1
00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,200
Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how

2
00:00:04,280 --> 00:00:14,440
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

3
00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:18,119
Speaker 1: I am Tracy Vie Wilson and I and you may

4
00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:21,640
Speaker 1: have never heard of today's subject, but Avicenna was one

5
00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:26,840
Speaker 1: of the first and probably the most influential Islamic philosopher scientists.

6
00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:31,920
Speaker 1: He's listed among the great philosophers in Dante's Inferno, and

7
00:00:32,120 --> 00:00:34,839
Speaker 1: in the prologue to the Canary Tales. The doctor of

8
00:00:34,960 --> 00:00:37,720
Speaker 1: physic who was in the party has studied his work.

9
00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:40,600
Speaker 1: There's also a portrait of him hanging in the hall

10
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:43,720
Speaker 1: of the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris.

11
00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:48,080
Speaker 1: He had this expansive, brilliant knowledge, and he was so

12
00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:51,160
Speaker 1: methodical and systematic, and the way that he wrote down

13
00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:55,240
Speaker 1: in cataloged information that his work in medicine became sought

14
00:00:55,320 --> 00:01:00,000
Speaker 1: after basically all over the place. He influenced the field

15
00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,680
Speaker 1: of medicine throughout the Islamic and Christian medieval worlds, and

16
00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:07,680
Speaker 1: his influence in Europe in the field of medicine lasted

17
00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:11,360
Speaker 1: well into the seventeenth century, to the point that schools

18
00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:15,800
Speaker 1: based their entire medical curricula on his writings. He was

19
00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:19,880
Speaker 1: also one of the most important philosophers in history. His work,

20
00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:22,880
Speaker 1: which was written mostly in Arabic, was rooted in Islam,

21
00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:27,679
Speaker 1: along with Aristotelian and neo Platonist philosophy in the Muslim world.

22
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:32,319
Speaker 1: This philosophy continues to be studied today, and the fact

23
00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:36,400
Speaker 1: that Avicenna was influential to both Christians and Muslims makes

24
00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:42,120
Speaker 1: him really unique among ancient philosophers and scholars of his time. Today,

25
00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:46,560
Speaker 1: his work exists in more than two hundred commentaries, annotations

26
00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:50,960
Speaker 1: of bridgements, and translations. So, as we usually do, will

27
00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:54,560
Speaker 1: start at the beginning UH and then Farsi. His name

28
00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:58,960
Speaker 1: is actually Ibn Sina. In Arabic, it's Abu al al Hussain.

29
00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:04,520
Speaker 1: Ibn Sina. Avicenna is actually the medieval latinization of his name.

30
00:02:04,680 --> 00:02:07,840
Speaker 1: We're calling him that instead of calling him even Sina

31
00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:13,600
Speaker 1: because the overwhelming preponderance of information about him, regardless of

32
00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:17,000
Speaker 1: what culture it's written from, UH calls him that. He

33
00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:19,400
Speaker 1: became known by that name a very very long time ago.

34
00:02:20,120 --> 00:02:24,400
Speaker 1: He was born around nine eighty in a village near Bukara, Iran,

35
00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:29,480
Speaker 1: which is now in Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Bukara is

36
00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:32,640
Speaker 1: in south central Uzbekistan at a river delta, and it

37
00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:35,880
Speaker 1: lay along the Silk Road. Today its center is a

38
00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:39,040
Speaker 1: UNESCO World Heritage Site, and at the time it was

39
00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:42,400
Speaker 1: the capital, and it was an intellectually rich place to

40
00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:45,360
Speaker 1: grow up. This was also the fourth century of the

41
00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:48,320
Speaker 1: Islamic calendar, and this part of the world was really

42
00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:52,280
Speaker 1: flourishing in knowledge and intellect at this point. His father

43
00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:55,520
Speaker 1: was a governor and a scholar as well, and Avicenna

44
00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:58,680
Speaker 1: was a very bright and gifted child, and he claimed

45
00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:01,480
Speaker 1: to have memorized the higher Koran by the time he

46
00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:05,360
Speaker 1: was ten years old. His father's position and the number

47
00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:08,800
Speaker 1: of libraries and scholars where they lived meant that his

48
00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:12,960
Speaker 1: precociousness was really encouraged and nourished, and much of his

49
00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:17,040
Speaker 1: early study was an Aristotilian philosophy. But he surpassed his

50
00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:19,800
Speaker 1: teachers when he was quite young, and so he furthered

51
00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:22,600
Speaker 1: his education on his own once they no longer had

52
00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:25,239
Speaker 1: anything they could teach him. At the age of sixteen,

53
00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:29,040
Speaker 1: he turned from studying philosophy to studying medicine, which was

54
00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:33,040
Speaker 1: a discipline that he said he found extremely easy. And

55
00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:35,480
Speaker 1: when he was still quite young, the Sultan of Bukara,

56
00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:38,360
Speaker 1: the city where he was living, got sick and the

57
00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:41,520
Speaker 1: court physicians were not able to cure him, but Avicenna

58
00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:45,000
Speaker 1: did cure him, but as a reward, the Sultan gave

59
00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:47,839
Speaker 1: him access to the royal library, which opened up all

60
00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:52,320
Speaker 1: kinds of avenues for his own personal study. Getting access

61
00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:54,720
Speaker 1: to books and knowledge through his practice of medicine for

62
00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:58,320
Speaker 1: wealthy patrons actually became a pattern that he repeated throughout

63
00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:01,160
Speaker 1: his life. The self taught knowledge that he got from

64
00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:03,480
Speaker 1: all this was so broad that he also claimed to

65
00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:06,200
Speaker 1: have mastered all of the sciences by the age of eighteen.

