1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,920 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:16,520 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 4 00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:19,720 Speaker 1: In our recent episode about Paul Cuffey, we mentioned just 5 00:00:20,280 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: really briefly that after King phillips War, indigenous men in 6 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:27,120 Speaker 1: New England were enslaved and sent to the Caribbean, and 7 00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:29,520 Speaker 1: that felt like a pretty big thing to just drop 8 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:33,479 Speaker 1: into an episode without explaining it more, especially since we 9 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:36,400 Speaker 1: have only really mentioned King Philip's War in passing on 10 00:00:36,440 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: the show. It came up as part of the context 11 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:42,479 Speaker 1: and our episodes on Bacon's Rebellion also way back in 12 00:00:43,720 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: It was part of the context for our our show 13 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:49,199 Speaker 1: on the Sham Battle and the Cohico Massacre, which we're 14 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:51,760 Speaker 1: gonna have as a Saturday Classics soon. For folks who 15 00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: haven't heard that King Phillip's War was an armed conflict 16 00:00:55,560 --> 00:01:00,080 Speaker 1: primarily between English colonists and indigenous nations and what's on 17 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: New England, although there were also some indigenous peoples who 18 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,600 Speaker 1: were allied with the colonists, and it took place primarily 19 00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:10,600 Speaker 1: between sixteen seventy five and sixteen seventy six. In terms 20 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:14,319 Speaker 1: of per capita deaths. That's been described as the deadliest 21 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:17,880 Speaker 1: war in US history, and it had a massive ongoing 22 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:22,440 Speaker 1: collection of ramifications for indigenous people and for the colonists 23 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:26,000 Speaker 1: in and around New England. Sometimes it's called the First 24 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:29,880 Speaker 1: Indian War, but that name and King Phillip's War are 25 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:33,720 Speaker 1: both misnomers, and we will be talking about that as 26 00:01:33,760 --> 00:01:36,960 Speaker 1: we go along. So to set up some context, Plymouth 27 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: Colony was the first permanent British settlement in New England, 28 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: established after about one people arrived aboard the Mayflower in 29 00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty. About forty of the people aboard the Mayflower 30 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:51,120 Speaker 1: were Puritans. These were members of a religious reform movement 31 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: that believed that the Church of England was corrupt and 32 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:58,640 Speaker 1: retained too many Catholic influences after the Protestant Reformation. Other 33 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:02,280 Speaker 1: English colonies followed to that one. This included the Massachusetts 34 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 1: Bay Colony, established in sixteen twenty nine and named after 35 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: the indigenous Massachusetts Nation living in the area. Roger Williams 36 00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:13,960 Speaker 1: founded Rhode Island Colony in sixteen thirty six after being 37 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: banished from Massachusetts. The Connecticut Colony was established the same 38 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 1: year with its name coming from an Algonquin word meaning 39 00:02:22,240 --> 00:02:26,440 Speaker 1: beside the long title river. Throughout this whole time, between 40 00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:30,520 Speaker 1: sixteen thirty and sixteen forty, thousands more people migrated to 41 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,079 Speaker 1: North America from Britain, many of them Puritans who believed 42 00:02:34,160 --> 00:02:39,399 Speaker 1: that this so called New World was theirs by divine decree. 43 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 1: The region where English colonists were establishing settlements was home 44 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: to numerous indigenous tribes and nations, many of them Algonquin 45 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: speaking people's. The Wampanag nation alone included sixty nine different tribes, 46 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:57,639 Speaker 1: and these societies were highly interconnected through economics and through kinship, 47 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: including an extensive trading network that spans throughout New England. 48 00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: The colonists became part of and influenced this network as 49 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:10,359 Speaker 1: they brought different trade goods, including firearms, to this whole system. 50 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:14,799 Speaker 1: English colonization of North America required colonists to get land, 51 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,079 Speaker 1: or at least the rights to use the land, from 52 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:21,120 Speaker 1: the local indigenous people, and especially in the earlier decades 53 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:24,560 Speaker 1: of colonization, a lot of these land deeds read a 54 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:28,840 Speaker 1: lot more like treaties than straightforward purchase agreements. In a 55 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: lot of cases, the colonist was given the right to 56 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:34,679 Speaker 1: use the land, but the deed also included some kind 57 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: of provisions for an Indigenous family or community to keep 58 00:03:38,280 --> 00:03:41,680 Speaker 1: living on or using that land in some way. Deeds 59 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:45,000 Speaker 1: also often included some kind of lifetime payment on the 60 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:47,960 Speaker 1: part of the colonists, something along the lines of a 61 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:51,960 Speaker 1: bushel of corn. This was similar to what Indigenous families 62 00:03:51,960 --> 00:03:55,240 Speaker 1: were expected to contribute to their own communities. So from 63 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:58,360 Speaker 1: the Indigenous point of view, English colonists were becoming part 64 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:01,400 Speaker 1: of their interconnected community that was already made up of 65 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: lots of different nations and people's The colonists were gaining 66 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:08,520 Speaker 1: access to the land but also contributing to the community 67 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:11,600 Speaker 1: with the goods that the land produced. But from the 68 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 1: English point of view, it was more like they were 69 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 1: buying the land outright and continuing to have some kind 70 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:20,360 Speaker 1: of payment long term with this bushel of corn or 71 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:24,640 Speaker 1: something similar every year. And this disparity on how each 72 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:28,559 Speaker 1: side understood this was complicated by the fact that very 73 00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:31,839 Speaker 1: few people in the colonies were fluent in both English 74 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:36,520 Speaker 1: and an Algonquin language, and most cases the negotiating parties 75 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:40,400 Speaker 1: might speak some of what another's language, but not fluently. 