1 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:03,240 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. 2 00:00:03,720 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 2: Coming up next week, we are going to have an 3 00:00:05,720 --> 00:00:11,320 Speaker 2: episode that mentions the Inca Empire. Kind of the episode 4 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 2: is really about somebody who used the term Inca but 5 00:00:14,680 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 2: didn't necessarily have a meaningful connection to that empire. So 6 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:21,239 Speaker 2: we thought that for Today's Saturday Classic, we would have 7 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:24,720 Speaker 2: an episode that is more directly related, and it's actually 8 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 2: won the kind of dovetails with those forthcoming episodes. 9 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:32,680 Speaker 1: This episode is about the Tupaca Maru Rebellion. It originally 10 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:39,400 Speaker 1: came out March twenty eighth, twenty sixteen. Enjoy Welcome to 11 00:00:39,440 --> 00:00:46,239 Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. 12 00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:52,279 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracey V. Wilson 13 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. We have some South American history today. 14 00:00:56,480 --> 00:00:57,520 Speaker 1: Yay. 15 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:00,960 Speaker 2: So, given how many of our listeners are from places 16 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,960 Speaker 2: that either are or used to be British, I think 17 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,120 Speaker 2: probably most folks know at least the very basics of 18 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:12,600 Speaker 2: the Revolutionary War which went on from seventeen seventy five 19 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:15,640 Speaker 2: to seventeen eighty three between the British Empire and its 20 00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 2: American colonies. So today we are going to talk about 21 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:23,720 Speaker 2: another conflict that overlapped this war and was between another 22 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:28,160 Speaker 2: empire and its American colonies. This time the war was 23 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:32,559 Speaker 2: between Spain and its colonies in South America. In particular, 24 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:36,080 Speaker 2: we're talking about the Tupac Amaru Rebellion, which took place 25 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 2: from seventeen eighty to seventeen eighty three, so right at 26 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 2: the end of the same time as the Revolutionary War. 27 00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:45,200 Speaker 2: It started in the Andes Mountains in Peru, and in 28 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:48,720 Speaker 2: addition to stretching over multiple years, this rebellion actually wound 29 00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:52,240 Speaker 2: up spanning more territory than the Revolutionary War did, so, 30 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:55,240 Speaker 2: as you might imagine, we could really spend a whole 31 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:58,360 Speaker 2: series of podcasts on this rebellion, just like you could 32 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:01,680 Speaker 2: with the Revolutionary War. The day is really an overview 33 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 2: of the basics, and just because I don't want folks 34 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:10,000 Speaker 2: to spend this podcast distractedly wondering about it every time 35 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:14,200 Speaker 2: we say Tupac Amaru. Yes, the late rapper Tupac Shakor 36 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,960 Speaker 2: was named after him. His mother actually renamed him after 37 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 2: this revolutionary figure while he was still a baby, and 38 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:25,560 Speaker 2: our last caveat his apparent teacher heads up. This story 39 00:02:25,600 --> 00:02:30,040 Speaker 2: contains a couple of particularly horrifying executions. One of them 40 00:02:30,160 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 2: caused me to I am holly while I was doing 41 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:34,760 Speaker 2: the research to say, this sounds like it came out 42 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 2: of Game of Thrones. So this might be a podcast 43 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:41,239 Speaker 2: to listen to yourself before sharing it with little ones, 44 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 2: and then use your own discretion about whether it's appropriate 45 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:47,240 Speaker 2: for those little ones. 46 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:52,560 Speaker 1: All right. So, Spain's colonization of Central and South America, 47 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: which started in the sixteenth century, had three primary aims. 48 00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:00,840 Speaker 1: To expand the Spanish Empire, to seek treasure, and to 49 00:03:00,919 --> 00:03:06,120 Speaker 1: convert the local population to Christianity. Today's story, as Tracy referenced, 50 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:08,680 Speaker 1: just a moment ago takes place in the Andes Mountains 51 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: in Peru in the eighteenth century. Yeah, so Spain had 52 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 1: been around for a couple hundred years in Central and 53 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:18,960 