66
00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:13,560
Speaker 1: Brilliant slash a little egotistical yes that comes up often

67
00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:17,679
Speaker 1: and writing about him that in addition to being extremely smart,

68
00:04:17,800 --> 00:04:20,040
Speaker 1: he knew he was extremely smart and could be kind

69
00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,960
Speaker 1: of conceited about it. Uh So, when he was a

70
00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,040
Speaker 1: young man, his father died and he for a while

71
00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:29,839
Speaker 1: held an administrative post. It's possible that he succeeded his

72
00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:32,480
Speaker 1: father and the governorship, but the records are not entirely

73
00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:35,200
Speaker 1: clear on that point. So we knew a fair amount

74
00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:38,839
Speaker 1: about Avison's life because he dictated an autobiography to a

75
00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:43,960
Speaker 1: protege named Algis Johnny, and this protegee also added additional

76
00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:49,280
Speaker 1: biographical information. Some of Avison's own correspondents also survives, but

77
00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:52,800
Speaker 1: we don't really have a whole lot of contemporaneous accounts

78
00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:57,560
Speaker 1: to balance out this perspective. UM, and the existence of

79
00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:01,000
Speaker 1: the autobiography also seems to have had this unintended side

80
00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,800
Speaker 1: effect of prompting less scholarship about his life. It was

81
00:05:04,839 --> 00:05:07,840
Speaker 1: basically like, there's already all this information here, so we

82
00:05:07,839 --> 00:05:10,040
Speaker 1: don't need to go on a quest to find more

83
00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:13,400
Speaker 1: of it. And especially when it comes to his youth,

84
00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:17,280
Speaker 1: the autobiography is all we have uh, and its discussion

85
00:05:17,279 --> 00:05:19,400
Speaker 1: of his childhood is really more like the study of

86
00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:21,760
Speaker 1: a scholar set out in such a way as to

87
00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,359
Speaker 1: act as evidence of avice and his own thoughts on

88
00:05:24,480 --> 00:05:28,239
Speaker 1: knowledge and wisdom. It basically recounts his learning. It moves

89
00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,359
Speaker 1: through increasingly difficult material and sequence uh and often his

90
00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:37,400
Speaker 1: own without instruction, so he basically kind of does maps

91
00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:39,960
Speaker 1: out the natural progression of I learned a little bit,

92
00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:42,200
Speaker 1: I learned some harder things. Eventually I had to seek

93
00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:44,960
Speaker 1: out my own knowledge because no one could teach me right. So,

94
00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:47,640
Speaker 1: rather than sort of being a story about how he

95
00:05:47,680 --> 00:05:50,600
Speaker 1: grew up, this autobiography, when it comes to his youth

96
00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,440
Speaker 1: is more like an illustration of how a person can

97
00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:58,520
Speaker 1: acquire wisdom and knowledge through intuition, So it's almost more

98
00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:02,240
Speaker 1: like a curriculum for learning things and an example of

99
00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:05,320
Speaker 1: having done it, rather than an autobiography as we would

100
00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:08,320
Speaker 1: think of it today. And in his adulthood, he was

101
00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:10,800
Speaker 1: known to be a gregarious person who loved life and

102
00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:15,560
Speaker 1: its pleasures, including drinking and sex. He was witty and charismatic,

103
00:06:15,600 --> 00:06:18,039
Speaker 1: and he was often in the company of friends, and

104
00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:21,560
Speaker 1: at the same time, as is often the case with geniuses,

105
00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,600
Speaker 1: he could also have periods of brooding and loneliness. So

106
00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:31,600
Speaker 1: go figure, no surprise, really not really, As in many religions,

107
00:06:31,640 --> 00:06:35,200
Speaker 1: excessive sex and alcohol consumption were quite frowned upon among

108
00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:39,000
Speaker 1: strict Muslims where he lived, So there these same traits

109
00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:41,760
Speaker 1: that kind of defined him also put him at odds

110
00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:45,200
Speaker 1: with Islamic conventions and social norms, and they earned him

111
00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:48,320
Speaker 1: a lot of enemies as well. He had to move

112
00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:51,080
Speaker 1: from place to place and from patron to patron as

113
00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:54,200
Speaker 1: he rubbed people the wrong way with his flaunting of

114
00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:58,400
Speaker 1: religious and social expectations and of you know, being kind

115
00:06:58,440 --> 00:07:01,200
Speaker 1: of pretentious and hard to get along way and As

116
00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:04,560
Speaker 1: we said earlier, he was also a little conceited and arrogant.

117
00:07:05,080 --> 00:07:06,840
Speaker 1: He was brilliant and he knew it, and he was

118
00:07:06,880 --> 00:07:09,200
Speaker 1: not afraid to tell people how much he knew or

119
00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:12,560
Speaker 1: how very good he was at any particular thing. And

120
00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:14,640
Speaker 1: this is the one that always makes me go, oh

121
00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:18,440
Speaker 1: no Avicenna. Uh. He was also not shy about embarrassing

122
00:07:18,440 --> 00:07:21,640
Speaker 1: and shaming his rivals if they rubbed him the wrong way. Yeah.

123
00:07:21,720 --> 00:07:24,800
Speaker 1: So he was pretty outspoken about his greatness and everyone

124
00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:27,880
Speaker 1: else's not greatness. Right. He would do things like show

125
00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:33,680
Speaker 1: someone a forgery, knowing that it was a forgery, to

126
00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,240
Speaker 1: see if that person would spot that it was a

127
00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:39,680
Speaker 1: fart a forgery in front of others, and when the

128
00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:42,160
Speaker 1: person did not spot that it was a forgery, make

129
00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:46,960
Speaker 1: fun of them. It's kind of a brilliant jerk. Yeah. But,

130
00:07:47,080 --> 00:07:51,200
Speaker 1: as we are about to talk about, extensively, hugely influential

131
00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:55,320
Speaker 1: and important, especially in the worlds of philosophy and medicine.

132
00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:58,880
Speaker 1: By about the age of twenty one, Avicenna had started

133
00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:01,360
Speaker 1: to write, and before his death he had written more

134
00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:05,520
Speaker 1: than two hundred and forty books, treatises, and other works,

135
00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:10,600
Speaker 1: and these spanned all kinds of subjects including math, science, philosophy, music,

136
00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:13,880
Speaker 1: and poetry. And as we just said today, he is

137
00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:16,800
Speaker 1: most known and was most influential for his work in

138
00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:19,520
Speaker 1: medicine and philosophy. So we're going to talk about his

139
00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:24,400
Speaker 1: philosophy first and his medicine second. His most important philosophical

140
00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:27,560
Speaker 1: work is the Katab al Shifa, also called The Cure,

141
00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:32,559
Speaker 1: which was an encyclopedia of logic, physics, math, and metaphysics.

142
00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:35,040
Speaker 1: And this work was modeled after the work of Aristotle

143
00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,360
Speaker 1: with a grounding in Islam, and it was translated into

144
00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:41,959
Speaker 1: Latin in Spain during the twelfth and thirteen centuries, after

145
00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:46,120
Speaker 1: which it became hugely influential in Europe. The physics volume

146
00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:49,160
Speaker 1: wasn't just what we think of as physics today. It

147
00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:55,080
Speaker 1: also included what we classify more as biology, meteorology, mineralogy,

148
00:08:55,120 --> 00:09:00,320
Speaker 1: and even psychology. The math volume also includes geography, a star, eontomy,

149
00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:04,280
Speaker 1: and music in addition to the arithmetic and geometry that

150
00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:06,600
Speaker 1: would immediately come to mind when we think about math,

151
00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:11,160
Speaker 1: and he also wrote about dream interpretations, talisman and alchemy

152
00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:14,120
Speaker 1: as well, although in the end he rejected the idea

153
00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:17,840
Speaker 1: that base metals could be transmuted into other things As

154
00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,080
Speaker 1: a philosopher. One of his most notable thought experiments was

155
00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:24,120
Speaker 1: called the flying Man, also known as the floating Man,

156
00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:28,640
Speaker 1: which reflected on what a completely blank slate of a

157
00:09:28,679 --> 00:09:32,600
Speaker 1: person could be aware of. So, in this thought experiment,

158
00:09:32,679 --> 00:09:36,800
Speaker 1: imagine that God has just created a fully formed adult

159
00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:40,079
Speaker 1: person and kind of a sensory vacuum. This person has

160
00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:43,760
Speaker 1: no memory, he has no sensory input at all. None

161
00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:45,920
Speaker 1: of his body parts are even touching each other, so

162
00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,680
Speaker 1: he's not even aware of his own body. So, in

163
00:09:48,760 --> 00:09:52,440
Speaker 1: this thought experiment, what would this newly minted person be

164
00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,920
Speaker 1: aware of. According to Avicenna's philosophy, he would be aware

165
00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:00,760
Speaker 1: that he existed. So to Avicenna the Smith, that self

166
00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:04,160
Speaker 1: awareness is a fundamental part of life, and that also

167
00:10:04,240 --> 00:10:06,920
Speaker 1: suggested to him that the soul is different from the

168
00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:09,760
Speaker 1: body because you could be aware of yourself without being

