: None of my particles have were created more recently than that.

662
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 1: It's not one hundred percent. Because you can create those particles,

663
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:39,600
Speaker 1: you know, if for example, one of the electrons in

664
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,600
Speaker 1: your body hits a piece of antimatter coming from a

665
00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:45,920
Speaker 1: cosmic ray, it can get annihilated into a photon, and

666
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:48,400
Speaker 1: then that photon lives very briefly and turns back into

667
00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:51,680
Speaker 1: an electron and positron, So then it's been reborn. Right

668
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,600
Speaker 1: in that sense. These particles are always having interaction, and

669
00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:58,320
Speaker 1: sometimes they get they disappear and come back. So some

670
00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:00,400
Speaker 1: of these electrons may have been more and more recently,

671
00:32:00,480 --> 00:32:03,120
Speaker 1: but it's possible for an electron to stick around the

672
00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:04,440
Speaker 1: whole lifetime of the universe.

673
00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:07,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, every particle that I am made out of was

674
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,080
Speaker 3: made at the Big Bang, or you know, it was

675
00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:13,720
Speaker 3: there when it all happened. It's stories to tell around. Yeah.

676
00:32:13,920 --> 00:32:18,600
Speaker 1: Oh, if you could interview particles, if.

677
00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:21,680
Speaker 3: Only they could talk. If these particles could talk.

678
00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:24,280
Speaker 1: These particles could talk, they probably tell stories like in

679
00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:26,440
Speaker 1: old folks homes. You know, while when I was a

680
00:32:26,480 --> 00:32:28,280
Speaker 1: kid and I had an onion on my belt and

681
00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:29,400
Speaker 1: the universe was.

682
00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:32,440
Speaker 3: Young, You think you have it bad now.

683
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:35,520
Speaker 1: We had to live through the hot plasma.

684
00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:38,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, think about what it was like in the Big Bang.

685
00:32:39,920 --> 00:32:43,360
Speaker 3: We had to walk up here both ways, all right,

686
00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:46,800
Speaker 3: so that is kind of what happens is when particles die.

687
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:49,160
Speaker 3: And so let's get into a little bit more of

688
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:52,720
Speaker 3: what these rules are in more detail and what they

689
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:57,680
Speaker 3: mean for us as billion of year old beings. But

690
00:32:57,760 --> 00:32:59,080
Speaker 3: first let's take a quick break.

691
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:05,040
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

692
00:33:05,160 --> 00:33:08,280
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

693
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:12,360
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

694
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:15,040
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US dairy

695
00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:19,360
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

696
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,960
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

697
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,320
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

698
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:28,640
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

699
00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:31,760
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

700
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:35,280
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

701
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:38,120
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

702
00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:41,880
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

703
00:33:41,960 --> 00:33:45,800
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

704
00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:47,960
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

705
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,000
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone. Know

706
00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:52,760
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

707
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,280
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

708
00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:59,120
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

709
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:02,000
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

710
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:06,560
Speaker 4: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

711
00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:08,960
Speaker 4: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

712
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,200
Speaker 4: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

713
00:34:11,239 --> 00:34:14,759
Speaker 4: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

714
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,120
Speaker 4: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

715
00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:21,920
Speaker 6: When you walk through our doors, your world expands. Your

716
00:34:21,960 --> 00:34:26,400
Speaker 6: adventure begins with a spectacle of violuminescent light, a symphony

717
00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:29,759
Speaker 6: of shore bird sounds, or a touch of wonder as

718
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,680
Speaker 6: you hold a hermit crab in your palm. Every moment

719
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:36,000
Speaker 6: is filled with the promise of discovery. As you become

720
00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:40,080
Speaker 6: an advocate for the ocean. Pook your tickets today Monterey

721
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:45,120
Speaker 6: Bay Aquarium inspiring conservation of the ocean. Visit Monterey Bayaquarium

722
00:34:45,200 --> 00:34:46,560
Speaker 6: dot org slash.

