Speaker 1: Welcomes it could happen here.
Speaker 2: I am Andrew of the future channal Andrewism, and I'm
Speaker 2: here with O.
Speaker 3: Wait without the Q. Oh no, yeah, it's ties me
Speaker 3: me along. I'm also here at apparently missing Ques instantly.
Speaker 3: I don't know. It is barbarically early for me, So.
Speaker 1: Yay, bobarically What time is it?
Speaker 3: Ten o'clock?
Speaker 1: Well, come on, come on, come on, come on.
Speaker 3: Look, it would have been fine if it wasn't up
Speaker 3: till three am last night dealing with a session of
Speaker 3: minor crises.
Speaker 1: Down that's unfortunate.
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's all right.
Speaker 2: Otherwise, if it wasn't a crisis, I would have like
Speaker 2: flexed my early bood supremacy. But you know, I have
Speaker 2: enough since like seven sixthy I'd say something that job.
Speaker 1: Now, But I just didn't want to do a ling
Speaker 1: with this one.
Speaker 2: And yeah, So today I wanted to shed light on
Speaker 2: some really interesting history. I think of the anarchist movement
Speaker 2: in Egypt. I've readen this book called Anarchism and Syndicalism
Speaker 2: in the Colonial and Post Colonial World, and there's a
Speaker 2: sexual by a guy named Anthony Gorman that I found
Speaker 2: really interested in. I just had to share it's really
Speaker 2: specific to the anarchist Egyptian anarchist history of like the
Speaker 2: late nineteenth and early twentieth century, And honestide, I find
Speaker 2: that whole period to be very interesting, partially because I
Speaker 2: am a dreaded paradox Games fan and I enjoy my
Speaker 2: little you know, like you three mil you know, like
Speaker 2: that that period in history. Honestly, any period of history
Speaker 2: prior to World War Two I find interesting. Everything World
Speaker 2: War two is just like a complete to me, and
Speaker 2: then everything passed World War two is like cool, but
Speaker 2: it seemed like the World War II period itself not
Speaker 2: my thing, you know, like telling me about the Phoenicians,
Speaker 2: talking about the Phrygians, talking about the Carthaginians, But I
Speaker 2: don't really care about the axis and which tank was
Speaker 2: the superior tank and all those different things, and a
Speaker 2: lot of these could and qute history buffs into not
Speaker 2: to a personal one cereal of course, whatever you know.
Speaker 1: Floats your boat.
Speaker 2: But for me, I really like that pre WI War
Speaker 2: TI sort of stuff. And Victorian erarors one particularly interesting
Speaker 2: point in history, and a lot of things will happen
Speaker 2: in that time. Industrial revolution was shaken up around the world,
Speaker 2: Colonization was going on and the effects of that, but
Speaker 2: you know, reverberate for centuries to come and the true
Speaker 2: successor to the Roman Empire. In my opinion, the Ottoman
Speaker 2: Empire was kind of going through a series of crises,
Speaker 2: and Egypt, which was under the Ottoman Empire and then
Speaker 2: brooke free of the Ottoe Empire, had its own stuff
Speaker 2: going on.
Speaker 1: So I don't want to get too much.
Speaker 2: Into that whole mess, but I want to give some
Speaker 2: context because you know, this isn't this is a history episode.
Speaker 2: It might be a two part history episode in fact.
Speaker 2: So let's just start back in the late nineteenth century.
Speaker 2: So there's this foreign work in community in Egypt thanks
Speaker 2: to Muhammad Ali no relation, and he was the ruler
Speaker 2: of Egypt from eighteen oh five to eighteen forty nine.
Speaker 2: This guy is all about modernizing stuff like the military, state, administration,
Speaker 2: and the economy. So he invited skilled folks to come
Speaker 2: to Egypt and lend their labor.
Speaker 3: Oh, isn't he the guy that Napoleon fought for a
Speaker 3: little bit?