169
00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:13,280
Speaker 1: aware of your body. And this was significant because it

170
00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:15,640
Speaker 1: was different from much of the theology at the time,

171
00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:19,120
Speaker 1: which largely taught that the soul was a material substance

172
00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:23,079
Speaker 1: that had an atomic makeup like it was an actual

173
00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:26,920
Speaker 1: physical thing. This whole idea also draws a parallel between

174
00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:30,960
Speaker 1: humans and God, because Avicenna saw God as a self

175
00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:35,720
Speaker 1: thinking intellect. So in Avicenna's view, both humans and God

176
00:10:35,880 --> 00:10:38,640
Speaker 1: have this ability for self awareness, and that makes self

177
00:10:38,679 --> 00:10:43,920
Speaker 1: awareness something extremely special. According to ancient and medieval philosophy

178
00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:47,520
Speaker 1: professor Peter Adamson, this is one of the first times

179
00:10:47,559 --> 00:10:51,040
Speaker 1: that philosophy put forth this idea and this connection between

180
00:10:51,080 --> 00:10:54,320
Speaker 1: man and God. And Avicenna also created a proof that

181
00:10:54,440 --> 00:10:57,560
Speaker 1: he believed proved the existence of God, which takes a

182
00:10:57,559 --> 00:11:00,920
Speaker 1: great deal of explaining, so we will link to a

183
00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:04,079
Speaker 1: full explanation of it in the show notes rather than

184
00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:06,920
Speaker 1: kind of taking you through the proof here. Yes, I

185
00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:09,080
Speaker 1: listened to you a thirty minute podcast that was just

186
00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:12,600
Speaker 1: an explanation of this proof, So rather than spending thirty

187
00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:16,920
Speaker 1: minutes on that, we will of all of the various logic. Yeah,

188
00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:19,040
Speaker 1: there's a lot of logic and a lot of sort

189
00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:22,199
Speaker 1: of philosophical groundwork that has to be put down first.

190
00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,040
Speaker 1: That if you're not already familiar with the takes explaining itself.

191
00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:29,960
Speaker 1: So um, before we move on to his discussion of medicine,

192
00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:32,320
Speaker 1: let's take a moment and talk about our sponsor. That

193
00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:36,960
Speaker 1: sounds okay, and now we'll get back to some extremely

194
00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:41,040
Speaker 1: important scientific work from very long ago, so Avicenna's most

195
00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:44,680
Speaker 1: influential medical work was the five book work The Canon

196
00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:49,160
Speaker 1: of Medicine Alcanum fiel tib which was influential both in

197
00:11:49,280 --> 00:11:52,120
Speaker 1: his region of the world and in European medical schools.

198
00:11:52,840 --> 00:11:54,760
Speaker 1: And some of this medical writing was based on the

199
00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:58,079
Speaker 1: Greek physician Galen's idea that of the four humors, which

200
00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:01,960
Speaker 1: are blood, flegm, black by and yellow bile, along with

201
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:04,959
Speaker 1: the Greek idea of four elements of earth, air, fire,

202
00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:08,280
Speaker 1: and water, and the Cannon of Medicine also draws heavily

203
00:12:08,320 --> 00:12:12,920
Speaker 1: on the work of Hippocrates. There's also work on anatomy,

204
00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:18,000
Speaker 1: the causes and treatments of diseases, hygiene, medicines, pathology, basically

205
00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:21,720
Speaker 1: the whole world of known medicine at the time in

206
00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:25,240
Speaker 1: one five volume work. And the fifth book of the

207
00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:28,559
Speaker 1: Cannon of Medicine is actually a drug formulary, which was

208
00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:31,160
Speaker 1: a completely new idea in the field of medicine at

209
00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:34,440
Speaker 1: the time, sort of the first pharmacist manual. Yeah, so

210
00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:37,480
Speaker 1: the Canon of Medicine was basically one work that distilled

211
00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:40,640
Speaker 1: the whole of medical knowledge into five volumes. So it's

212
00:12:40,679 --> 00:12:43,200
Speaker 1: really not at all surprising that it became the mainstay

213
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:47,319
Speaker 1: of medical education and that lasted for hundreds of years.

214
00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:50,600
Speaker 1: When schools in Europe finally drifted away from it, it

215
00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:53,800
Speaker 1: was also moving away from the whole idea that humors

216
00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:57,760
Speaker 1: caused disease when they are out of balance. So basically,

217
00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:02,080
Speaker 1: avison Is work was the core of medical education until

218
00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:05,040
Speaker 1: medicine moved away from the entire idea that a lot

219
00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:07,960
Speaker 1: of it was based on. And although this whole idea

220
00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:12,720
Speaker 1: of humors isn't part of mainstream medicine today. Uh. Overall,

221
00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:17,120
Speaker 1: Avicenna's medical writing was well tested and it was evidence based.