723
00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:58,200
Speaker 3: Together all right. I know, so particles die, Unfortunately, is

724
00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:01,839
Speaker 3: just the way of the universe. Uh, And that means

725
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,799
Speaker 3: that particles sometimes, if they're too heavy, they will transform

726
00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:09,680
Speaker 3: into lower energy particles until you get to a certain

727
00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:15,239
Speaker 3: types of particles which apparently never decay like quarks and electrons.

728
00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:18,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, and not just lower energy particles, lower mass particles,

729
00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,000
Speaker 1: sort of lighter particles. Is we have this rung of

730
00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:24,960
Speaker 1: particles and they decay down, down, down the rung and

731
00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:26,560
Speaker 1: they get to the bottom of the ladder and they

732
00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:27,640
Speaker 1: can't decay any further.

733
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:31,040
Speaker 3: And do particles ever spontaneously go up the ladder.

734
00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:33,840
Speaker 1: Absolutely, they do. If they get a burst of energy,

735
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:36,280
Speaker 1: they absorb some energy, then they can go up the ladder.

736
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:38,080
Speaker 1: And that's exactly the kind of thing we do in

737
00:35:38,160 --> 00:35:41,480
Speaker 1: particle collisions, is that we bring particles together with a

738
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:43,759
Speaker 1: lot of energy and low mass and we create we

739
00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:46,759
Speaker 1: push them up the ladder briefly, because our question is

740
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,560
Speaker 1: like what particles are on the ladder? How far up

741
00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:52,400
Speaker 1: the ladder can you go? It's like we're swimming in

742
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,239
Speaker 1: very cold, cold universe and we're trying to climb up

743
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:57,879
Speaker 1: the ladder to see like what could exist, what used

744
00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:01,640
Speaker 1: to exist. So we create these poc it's momentary pockets

745
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:04,040
Speaker 1: of density to push a particle up the ladder to

746
00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:06,040
Speaker 1: see like, oh look you can make top quarks. Oh

747
00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:07,560
Speaker 1: look you can make higgs bosons.

748
00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:09,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, and so that kind of answers the question why

749
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,400
Speaker 3: do particles die is that that's just kind of the

750
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,080
Speaker 3: way of the universe. Nothing heavy lasts forever. That's the

751
00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:19,040
Speaker 3: kind of caveat right, like something's last forever, but if

752
00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:21,840
Speaker 3: you're too heavy, you're not going to last for a

753
00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:22,399
Speaker 3: long time.

754
00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:25,040
Speaker 1: I feel like that should be on your tombstone. Nothing

755
00:36:25,080 --> 00:36:26,560
Speaker 1: heavy last forever.

756
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:30,680
Speaker 3: Or maybe you know, the model of the universe would

757
00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:32,919
Speaker 3: be like only electrons on quarks last forever.

758
00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:35,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's true that nothing heavy lasts forever. It's a

759
00:36:35,880 --> 00:36:38,520
Speaker 1: deep principle of the universe that things spread out, you know,

760
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,840
Speaker 1: it's connected to entropy, that things tend to light to

761
00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:45,960
Speaker 1: transform into more relaxed states and the ones with more disorder.

762
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:49,640
Speaker 1: And the thing is that lower mass particles they just

763
00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,160
Speaker 1: have a lot of different ways to be. Like a

764
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:54,839
Speaker 1: higher mass particle, it can basically just sit there. It's

765
00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:57,560
Speaker 1: used up all of its energy to create this particle.

766
00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:01,360
Speaker 1: But if it decayed into lower particles, then there's a

767
00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:04,080
Speaker 1: zillion different arrangements for it and the universe prefers that

768
00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:08,320
Speaker 1: it prefers configurations with lots of different arrangements. It's more disorder,

769
00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:10,719
Speaker 1: and so that's just the way the universe flows.

770
00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:13,200
Speaker 3: Even for an electron. I guess I'm curious. Even for

771
00:37:13,239 --> 00:37:16,360
Speaker 3: an electron, you're saying, you know, we'll probably never decay,

772
00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:19,160
Speaker 3: but but it can, like can is one of its

773
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:23,040
Speaker 3: possibilities that it just one day disappears for no reason

774
00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:25,480
Speaker 3: and transform into I don't know, photon or something.