Speaker 1: South America by this point. The population by now in 54 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,080 Speaker 1: this part of the Andes Mountains was overwhelmingly made up 55 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:26,440 Speaker 1: of indigenous South Americans known as Quechua, and their languages 56 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:29,880 Speaker 1: were all part of the Ketchwan language family. The Ketchwan 57 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:33,080 Speaker 1: language family goes back to the days of the Inca Empire, 58 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: and a lot of the indigenous people who were living 59 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: in the Andes Mountains by the eighteenth century traced their 60 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:42,760 Speaker 1: lineage back to the Inca as well. In addition to 61 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:47,480 Speaker 1: the region's indigenous population, there were also Spanish Europeans people 62 00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:51,520 Speaker 1: who had both European and indigenous ancestry, who were referred 63 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:55,280 Speaker 1: to as mestizos, and people of European ancestry who had 64 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: been born in South America who were referred to as creoles. 65 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: And there were a few, although not very many, enslaved 66 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:06,480 Speaker 1: Africans along with their descendants. The population of enslaved Africans 67 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: was much greater in some other parts of South America, 68 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:13,160 Speaker 1: but not so much in the Andes Mountains. We could 69 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:15,880 Speaker 1: look at the system of local government that Spain had 70 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: instituted in Peru in terms of three roles. There were, 71 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 1: of course, lots of other roles besides these three, but 72 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: these are sort of the key figures. On the Spanish side, 73 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: there was the correodor, who was an official representative of 74 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: the Spanish government. On the indigenous side, there was the 75 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,840 Speaker 1: quarraca or the cacique, who was essentially a native liaison 76 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:39,279 Speaker 1: between the native population and the Spanish government. Karaka was 77 00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:42,360 Speaker 1: actually a Catchewin title dating back to the Inca, and 78 00:04:42,480 --> 00:04:44,839 Speaker 1: Casique was the Spanish term that was applied to the 79 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 1: same basic role. And then there was a local clergy, 80 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:52,880 Speaker 1: the parish priests, who were responsible for particular towns and settlements. Together, 81 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:56,160 Speaker 1: the karaka, the corriodor and the priests saw to the 82 00:04:56,200 --> 00:04:59,160 Speaker 1: government and the legal and spiritual needs of the community. 83 00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: At least for the Spanish point of view. Although the 84 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:05,880 Speaker 1: presence of the karaka may make it seem as though 85 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:09,159 Speaker 1: Spain was taking steps to include the indigenous population in 86 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,000 Speaker 1: the system of government, this wasn't really the case. Many 87 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,839 Speaker 1: of the indigenous populations spoke only Quechuan languages, but official 88 00:05:16,839 --> 00:05:20,960 Speaker 1: events and documents were presented only in Spanish. Apart from 89 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,760 Speaker 1: the karaka, most of the people involved in the government 90 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: were not only Spanish, but also had been born in 91 00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 1: Spain and not South America. While it's certainly within the 92 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: realm of possibility that an individual correodor could be acting 93 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:39,120 Speaker 1: with the indigenous population's best interest at heart, this was 94 00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:41,919 Speaker 1: really a position that was quite prone to greed and 95 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 1: mismanagement and abuse. The position itself was immensely powerful. It 96 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: had grown from one that was mostly judicial to one 97 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:53,000 Speaker 1: that combined judicial, administrative, and legislative power all into uncentralized 98 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:56,960 Speaker 1: role This meant that one unscrupulous corriador had the power 99 00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:00,400 Speaker 1: to have an enormous and nearly unchecked impact on the 100 00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: area that he was in charge of. As is a 101 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:07,160 Speaker 1: recurring theme in just about all of our podcasts on colonialism, 102 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: Spain had implemented some policies and practices that were deeply 103 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:16,520 Speaker 1: unpopular in its South American colonies. One, unsurprisingly, was taxes, 104 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:19,480 