222
00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:20,440
Speaker 1: There's some really solid medical thought in there that still

223
00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:24,040
Speaker 1: holds true today. He also kept clinical records which were

224
00:13:24,040 --> 00:13:26,560
Speaker 1: intended to be used as an appendix to the canon

225
00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:29,920
Speaker 1: of medicine. UH. Those haven't survived until today, but we

226
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,040
Speaker 1: do know some specifics about his medical practices. One was

227
00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,240
Speaker 1: that he recommended wine as a wound dressing, which was

228
00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:41,000
Speaker 1: a common treatment in medieval Europe and actually since then.

229
00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:45,280
Speaker 1: It contains alcohol can be effective at helping to prevent infection.

230
00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:49,720
Speaker 1: He also used reduction techniques like pressure and traction to

231
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,720
Speaker 1: treat spinal deformities, which is something that Hippocrates had written of,

232
00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:57,559
Speaker 1: and this whole practice disappeared from medicine after Avicenna's time

233
00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:01,400
Speaker 1: until a French surgeon picked it up and then nineteenth century.

234
00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:07,839
Speaker 1: He also correctly used sweet tasting urine to diagnose diabetes.

235
00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:11,640
Speaker 1: So did he taste it? Probably that is the thing

236
00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:15,760
Speaker 1: that people would do, uh, and that is definitely identify

237
00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,480
Speaker 1: sugar in it, definitely an indication that a person could

238
00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:21,680
Speaker 1: have diabetes. We know that he performed surgery, and there

239
00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:25,120
Speaker 1: are surgical instruments that belonged to him in museums and

240
00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:27,200
Speaker 1: within the world of surgery. One of the things that

241
00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:30,120
Speaker 1: he did was to describe how to find the healthy

242
00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:34,400
Speaker 1: margins of a surgical site when performing an amputation. He

243
00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:37,240
Speaker 1: also wrote about how to cut an umbilical cord and

244
00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:40,800
Speaker 1: how to clean, swaddle, and feed a newborn baby, so

245
00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:43,920
Speaker 1: this is basically all over all kinds of areas of medicine.

246
00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:46,640
Speaker 1: At this point. A lot of his writing was also

247
00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:50,320
Speaker 1: about generally being healthy, how to get well and stay well,

248
00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:54,040
Speaker 1: and it included the effects of recreation, the home, family life,

249
00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:56,920
Speaker 1: and all sorts of other factors on human health. So

250
00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,480
Speaker 1: consequently he's been referred to as the four Runner of

251
00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:05,520
Speaker 1: preventive medicine, which is something we take for granted today. Yeah,

252
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,080
Speaker 1: he really, uh you know, was the first to put

253
00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:10,880
Speaker 1: forth the idea of sort of a holistic health view

254
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:17,080
Speaker 1: versus just treating incidents of health issues. So Avirisona was

255
00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:21,000
Speaker 1: extremely influential and extremely important, and unfortunately his life was

256
00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:24,720
Speaker 1: not particularly long. At the age of fifty seven, he

257
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,800
Speaker 1: was traveling with his patron and he developed colicue, which

258
00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:31,000
Speaker 1: he decided to treat himself, and ultimately this wound up

259
00:15:31,080 --> 00:15:33,960
Speaker 1: leading to his death. The course of treatment that he

260
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:39,120
Speaker 1: wanted to undergo involved getting eight celery seed enemies a day,

261
00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:43,240
Speaker 1: and it's unclear whether this was intentional on the part

262
00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:45,880
Speaker 1: of one of his attendants, but the formula that he

263
00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,960
Speaker 1: gave to himself was prepared to contain more than double

264
00:15:50,040 --> 00:15:52,520
Speaker 1: the amount of active ingredient that it was supposed to.

265
00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:57,800
Speaker 1: His intestines became ulcerated as a result, and to treat

266
00:15:57,840 --> 00:16:01,240
Speaker 1: the ulceration, he used a mild form of opium, and

267
00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:04,200
Speaker 1: at this time we know that there was a tampering

268
00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,000
Speaker 1: that was intentional. A slave laced this opium with an

269
00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:11,560
Speaker 1: extra dose. His health started to go downhill, and he

270
00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:14,880
Speaker 1: refused to leave his patron. He kept traveling with him,

271
00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:17,600
Speaker 1: but his condition got worse and worse, and he finally

272
00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:21,680
Speaker 1: died in ten thirty seven, and Amasona is buried in

273
00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:25,120
Speaker 1: Hamdan and his tomb, which had fallen into disrepair, was

274
00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:28,360
Speaker 1: refurbished in the nineteen fifties and now it's home to

275
00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:31,840
Speaker 1: a mausoleum in an eight thousand volume library. Yeah, there's

276
00:16:31,880 --> 00:16:37,440
Speaker 1: a big sort of pillared monument there. It's very striking

277
00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:40,920
Speaker 1: to look at. As we said earlier, although his his

278
00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:45,200
Speaker 1: medical writing is not really part of modern medical thought,

279
00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:49,320
Speaker 1: his philosophy is still widely studied among Muslims today. He's

280
00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:51,800
Speaker 1: one of those people that's so influential. It's almost surprising

281
00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:53,800
Speaker 1: that you don't hear of him. I had never heard

282
00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:55,640
Speaker 1: of him before I started. Well, I had heard of

283
00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:58,440
Speaker 1: him because I've read the Canterbury Tales in Dante's Inferno,

284
00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:01,320
Speaker 1: but his name had not stuck into my head, and

285
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,960
Speaker 1: still until I started doing research on this podcast. It's

286
00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:07,119
Speaker 1: pretty rare that somebody living at that time would have

287
00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:11,840
Speaker 1: been that influential among both Christians and Muslims. Yeah, it's

288
00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:14,840
Speaker 1: a it's a really interesting story. I actually do kind

289
00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:16,879
Speaker 1: of want to go read his proof, which I have

290
00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:20,639
Speaker 1: not yet. I have only listened to the analysis and

291
00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:24,920
Speaker 1: description of it that that took like thirty minutes to explain. Um,

292
00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:28,399
Speaker 1: perfect lunchtime listening it is. It is pretty pretty perfect

293
00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:32,959
Speaker 1: lunchtime listening. There are some awesome philosophy podcasts, some of

294
00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:36,480
Speaker 1: which I used as sources for this. We will link

295
00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:38,399
Speaker 1: them all up in show notes because I don't have

296
00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:41,760
Speaker 1: them noted right in front of me. But yeah, Avicenna,

297
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:45,840
Speaker 1: possibly unknown person credited with the health and were welfare

298
00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:48,760
Speaker 1: of much of medieval Europe. All right, do you have

299
00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,280
Speaker 1: some listener mail to share with us? I do. I

300
00:17:51,320 --> 00:17:53,639
Speaker 1: have two pieces of listener mail, and they're both about

301
00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:57,720
Speaker 1: the Boston massacre. The first is from Paul, and Paul

302
00:17:57,800 --> 00:17:59,840
Speaker 1: writes to us. It's a rather long letter, so I'm

303
00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:01,600
Speaker 1: not going to eat all of it. But he writes

304
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:04,719
Speaker 1: about where he listens. He apparently cannot listen to us

305
00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:07,120
Speaker 1: while driving because it requires too much of his attention,

306
00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:11,320
Speaker 1: but he has been listening while he runs, which is

307
00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:14,680
Speaker 1: pretty cool. Uh. Then he says, as a history major

308
00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:17,760
Speaker 1: and a trivia aficionado, I particularly look forward to subject

309
00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:20,680
Speaker 1: matter that I think I know well. I'm always pleasantly

310
00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:23,440
Speaker 1: surprised by the new facts or perspectives that you bring

311
00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:25,560
Speaker 1: to the shows. Of course, I love hearing about all

312
00:18:25,640 --> 00:18:28,280
Speaker 1: matter of subjects that I knew nothing of. I have

313
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,000
Speaker 1: learned more about communicable diseases than I maybe would have

314
00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:34,240
Speaker 1: cared to learn on my own. For instance, I did

315
00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,920
Speaker 1: want to put yeah, I knew you and us both

316
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:41,240
Speaker 1: we did have a whole run of tuberculosis and small box.

317
00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:43,800
Speaker 1: I did want to put in my two cents about

318
00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,720
Speaker 1: your boss the mask per episode. As a proud Bostonian,

319
00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:49,199
Speaker 1: I felt it my duty. I was really excited for

320
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:51,920
Speaker 1: this episode as a Colonial America buff and a local

321
00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:54,080
Speaker 1: of the Boston area. I did want to add another

322
00:18:54,160 --> 00:18:56,720
Speaker 1: cause for tensions that led to the riot, namely the

323
00:18:56,800 --> 00:19:00,359
Speaker 1: Quartering Acts, where Boston colonists were forced to house the

324
00:19:00,359 --> 00:19:03,199
Speaker 1: British regulars who were sent there to essentially suppress the

325
00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:06,760
Speaker 1: Bostonians and their dissatisfaction with the towns and acts. The

326
00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:10,080
Speaker 1: soldiers were sent in part as a reaction to the

327
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:13,840
Speaker 1: non importation Acts revived in Boston, where the city refused

328
00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:16,240
Speaker 1: to buy any imported goods as a measure that was

329
00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:20,640
Speaker 1: adopted across the Northern colonies. Eventually This hit the English

330
00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:23,520
Speaker 1: merchants in their wallets, and that had been an effective

331
00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:28,080
Speaker 1: method in repealing the stamp acts. Boston's resistance became a

332
00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,560
Speaker 1: spark that eventually ignited the rebellion. The true presence was

333
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:34,159
Speaker 1: a catalyst that made loyal subjects of the crown rethink

334
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,400
Speaker 1: their positions. Imagine four thousand soldiers of occupying a city

335
00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:40,920
Speaker 1: of twenty thousand. I know the word massacre is an exaggeration,

336
00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:43,439
Speaker 1: but I always wondered why a mob of hundreds didn't

337
00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:46,520
Speaker 1: retaliate more violently against eight soldiers after they had shot

338
00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:51,000
Speaker 1: into a crowd. Certainly, armed people killing unarmed people is

339
00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:54,120
Speaker 1: an act that barrison scrutiny. I always found Adam's description

340
00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:56,920
Speaker 1: of the crowd, which is laden with racial overtones, quite

341
00:19:56,960 --> 00:19:59,879
Speaker 1: illustrative of how at least some of the four of

342
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:03,439
Speaker 1: others truly did not believe that all men were created equal. Anyway,

343
00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,680
Speaker 1: enough rambling, keep up the great works, sincerely, Paul, Thank you, Paul.