Speaker 1: I think so? I think so. I mean, who didn't
Speaker 1: Napoleon fight?
Speaker 2: I'm sure if he could have, Napoleon would have fought
Speaker 2: like the dinosaurs.
Speaker 3: Napoleon fighting Cavement on the moon, Like.
Speaker 1: I'm speaking of Napoleon.
Speaker 2: I really don't appreciate how I mean no disrespect to
Speaker 2: hawqu In Phoenix, But was Napoleon like in his twenties
Speaker 2: when he rose up the ranks military and all that. Like,
Speaker 2: I could be mistaken. I could be confused in him
Speaker 2: with the other Napoleon. But I'm pretty sure Napoleon was
Speaker 2: not the old man when he was making a lot
Speaker 2: of the.
Speaker 1: Moves he was making. Let's see again, I could be.
Speaker 3: Wrong, Well, he was, he was more in seventeen seventeen
Speaker 3: sixty nine. I'm leaving I'm leaving the maths of this
Speaker 3: as an exercise for the reader.
Speaker 1: What really through his new office.
Speaker 2: So there's like multiple Napoleons, and so I mix up
Speaker 2: the histories of the different Napoleons. Reasonable, But if it
Speaker 2: wasn't that Napoleon, I know for sure one of the
Speaker 2: Napoleon in question was like relatively young when he was
Speaker 2: making some of his moves, like in his early to
Speaker 2: mid twenties, when he's rising up the ranks kind of thing. Yeah,
Speaker 2: but I could be entirely mistaken, and I'm sure somebody
Speaker 2: will correct me, none of this is relevant to what
Speaker 2: this episode is ever. But yeah, so Muhammad Ali again
Speaker 2: no relation. His successors, Sayid and Ismail, took things to
Speaker 2: the next level after he passed on with some major
Speaker 2: infrastructure projects. They were building railways, they were expanding canals,
Speaker 2: they were going wildly urban development, and they need a
Speaker 2: bunch of skilled workers for.
Speaker 1: A lot of that, so they brought.
Speaker 2: In Italians, Greeks, Syrians, Dalmatians, and of course they used
Speaker 2: their local Egyptian laborers as well. Many of those workers
Speaker 2: came to work on the famous Suez Canal, of course,
Speaker 2: and that required.
Speaker 1: A massive workforce, many of whom died.
Speaker 3: Yeahing like like canal digging.
Speaker 2: I don't know if female high immortality read professional.
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, like you might as well dig your own
Speaker 3: grave too, like like dig it before you start, so
Speaker 3: they can bury your body halfway through.
Speaker 2: Yes, it's like not gallows humor. It's like canal humor.
Speaker 2: You know, it's like this canal, we're going to die
Speaker 2: here anyway. It's kind of similar thing I could in
Speaker 2: the Panama Canal, although in that case they brought in
Speaker 2: a lot of Beesian and other Caribbean workers to Yeah,
Speaker 2: you know set that up, and actually the Panama Canal
Speaker 2: is responsible for, like what's responsible for I think a
Speaker 2: third of the Beigian economy at one point because the
Speaker 2: remittances they were being sent back to their families at home.
Speaker 1: That's a whole different chapter in history. But yeah, so.
Speaker 2: This this massive and diverse workforce is bringing, of course,
Speaker 2: not just their labor, but ideas, because whenever you get
Speaker 2: people together, they start talking. Egypt was already considered some
Speaker 2: kind of a place of refuge for political exiles, so
Speaker 2: it's not very surprising that anarchism was starting to gain
Speaker 2: popularity around that time, particularly with the Italians in Egypt.
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the thing.
Speaker 3: That's the thing in this period is like you can
Speaker 3: literally track the spread of anarchism, like by where there
Speaker 3: are a bunch of Italians. Happens in Argentina too. It's
Speaker 3: like anywhere there are Italians, anarchy spreads.
Speaker 1: It's like it's a me anarchism.
