1 00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:02,000 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:06,360 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to This 3 00:00:06,440 --> 00:00:09,360 Speaker 1: Day in History Class. A podcast that never gives up 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:24,080 Speaker 1: on history. Today is May one, The day was made First. 5 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:30,000 Speaker 1: Seventeen fifty three, Carl Linnaeus published Speckius Plantarum, a two 6 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:33,160 Speaker 1: volume text that contained a list of known plant species. 7 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: The work is considered the starting point for a binomial nomenclature, 8 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: or the use of two terms to name a species 9 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: of living organism. Aristotle, a philosopher in the fourth century 10 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,080 Speaker 1: b c. Did not create an entire classification system to 11 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 1: describe all animals, but he did group similar organisms together 12 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:56,800 Speaker 1: under the term genus, and he recognized different species within 13 00:00:56,840 --> 00:01:01,400 Speaker 1: a genus. He sought to define the farrentia, or the 14 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:05,319 Speaker 1: essential defining trait of each species. He even made a 15 00:01:05,319 --> 00:01:10,040 Speaker 1: distinction between blooded and bloodless animals, which mirrors the modern 16 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:15,960 Speaker 1: distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates. Other philosophers and biologists were 17 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,959 Speaker 1: dedicated to classifying organisms, though many did not base their 18 00:01:19,959 --> 00:01:24,640 Speaker 1: descriptions on any solid methodology or hierarchy. But during the Renaissance, 19 00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: the knowledge and study of the natural world expanded a 20 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:34,040 Speaker 1: lot still species naming practices varied. Biologists gave some species 21 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:38,199 Speaker 1: long Latin names that could be changed easily. That meant 22 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,959 Speaker 1: that the same species would have different names in different descriptions, 23 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: which could cause confusion. On top of this, imperialism, colonialism, 24 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:51,480 Speaker 1: and global exploration was giving Europeans more access to plants 25 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:56,320 Speaker 1: and animals they were previously unfamiliar with. Carl Annaeus was 26 00:01:56,360 --> 00:02:01,760 Speaker 1: a Swedish physician and botanist. In five published Sistema Naturae. 27 00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:06,480 Speaker 1: The work described a new taxonomy for three kingdoms in nature, 28 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,359 Speaker 1: the animal Kingdom, the plant Kingdom, and the mineral Kingdom. 29 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:16,600 Speaker 1: Kingdoms were divided into classes, genera and species. The first 30 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:21,320 Speaker 1: edition of the text only contained eleven pages. On May one, 31 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:27,000 Speaker 1: seventeen fifty three, linnaeusis Specius Plantarum was published. Technically, volume 32 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:29,959 Speaker 1: one of the book was published on Ma and volume 33 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:33,120 Speaker 1: two was published on August sixteenth, but May first has 34 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,720 Speaker 1: been deemed the date of issue for both. By this time, 35 00:02:36,800 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: more editions of Sistema nature had been published and the 36 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: classification system had become more complex, and Specius Plantarum Linnaeus 37 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:50,679 Speaker 1: described thousands of plant species. He defined twenty four classes 38 00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:54,840 Speaker 1: of plants based on their reproductive organs. In this sexual system, 39 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: as Linnaeus called it, the number and position of stamens 40 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:03,120 Speaker 1: and pistols determined a ants class in order. The Linnaean 41 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: system also used by no meal names for plants. He 42 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:08,840 Speaker 1: was not the first to use by no meal nomenclature, 43 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:11,760 Speaker 1: but he did simplify naming, and he used by no 44 00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 1: meals consistently. At this point, organism names were made up 45 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:18,600 Speaker 1: of a string of two or more descriptive words, but 46 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:22,920 Speaker 1: Linnaeus limited names to just two terms, a Latin genus 47 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:26,640 Speaker 1: name and a so called trivial name. For instance, the honeybee, 48 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 1: which previously had twelve words in its name, was labeled 49 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: Opice molifera. At the time, many scientists did not accept 50 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:39,360 Speaker 1: his naming system, but more additions of specias plantarum were released, 51 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:43,720 Speaker 1: with a new species added to each. The books simplified 52 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: classification system made botany accessible to more people and contributed 53 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: to the rise of the field in the eighteenth and 54 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:56,600 Speaker 1: nineteen centuries. In taxonomy, the principle of priority says that 55 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: the first properly published name of a species or gene 56 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:05,240 Speaker 1: us takes precedence over any published later. The International Botanical 57 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: Congress is in nineteen o five. In nineteen ten established 58 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:12,720 Speaker 1: the publication of Speckys plantarum as the starting point for 59 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: the naming of many plant groups. The tenth edition of 60 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: Systema Nature, published in seventeen fifty eight, marks the starting 61 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 1: point for zoological nomenclature. The International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, 62 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:31,080 Speaker 1: Fungi and Plants now sets rules and recommendations on formal 63 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:35,360 Speaker 1: botanical names. I'm Eves Jeff Coote and hopefully you know 64 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:38,480 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 65 00:04:39,560 --> 00:04:41,720 Speaker 1: If you have any kind words to share with us, 66 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:44,080 Speaker 1: you can hit us up on social media where at 67 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: t d I HC podcast. You can also send us 68 00:04:47,760 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: a note via email at this day at I heeart 69 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:53,800 Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks again for listening to the show 70 00:04:53,839 --> 00:05:09,160 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow. Yeah. For more podcasts from 71 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 72 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:13,679 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.