775
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:28,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, potentially, I mean, electrons are stable. But again, all

776
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:31,960
Speaker 1: these statements that we make are statistical. We've never seen

777
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:35,439
Speaker 1: an electron decay and so, and there are a bunch

778
00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:38,080
Speaker 1: of rules that prevent it from turning into the particles

779
00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:41,520
Speaker 1: that are lighter than it, things like charge conservation and

780
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:45,640
Speaker 1: electron number conservation, all sorts of the rules we invented

781
00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:47,640
Speaker 1: just to sort of describe the fact that we never

782
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:51,399
Speaker 1: see them decay. But in principle, there could be some

783
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:55,080
Speaker 1: lighter particle in the electron that connected to the electron

784
00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:58,160
Speaker 1: with some very very weak force that we haven't discovered yet,

785
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:02,080
Speaker 1: and eventually, after sixty two chillion years, electrons will decay

786
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:03,160
Speaker 1: into those other particles.

787
00:38:03,239 --> 00:38:06,360
Speaker 3: It's possible what was that turnby use the b Chillon jillion?

788
00:38:06,440 --> 00:38:07,960
Speaker 3: Yeah to technical pertillions.

789
00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:12,279
Speaker 1: I just invented it, but it's technical like Petulia, it's

790
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:14,440
Speaker 1: it represents the flow of the universe.

791
00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:18,279
Speaker 3: Man, oh dude, Yeah all right, So let's get into

792
00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:21,160
Speaker 3: these rules, cause I feel like that's where the meat

793
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:23,520
Speaker 3: of this is, right, Like, it's not like any particle

794
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:29,000
Speaker 3: can just die spontaneously. It has to follow some rules

795
00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:33,960
Speaker 3: that the universe seems to follow or maybe not rules

796
00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:36,800
Speaker 3: are these more like we've never seen these things happen,

797
00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:39,920
Speaker 3: but maybe they but they're not absolute rules. Maybe.

798
00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:42,640
Speaker 1: Well, it's that way with all the physics. We see

799
00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:46,320
Speaker 1: stuff happen. We write down rules that we think describes

800
00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:48,960
Speaker 1: what happens, and that we hope those rules are fundamental

801
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,120
Speaker 1: to the universe. But we could be wrong. There could

802
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:53,800
Speaker 1: be exceptions to those rules we just haven't observed yet.

803
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:56,000
Speaker 1: So in the same way, we're like, you know, let's

804
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,560
Speaker 1: write down all the results of particle physics experiments and

805
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:01,360
Speaker 1: then let's try to simplify that into a set of

806
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:03,920
Speaker 1: rules that we think describes all those experiments, and then

807
00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:05,839
Speaker 1: we try to understand those rules, like do they make

808
00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:07,560
Speaker 1: any sense? And why this rule and why not of

809
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:10,200
Speaker 1: that other rule, or what are the patterns among the rules.

810
00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:12,760
Speaker 1: That's sort of the stage we're at in particle physics.

811
00:39:12,880 --> 00:39:15,040
Speaker 1: So it's interesting to think about what these rules are

812
00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:15,919
Speaker 1: and what they might mean.

813
00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:18,480
Speaker 3: I see. So it's kind of like you you dropped

814
00:39:18,480 --> 00:39:20,160
Speaker 3: an egg and it broke on the floor, and you

815
00:39:20,239 --> 00:39:22,160
Speaker 3: dropped an egg again and it broken the floor, and

816
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:24,680
Speaker 3: you dropped another egg and it broken the floor, and so.

817
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:27,520
Speaker 1: And your mom is like, why did I have an experimental.

818
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:31,080
Speaker 3: List as a kid? And so you made a rule

819
00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:33,919
Speaker 3: that said if you drop an egg, it'll break.

820
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:36,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, And that describes what you've seen. And then of

821
00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,840
Speaker 1: course you should test your prediction and try dropping eggs

822
00:39:39,840 --> 00:39:42,759
Speaker 1: in other people's houses and on Thompson Mountains and to

823
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:45,120
Speaker 1: see if that is a deep rule of the universe

824
00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:47,719
Speaker 1: or just something specific like if you drop an egg

825
00:39:47,719 --> 00:39:50,839
Speaker 1: on the space station doesn't break. So it turns out

826
00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:53,000
Speaker 1: your rule needs a qualifier, right.