Speaker 1: both sales tax on goods that people tried to buy, 105 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:22,839 Speaker 1: and another called a head tax, and that's basically like 106 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:26,440 Speaker 1: a tribute based on a number of people. There were 107 00:06:26,440 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: also involuntary labor drafts to staff mines and mills, some 108 00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: of which were extremely far away from the homes of 109 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:36,360 Speaker 1: the people that were drafted into working there. As another 110 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 1: way to make money, Spain also forced the sale of 111 00:06:38,839 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 1: European goods to the indigenous population. Basically, a lot of 112 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: what Spain was expecting from its colonies in terms of 113 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:50,040 Speaker 1: both labor and money was either forced or coerced, and 114 00:06:50,279 --> 00:06:52,160 Speaker 1: in the late eighteenth century, a lot of this was 115 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,680 Speaker 1: getting a lot worse for indigenous South Americans. Spain had 116 00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: been in the process of implementing a lot of changes 117 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:01,240 Speaker 1: to how it ran its empire, These became known as 118 00:07:01,279 --> 00:07:04,640 Speaker 1: the Bourbon Reforms after the royal house of the same name. 119 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:07,599 Speaker 1: These reforms had been going on for a while, but 120 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,240 Speaker 1: they really peaked during the reign of Charles the Third, 121 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:13,680 Speaker 1: who ruled Spain from seventeen fifty nine to seventeen eighty eight. 122 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: The Bourbon Reforms had wide reaching effects for Spain's military 123 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: and government, and for how religion affected the government in 124 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:25,720 Speaker 1: civic life. But when it came to South America's indigenous population, 125 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:29,400 Speaker 1: the reforms led to higher taxes, an increase in forced 126 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:33,240 Speaker 1: and coerce labor, and fewer rights, along. 127 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:36,080 Speaker 2: With the range of other cultural and religious issues. All 128 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,560 Speaker 2: this dissatisfaction with taxes and forced sale of goods and 129 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:43,640 Speaker 2: forced labor ultimately led to more than one rebellion in 130 00:07:43,640 --> 00:07:46,480 Speaker 2: Central and South America, and the one we're talking about 131 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 2: today was started by and at least at first led by, 132 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 2: a man named Jose Gabriel Konderconki, and we will talk 133 00:07:54,040 --> 00:08:09,120 Speaker 2: about him after a brief sponsor rank. Jose Gabrielle Kondorkanki 134 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:11,760 Speaker 2: was born around seventeen forty two, and he claimed that 135 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 2: he could trace his lineage back to the last ruler 136 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:18,560 Speaker 2: of the Inca Empire. Tupac Amaru, the first Tupaca Maru, 137 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,720 Speaker 2: ruled the empire from fifteen seventy one to fifteen seventy 138 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 2: two before being executed by the Spanish at the age 139 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 2: of twenty five or twenty six. This was at the 140 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:30,440 Speaker 2: end of Spain's conquest of the Inca Empire, and with 141 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:35,760 Speaker 2: Tupaca Maru's death, the throne was essentially abolished. Kandorkanki had 142 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:40,840 Speaker 2: a formal Catholic education. He spoke both Spanish and Quetchuwa fluently, 143 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:43,400 Speaker 2: and as an adult he worked as a merchant and 144 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:48,360 Speaker 2: a muleteer. His education, his Inca heritage, and his family's 145 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,240 Speaker 2: place in the community really uniquely positioned him to be 146 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:54,720 Speaker 2: able to interact with every class in Peruvian life, from 147 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:58,199 Speaker 2: the Spanish ruling class to the most impoverished working class. 148 00:08:58,640 --> 00:09:02,199 Speaker 2: In seventeen fifty, kan Conki inherited the role of kuraka 149 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:05,679 Speaker 2: of three towns in the Tinta district known as Surimana, 150 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:09,640 Speaker 2: Papa Marca and Tungasuka, following the death of his father. 