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, that's that's gonna set somebody off. My apology
Speaker 2: is to the Italian Communitee. I shouldn't have said that.
Speaker 3: Yeah, look they had they hadn't invented fascism yet. This
Speaker 3: is back when the Italians were still cool.
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm probably gonna get a letter hopefully.
Speaker 2: You know, there's nothing else what's attached to it. Italians
Speaker 2: already had a history with the anarchist movement, as we know.
Speaker 2: I mean some people would of course familiar with folks
Speaker 2: like Erica Manchester, so there's no surprises there. Label and
Speaker 2: political radicalism court sparks first in the Italian Worker Society
Speaker 2: or Society Operao Italiana in eighteen sixty, which was formed
Speaker 2: to look out for the interests of its members, and
Speaker 2: later on in the mid eighteen seventies, you had these
Speaker 2: veterans from Gary Baldi's campaigns, and by the way, Gary
Speaker 2: Baldi is one of the figures responsible for the Italian unification.
Speaker 2: And then you also had other radicals forming Thought and Action,
Speaker 2: a political association with Massinian principles. Messini, by the way,
Speaker 2: Giuseppe Muscinni was an Italian republican who advocated for liberty
Speaker 2: and democracy and class collaboration.
Speaker 1: And all that.
Speaker 2: Jazz Marx once called him an everlastin old ass which is.
Speaker 1: Just really funny, and I had to include that there.
Speaker 1: It's just I've made for real anyway.
Speaker 2: And then an eating seventy six more radical splinter group
Speaker 2: became an official section of the First Internationale in Alexandria,
Speaker 2: which is one of the earliest attempts to create a
Speaker 2: worldwide association of workers and socialist groups. I don't know
Speaker 2: if it could happen, he has ever discussed, like the
Speaker 2: history of the International it's before but it gets messy,
Speaker 2: Oh god, it's yeah, it gets messy, It gets katti,
Speaker 2: it gets like we gotta spill that tea at some point.
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's fucking wild, like, especially especially once you get
Speaker 3: into like the seventeen different Fourth Internationals, and it's it's
Speaker 3: a time, like the Second International is such a disaster
Speaker 3: that Hosni Mubarik is part of it when he gets
Speaker 3: overthrown like it's a it's a good time, and by
Speaker 3: a good time, I mean an incredibly bad time.
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 2: Honestly, I just have to throw my head back and
Speaker 2: laugh quite hotily when I hear folks talking about, you know,
Speaker 2: why can't the left unite? You know, like where's the
Speaker 2: leftist unity? Why can't we just come to like nah,
Speaker 2: this has been taking place since nineteenth century.
Speaker 1: You know.
Speaker 3: My absolute favorite version of this is people being people
Speaker 3: taught people being like, Ah, Marx, Marx wouldn't want there
Speaker 3: to have been so much discord on the left. It's like,
Speaker 3: have you ever read any Marx like that? That is
Speaker 3: a man who's writing is about sixty percent yelling at
Speaker 3: someone whose ideas he's also stolen, like by volume. Like
Speaker 3: one of his most famous, like one of the things
Speaker 3: that you get decided to read from Marx in college
Speaker 3: is the German Ideology, which is like four hundred pages
Speaker 3: of him being annoyed by people whose ideas are slightly
Speaker 3: different than his. It's like like, this is this is
Speaker 3: this is an ancient tradition.
Speaker 2: The irony of Marx calling somebody else in Avlastian old
Speaker 2: ass will not be lost on me.
Speaker 1: And quite frankly, this idea.
Speaker 2: Of oh Max wouldn't want this, Max wouldn't that that
Speaker 2: really comes from that sort of messiahification of Marx.
Speaker 1: I just coined that to him. You know, I could
Speaker 1: send me my flowers.