827
00:39:53,480 --> 00:39:57,520
Speaker 3: I see, this is a special egg breaking rule.

828
00:39:58,160 --> 00:40:01,239
Speaker 1: Only in woor his kitchen or on Earth, or only

829
00:40:01,320 --> 00:40:04,080
Speaker 1: near objects with gravity. If you drop an egg, does

830
00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:04,440
Speaker 1: it break?

831
00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:09,600
Speaker 3: Yeah, there's a difference between general egoticity and special egticity.

832
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:11,520
Speaker 3: All right, So what are some of the rules that

833
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:14,960
Speaker 3: govern particle decay and just I guess real quickly here.

834
00:40:15,160 --> 00:40:16,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, one of them we talked about already is

835
00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:19,439
Speaker 1: that they have to decay from heavier particles and lighter

836
00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:23,320
Speaker 1: particles because of conservation of energy. The other is that

837
00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:27,800
Speaker 1: electric charge has to be conserved. So electrons, for example,

838
00:40:28,080 --> 00:40:32,600
Speaker 1: can decay into neutrinos. Muons have to decay into electrons.

839
00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:34,440
Speaker 1: They can't decay into positrons.

840
00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:38,840
Speaker 3: You have to conserve because the universe can't do anything

841
00:40:38,840 --> 00:40:42,680
Speaker 3: with that extra charge. Is that it it's like it

842
00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:43,640
Speaker 3: has to do something with it.

843
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:47,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, electric charge is conserved. The universe cannot create

844
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:50,960
Speaker 1: or just destroy electric charge. It sticks around, and that's

845
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,239
Speaker 1: not something we understand why. But we've noticed that it's

846
00:40:54,280 --> 00:40:56,640
Speaker 1: the case that electric charge is always conserved.

847
00:40:56,800 --> 00:40:58,600
Speaker 3: I guess my question is where did all this charge

848
00:40:58,640 --> 00:41:00,600
Speaker 3: come from? Then the Big bang?

849
00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:03,799
Speaker 1: And you know electric charge comes in positive and negative, right,

850
00:41:03,840 --> 00:41:06,160
Speaker 1: So you can create a positive charge if you also

851
00:41:06,239 --> 00:41:09,440
Speaker 1: create a minus a photon can turn into an electron

852
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:13,160
Speaker 1: and a positron because the total electric charge is then conserved.

853
00:41:13,239 --> 00:41:15,200
Speaker 3: All right, So that's that's another rule you have to

854
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:18,640
Speaker 3: come concern and that also works for the other charges

855
00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:23,240
Speaker 3: I imagine, right, like the color charge and the Smelli

856
00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,080
Speaker 3: charge and the all the other charges.

857
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, for the other charges, there are similar conservation rules.

858
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:33,480
Speaker 1: And you know these charges also important for example, because

859
00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:37,680
Speaker 1: the photon can only interact with charge particles. So, for example,

860
00:41:37,719 --> 00:41:41,080
Speaker 1: the photon can turn into an electron and posititron, but

861
00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:44,680
Speaker 1: it can't decay into neutrinos. It can't interact with neutrinos

862
00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:47,759
Speaker 1: at all because it only talks to the electron and

863
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:48,520
Speaker 1: the positron.

864
00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:51,080
Speaker 3: Can it kind of do like a three point turn,

865
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,600
Speaker 3: like it kind of decay into an electron, which then

866
00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:54,560
Speaker 3: decays into a neutrino.

867
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:57,960
Speaker 1: Well, remember electrons are stable, so if a photon decays

868
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:00,920
Speaker 1: into electrons, it can't then turn into neutrons. But if

869
00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:04,320
Speaker 1: a photon decayed into like a muon and an anti muon,

870
00:42:04,840 --> 00:42:07,239
Speaker 1: that muon and antimuan could then turn into a pair

871
00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:10,560
Speaker 1: of electrons and positions and produce neutrinos at the same time.

872
00:42:10,920 --> 00:42:14,520
Speaker 1: So yeah, photons can eventually produce neutrinos, but not directly.