344
00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,840
Speaker 1: Uh we did not quite say explicitly that, yes, Adam's

345
00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:15,480
Speaker 1: description of the people who writed is quite laced with

346
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:21,800
Speaker 1: judgment and uh bigotry. I think it's the word um

347
00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:25,400
Speaker 1: so that is that is letter one about the black

348
00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:28,719
Speaker 1: and masker. I have letter to about the Boston massaker,

349
00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:30,679
Speaker 1: and then we will kind of talk about both of them. Uh.

350
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:32,600
Speaker 1: The second one is from our Facebook while and it's

351
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,199
Speaker 1: from Shawn Sean says Dear Tracy and Holly. I'm a

352
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,399
Speaker 1: big fan of the podcast and recently listened to the

353
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:40,520
Speaker 1: episode on the Boston massacre. During the podcast, you mentioned

354
00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,080
Speaker 1: repeatedly how the term massacre seems an odd choice to

355
00:20:43,160 --> 00:20:45,840
Speaker 1: modern ears to describe the event, given the seemingly small

356
00:20:45,880 --> 00:20:48,639
Speaker 1: amount of lives cost and the incident compared to what

357
00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:51,439
Speaker 1: we are sadly used to today. Well, I agree with

358
00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:53,560
Speaker 1: you guys that the use of the term was undoubtedly

359
00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:57,320
Speaker 1: driven by political and propaganda aims. I was also curious

360
00:20:57,320 --> 00:20:59,560
Speaker 1: that somehow the concept of what would pass as a

361
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,280
Speaker 1: massacre in the eighteenth century was influenced by the weapons

362
00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:05,360
Speaker 1: available at the time and the carnage they could dispense.

363
00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:07,879
Speaker 1: Let's keep in mind that the British soldiers involved in

364
00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:10,360
Speaker 1: the event were all armed with large caliber, single shop

365
00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:14,120
Speaker 1: muzzle loading muskets. These were inaccurate at best, and even

366
00:21:14,119 --> 00:21:16,720
Speaker 1: the best trained soldiers, such as the Heshan's the tie

367
00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:19,639
Speaker 1: in another podcast topic, could only be expected to manage

368
00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:22,520
Speaker 1: three shots per minute and the best of conditions. So

369
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:25,639
Speaker 1: far I can tell none of the soldiers involved fired

370
00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:29,240
Speaker 1: more than once, and some victims were hit multiple times.

371
00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:32,240
Speaker 1: Perhaps it is therefore unlikely to have expected a greater

372
00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:36,280
Speaker 1: number of casualties than what actually occurred, Although estimates ary

373
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:39,480
Speaker 1: the number of combat dead in the U s Revolution

374
00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:41,879
Speaker 1: may have been less than eight thousand people. I do

375
00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:44,080
Speaker 1: not mean in any way to diminish the loss of life,

376
00:21:44,160 --> 00:21:47,240
Speaker 1: but merely venture the opinion that just as the use

377
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,000
Speaker 1: of the term massacre seems uncalled for to us today

378
00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:53,400
Speaker 1: because of our cultural conditioning, perhaps our forefathers looked upon

379
00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,800
Speaker 1: it exactly that because of theirs. At any rate, keep

380
00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:00,159
Speaker 1: up the awesome work. Uh. And then he suggests a

381
00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:04,280
Speaker 1: podcast episode topic for the future. So thank you also,

382
00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:08,240
Speaker 1: Sean Um. We we got a fair amount of flak

383
00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:11,879
Speaker 1: from people about how we talked about the Boston mastheaw um.

384
00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:15,040
Speaker 1: And after getting this particularly reason the question from Sean,

385
00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:20,280
Speaker 1: I went and did some looking because I wondered I

386
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:23,720
Speaker 1: was pretty contextually qualified as a massacre. I was pretty

387
00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:25,480
Speaker 1: I was pretty up front at the beginning that I

388
00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:29,200
Speaker 1: think of massacres today is something like horrifying and terrible,

389
00:22:29,480 --> 00:22:33,840
Speaker 1: and it turns out it's always meant something horrifying and terrible.