Speaker 2: In the male because essentially what people are doing is
Speaker 2: treating Max and max ideas and Marxism. It's just like
Speaker 2: Christianity two point zero. And it's kind of like how
Speaker 2: you know, people would have been saying like, oh, Jesus
Speaker 2: wouldn't want all this division in the church, except he
Speaker 2: just replacing Jesus Marx and the chewch.
Speaker 1: With the left. Yeah.
Speaker 3: Like Marx has his famous line where he goes like
Speaker 3: if he's just wanting to like the first like French Marxists,
Speaker 3: and he goes, if this is Marxism, then I am
Speaker 3: not a Marxist. Oh yeah, And then everyone proceeded to
Speaker 3: ignore him but call themselves Marxists like, well, this is
Speaker 3: great things have gone, this is yeah.
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean even in their lifetimes, all of these
Speaker 2: figures that we respect, now they didn't really like the admirers,
Speaker 2: like Mala Testa was quite embarrassed that he had fans.
Speaker 3: I yeah, no, it to be clear, to be clear
Speaker 3: that is that is the appropriate we actually having fans
Speaker 3: is a terrifying thing, right, flee and terror.
Speaker 1: Exactly exactly.
Speaker 2: Back to Alexandria, right where the First International's first official section,
Speaker 2: one of its sections came about, and it was one
Speaker 2: of the earliest attempts to create a world wide association
Speaker 2: of workers and socialist groups and expanded and it formed
Speaker 2: sections in Cairo and in Port Said and in Ismailia
Speaker 2: or Ismailia, Ismailia, and they even had the idea of
Speaker 2: spreading socialist propaganda and different languages like Italian and Greek
Speaker 2: and Turkish and Arabic to reach more folks in the
Speaker 2: quote unquote East. They want to take the ideas of
Speaker 2: the First International beyond chest European communities, you know, try
Speaker 2: and reach out to the locals. Unfortunate leave for those
Speaker 2: familiar the history with his International, it fizzled out, So
Speaker 2: you know, they couldn't really fully execute their plans, but
Speaker 2: you know, they got to get them credit for trying
Speaker 2: to make a difference beyond their own little circles. Meanwhile,
Speaker 2: Egypt was in the midst of a deep political crisis.
Speaker 2: The military was pissed because of the disastrous Egypt to
Speaker 2: European War. The upper ranks the civil service, the army,
Speaker 2: in the business world had become dominated by Europeans, who
Speaker 2: were paid much more than native Egyptians. The country's inability
Speaker 2: to service its debt from cost infrastructure projects and lavish
Speaker 2: spending bymayel It's rule at the time led to European
Speaker 2: control over its treasury. In eighteen seventy six, another European
Speaker 2: treasure pressure Ismayel was to pose in eighteen seventy nine
Speaker 2: replace his son Telfik, who aimed to basically satisfy each
Speaker 2: of its creditors by any means necessary. And so this
Speaker 2: tumultuous political climate provided both challenges and opportunities for the
Speaker 2: anarchists in Egypt. A revolt led by an Egyptian officer
Speaker 2: of the Egyptian Army, Ahmed Urabi, sorta deposed Telfik, established
Speaker 2: a constitutional government and the British and French influence over
Speaker 2: the country. Although he was characterized as anti foreign, Urrabi
Speaker 2: received support from some foreign elements, including the very same
Speaker 2: Italian workers in Alexandria and a lot of the anarchists
Speaker 2: in the area. Now, as we know, anarchists are not
Speaker 2: really advocates of nationalism, though they will fight for national
Speaker 2: liberation causes. So anarchists and nationalists fall themselves on the
Speaker 2: same side when it came into fighting against European imperialism
Speaker 2: in Egypt. So when the British were causing trouble, anarchists
Speaker 2: like Malchester teamed up with nationalists led by Urabi to
Speaker 2: resist foreign domination. However, the British and French governments, who
Speaker 2: were intent on protecting their investments and nationals confronted Urabi,
Speaker 2: which resulted in British forces bombard in Alexandria and eventually
Speaker 2: occupying the country in eighteen eighty two. Throughout the early
Speaker 2: years of British occupation, the anarchist movement in Egypt faced
Speaker 2: both internal divisions and factionalism. Both internal divisions and factionalism
Speaker 2: similar to what was happening in other parts of the world.