873
00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:16,480
Speaker 3: I think what I'm getting here is that if you

874
00:42:16,520 --> 00:42:20,799
Speaker 3: are a person who likes rules and memorizing rules, then

875
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:22,640
Speaker 3: particle physics is for you.

876
00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:25,880
Speaker 1: Hey, we've got fewer rules than like organic chemistry. You know,

877
00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:27,160
Speaker 1: we're trying to keep it simple.

878
00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:32,040
Speaker 3: That's true that organic chemistry is all rules.

879
00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:34,000
Speaker 1: It's just a list of rules and nobody understands and

880
00:42:34,040 --> 00:42:36,960
Speaker 1: it's an exception for every single case. That's that's why

881
00:42:36,960 --> 00:42:38,560
Speaker 1: I didn't do organic chemistry. It didn't see that.

882
00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:40,279
Speaker 3: I mean right, because the list is shorter. That's the

883
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:40,960
Speaker 3: only difference.

884
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:45,560
Speaker 1: Actually, you've totally pegged it. I'm interested in particle physics

885
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:47,960
Speaker 1: because it has the smallest list of things to memorize.

886
00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:50,000
Speaker 3: Did I ever tell you why I became an engineer?

887
00:42:51,560 --> 00:42:53,239
Speaker 1: No, because you wanted to work with cockroaches.

888
00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:56,840
Speaker 3: Because my dad said to me in high school, He's like,

889
00:42:56,920 --> 00:42:59,880
Speaker 3: engineering is the best man. You don't have to memorize anything.

890
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:02,640
Speaker 3: If anyone asked you a question, you just look it

891
00:43:02,719 --> 00:43:05,359
Speaker 3: up in a book. And I was like, that's for me.

892
00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:08,759
Speaker 1: When your classes or when your homework is due or.

893
00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:12,279
Speaker 3: No to turn out, you don't need those things either.

894
00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:17,479
Speaker 1: But maybe we should just rounded up with my favorite rule,

895
00:43:17,520 --> 00:43:18,239
Speaker 1: the particle decay.

896
00:43:18,320 --> 00:43:19,840
Speaker 3: Okay, okay, you have a favorite.

897
00:43:19,920 --> 00:43:22,600
Speaker 1: Go My favorite is that a particle cannot decay into

898
00:43:22,640 --> 00:43:25,200
Speaker 1: one other particle. It has to decay into at least

899
00:43:25,280 --> 00:43:28,000
Speaker 1: two Huh. Yeah, you can't just have like a Higgs

900
00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:31,480
Speaker 1: boson decay into a bottom cork. Or you can't even

901
00:43:31,560 --> 00:43:35,000
Speaker 1: just have like a muon decay into an electron.

902
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:35,640
Speaker 3: Why not?

903
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:38,319
Speaker 1: We're not exactly sure why not, but we know that

904
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:40,960
Speaker 1: if it could happen, it would break another rule, which

905
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,720
Speaker 1: is conservation of momentum. Imagine you have a heavy particle

906
00:43:44,840 --> 00:43:48,000
Speaker 1: it's just sitting there, has no momentum, and it turns

907
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:51,839
Speaker 1: into a lower mass particle. Now, now that energy that

908
00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:53,840
Speaker 1: from the difference in mass has to go somewhere, and

909
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:56,319
Speaker 1: usually that goes into the motion of the particle. Uh

910
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,160
Speaker 1: huh okay, So if a muon, for example, turned into

911
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:02,360
Speaker 1: an electron, there's extra energy there from the mass difference,

912
00:44:02,520 --> 00:44:05,400
Speaker 1: So the electron is moving. But then that violates conservation

913
00:44:05,480 --> 00:44:08,319
Speaker 1: and momentum because the muon originally had no momentum and

914
00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:11,000
Speaker 1: now the electron has momentum. So you have to create

915
00:44:11,040 --> 00:44:14,240
Speaker 1: another particle to balance out the momentum that the electron

916
00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:15,880
Speaker 1: is getting to go the other direction.

917
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,480
Speaker 3: But wait, what if the muon, the first one was

918
00:44:19,640 --> 00:44:22,880
Speaker 3: moving a little bit? Can it decay into a smaller

919
00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:26,440
Speaker 3: particle that's moving faster, because then you can still conserve momentum.