151 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 2: He had actually grown up in Suramana, but as an 152 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:16,440 Speaker 2: adult he made his home in Tungasuka. Ten years after 153 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:20,280 Speaker 2: his father's death, he'd married Mikaela Battista, who became an 154 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:24,440 Speaker 2: equal partner in his work as a merchant. In seventeen 155 00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:27,960 Speaker 2: seventy seven, Kondra Conki traveled to Lima for eight months 156 00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 2: with the hope of regaining a noble title. While he 157 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 2: was there, he met a lot of Spanish nobility, and 158 00:09:33,679 --> 00:09:36,600 Speaker 2: he gained a sense of how the Spanish colonial government 159 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:39,800 Speaker 2: worked in Peru and more at a bigger, more general 160 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:43,559 Speaker 2: scale for the region as a whole. At this point, 161 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:47,559 Speaker 2: tensions had already been rising in South America for several years, 162 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 2: and as a result, there had been rebellions and uprisings 163 00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 2: that had broken out within Spanish territory in several places. 164 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:57,079 Speaker 2: The corridor in the area where kondo Conki lived was 165 00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 2: Antonio di Ariaga, and as you might go guests from 166 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:03,320 Speaker 2: our discussion of the role of Corriodor before the break, 167 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 2: he was not a beloved figure. Among other things, he 168 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,960 Speaker 2: was responsible for arranging an enormously unpopular labor draft to 169 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:15,160 Speaker 2: staff a silver mine. Mining was of course dangerous work, 170 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:19,960 Speaker 2: and the mine itself was about six hundred miles away. Also, 171 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:22,679 Speaker 2: in the face of the ongoing changes that came along 172 00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:25,800 Speaker 2: with the Bourbon Reforms, condra Conki was having an increasingly 173 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:29,200 Speaker 2: difficult time in his role as karaka. More and more 174 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:32,600 Speaker 2: of the Corridor's demands were unreasonable and exploitive of the 175 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:35,520 Speaker 2: local indigenous population, and a lot of them were really 176 00:10:35,559 --> 00:10:39,240 Speaker 2: despised by the people that the Corriodor was governing. On 177 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:43,480 Speaker 2: November fourth of seventeen eighty, Ariaga and kondra Conki had 178 00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 2: dinner at the home of Father Carlos Rodriguez, condra Conki's 179 00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:51,680 Speaker 2: old tutor. It was overall a friendly meal which celebrated 180 00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:54,160 Speaker 2: the feast day of Saint Charles known in Spanish as 181 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:58,000 Speaker 2: Saint Carlos, and later in the afternoon, kondra Conki invited 182 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:02,160 Speaker 2: Ariaga to spend the evening at his home. Ariagar refused, 183 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 2: saying that he needed to get back to his own residence, 184 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 2: probably motivated at least in part by the fact the 185 00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:09,640 Speaker 2: tax payments were due to him. 186 00:11:09,679 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 1: Soon. 187 00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:14,200 Speaker 2: When Ariaga left with his entourage of staff and servants, 188 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:17,559 Speaker 2: Kondra Konki and some other young men. Kondrakonki was about 189 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:20,240 Speaker 2: forty at this point, walked with him for a while 190 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:22,720 Speaker 2: and then they said that they were going to head 191 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:26,640 Speaker 2: back to kondra Conky's home in Tungasuka, and that wasn't 192 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:29,960 Speaker 2: really where they were going though. Instead, they stealthily got 193 00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 2: ahead of Ariaga and they ambushed him. Ariaga tried to flee, 194 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,319 Speaker 2: but kndra Conky's men captured him and some of his entourage. 195 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,800 Speaker 2: They took them all back to Tungasuka and they confined 196 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:45,800 Speaker 2: him in a cell in kondra Conky's basement. Then kondra 197 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:49,560 Speaker 2: Conky forced Ariaga to write letters to his treasurer in 198 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:51,800 Speaker 2: which he claimed he was going to plan an expedition 199 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:54,480 Speaker 2: to the coast to deal with a pirate problem. He 200 00:11:54,520 --> 00:11:58,160 Speaker 2: asked the treasurer to send money and weapons. Then kondra 201 00:11:58,240 --> 00:12:01,400 Speaker 2: Conki took Ariaga's key and went to his home, where 202 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:05,240 Speaker 2: he armed himself with muskets, gunpowder, and bullets, as well 203 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:10,560 Speaker 2: as taking money, mules, and silver from Adiaga's home. Kondra 204 00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 2: Conki also wrote letters to a lot of other local leaders, 205 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,800 Speaker 2: military figures, and entrepreneurs asking them all to meet up 206 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:21,160 Speaker 2: in Tungasuka. He signed Adiaga's name to these letters, so 207 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:24,040 Speaker 2: he was basically writing them as though he were Ariyaga. 