76 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,839 Speaker 1: This gives me a brief flashback to Thomas Harriet and 77 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:47,919 Speaker 1: his visit to the America's under Sir Walter Raleigh, and 78 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:50,159 Speaker 1: how he put some of these ideas in motion that 79 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: led to all of these problems going forward. On top 80 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:59,080 Speaker 1: of having fundamentally different ways of understanding these transactions, English 81 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 1: colonists all so wanted access to more and more land 82 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 1: as their population grew, and as the first generation of 83 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:10,039 Speaker 1: English children born in North America reached adulthood, it was 84 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:14,120 Speaker 1: expected that firstborn sons would inherent land from their fathers. 85 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:17,279 Speaker 1: These firstborn sons thought of this inheritance as their birthright 86 00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,880 Speaker 1: and something that was exclusively There's not something that they 87 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:25,160 Speaker 1: shared with their indigenous neighbors. So, because of this need 88 00:05:25,240 --> 00:05:28,400 Speaker 1: to get more and more land, negotiations for the land 89 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:31,480 Speaker 1: and the deeds that came out of those negotiations became 90 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:35,279 Speaker 1: increasingly exploitive and absolute in terms of the rights that 91 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 1: the English people were getting. More and more of the 92 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 1: deeds were signed under duress. This included things like the 93 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 1: English taking someone captive and refusing to release them until 94 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:48,159 Speaker 1: they had signed their land over. A lot of these 95 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:52,480 Speaker 1: deeds included no more provisions about the indigenous people's continued 96 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:55,120 Speaker 1: use of the land, and then that led to disputes 97 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,880 Speaker 1: within indigenous communities as people, especially women, realized that the 98 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:02,719 Speaker 1: land that they had been cultivating or living on had 99 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,720 Speaker 1: been sold without their involvement and with no provision made 100 00:06:05,760 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: for them. It also wasn't just people who were encroaching 101 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:13,719 Speaker 1: onto indigenous land. As this situation progressed, colonists introduced a 102 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,960 Speaker 1: lot of domesticated livestock to North America, including cattle and pigs. 103 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:21,920 Speaker 1: Colonists fenced their own crops and then allowed their livestock 104 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: to roam and graze freely. Much of the plant life 105 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 1: and grazing land back in Britain was well adapted to 106 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: being eaten and stomped on by grazing livestock and then 107 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,279 Speaker 1: having the seeds of those plants propagated through dung. The 108 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:38,200 Speaker 1: plants in North America were not adapted in the same 109 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: way as the colonists. Animals encroached onto indigenous land, they 110 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,240 Speaker 1: tore up that land, and they were incredibly destructive to 111 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: cultivated crops. This wasn't restricted to just you know, planted 112 00:06:51,240 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: crops that someone was cultivating, which the animals did trample 113 00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:58,640 Speaker 1: and eat. A lot of the colonists. Domestic animals also 114 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:02,159 Speaker 1: destroyed things like claim and beds and woodland berry bushes 115 00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: that people gathered from, and when Indigenous people complained about 116 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,160 Speaker 1: this destruction of their crops and their other food sources, 117 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:11,120 Speaker 1: for the most part, the colonists just told them to 118 00:07:11,120 --> 00:07:15,560 Speaker 1: build fences rather than doing anything to contain their own animals. 119 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,720 Speaker 1: Among the Wampanog and other Algonquin speaking people's women were 120 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 1: generally the people who cultivated and managed this crop land, 121 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:26,600 Speaker 1: producing food for their own families and their whole communities 122 00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:30,200 Speaker 1: and for trade with the colonists and other indigenous nations. 123 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: And colonial records are full of indigenous women's efforts to 124 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,720 Speaker 1: resolve this and to protect and fairly distribute what remained 125 00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:41,560 Speaker 1: of their communities food stores. Whether something was about a 126 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:46,320 Speaker 1: land deed or animal encroachment, or some other dispute, the 127 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:51,119 Speaker 1: English colonists expected Indigenous people to follow English colonial law 128 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 1: and to seek restitution through colonial courts. One justification for 129 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: this on the part of the colonists was their belief 130 00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: that the Indigenous people were primitive and Huthens who needed 131 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 1: to be converted to Christianity and taught the ways of 132 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 1: English society. Another justification was that in a lot of cases, 133 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:12,080 Speaker 1: an indigenous leader or someone else speaking for a tribe 134 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:15,280 Speaker 1: had made some kind of allegiance to the colony, which 135 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: the colony regarded as a commitment to follow colonial law. 136 00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:21,720 Speaker 1: But in general, these courts were skewed in favor of 137 00:08:21,760 --> 00:08:25,400 Speaker 1: the colonists, so the colonists were forcing Indigenous people to 138 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 1: resolve disputes in a legal system that was stacked against them. 139 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:33,640 Speaker 1: Court decisions could be particularly egregious, like enforcing the terms 140 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:37,080 Speaker 1: of a land deed only if an indigenous family surrendered 141 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:39,960 Speaker 1: all its weapons, when those weapons were needed for both 142 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:43,599 Speaker 1: hunting and defense and were necessary to the family survival. 143 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:46,959 Speaker 1: All of this was also happening in the context of 144 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 1: an indigenous population that had been reduced dramatically due to 145 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:56,400 Speaker 1: introduced diseases, especially smallpox. A smallpox epidemic in sixteen thirty 146 00:08:56,440 --> 00:08:59,839 Speaker 1: three and sixteen thirty four killed an estimated seventy per 147 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:03,680 Speaker 1: scent of the indigenous population of the Northeast. King Philip's 148 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:06,120 Speaker 1: War wasn't the first time that all of this fed 149 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:08,880 Speaker 1: into a violent conflict, which is why it's not really 150 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 1: accurate to call it quote the First Indian War, as 151 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 1: it is sometimes known. You'll read that in various uh places. 