920
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,960
Speaker 1: It can't because there is some of potentially some observers

921
00:44:29,960 --> 00:44:32,359
Speaker 1: moving at the same speed as the muon and they

922
00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:34,840
Speaker 1: also need to see something that makes sense. And so

923
00:44:34,920 --> 00:44:37,680
Speaker 1: that's true for all particles that have mass, that there's

924
00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:40,319
Speaker 1: always the potential to catch up to it and see

925
00:44:40,360 --> 00:44:42,680
Speaker 1: it motionless, and so you have to have a rule

926
00:44:42,719 --> 00:44:44,680
Speaker 1: that works also for those observers.

927
00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 3: You can always look at it in a way that

928
00:44:47,080 --> 00:44:50,200
Speaker 3: it has zero momentum because it's not moving.

929
00:44:50,440 --> 00:44:53,000
Speaker 1: And in that frame, whereas no momentum, it can't just

930
00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:57,160
Speaker 1: spontaneously turn into an electron that's moving, because then you've

931
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:01,600
Speaker 1: created momentum. And conservation is another one of those rules

932
00:45:01,640 --> 00:45:04,680
Speaker 1: about the universe. We don't know why it exists, we

933
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:06,399
Speaker 1: don't know why it's there. We should do a whole

934
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:09,840
Speaker 1: podcast episode about these rules because they're really fascinating and

935
00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:13,640
Speaker 1: they highlight a famous woman in physics who's long been overlooked,

936
00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:16,440
Speaker 1: Emily Nuther, who invented the sort of the symmetry that

937
00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:18,120
Speaker 1: describes all these.

938
00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:22,799
Speaker 3: Things interesting cool. I feel like you're saying that every

939
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:25,160
Speaker 3: particle is that a standstill for somebody.

940
00:45:25,760 --> 00:45:29,600
Speaker 1: Every particle that has mass, Yes, photons are never to

941
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:31,480
Speaker 1: stand still because they have no mass, and if they

942
00:45:31,480 --> 00:45:33,120
Speaker 1: were to stand still, they'd be nothing.

943
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:36,759
Speaker 3: Okay, So you always need to decay to two particles

944
00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:40,520
Speaker 3: because everything is particles, right, even sort of like energy?

945
00:45:40,719 --> 00:45:41,879
Speaker 1: Whoa man? That was deep?

946
00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:46,600
Speaker 3: Did I tell you I didn't have a banana today?

947
00:45:46,640 --> 00:45:48,520
Speaker 3: So I am running on fumes.

948
00:45:48,560 --> 00:45:51,839
Speaker 1: Man, everything is energy and energy is particles. Let's go

949
00:45:51,880 --> 00:45:52,160
Speaker 1: with that.

950
00:45:54,040 --> 00:45:57,239
Speaker 3: You're like, let me take a puff here? Yeah, man,

951
00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:00,319
Speaker 3: what did you say for it?

952
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:04,640
Speaker 1: I'm smoking my banana peals. But it's I think it's

953
00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:07,399
Speaker 1: fascinating that every particle when it decays has to turn

954
00:46:07,440 --> 00:46:09,719
Speaker 1: into two others. It can't just turn into one. That

955
00:46:09,840 --> 00:46:12,880
Speaker 1: means that the number of particles increases, so there's no

956
00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:15,920
Speaker 1: conservation rule in like the overall number of particles in

957
00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:17,200
Speaker 1: the universe. That's not a.

958
00:46:17,160 --> 00:46:19,640
Speaker 3: Problem, all right, Maybe just to wrap it all up then,

959
00:46:20,440 --> 00:46:22,120
Speaker 3: you know, I feel like we started off with the

960
00:46:22,200 --> 00:46:26,960
Speaker 3: question why do particles die? And I feel like I

961
00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:28,920
Speaker 3: feel like we arrived at a good answer, you know,

962
00:46:29,520 --> 00:46:30,040
Speaker 3: I feel like.

963
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:32,760
Speaker 1: It what is the meaning of life for particles?