Speaker 2: Anarchists and socialists had been uneasy comrades under the umbrella
Speaker 2: of the International during the eighteen seventies, but the defection
Speaker 2: of a particularly locally influential figure named Andrea Costa from
Speaker 2: Libertarian Socialism from Libertarian Socialism in eighteen seventy nine caused
Speaker 2: a significant schism within the local movement.
Speaker 1: Let me reread that so.
Speaker 2: Anarchists and socialists had been uneasy comrades under the umbrella
Speaker 2: of the International during the eighteen seventies, but the defection
Speaker 2: of one particularly locally influential figure named Andrea Acosta from
Speaker 2: the school of Libertarian Socialism in eighteen seventy nine caused
Speaker 2: a significant schism within the local movement, and the movement
Speaker 2: also suffered other interel divisions, particularly with the enduring conflict
Speaker 2: between anti organizationalists and anarcho syndicalists on the role of
Speaker 2: collective association in achieving anarchist aims quote. Until the end
Speaker 2: of the nineteenth century, the former trend appears to have
Speaker 2: been in the ascendency, but the growth of the labor
Speaker 2: movement anarcho synicalists expanded their influence. Other disputes reflected the
Speaker 2: power of personalities. Ugo Parini, a key figure staunch anti organizationalist,
Speaker 2: was notorious for his uncompromising style and was a persistent
Speaker 2: obstacle to create a cooperation among anarchists. Not until after
Speaker 2: his death in nineteen oh six was a national program
Speaker 2: of action agreed, which provided a solid basis for collaboration
Speaker 2: within the Egyptian movement. Now, I didn't find any writings
Speaker 2: by Ugo Purini himself to speak his piece, but it
Speaker 2: sounds like he might have been a everlastin Olassim seal.
Speaker 2: If you know, after the movement he died, they were
Speaker 2: able to finally come together and come to agreement on something.
Speaker 2: That means bro is like a significant obstacle to the
Speaker 2: organizational efforts. But you know, he fought with his principles
Speaker 2: and he died by them, so you know, some respect there. So,
Speaker 2: until the end of nineteenth century, the anti organizationalists seem
Speaker 2: to have had the upper hand, but with the growth
Speaker 2: of the labor movements, anarchist syndicalists gained a lot more influence.
Speaker 2: Tut tut, leftist disunity strikes again. The real downside of
Speaker 2: this history is that the anarchist movement was still quite
Speaker 2: European and quite male, and the right and nationalists movements
Speaker 2: will not exactly helping matters. However, while the majority of
Speaker 2: anarchists women, there was a women's section established in Cairoage
Speaker 2: in the eighteen seventies, so there was some female participation
Speaker 2: happening as well. You know, it's the real, real Barby
Speaker 2: moment there, you know, real win for feminism.
Speaker 1: The ethnic diversity.
Speaker 2: Of the anarchist movement in Egypt did expand over time, though,
Speaker 2: although Italians remained the dominant group until World War One,
Speaker 2: they one attracted Greeks, Jews, Germans, and various Eastern European nationalities.
Speaker 2: Arabi phone Egyptians also began to play a lot more
Speaker 2: significant role, as seen in the involvement in industrial actions,
Speaker 2: educational activities, and anarchist meetings during the early nineteen hundreds,
Speaker 2: and the occupational backgrounds of these anarchists were just as
Speaker 2: diverse as the ethnicities. Skilled artisans, including carpenters, masons, tailors,
Speaker 2: and painters were among the majority. Some came from the
Speaker 2: petit bourgeoisie like crousers and tavernonas, while others were involved
Speaker 2: in trade or worked for merchant hoses and the movement
Speaker 2: also include professionals like doctors, lawyers, and journalists. By the
Speaker 2: late nineteenth century, the anarchistic community started to shift its
Speaker 2: focus toward the new working class, such as cigarette workers, printers,
Speaker 2: and employees of large utilities like tramway companies. However, despite
Speaker 2: this diversity, and despite all the calls for internationalism, local
Speaker 2: nationalist associations still held a lot of power because they
Speaker 2: provided their communities with welfare services and social events and
Speaker 2: all that. It's kind of like how immigrants in new
Speaker 2: countries even today will typically like group together in enclaves
Speaker 2: and communities to share their culture and to share their
Speaker 2: support economic and otherwise. When in a situation where ef
Speaker 2: we'e around you is perceived as foreign and you're seeking
Speaker 2: some measure of security and safe, you know it's culture prociliation.
Speaker 1: That is a thing that.
Speaker 2: Immigrants tend to do, and these workers were immigrants to Egypt,
Speaker 2: and so they kind of did the same thing. Unfortunately,
Speaker 2: many of these national associations were controlled by bourgeois interests
Speaker 2: in the Greek community. For example, the powers of the
Speaker 2: bourgeois o higarchy in funding and controlling community institutions really
Speaker 2: worked to keep workers in line with what the authorities wanted,
Speaker 2: because if you stepped out of line from what this
Speaker 2: oligarchy wanted, you know, you kind of like lose access
Speaker 2: to those essential community institutions. And if you try, if
Speaker 2: you still have like a family to take care of,
Speaker 2: a family that you might have brought to Egypt or
Speaker 2: started in Egypt, or really just struggling against meat, or
Speaker 2: you know, your fish out of water and you don't
Speaker 2: really know any other languages, you just know your own people.
Speaker 2: To be isolated like that is really hazard a situation
Speaker 2: to be in. And so that's how they kept people
Speaker 2: in line. But that's in terms of the European nationalists.
Speaker 2: There's also some rise in Egyptian nationalism. They also had
Speaker 2: some sway originally Egyptian nationalists called signs of militant labor
Speaker 2: as part of a European disease an alien Egyptian context, which,
Speaker 2: by the way, I've noticed a lot of.
Speaker 1: Right wing organizations and movements.
Speaker 2: Tend to apply that pseudo anti imperial label to things,
Speaker 2: so you would see it with for example, some right
Speaker 2: wing African nationalist groups would describe the presence of homosexuality
Speaker 2: in the country as a consequence of European imperialism. European
Speaker 2: cludism is completely foreign to any kind of African context
Speaker 2: of history or whatever, which.
Speaker 1: Is entirely false. But they do use that sort of like.
Speaker 2: False anti imperialism to build their power base and build
Speaker 2: up their reactionary base, so it's a partner. You can't
Speaker 2: observe a lot of these right way movements, and particularly
Speaker 2: global South right way movements. Interestingly, though, the Egyptian nationalists
Speaker 2: who were called in militant labor European disease, their opinions
Speaker 2: turned around kind of quick when they saw how potent
Speaker 2: it was for exercise and power. In nineteen oh nine,
Speaker 2: the Watani Party openly backed the formation of the Manual
Speaker 2: Trades Workers Union, which was a diverse body of Egyptian
Speaker 2: urban workers, because they recognized the party. Finally recognized both
Speaker 2: the need to constitute a broader national community and the
Speaker 2: political potential of the workers in the struggle against British occupation. Now,
Speaker 2: before the different nationalists came around on this, the anarcho
Speaker 2: syndicalists had already begun trying to attract more Egyptian workers
Speaker 2: into their Internationalists anarchist struggle. They knew how, they knew
Speaker 2: that to make a real impact, they had to connect
Speaker 2: with native Egyptian workers. But it's a thing, you know,
Speaker 2: the international union structure wasn't always practical for them. Many
Speaker 2: occupations in Egypt were pretty much exclusive to Egyptians, and
Speaker 2: many occupations in Egypt were pretty much exclusive to Europeans,
Speaker 2: so forming those unions was easier said than done. But
Speaker 2: that didn't stop the anarchists from trying. You know, they
Speaker 2: saw the importance of promoting lab organization and militancy among
Speaker 2: the Egyptian working class. And so when the cab drivers
Speaker 2: and Alexandria went on striking nineteen oh three, the anarchists
Speaker 2: were there to gas them up. The anarchists who, of
Speaker 2: course trying to emphasize what the workers had in common,
Speaker 2: the lack of boundaries that labor has, that doesn't care
Speaker 2: for things like nationality, or religion or race, that all
Speaker 2: workers had the same needs, the same struggles, and the
Speaker 2: same aspirations for their well being. Of course, the nationalists
Speaker 2: had their own political visions, so while anarchists emphasized international
Speaker 2: solidarity and shared interests, nationalists were resorting to nativist of
Speaker 2: peace and organizational tactics to splinter the labor movement and
Speaker 2: break up at internationalist orientation. To give them some credit, though,
Speaker 2: the Returning Party did recognize the importance of allying with
Speaker 2: foreign workers and urged Egyptian workers during the Trams strike
Speaker 2: of nineteen eleven to unite and strengthen yourselves and increase
Speaker 2: your numbers through combination and through unity with the European workers,
Speaker 2: your comrades, and let me get to nineteen nineteen and
Speaker 2: the quote unquote nineteen nineteen revolution. It's kind of a
Speaker 2: significant moment in Egyptian history, and an I guests were there,
Speaker 2: so let's talk about it. In nineteen nineteen, the British
Speaker 2: government imposed new taxes and restrictions on civil liberties, which
Speaker 2: further fuel the discontent and united Egyptians from various social,
Speaker 2: economic and political backgrounds. The spark that ignited. The revolution
Speaker 2: was a deportation of Egyptian nationalist leaders Sad Saglu and
Speaker 2: other political figures by the British authority for opposing their policies. Irresponse,
Speaker 2: massive protests erupted across the country, with strikes, demonstrations, and
Speaker 2: civil disobedience becoming widespread. Egyptians from all walks of life,
Speaker 2: including workers, students, intellectuals, and peasants, took part in the movement.
Speaker 2: They were influenced in part by the strategies and tactics
Speaker 2: of the syndicalist presence in the region and abroad at
Speaker 2: the time. The revolution gained momentum and the demands of
Speaker 2: the protesters became more explicit, calling for full independence, a constitution,
Speaker 2: and an end to British rule. The British authorities initially
Speaker 2: tried to suppress the protests with force, which of course
Speaker 2: led to violent clashes and bloodshed. However, the resilience and
Speaker 2: unity of the Egyptian people ultimately forced the British government
Speaker 2: to recognize the scale of the uprising and the strength
Speaker 2: of the nationalist movement. In nineteen twenty two, the United
Speaker 2: Kingdom unilaterally declared Egypt's independence. The British continued suit considerable
Speaker 2: influence over Egyptian affairs. One could argue that the specter
Speaker 2: of anarchism would raise its head again in Egypt's history,
Speaker 2: particularly during the Hour of Spring in twenty eleven, when
Speaker 2: anarchic tactics can be found across the Middle East and
Speaker 2: North Africa. In the next part, I'll be talking more
Speaker 2: about what anarchists would doin in Egypt in the late
Speaker 2: nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. But for now, I hope
Speaker 2: that today is anarchists in Egypt and elsewhear can keep
Speaker 2: the flame of freedom burning or power to all the
Speaker 2: people peace. Oh one, this has been Andrew. You can
Speaker 2: follow me on eat dot com, slash Androwism and support
Speaker 2: the patreon a picture on dot com slash sa Drew.
Speaker 1: See y'all next time.
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