390
00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:37,879
Speaker 1: So the word massacre comes from French words that relate

391
00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:40,840
Speaker 1: to butcher's knives and blocks, so that's what it meant

392
00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:45,040
Speaker 1: originally before it became something that meant slaughter. Its first

393
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,240
Speaker 1: uses in English came from the sixteenth century and referred

394
00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:52,200
Speaker 1: to the bloody massacre at Paris, and that's the math,

395
00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:56,080
Speaker 1: the massacre of St. Bartholon New's Day. So to catch

396
00:22:56,119 --> 00:22:57,960
Speaker 1: everyone up if you have not heard of this before.

397
00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:03,480
Speaker 1: In this massacre, Catherine Demonici, who was Catholic, orchestrated the

398
00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:07,200
Speaker 1: murder of the Hugueno nobility who were Protestant. And these

399
00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:12,000
Speaker 1: were people who were in Paris for a wedding. It's

400
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:14,960
Speaker 1: not in any way aggressive. Well, I mean there was

401
00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:18,040
Speaker 1: tension there, but their their visit to Paris was not

402
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:24,359
Speaker 1: about a wedding specifically, the wedding was of Catherine de

403
00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:29,159
Speaker 1: Medici's daughter Margaret, to Henry of Navarre, who was a

404
00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:33,679
Speaker 1: Hugueno and would later become Henry the Fourth. So the

405
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:38,080
Speaker 1: final death toll of this massacre was in the thousands,

406
00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:40,320
Speaker 1: and a lot of the people who were killed, were

407
00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:43,120
Speaker 1: seriously were in their homes or working in their shops

408
00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:46,160
Speaker 1: at the time. Some of them were even attendants who

409
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:51,640
Speaker 1: were attending Hugueno aristocrats who were in the louver for

410
00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:57,680
Speaker 1: the wedding festivities at a time. So, like, I see

411
00:23:57,720 --> 00:23:59,399
Speaker 1: what people like. There are people who felt like we

412
00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:07,280
Speaker 1: really treated the massacre and quotation marks too lightly. Massacre

413
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:12,720
Speaker 1: has really always meant something horrifying, involving either massive carnage

414
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:15,400
Speaker 1: or the slaughter of innocent people who were doing nothing.

415
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:18,639
Speaker 1: And that's really not what was happening in Boston on

416
00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:20,880
Speaker 1: that day. In Boston on that day, we had a

417
00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:25,600
Speaker 1: big group of civilians who surrounded a small group of

418
00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:29,359
Speaker 1: armed soldiers and we're like throwing rocks and oyster shells

419
00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:32,040
Speaker 1: and things at them and insulting. So I'm not saying

420
00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:35,840
Speaker 1: anybody should have gotten shot. It's still a huge tragedy. Yeah,

421
00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:38,600
Speaker 1: it's definitely a tragedy. It is also definitely not a

422
00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:45,119
Speaker 1: massacre by the definition of massacre um not even the

423
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:49,520
Speaker 1: connotations of massacre, like the actual dictionary definition of massacre.

424
00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:53,360
Speaker 1: So while it's definitely not our intent to make light

425
00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:56,960
Speaker 1: of anyone death, there was a whole lot of stuff

426
00:24:57,040 --> 00:25:00,439
Speaker 1: going on in terms of the factors that d to

427
00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:04,160
Speaker 1: the altercation in the first place, and definitely for sure

428
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:09,560
Speaker 1: the fact that American colonial writers portrayed it as a massacre,

429
00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:14,960
Speaker 1: specifically as spin later on. Uh, because, like we said,

430
00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:19,399
Speaker 1: the first massacre ever described in English, thousands of people

431
00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,960
Speaker 1: who were in Paris for a wedding, many of them,

432
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:24,880
Speaker 1: a lot of them just were living in Paris doing

433
00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:28,080
Speaker 1: their jobs and living in their houses when they got murdered.

434
00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:34,520
Speaker 1: So on that cheerful note. So if you would like

435
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:37,000
Speaker 1: to email us and share your thoughts, you can do

436
00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:40,320
Speaker 1: so at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. We also

437
00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:42,680
Speaker 1: have some new ways to connect with us are old

438
00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:44,959
Speaker 1: ways with new addresses. You can connect with us on

439
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,800
Speaker 1: Facebook still but now we're at Facebook dot com slash

440
00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:51,320
Speaker 1: missed in History. We're still on Twitter at Misston History.

441
00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:55,240
Speaker 1: We're still on Tumbler at Misston History dot tumbler dot com.

442
00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:59,119
Speaker 1: And our pinterest has moved and expanded rather significantly, so

443
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:01,800
Speaker 1: you can find us there at pinters dot com slash

444
00:26:01,880 --> 00:26:04,160
Speaker 1: mist in history. Do you like to learn a little

445
00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,600
Speaker 1: bit more about one of the subjects that Avisona wrote

446
00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 1: so much about, come to our website. Put the word

447
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:12,480
Speaker 1: math in the search bar, you will find how math Works.

448
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:14,440
Speaker 1: You can do all that and a whole lot more

449
00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:21,680
Speaker 1: at our website, which is how stuff works dot com

450
00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:24,120
Speaker 1: for more on this and thousands of other topics. Because

451
00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:35,960
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com,