964
00:46:32,800 --> 00:46:36,680
Speaker 3: Or is it forty two it's it's like, that's the

965
00:46:36,760 --> 00:46:41,520
Speaker 3: way the universe is, you know, nothing, Most particles don't

966
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,120
Speaker 3: last forever. You know, that's just the way. That's a

967
00:46:44,520 --> 00:46:48,319
Speaker 3: constant truth of the universe, unless you're you get to

968
00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:51,440
Speaker 3: the bottom rung, in which case you can last forever.

969
00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:53,960
Speaker 1: You can last, right, you can hang on forever at

970
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,480
Speaker 1: that bottom rung. But yeah, the universe just likes to

971
00:46:56,520 --> 00:46:58,919
Speaker 1: spread out. That's what it means for time to move

972
00:46:58,960 --> 00:47:02,480
Speaker 1: forwards in some sense, is that pockets of energy density

973
00:47:02,680 --> 00:47:05,640
Speaker 1: spread out and diffuse themselves across the universe. The whole

974
00:47:05,719 --> 00:47:09,000
Speaker 1: universe is spreading out and getting colder and more dilute,

975
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:11,399
Speaker 1: and so the same thing happens on the particle level.

976
00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:13,960
Speaker 1: So in that way, we have that in common with particles.

977
00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:16,360
Speaker 3: And I think it's amazing to think about that. The

978
00:47:16,680 --> 00:47:19,680
Speaker 3: idea that every particle in my body, like every single

979
00:47:19,719 --> 00:47:23,840
Speaker 3: one potentially or most of them, they were all there

980
00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:27,480
Speaker 3: at the Big Bang, right and they part with a

981
00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:28,760
Speaker 3: big bang? Is that true?

982
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:31,680
Speaker 1: No, we think that matter was created just after the

983
00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:32,200
Speaker 1: Big Bang.

984
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:34,239
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, okay, so it was there in the

985
00:47:34,239 --> 00:47:36,719
Speaker 3: Big Bang. All of these particles that are made out

986
00:47:36,760 --> 00:47:42,000
Speaker 3: of the journeyed fourteen billion years just for the privilege

987
00:47:42,040 --> 00:47:43,440
Speaker 3: of being part of me.

988
00:47:45,360 --> 00:47:46,680
Speaker 1: And I hope they're not disappointed.

989
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:49,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, I hope this is not their peak moment here.

990
00:47:50,560 --> 00:47:52,959
Speaker 1: You know, they've been in the heart of stars, they've

991
00:47:52,960 --> 00:47:55,279
Speaker 1: flown through the universe, but this is where it is.

992
00:47:55,360 --> 00:47:56,200
Speaker 1: This is where it's good.

993
00:47:56,640 --> 00:47:58,839
Speaker 3: Maybe the answer to why particles die is that they

994
00:47:58,880 --> 00:48:01,440
Speaker 3: realized they travel all this way just to be part

995
00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:07,080
Speaker 3: of orge. Yeah, the austortaneously decay.

996
00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:09,120
Speaker 1: Because why even go on?

997
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:09,640
Speaker 2: Man?

998
00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:13,920
Speaker 3: Yeah, why go on? But it's cool even if this

999
00:48:14,040 --> 00:48:16,799
Speaker 3: is not their peak. It's cool to think that every

1000
00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:20,000
Speaker 3: particle in my body may be here till the end

1001
00:48:20,080 --> 00:48:22,880
Speaker 3: of time, right, like it's it was there the Big Bang.

1002
00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:25,920
Speaker 3: Now it's part of me, and it'll still be around

1003
00:48:26,760 --> 00:48:29,359
Speaker 3: bazillions of years into the future most likely.