208 00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:26,480 Speaker 2: He also wrote to the other Kurrakas in the area, 209 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:30,000 Speaker 2: asking them to send troops to Tungasuka as well, and 210 00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 2: he started stationing centuries along the road to Cuzco to 211 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:36,880 Speaker 2: try to keep the Spanish government from hearing about this 212 00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:41,920 Speaker 2: massive gathering that was starting to form in Tungusuka. Over 213 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:44,600 Speaker 2: the next few days, all of these people that kondra 214 00:12:44,679 --> 00:12:49,480 Speaker 2: Conki had written letters to started arriving in Tungusuka. Thousands 215 00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,360 Speaker 2: of people arrived and had no idea that the Corriodor 216 00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 2: was imprisoned in a basement not far from where they 217 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 2: were congregating. Spanish leaders who answered that call were also 218 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:03,920 Speaker 2: in prison. On November ninth, kondra Conki sent a priest 219 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:06,719 Speaker 2: to adiagas cell to take his confession, and at this 220 00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:09,920 Speaker 2: point Adiaga knew that he was probably going to die. 221 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:13,160 Speaker 2: He started trying to bargain with his fortune. He basically 222 00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 2: offered kondra Conki everything he had in exchange for his freedom, 223 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:21,840 Speaker 2: but condra Conki refused. Meanwhile, kondra Conki started telling people 224 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:24,880 Speaker 2: who had assembled in Toungasuka that he was acting under 225 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:27,600 Speaker 2: the authority of the King, the High Court and Visitor 226 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:31,880 Speaker 2: General Jose Antonio di Areque. He set them to practicing 227 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:35,160 Speaker 2: military maneuvers, and he increasingly did something that he had 228 00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:38,360 Speaker 2: already been prone to doing, referring to himself by the 229 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:41,319 Speaker 2: name of the Inca Empire's last ruler and his ancestor, 230 00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 2: tupac Amaru. He also conducted reviews of these maneuvers on horseback, 231 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,520 Speaker 2: and he wore clothing that combined elements of traditional indigenous 232 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 2: attire as well as the fine silks and furs and 233 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:56,320 Speaker 2: gold that were a lot more common among the Spanish aristocracy. 234 00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,600 Speaker 2: He's reported to have cut a very fine figure doing this. 235 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:04,200 Speaker 2: On the tenth tupac Amaru kondra Conki, going by that name, 236 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:08,040 Speaker 2: once again, had the assembled crowd, which numbered thousands of people, 237 00:14:08,559 --> 00:14:11,200 Speaker 2: line up in a military formation, and then he had 238 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:14,520 Speaker 2: them march to a nearby set of gallows. There he 239 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,640 Speaker 2: had a proclamation read in both Spanish and Quetchwan. According 240 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:21,720 Speaker 2: to this proclamation, the king had abolished the sales tax, 241 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 2: the custom houses, and the forced labor draft the silver mine, 242 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:29,200 Speaker 2: and this proclamation went on the king's wish was for 243 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:31,960 Speaker 2: the indigenous South Americans and the Creoles to live in 244 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,280 Speaker 2: harmony with one another, because that's the name that he 245 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:36,600 Speaker 2: adopted as he led this rebellion. We're basically just going 246 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:39,440 Speaker 2: to call him Tupakamaru for the rest of the episode. 247 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 2: And of course none of these things that he was 248 00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:44,240 Speaker 2: proclaiming were actually true. He had written all of these 249 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:48,119 Speaker 2: proclamations himself, but they were of course extremely well received. 250 00:14:49,120 --> 00:14:51,960 Speaker 2: And then another important point was that all of this 251 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:55,120 Speaker 2: information was delivered to the indigenous people of the area 252 00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:59,400 Speaker 2: in the language that they actually spoke, rather than in Spanish. 253 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:02,600 Speaker 1: Then the event moved on to something else purportedly authorized 254 00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:05,680 Speaker 1: by the king, and that was the execution of Antonio 255 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:10,120 Speaker 1: di Ariaga. Soldiers took Ariaga to the gallows and they 256 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:12,320 Speaker 1: forced him to change out of his military uniform and 257 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:16,120 Speaker 1: into a Franciscan habit. Then Antonio Oblitas, who was an 258 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:19,720 Speaker 1: enslaved African that Ariaga owned, was forced to act as 259 00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:24,280 Speaker 1: his executioner. In the first of this episode's horrifying executions, 260 00:15:24,760 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: the rope broke and both Ariaga and Oblitas fell. Instead 261 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:34,080 Speaker 1: of being hanged, Ariaga was strangled with several ropes. People 262 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: screamed epithets at him, with some of the loudest being 263 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:41,600 Speaker 1: hurled by Mikayla Battista. While Tupaca Maru had taken steps 264 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 1: to keep word of what was going on from reaching Cusco, 265 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:46,640 Speaker 1: where it would then get to the rest of the 266 00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:51,080 Speaker 1: Spanish Empire. The news that he had executed the corriodor 267 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: just could not be contained, and we will talk about 268 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: what happened after that news spread after another brief word 269 00:15:56,720 --> 00:16:09,480 Speaker 1: from a sponsor. To get back to the story, After 270 00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: the execution of Antonio de Ariaga, tupac Amadu and his 271 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:16,000 Speaker 1: wife set off almost immediately to try to raise more 272 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 1: support from nearby towns. They'd already used their duplicity and 273 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: strategy to a mass of really large following in Tungasuka, 274 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,440 Speaker 1: and the two of them then started using the extensive 275 00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:28,720 Speaker 1: connections that they had developed to recruit more people to 276 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: their cause. Tupac Amadu himself used his new name and 277 00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:37,200 Speaker 1: the connections to the Inca Empire that existed from his 278 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:40,600 Speaker 1: lineage to spread the idea that the Inca were returning. 279 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:44,360 Speaker 1: With this thought inspiring the rebels, they tried to take 280 00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:48,240 Speaker 1: the fight to the Spanish. Initially, the targets of the 281 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:52,840 Speaker 1: rebellion were very narrow. He didn't want the priests, the mestizos, 282 00:16:53,040 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 1: or the Creoles to be harmed. Only Spanish leaders from 283 00:16:56,240 --> 00:17:00,680 Speaker 1: Europe and especially the corridors. Local landowners and others whose 284 00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:04,600 Speaker 1: behavior had been exploitative were to be imprisoned, but not killed. 285 00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:07,920 Speaker 1: Since Spain hadn't yet raised an army to resist them, 286 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 1: these first few excursions were relatively bloodless. 287 00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,720 Speaker 2: In every town that they visited, Tupacamaru would speak in 288 00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:17,240 Speaker 2: both Spanish and Quetchua, and he would recruit as many 289 00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:19,679 Speaker 2: people as he could to join the rebellion. He still 290 00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:22,360 Speaker 2: was insisting that he was actually acting under orders from 291 00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 2: the king. The rebels would also abolish any taxes and 292 00:17:26,359 --> 00:17:28,399 Speaker 2: force labor drafts in the towns that they went to. 293 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,080 Speaker 2: They would burn down the textile mills where people had 294 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:33,119 Speaker 2: been forced to work, and they would free anyone who 295 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:35,200 Speaker 2: was being held in the jail. Then they would also 296 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:39,040 Speaker 2: burn down the gallows. They'd get as many provisions as 297 00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:41,439 Speaker 2: they could from the stores of the local corridor and 298 00:17:41,480 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 2: other landowners in the area, and they would move on 299 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:44,359 Speaker 2: to the next town. 300 00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:49,359 Speaker 1: He also wrote lots of letters and proclamations, issuing orders 301 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,479 Speaker 1: to neighboring towns to turn away from the Spanish and 302 00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:55,439 Speaker 1: granting local leaders the authority to act in his stead. 303 00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:01,200 Speaker 1: On November sixteenth, Tupacamaru wrote a proclamation for the emancipation 304 00:18:01,359 --> 00:18:06,119 Speaker 1: of enslaved Africans and Afro Peruvians on the seventeenth and 305 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:08,119 Speaker 1: the aftermath of a battle that had played out in 306 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,160 Speaker 1: a church and had accidentally destroyed part of the structure 307 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: of the church in a fire, the bishop excommunicated tupac 308 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:18,919 Speaker 1: Amaru and his followers. Tupac Amaru and his wife were 309 00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:22,320 Speaker 1: both extremely devout Catholics, and they really had not intended 310 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:24,280 Speaker 1: any harm to come to this church at all. As 311 00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:26,119 Speaker 1: we said earlier, they had been trying to protect the 312 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:29,320 Speaker 1: clergy the whole time, so this was both devastating to 313 00:18:29,359 --> 00:18:31,760 Speaker 1: them personally and it was a strike against them in 314 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:34,919 Speaker 1: terms of public opinion. Just as a side note and 315 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:38,040 Speaker 1: the end, there were priests and others associated with the 316 00:18:38,119 --> 00:18:42,399 Speaker 1: Church on both sides of this conflict. Soon though, this 317 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:46,040 Speaker 1: rebellion spread beyond the Andes Mountains, and the bigger it got, 318 00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:49,119 Speaker 1: and the farther away from tupac Amaru's base at his 319 00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:52,560 Speaker 1: home in Tungusuka, the bloodier and more violent it became. 320 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: Spanish and Royalist forces started calling in reinforcements and gathering militia, 321 00:18:58,160 --> 00:19:00,399 Speaker 1: meaning that the rebels had to fight their way through, 322 00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:03,359 Speaker 1: rather than basically walking into towns and declaring that the 323 00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:06,920 Speaker 1: Spanish government was no longer in charge. By the end 324 00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:10,040 Speaker 1: of the year, Spain's control on colonial Peru had started 325 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:13,199 Speaker 1: to really crumble. As the rebellion got bigger and bigger, 326 00:19:13,359 --> 00:19:15,359 Speaker 1: more and more people got swept up in it, and 327 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:19,439 Speaker 1: the original instructions to harm only the Spanish ruling class 328 00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:22,040 Speaker 1: started to fall away. A lot of people really just 329 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:25,320 Speaker 1: got caught in the crossfire. More and more innocent people 330 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:28,520 Speaker 1: were harmed by both sides as the conflict got bigger 331 00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:32,840 Speaker 1: and bloodier. At the start of seventeen eighty one, Spain, 332 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,640 Speaker 1: having raised an army of thousands of soldiers, started actively 333 00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:40,840 Speaker 1: trying to find and capture tupac Amaru. On April seventh, 334 00:19:40,840 --> 00:19:44,479 Speaker 1: they trapped Mikayla and two of her sons. Mikayla and 335 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:47,439 Speaker 1: tupac Amaru had gotten separated from one another about a 336 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:50,040 Speaker 1: month before this, and they had always planned that should 337 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: something happen, they would flee through the south. When he 338 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:56,560 Speaker 1: heard that his wife had been captured, Tupacamato did just that, 339 00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:59,320 Speaker 1: and along the way one of his followers, a man 340 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,280 Speaker 1: named Vin Shua Landietta, insisted that he stop and take arrest. 341 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:06,560 Speaker 1: It turned out that this was a trap. Tupacamadu was 342 00:20:06,760 --> 00:20:09,679 Speaker 1: taken into Spanish custody along with his wife and children, 343 00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:15,120 Speaker 1: along with other prisoners. Tupacamaru and Mikaela Bastidas were put 344 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,200 Speaker 1: on trial that April, and when Tupacamaru refused to incriminate 345 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,840 Speaker 1: himself or name any of his accomplices, he was tortured 346 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:26,240 Speaker 1: by stretching. His wife, on the other hand, claimed this 347 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:28,639 Speaker 1: she knew very little about the rebellion and had in 348 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: fact been coerced into participating. After days of being questioned 349 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:38,200 Speaker 1: and sometimes tortured, on May eighteenth, seventeen eighty one, Tupacamadu 350 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,199 Speaker 1: and Mikayla Bastitas were taken to the gallows for the 351 00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:45,920 Speaker 1: other horrifying execution in this episode. First, they were made 352 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,120 Speaker 1: to watch the executions of other prisoners. Some of them 353 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:52,560 Speaker 1: were family members, one of them was actually their eldest son. 354 00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:56,440 Speaker 1: These other prisoners were dragged behind horses and had their 355 00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:59,520 Speaker 1: tongues cut out before they were hanged. One was placed 356 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,600 Speaker 1: in a chair and slowly strangled with an iron bar 357 00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:07,160 Speaker 1: before being hanged to confirm that she was dead. Sources 358 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:12,800 Speaker 1: actually disagree on exactly how Mikayla Bastidas was executed, However, universally, 359 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 1: she is described as being tortured to death while her 360 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:20,280 Speaker 1: husband Tupakamaru was made to watch. And then and the 361 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:22,560 Speaker 1: thing that caused me to I am holly and tell 362 00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:24,600 Speaker 1: her this sounded like it was out of Game of Thrones. 363 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: Tupacamadu's tongue was cut out, his limbs were tied to 364 00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:31,200 Speaker 1: four horses in order to be quartered. They didn't actually 365 00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:34,080 Speaker 1: quarter him, though, His limbs were dislocated but not severed 366 00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:38,399 Speaker 1: from his body. Then he was beheaded. This time his 367 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 1: youngest son, who was ten years old, was made to watch. 368 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:48,399 Speaker 1: After the executions, Tupacamadu and Mikayla's bodies were dismembered and 369 00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:51,119 Speaker 1: the parts were sent to surrounding cities to serve as 370 00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:54,359 Speaker 1: a warning, while their torsos were burned on a bonfire. 371 00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:59,000 Speaker 1: Their executions didn't stop the rebellion, though other leaders moved 372 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 1: into Tupacamayo's place, some of them also taking a similar name, 373 00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:06,400 Speaker 1: including his successor, Diego Tupacamadu. He would also be executed 374 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 1: on July nineteenth, eighteen seventy three. Eventually, after numerous gory executions. 375 00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,280 Speaker 1: The rebellion failed. About one hundred thousand people were killed, 376 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:22,160 Speaker 1: most of them indigenous South Americans. Spain put increasing restrictions 377 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:25,160 Speaker 1: on South America's indigenous people in the hope of preventing 378 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:29,920 Speaker 1: another uprising, including forbidding the Tupaca Maru Rebellion from being 379 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:32,280 Speaker 1: discussed or written about at all. 380 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,399 Speaker 2: Tupaca Maadu is still a really well known figure in 381 00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:39,600 Speaker 2: South America today, although mikaeleb Bastidas has largely been written 382 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:41,720 Speaker 2: out of a lot of accounts in spite of the 383 00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:44,000 Speaker 2: fact that she was a leader of this rebellion. Also, 384 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:47,880 Speaker 2: Tupaca Maadu's name and image have also been used as 385 00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:52,000 Speaker 2: part of other revolutionary movements. And if you're interested in 386 00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:55,879 Speaker 2: hearing more about the story, there is a pretty recent 387 00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 2: book which is actually how I heard about this in 388 00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 2: the first place, was reviewing a catalog recently published books. 389 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 2: It is by Charles F. Walker, and it is called 390 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:09,840 Speaker 2: The Tupac Mighti Rebellion, and it is from the Bell 391 00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:12,720 Speaker 2: Knappe Press of Harvard University Press. It actually came out 392 00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:14,760 Speaker 2: in twenty fourteen, but I think there's a paperback of 393 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,120 Speaker 2: it that is coming out soon, and it goes into 394 00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:20,919 Speaker 2: a lot more detail than what we have talked about today. 395 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:23,600 Speaker 2: It especially gets into a lot of the more specifics 396 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:30,639 Speaker 2: about the individual actions between or the individual actions between 397 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 2: the rebels and the Spanish, and specifics on where all 398 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,360 Speaker 2: of this fighting took place and how it all played out, 399 00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:40,879 Speaker 2: and then also some more about how it later affected 400 00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:51,399 Speaker 2: the colonial government in South America. Thanks so much for 401 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,560 Speaker 2: joining us on this Saturday. Since this episode is out 402 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:56,520 Speaker 2: of the archive, if you heard an email address or 403 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,119 Speaker 2: a Facebook RL or something similar over the course of 404 00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:02,800 Speaker 2: the show, that could be obsolete now. Our current email 405 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:08,159 Speaker 2: address is History podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. 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