152 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:19,680 Speaker 1: Although there had been violent conflicts on a smaller scale 153 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: going back to the beginning of a European presence in 154 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: what is now New England, the first sustained conflict in 155 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:28,440 Speaker 1: these English colonies was the Peaquot War, fought mainly in 156 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:31,439 Speaker 1: what is now Connecticut in sixteen thirty six and sixteen 157 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:34,320 Speaker 1: thirty seven. In addition to all these things that we've 158 00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: just discussed, another influence in the Peaquot War was trading 159 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:42,679 Speaker 1: relationships with the Dutch and the Peaquat nations existing relationships 160 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:46,680 Speaker 1: with its indigenous neighbors. The Peaquat nation had extended its 161 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: influence throughout the region through military conquest and inner marriage 162 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: and diplomacy, and it had become the most powerful indigenous 163 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:56,640 Speaker 1: nation in the area. At the end of the war, 164 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,720 Speaker 1: though most of the Peaquat fighting force had been killed, 165 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:03,440 Speaker 1: the surviving women and children were mostly captured and enslaved 166 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 1: and sent to two tribes that had sided with the 167 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: English in this conflict. After the Peaqua War, relationships between 168 00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:14,240 Speaker 1: the indigenous people and the colonists were relatively free from 169 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:17,120 Speaker 1: violence for the next few decades. We're gonna get to 170 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:26,240 Speaker 1: how that changed after we have a quick sponsor break. 171 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:31,160 Speaker 1: The King Philip of King Philip's War was Medicom also 172 00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:34,520 Speaker 1: known as Medicomet or Po Medicom. These kinds of name 173 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:37,800 Speaker 1: changes were really common among the Wampanag. He was the 174 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,079 Speaker 1: stm or leader of the poconoc At Wampanag, and the 175 00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: name King Philip came from the English colonists. They basically 176 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,560 Speaker 1: gave him a name after Philip of Macedon. Medicom's father 177 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:52,319 Speaker 1: was osa Mequin, also known as the massasoit Stum or 178 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:55,839 Speaker 1: Great Statum. You'll often see him called massasoit as though 179 00:10:55,840 --> 00:10:58,080 Speaker 1: that was his name, but that is really a title. 180 00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:01,440 Speaker 1: He was the inter tribal leader of the Wampanog nation. 181 00:11:01,440 --> 00:11:04,680 Speaker 1: When the Mayflower arrived in sixteen twenty, he signed a 182 00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:09,520 Speaker 1: treaty with the Colonists and maintained relatively peaceful relations with them. 183 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:12,440 Speaker 1: He was present at the meal that has become commemorated 184 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:16,840 Speaker 1: as the First Thanksgiving that colonists basically survived with the 185 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:19,319 Speaker 1: help of osam Equin and the rest of the Wampanog. 186 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,800 Speaker 1: Osam Aguin died in sixteen sixty one, and his son, 187 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:28,840 Speaker 1: Wemsuda became stageum. English colonists called Wemsuda Alexander, after Alexander 188 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:32,240 Speaker 1: the Great, but he died suddenly in sixteen sixty two. 189 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 1: The English had arrested him under suspicion that he was 190 00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:40,200 Speaker 1: planning some kind of uprising with the Narraganset people, something 191 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:43,319 Speaker 1: there was not actually any evidence for, and he had 192 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:47,240 Speaker 1: suddenly become very ill while he was imprisoned. A lot 193 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:51,840 Speaker 1: was suspicious about this. English authorities also maintained that Wamsuda 194 00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:54,520 Speaker 1: had been ordered to appear in court over this suspicion, 195 00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 1: but that he hadn't shown up and authorities had to 196 00:11:57,280 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: go bring him in, but there is absolutely no core 197 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:04,720 Speaker 1: documentation to back that up. Many of the Wampanag, including Medicom, 198 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:08,800 Speaker 1: believed that Wemstuda had been poisoned, and then Medicom was 199 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:12,319 Speaker 1: also summoned before the court, also on suspicion of plotting 200 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:17,120 Speaker 1: against the English. And this case, what the colony interpreted 201 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:20,400 Speaker 1: as signs of an uprising was probably just a traditional 202 00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:24,079 Speaker 1: spring festival. Combined with everything that we talked about before 203 00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:27,560 Speaker 1: the break, this really eroded the last of the goodwill 204 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:31,000 Speaker 1: that osam Equin had maintained with the colony. Although all 205 00:12:31,040 --> 00:12:33,720 Speaker 1: the people that we have just mentioned were men. Women 206 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:36,560 Speaker 1: were also a critical part of the Wampanag leadership and 207 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:41,400 Speaker 1: in diplomatic relationships with the colony. In particular, Medicalm's sister 208 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,040 Speaker 1: in law, Wamu, was heavily involved in the events leading 209 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:48,200 Speaker 1: up to and during King Philip's war. She was a 210 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: song squaw or a squaw statum, which was a role 211 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:54,880 Speaker 1: English colonists often described as queen. It was a role 212 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:57,520 Speaker 1: that was on equal footing with a shm and held 213 00:12:57,559 --> 00:12:59,760 Speaker 1: by a woman. But this wasn't a position that she 214 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:04,200 Speaker 1: had because of her marriage to Wamsuda. It predated that marriage, 215 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:08,520 Speaker 1: and it continued after his death in sixto. Yeah, the 216 00:13:08,520 --> 00:13:12,200 Speaker 1: the colonists referred to the statims and the squaw statims 217 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:15,960 Speaker 1: as like kings and queens, but the leadership structure was 218 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,839 Speaker 1: really a lot more about leading and about diplomacy than 219 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:24,080 Speaker 1: it was about being a ruler with like authoritative ordering 220 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 1: right over people. They were trying to fit it into 221 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:32,320 Speaker 1: the European model of monarchy, which it was not. Yeah. 222 00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:34,760 Speaker 1: So all the factors that we talked about before the 223 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:37,560 Speaker 1: break led to the start of King Philip's War, but 224 00:13:37,640 --> 00:13:40,920 Speaker 1: it's immediate precursor was the death of a man known 225 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:45,240 Speaker 1: as John Sassamon. Sassamon was an Indigenous man whose parents 226 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,640 Speaker 1: had died in an epidemic, and he was raised in 227 00:13:47,679 --> 00:13:51,559 Speaker 1: a praying town. These were communities that were established by 228 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:55,640 Speaker 1: Puritans for the purpose of converting Indigenous people to Christianity 229 00:13:55,679 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: and encouraging them to live under English law and following 230 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:02,240 Speaker 1: English customs. So the Indigenous people that were living in 231 00:14:02,280 --> 00:14:05,360 Speaker 1: these praying towns were people who converted to Christianity and 232 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: we're adopting like an English colonial lifestyle. Sassamon also attended 233 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:14,120 Speaker 1: Harvard for a time before the Indian College there was 234 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: formerly established. Sasamon had worked as an interpreter for the 235 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,440 Speaker 1: English before becoming one of Medicom's secretaries, and his motivations 236 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:24,920 Speaker 1: and actions in all of this really are not clear. 237 00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 1: There is some suggestion that the English sent him to 238 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: spy on Medicom, and in late sixteen seventy four he 239 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:36,200 Speaker 1: reportedly told authorities in Plymouth that Medicom was planning and uprising. 240 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 1: The colonial government doesn't seem to have taken this warning seriously, 241 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:44,320 Speaker 1: and then sometime in early sixteen seventy five, Sassamon's friends 242 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 1: reported that he was missing After a search, his body 243 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:51,280 Speaker 1: was found under the ice an assawamps at Pond in 244 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:56,120 Speaker 1: what's now southeastern Massachusetts. Forensics was really not an established 245 00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:59,400 Speaker 1: discipline at this point, but apart from that, there wasn't 246 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:01,960 Speaker 1: much of an ex himanation of Sassamon's body at all. 247 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:05,400 Speaker 1: A witness came forward and said that he had seen 248 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,480 Speaker 1: three of Medicom's counselors murder Sasamon and throw his body 249 00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:13,080 Speaker 1: into the lake. Authorities had concluded that it had been 250 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,400 Speaker 1: because Medicom really was planning an uprising, and that he'd 251 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:20,760 Speaker 1: ordered Sassamon to be killed for betraying him to the English. However, 252 00:15:20,840 --> 00:15:23,720 Speaker 1: there really was not any evidence for any of this, 253 00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:27,760 Speaker 1: and there are also a couple of complicating factors. The 254 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:30,920 Speaker 1: witness that testified to all of this also owed a 255 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:33,960 Speaker 1: gambling debt to one of the counselors that he implicated 256 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:36,880 Speaker 1: in the crime, and a sawaps that Pond was at 257 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: the heart of a land dispute involving many of these 258 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:44,240 Speaker 1: same people. So it's possible that he was killed and 259 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:47,400 Speaker 1: it like was something that was ordered because of this 260 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:50,360 Speaker 1: whole warning that there was an uprising being planned. It's 261 00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:53,400 Speaker 1: also possible that he was killed and it was something 262 00:15:53,440 --> 00:15:58,000 Speaker 1: related to this land dispute, or he might have just drowned, 263 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:02,360 Speaker 1: like it's totally unclear. Colonial authorities brought the three counselors 264 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,880 Speaker 1: involved to trial to create the appearance of fairness. They 265 00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:10,239 Speaker 1: assembled a jury that included six indigenous men and twelve colonists, 266 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:14,160 Speaker 1: but the trial itself was still pretty shoddy. Uh. This 267 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,840 Speaker 1: one witnesses testimony was really the only thing connecting Medicom's 268 00:16:17,920 --> 00:16:21,240 Speaker 1: counselors to Sassamon's death, which may or may not have 269 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: even been a murder, as Tracy said, could have been 270 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:27,160 Speaker 1: an accident. The evidence presented at court included a report 271 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,920 Speaker 1: that when Sassimon's body was brought to Medicom's counselor Tobias, 272 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:34,200 Speaker 1: that the corps started bleeding, and that that was evidence 273 00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:38,240 Speaker 1: of Tobias's guilt. The three counselors were found guilty and 274 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:41,640 Speaker 1: sentenced to be hanged on June eighth, sixteen seventy five. 275 00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: Two of them were executed on that day. The third 276 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:48,280 Speaker 1: was given a reprieve after the rope broke, and then 277 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:50,200 Speaker 1: he said that he had seen the other two men 278 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:53,640 Speaker 1: commit this crime but hadn't participated in it or intervened 279 00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:56,840 Speaker 1: by the end of June, though he had also been 280 00:16:56,920 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: executed by firing squad. Regardless of what their meta coom 281 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:03,840 Speaker 1: really had been planning, some kind of action against the colonists. 282 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,320 Speaker 1: Violence began shortly after these hangings. In early June, several 283 00:17:08,359 --> 00:17:13,960 Speaker 1: English farms were burned, apparently in retaliation. Then on June 284 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:17,640 Speaker 1: a colonist in Swansea fatally shot a Wapanog man while 285 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:21,320 Speaker 1: defending his farm from a wapanog graid. The next day, 286 00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:25,320 Speaker 1: in retaliation for that death, a Wapanog party killed seven 287 00:17:25,359 --> 00:17:29,000 Speaker 1: colonists in Swansea, which is generally marked as the start 288 00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:32,679 Speaker 1: of King Philip's War, So if you go read articles 289 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:35,640 Speaker 1: about this, you'll often see it described as this series 290 00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:38,240 Speaker 1: of events that started with the death of John Sassmont, 291 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,520 Speaker 1: with the trial and the execution leading to this escalating 292 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:43,720 Speaker 1: back and forth that tipped into an all out war. 293 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:46,720 Speaker 1: But at the same time, a few weeks before the 294 00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:49,879 Speaker 1: trial even happened, which was a month before these seven 295 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:53,280 Speaker 1: colonists were killed in Swansea, we Tamu had been talking 296 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:56,800 Speaker 1: to colonial authorities about her fears that the Wampanag We're 297 00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,400 Speaker 1: going to face persecution by the English, so tense had 298 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:04,199 Speaker 1: clearly been increasing before this trial even began. There was 299 00:18:04,240 --> 00:18:08,120 Speaker 1: heavy fighting in what is now Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 300 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 1: and Maine. Over the next six months. Many of the 301 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:15,359 Speaker 1: area's indigenous nations formed an alliance with the wampanag The 302 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,359 Speaker 1: Mohegans allied with the colonists, as did many of the 303 00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,800 Speaker 1: indigenous people who had converted to Christianity and we're living 304 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:26,640 Speaker 1: in praying towns. Some including the Narragansett, tried to stay neutral. 305 00:18:27,240 --> 00:18:30,919 Speaker 1: At first. Colonial forces fared really poorly in the fighting. 306 00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:33,680 Speaker 1: A lot of them were new recruits to the militia. 307 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 1: They really did not have a lot of training, and 308 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,399 Speaker 1: the training that they did have was really geared towards 309 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,560 Speaker 1: the style of fighting that was used in Europe. Meanwhile, 310 00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:44,480 Speaker 1: the indigenous forces tactics were more like what we might 311 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:47,680 Speaker 1: describe as guerrilla warfare today. They were a very highly 312 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:51,720 Speaker 1: mobile fighting force with marksman and snipers and just superior 313 00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:55,639 Speaker 1: knowledge of the terrain. As this was happening, English authorities 314 00:18:55,720 --> 00:19:00,919 Speaker 1: viewed Indigenous people in general with increasing suspicion. This included 315 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:03,719 Speaker 1: people who had converted to Christianity and we're living in 316 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:07,880 Speaker 1: praying towns. One example was James Printer, who was Nipmuck 317 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:11,160 Speaker 1: but had been raised in an English household and educated 318 00:19:11,200 --> 00:19:15,200 Speaker 1: at Harvard Indian College. In August of sixteen seventy five, 319 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:18,160 Speaker 1: he was captured and accused of participating in a raid 320 00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 1: when he had actually been in church at that time. Similarly, 321 00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,840 Speaker 1: between thirty and forty Indigenous people were arrested and imprisoned 322 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:28,879 Speaker 1: in Cambridge for burning down a haystack that belonged to 323 00:19:28,920 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: a man named Amos Richardson, even though Richardson himself insisted 324 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: that none of them were the culprits. On September eighteenth, 325 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:40,119 Speaker 1: an indigenous force ambushed an English convoy that was trying 326 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:42,800 Speaker 1: to remove what was left of the harvest from the 327 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,399 Speaker 1: town of Deerfield. Deerfield had been abandoned. In the wake 328 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:49,400 Speaker 1: of the fighting, at least sixty people from the convoy 329 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:51,560 Speaker 1: were killed in what came to be known as the 330 00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,879 Speaker 1: Battle of Bloody Brook or the bloody Brook Massacre. In 331 00:19:54,960 --> 00:19:58,520 Speaker 1: October of sixteen seventy five, the Narragansett signed a treaty 332 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:02,439 Speaker 1: of neutrality with the ma Instachusetts Bay Colony. Once they 333 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:06,280 Speaker 1: had signed, colonial authorities demanded that they surrender. Wampanag and 334 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:10,720 Speaker 1: other refugees who were being sheltered in Narragansett territory. The 335 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:14,280 Speaker 1: Narragansett refused this. They considered the refugees to be their 336 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: kin and under their protection. So the English took this 337 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:20,520 Speaker 1: as a sign of duplicity on the Narragansetts part and 338 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:23,840 Speaker 1: a suggestion that they might abandon this treaty and joined 339 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: with Medicom. There had also overtime been individual Arrogancett people 340 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:31,280 Speaker 1: who had participated in raids and things like that. So 341 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:34,760 Speaker 1: the colonies mustered a militia of about a thousand people, 342 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: along with about a hundred and fifty indigenous allies, and 343 00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:41,800 Speaker 1: they marched to Narragancet Territory, burning the indigenous settlements that 344 00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:45,440 Speaker 1: they passed along the way. On December nineteenth, fighting began 345 00:20:45,560 --> 00:20:48,680 Speaker 1: in a swamp in what is now West Kingston, Rhode Island. 346 00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:51,879 Speaker 1: This became known as the Great Swamp Fight or the 347 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:55,640 Speaker 1: Great Swamp Massacre, with the violence stretching into December twentieth. 348 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 1: At first, the Narragansett were able to drive the English 349 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:02,560 Speaker 1: force back, but at the English regrouped and reinforcements arrived. 350 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: They took the main Narragance at fort, burning it down 351 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:10,239 Speaker 1: with people, mostly elders, women, and children still inside. At 352 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:13,720 Speaker 1: least seventy people were killed among the colonial force. With 353 00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:17,119 Speaker 1: the indigenous death tool much harder to estimate, it was 354 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,480 Speaker 1: at least a hundred and fifty people, but it may 355 00:21:19,520 --> 00:21:22,440 Speaker 1: have been hundreds more. This was really a turning point 356 00:21:22,440 --> 00:21:24,440 Speaker 1: in the war, so we're going to take a quick 357 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:34,360 Speaker 1: sponsor break before we move on. After the Great Swamp Massacre, 358 00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:38,439 Speaker 1: the Narragansett Nation unsurprisingly went to war against the colonies. 359 00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:43,440 Speaker 1: Narragansett sat Conanchet formed a coalition with other indigenous tribes 360 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: and nations, which mustered a fighting force of about two 361 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: thousand and what's now Rhode Island. He then moved into 362 00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: central Massachusetts and organized another force of about fift hundred people. 363 00:21:54,320 --> 00:21:57,879 Speaker 1: As Canancha was forming this coalition, the weather was hampering 364 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:01,680 Speaker 1: the colonists efforts in the war. Late December of sixteen 365 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,679 Speaker 1: seventy five was very snowy, with militia commanders reporting depths 366 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:08,960 Speaker 1: between two and three feet of snow. It wasn't at 367 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,240 Speaker 1: all conducive to the militia's movements, especially since they didn't 368 00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:15,679 Speaker 1: know exactly where the indigenous forces were at any point. 369 00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:19,640 Speaker 1: The indigenous forces were affected as well, but they continued 370 00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,280 Speaker 1: to be a lot more mobile than the colonial forces were, 371 00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:24,960 Speaker 1: thanks to having more experience dealing with this kind of 372 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,480 Speaker 1: weather and being more familiar with a lot of the 373 00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:31,159 Speaker 1: territory outside the colonial towns. It was also just a 374 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: lot easier for a small like raiding party in snow 375 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,960 Speaker 1: shoes to come in and hit a place and leave 376 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:42,440 Speaker 1: than it was for like a militia unit to march somewhere. 377 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:46,760 Speaker 1: In the early months of sixteen seventy six, these two 378 00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:51,240 Speaker 1: indigenous fronts moved northward and eastwards through southern New England. 379 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:55,440 Speaker 1: They converged in Providence, Rhode Island, which the Indigenous force 380 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,760 Speaker 1: burned down in March of sixteen seventy six. By the spring, 381 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,160 Speaker 1: in the face of these two advancing armies, the English 382 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,879 Speaker 1: had abandoned at least eleven towns in Massachusetts, and the 383 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 1: Indigenous force had destroyed most of the colonial towns in 384 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:13,600 Speaker 1: Rhode Island on the west side of Narragance at Bay. 385 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:15,880 Speaker 1: But as the weather got warmer in the spring, there 386 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:19,639 Speaker 1: was another shift. New England's Indigenous community had been on 387 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:22,199 Speaker 1: the move through the winter. Whether it was the fighting 388 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,719 Speaker 1: force advancing through the colony, or women, children, and elders 389 00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:27,320 Speaker 1: who were trying to stay out of the way of 390 00:23:27,320 --> 00:23:31,120 Speaker 1: the war. Fewer crops had been planted because people couldn't 391 00:23:31,160 --> 00:23:33,680 Speaker 1: stay in one place to tend them, and what did 392 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:37,920 Speaker 1: get planted was often destroyed by the colonial militia. For example, 393 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:41,280 Speaker 1: in May of sixteen seventy six, an English force attacked 394 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:44,639 Speaker 1: a Nipmuck camp that had been established specifically for fishing 395 00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: and planting. The colonial militia massacred many of the people 396 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: who were there, who were mostly again women, children, and elders. 397 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:55,560 Speaker 1: This was about two hundred people. Then an indigenous force 398 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:58,800 Speaker 1: that was nearby regrouped and killed about forty of the militia. 399 00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:03,080 Speaker 1: This continued to June, with the colonial militia arranging raids 400 00:24:03,119 --> 00:24:06,119 Speaker 1: to destroy the indigenous people's crops and to force them 401 00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: away from their cultivated fields. Indigenous forces and refugees alike 402 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:14,639 Speaker 1: simply started running out of food. Then, on July twenty, 403 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:19,120 Speaker 1: Benjamin Church led a force that attacked Medicom's encampment, capturing 404 00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:23,240 Speaker 1: his wife and child and selling them into slavery. Medicom 405 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,560 Speaker 1: was also captured and was assassinated. On August twelfth of 406 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:30,280 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy six. His body was drawn and quartered, and 407 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,280 Speaker 1: his head was placed on a pike and displayed outside 408 00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:37,080 Speaker 1: of Plymouth. That same month, we to Moo drowned while 409 00:24:37,119 --> 00:24:39,240 Speaker 1: trying to cross a river as she was fleeing from 410 00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:43,119 Speaker 1: colonial forces. Cananchet was also captured and killed in sixteen 411 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: seventy six. Medicom's death is often described as the end 412 00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:50,439 Speaker 1: of King Philip's War, but in reality, the indigenous forces 413 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:54,440 Speaker 1: had been losing ground for months and fighting continued, particularly 414 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:58,280 Speaker 1: in what's now Maine, for months. A treaty formally ended 415 00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:01,200 Speaker 1: the fighting along the Northern Front in April twelfth, sixteen 416 00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:05,920 Speaker 1: seventy eight, almost two years after Medicom's death. The idea 417 00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:08,640 Speaker 1: that the war was King Phillips and that it ended 418 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: with his death really came from Benjamin Church's entertaining History 419 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,119 Speaker 1: of King Philip's War, which was published in seventeen sixteen. 420 00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,119 Speaker 1: That story recounted his own role in pursuing and killing 421 00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:23,000 Speaker 1: Medicom's through the stories that he had told to his son. 422 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:26,639 Speaker 1: Church's account is one of many written from the colonial 423 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:30,919 Speaker 1: perspective in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Colonists actually 424 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,840 Speaker 1: started writing books about this war before the war was 425 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:37,919 Speaker 1: even over. Increase Mather published a brief History of the 426 00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:41,080 Speaker 1: War with the Indians in New England in sixteen seventy six, 427 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: and William Hubbard published a narrative of the Trouble with 428 00:25:44,359 --> 00:25:47,439 Speaker 1: the Indians in New England in sixteen seventy seven. We 429 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:51,159 Speaker 1: also have Mary Rowlinson's A Narrative of the Captivity and 430 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:55,040 Speaker 1: Restoration of Mrs Mary Rowlinson, which was published in sixteen 431 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:58,920 Speaker 1: eighty two. Rowlinson and her children were taken captive after 432 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,800 Speaker 1: a raid on lancast Her. One of her children was 433 00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:05,360 Speaker 1: injured and died shortly afterward, and Rowland and her surviving 434 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:09,439 Speaker 1: children spent almost three months as captives. They wound up 435 00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:11,679 Speaker 1: with a party led by Wamu as she tried to 436 00:26:11,720 --> 00:26:16,160 Speaker 1: guide refugees to safety. Rawlinson's account has been described as 437 00:26:16,160 --> 00:26:19,959 Speaker 1: North America's first bestseller, and it launched the genre of 438 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:23,480 Speaker 1: the captivity narrative. By the end of this war, about 439 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:27,720 Speaker 1: six hundred colonists and British soldiers had been killed, about 440 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:31,840 Speaker 1: seventeen English settlements were completely destroyed or abandoned, and at 441 00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:35,840 Speaker 1: least fifty others were heavily damaged. The death toll on 442 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:38,800 Speaker 1: the indigenous side is harder to say precisely, but it 443 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:42,520 Speaker 1: was probably in the thousands. It's estimated that about five 444 00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:45,320 Speaker 1: percent of New England's white population was killed as a 445 00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:48,679 Speaker 1: result of the war, with forty percent of the indigenous 446 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:52,560 Speaker 1: population either being killed or fleeing the region. At least 447 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:56,200 Speaker 1: one thousand Indigenous people were also enslaved and sent out 448 00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:59,439 Speaker 1: of New England. This included people who surrendered with the 449 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 1: hope that they would be treated leniently. The colonists had 450 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,720 Speaker 1: enslaved indigenous people starting before the war, but they really 451 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:10,600 Speaker 1: expanded the practice during and afterward. Prior to the war, 452 00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:14,200 Speaker 1: colonists had enslaved indigenous people to make money, to take 453 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:17,159 Speaker 1: their land, and to punish and remove anyone who was 454 00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: viewed as a negative influence on other indigenous people. During 455 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,399 Speaker 1: and after King Philip's War, most of the enslaved Indigenous 456 00:27:24,440 --> 00:27:27,560 Speaker 1: men were sent to Barbados or to other British territory 457 00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:30,320 Speaker 1: in the Caribbean, but a few were sent to other 458 00:27:30,359 --> 00:27:34,440 Speaker 1: places as well. Enslaved Indigenous women and children were often 459 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:38,440 Speaker 1: forced to work in British households and businesses in North America, 460 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,720 Speaker 1: and in some cases this enslavement became hereditary, with children 461 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:46,000 Speaker 1: who were born to enslaved Indigenous women being claimed as 462 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:48,840 Speaker 1: the property of the households where these women were being 463 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:52,800 Speaker 1: forced to work. English attitudes toward the Indigenous people became 464 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:56,119 Speaker 1: much harsher in the wake of the war. The colonies 465 00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:59,719 Speaker 1: passed prohibitions on selling weapons to Indigenous people, and that 466 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: was later expanded to selling anything to them. The colonies 467 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:08,280 Speaker 1: also organized patrols to police indigenous communities and their movements. 468 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:12,320 Speaker 1: In May of seventeen sixty six, Massachusetts ordered that all 469 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:15,919 Speaker 1: Indigenous people in the colony's territory had to live in 470 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,760 Speaker 1: one of four praying towns. Further laws were passed in 471 00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:23,199 Speaker 1: the early eighteenth century, often with laws targeting the indigenous 472 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:27,680 Speaker 1: population being looped into laws that were related to enslaved Africans. 473 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:32,240 Speaker 1: As for the colonists, the British government dispatched Edward Randolph 474 00:28:32,359 --> 00:28:35,320 Speaker 1: to investigate the causes of the war and to assess 475 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:39,680 Speaker 1: the damage. He reported that the colonists generally believed that 476 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:44,080 Speaker 1: it had been divine punishment for their own sinfulness. After 477 00:28:44,120 --> 00:28:46,800 Speaker 1: he made this report, the English colonies in New England 478 00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:49,280 Speaker 1: lost a lot of their autonomy. They became part of 479 00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:51,840 Speaker 1: the Dominion of New England, which was placed under the 480 00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,560 Speaker 1: control of New York Governor Edmund Andros. Of the hundreds 481 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:58,480 Speaker 1: of indigenous tribes and nations in New England before and 482 00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,600 Speaker 1: during King Philip's War, only a few remain today. In 483 00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:05,240 Speaker 1: terms of nations that have come up in today's episode, 484 00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:08,880 Speaker 1: there's the Mohegan tribe of Indians of Connecticut, the Narragansett 485 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,120 Speaker 1: Indian tribe of Rhode Island, and in Massachusetts the mashp 486 00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:16,360 Speaker 1: Wampanag and the Wampanog tribe of gay Head Aquinna. Of course, 487 00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:19,040 Speaker 1: there are also tribes that still exist but don't have 488 00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:23,240 Speaker 1: federal recognition. The Nipmuck nation is recognized by the Commonwealth 489 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:27,000 Speaker 1: of Massachusetts but not by the federal government, and there 490 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:30,720 Speaker 1: are also tribes that existent are not recognized by any 491 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:33,920 Speaker 1: state or a government body. There are a lot of 492 00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: books about King Philip's War, and they all offer their 493 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:40,120 Speaker 1: own interpretation of what happened and why. And this includes 494 00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,200 Speaker 1: a lot of books written within the last few decades, 495 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:45,400 Speaker 1: and that understanding is going to continue to evolve. In 496 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 1: terms of the Wampanoag perspective, in particular, the Wampanag adopted 497 00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:52,960 Speaker 1: reading and writing from the colonists in the seventeenth century, 498 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: but the Wampanag language was nearly lost in the centuries 499 00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:59,440 Speaker 1: that followed. That has changed recently thanks to the work 500 00:29:59,480 --> 00:30:02,080 Speaker 1: of Jesse Little Doe Baird, who was awarded a MacArthur 501 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:05,040 Speaker 1: Grant for her efforts to revive the want Banag language. 502 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 1: In so as more people become fluent in Wapanag, that's 503 00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:13,120 Speaker 1: going to open another avenue of research for historians. I 504 00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: read a lot of resources for this show, but the 505 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,720 Speaker 1: book that I read um was Our Beloved Kin, A 506 00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:22,760 Speaker 1: New History of King Phillip's War by Lisa Brooks. That 507 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,160 Speaker 1: is not so much if you're thinking of a book 508 00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:28,240 Speaker 1: about a war in history. It's not a book that's 509 00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: like this happened, and then this happened, and then this happened. 510 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,520 Speaker 1: It is more looking at all the factors of the 511 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 1: war from different angles, including like close readings of different 512 00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:41,240 Speaker 1: land deeds and letters and captivity narratives and all of 513 00:30:41,280 --> 00:30:44,240 Speaker 1: that stuff. Um. It is really interesting and is a 514 00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:48,480 Speaker 1: lot more about um the Wanpanag perspective and other indigenous 515 00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:51,320 Speaker 1: perspectives than some of the other books that are out there. 516 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:53,880 Speaker 1: Folks are interested in that. It also has a really 517 00:30:53,920 --> 00:30:57,880 Speaker 1: fascinating companion website that is full of maps and pictures 518 00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:01,640 Speaker 1: and all kinds of other stuff. So I feel like 519 00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:06,200 Speaker 1: the point about the revival of UM the Wampano language 520 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:08,440 Speaker 1: and that opening a new avenue of research is either 521 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:10,280 Speaker 1: something that was in that book or something and one 522 00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:12,920 Speaker 1: of other things that I read as I was researching this. 523 00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:15,360 Speaker 1: Do you also have a little bit of listener mail, Jurie, 524 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:21,000 Speaker 1: it's a correction. Sometimes we make mistakes and it's like, oh, 525 00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:24,640 Speaker 1: I didn't know that. That's an error I made. Sometimes 526 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:27,040 Speaker 1: we make mistakes and I did know that, and that's 527 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:32,000 Speaker 1: extra embarrassing UM, And that's what happened this time. This 528 00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:34,440 Speaker 1: is a letter from Mark and Marcus, one of a 529 00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,040 Speaker 1: few people that wrote to us about this. Mark says, Hi, 530 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:39,920 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, I recently discovered your podcasts and I'm 531 00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:42,560 Speaker 1: so very glad I did. Fascinating topics, coupled with your 532 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:44,959 Speaker 1: fun and fetching presentation styles, have made up my favorite 533 00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:47,920 Speaker 1: podcast for my early morning sixty minutes commute to work. 534 00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: I was listening to a recent six Impossible Episodes show 535 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:54,320 Speaker 1: and heard you mentioned the impeachment of Nixon. I'm sure 536 00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:56,120 Speaker 1: a lot of listeners have already reached out about this, 537 00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:59,480 Speaker 1: but just a reminder that Nixon was not impeached. He 538 00:31:59,640 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: was threatened with impeachment but resigned before suffering through what 539 00:32:03,280 --> 00:32:07,400 Speaker 1: appeared to be an inevitable end. I know you two 540 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,240 Speaker 1: like to be accurate, So there it is. They keep 541 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:12,360 Speaker 1: it coming. We are listening. Cheers, Mark, Thank you Mark 542 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: and the others who have written to us or tweeted 543 00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:20,080 Speaker 1: at us or Facebook commented on us about this. UH. 544 00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:25,160 Speaker 1: To recap the impeachment process of Richard Nixon had started. 545 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:29,200 Speaker 1: There had been months of impeachment hearings and investigations, and 546 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:33,640 Speaker 1: the House Judiciary Committee had approved articles of impeachment on 547 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,320 Speaker 1: three different charges that happened in late July of nineteen 548 00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:39,960 Speaker 1: seventy four, but the House did not actually vote on 549 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:43,800 Speaker 1: those articles because Nixon announced his resignation on August eight 550 00:32:43,880 --> 00:32:45,760 Speaker 1: of nineteen seventy four, and he left the White House 551 00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:49,160 Speaker 1: the next day, so there was no one left in office. 552 00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:52,120 Speaker 1: I mean, there was someone left in office, but like Nixon, 553 00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:55,000 Speaker 1: was not in office to impeach anymore. So instead, the 554 00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: House adopted a resolution that accepted that the House Judiciary 555 00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:02,600 Speaker 1: report on the whole at or this all gets shorthanded 556 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 1: to impeached a lot because like it had gone on 557 00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:10,680 Speaker 1: for all of that time and included various impeachment proceedings, 558 00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:16,400 Speaker 1: but like there was no actual vote on the impeachment articles. Um, 559 00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:19,440 Speaker 1: it really seemed incredibly likely that he was going to 560 00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:21,920 Speaker 1: be impeached by the House and then convicted by the Senate. 561 00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:25,960 Speaker 1: But technically that vote never happened. So um, even though 562 00:33:26,680 --> 00:33:29,360 Speaker 1: it gets glossed over with the word impeachment a lot, 563 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:40,600 Speaker 1: technically not impeach, impeached resigned from office to avoid that fate. Uh. Anyway, Yeah, 564 00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:44,200 Speaker 1: I knew that from eighth grade Civics class or whatever, 565 00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:46,920 Speaker 1: and that's I just wrote it wrong. I wrote it 566 00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:49,320 Speaker 1: wrong in the thing and didn't catch it anyway. So 567 00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,120 Speaker 1: thank you to the folks who have brought that up 568 00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:56,160 Speaker 1: gave me a chance to say it the right way. 569 00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, we're at 570 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: History Podcast at i heeart radio dot com. We're also 571 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:04,240 Speaker 1: all over social media at missed in History. That's where 572 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:08,799 Speaker 1: you'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram, and you 573 00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:11,560 Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on Apple podcast the I 574 00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:19,560 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app neywhere else to get your podcasts. Stuff 575 00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:21,480 Speaker 1: You Missed in History Class is a production of I 576 00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:24,600 Speaker 1: heart Radio's How Stuff Works. For more podcasts For my 577 00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:27,920 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit i heart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or 578 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:29,760 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.