1004
00:48:29,520 --> 00:48:32,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, Because, like we've talked about on this podcast several times,

1005
00:48:32,120 --> 00:48:34,359
Speaker 1: the thing that is you is not the things that

1006
00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,359
Speaker 1: make you up. It's the arrangement of those bits. Because

1007
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,239
Speaker 1: you could take your bits and re arrange them and

1008
00:48:39,280 --> 00:48:42,040
Speaker 1: to make a star or lava or kittens. It's all

1009
00:48:42,080 --> 00:48:44,799
Speaker 1: the same stuff with the same proportions. It's just how

1010
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:47,040
Speaker 1: it's put together so you can put it together to

1011
00:48:47,040 --> 00:48:50,080
Speaker 1: make a whoorge or a Daniel or you know, a

1012
00:48:50,120 --> 00:48:52,920
Speaker 1: BMW or whatever you like. It's all the same stuff,

1013
00:48:52,960 --> 00:48:54,640
Speaker 1: and it's been around for a long time, and it's

1014
00:48:54,719 --> 00:48:57,440
Speaker 1: gonna be here for sixty two zillion years.

1015
00:48:57,560 --> 00:48:59,960
Speaker 3: I think what you're saying, Daniel, is that my particles

1016
00:49:00,320 --> 00:49:02,120
Speaker 3: are old, but I can be as young as I

1017
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:02,480
Speaker 3: want to be.

1018
00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:06,160
Speaker 1: That's right, that's exactly what I'm saying. Your particles are

1019
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:08,840
Speaker 1: fourteen billion years old, but you're as fresh as a

1020
00:49:08,840 --> 00:49:09,439
Speaker 1: breath of air.

1021
00:49:09,520 --> 00:49:11,880
Speaker 3: But then that air is also made out of old particles.

1022
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:15,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, but we didn't know, and we can tell

1023
00:49:15,520 --> 00:49:17,080
Speaker 1: where it's been based on how it smells.

1024
00:49:17,320 --> 00:49:20,720
Speaker 3: All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that discussion about death,

1025
00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:23,960
Speaker 3: the death of particles, the death and birth and rebirth

1026
00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:25,560
Speaker 3: sometimes of particles.

1027
00:49:25,160 --> 00:49:26,480
Speaker 1: And the eternal life of other.

1028
00:49:26,360 --> 00:49:28,320
Speaker 3: Particles, and all the rules in between.

1029
00:49:28,440 --> 00:49:30,600
Speaker 1: And we are struggling to understand these rules. And the

1030
00:49:30,640 --> 00:49:33,440
Speaker 1: more we smash particles together and see the rules for

1031
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:35,440
Speaker 1: new particles, the more we can understand why we have

1032
00:49:35,520 --> 00:49:37,879
Speaker 1: these rules and not those rules. And are these rules

1033
00:49:37,880 --> 00:49:40,000
Speaker 1: really universal and do they only exist and are part

1034
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:42,160
Speaker 1: of the universe or for the particles that we have

1035
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:44,440
Speaker 1: seen so far, and one day we hope to have

1036
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:47,360
Speaker 1: a very simple, concise set of rules that we totally

1037
00:49:47,440 --> 00:49:49,240
Speaker 1: describe everything in one.

1038
00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:51,520
Speaker 3: Line, and hopefully we'll be around to explain that line.

1039
00:49:51,640 --> 00:49:55,319
Speaker 3: So stay tuned, keep listening, subscribe and follow us on

1040
00:49:55,360 --> 00:49:56,600
Speaker 3: Instagram and Twitter.

1041
00:49:56,680 --> 00:49:58,920
Speaker 1: And have a Grete twenty twenty everybody.

1042
00:49:58,560 --> 00:49:59,360
Speaker 3: See you next time.

1043
00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:09,160
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

1044
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:12,400
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

1045
00:50:12,440 --> 00:50:14,880
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

1046
00:50:14,920 --> 00:50:18,640
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

1047
00:50:18,719 --> 00:50:23,040
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for

1048
00:50:23,120 --> 00:50:26,040
Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe

1049
00:50:26,120 --> 00:50:30,480
Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

1050
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:34,760
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

1051
00:50:34,840 --> 00:50:36,000
Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.

1052
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1060
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1061
00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:20,719
Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the

1062
00:51:20,760 --> 00:51:23,640
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1063
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1064
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1065
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1066
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1067
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1069
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1070
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1071
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Speaker 4: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

1072
00:51:54,680 --> 00:51:56,799
Speaker 4: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too.

1073
00:51:57,080 --> 00:51:57,600
Speaker 1: Go safely.

1074
00:51:57,680 --> 00:52:00,520
Speaker 4: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrin's