1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:12,119 --> 00:00:14,840 Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:14,960 --> 00:00:17,760 Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with I Heart Radio 4 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:21,080 Speaker 1: and I love all things tech. And we are back 5 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:26,480 Speaker 1: with the story about ARM ARM Limited in later ARM Holdings, 6 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: and the family of processors that grew out of a 7 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:34,240 Speaker 1: British computing company from the nineteen seventies. If you haven't 8 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:36,879 Speaker 1: listened to the first part of this, I recommend you 9 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 1: go back and listen to that one first because it's sequential. 10 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:43,680 Speaker 1: But we left off in our last episode with the 11 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: launch of the ARMS six family of microprocessors, confusingly the 12 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:53,000 Speaker 1: fourth generation of them, and the failure of the Apple 13 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 1: Newton product, which partly prompted ARM CEO Robin Saxby to 14 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: adopt a strategy to license our architecture technology to other 15 00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 1: companies back in in other words, to license the the 16 00:01:08,600 --> 00:01:13,120 Speaker 1: intellectual property to other fabricators, so ARM would not be 17 00:01:13,720 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: a manufacturing company. It would design microprocessors, and it would 18 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:23,039 Speaker 1: design instruction sets for those microprocessors, and then license that 19 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:28,199 Speaker 1: information to other companies that could then make these chips themselves, 20 00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:31,360 Speaker 1: and even make them and sell them to other customers. 21 00:01:31,360 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: That's kind of how this could work, and ARM would 22 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:37,800 Speaker 1: end up receiving an upfront licensing fee and some royalties 23 00:01:37,840 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: as well, joining v L s I, which had previously 24 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:46,760 Speaker 1: been the sole fabricator of ARM chips, where the Japanese 25 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: company Sharp and the British semiconductor company g E C 26 00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: plus E Semiconductors. Now this would just be the beginning 27 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: of companies manufacturing our microprocessors. And as I mentioned, the 28 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,320 Speaker 1: licensing deal had two parts them. First was the upfront 29 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: licensing fee for the technology, so this was a flat fee, 30 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:08,280 Speaker 1: and if a company like Sharp wanted to manufacture ARMED chips, 31 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: it would first have to pay that flat fee in 32 00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:13,240 Speaker 1: order to do so. But on the back end was 33 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:16,120 Speaker 1: a royalty fee which might not kick in for a 34 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:18,520 Speaker 1: few years, in fact, in some cases up to five 35 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:21,480 Speaker 1: years after products were being sold. That's when the royalties 36 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:24,040 Speaker 1: would start to kick in. So as companies would sell 37 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:29,240 Speaker 1: Armed chips or selling products that used ARM designed chips, 38 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:33,839 Speaker 1: then ARM would end up earning a small amount on 39 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:39,320 Speaker 1: those sales. Would prove to be an enormous year for ARM. 40 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:41,880 Speaker 1: Not only did it see the launch of the ARMS 41 00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:45,080 Speaker 1: six in the form of the first Apple Newton, which 42 00:02:45,400 --> 00:02:49,320 Speaker 1: admittedly is perhaps not the most auspicious of beginnings, and 43 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: not only did it transition into a sort of intellectual 44 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:57,079 Speaker 1: property company, it also landed a deal with Texas Instruments, 45 00:02:57,160 --> 00:03:00,920 Speaker 1: a company famous for lots of electronic devices is including 46 00:03:00,960 --> 00:03:06,000 Speaker 1: popular scientific calculators. T I would license the ARM architecture 47 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:08,520 Speaker 1: and would become not only a valuable partner for ARM, 48 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 1: but also a sort of almost like a sales rep. 49 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: Like I was saying. You know, companies would make ARM 50 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:18,359 Speaker 1: processors and then some sometimes sell those to other companies. 51 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 1: So when hand set manufacturer Nokia began looking for a 52 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: processor solution for its upcoming mobile phones, Texas Instruments suggested ARM. 53 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:32,320 Speaker 1: Nokia balked at the idea at first because the cost 54 00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:35,440 Speaker 1: of the ARMS six chips was higher than the company 55 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,720 Speaker 1: wanted to pay for components for its handsets. It would 56 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: mean either Nokia would have to eat that cost, thus 57 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:46,160 Speaker 1: cutting into profits, maybe even leading at selling at a loss, 58 00:03:46,160 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: which isn't really acceptable, or they would have to price 59 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,200 Speaker 1: the handsets at a level higher than the market would 60 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:57,080 Speaker 1: maybe support so they could price themselves out. The phones 61 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: would be too expensive, no one would buy them. ARMS 62 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: response was quick, which was helped by the fact that 63 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 1: the team at ARM was still relatively small. The company 64 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:07,720 Speaker 1: could actually be really nimble and respond to things quickly, 65 00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 1: and they got to work designing a new instruction set, 66 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 1: one that was just sixteen bits rather than thirty two. 67 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:17,960 Speaker 1: If you need to have a refresher on that, listen 68 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:22,039 Speaker 1: to the last podcast. But it lowered the memory demands 69 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:25,360 Speaker 1: for the technology and thus reduced the cost of the 70 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:29,280 Speaker 1: components required, and it was called the ARM seven T 71 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:32,599 Speaker 1: d M I. The T d M I stands for 72 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:36,360 Speaker 1: a thumb debug fast Multiplier and enhanced i c e. 73 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:39,400 Speaker 1: The only bit I really want to talk about among 74 00:04:39,640 --> 00:04:42,880 Speaker 1: those right now is thumb and that was a special 75 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,359 Speaker 1: instruction set, and it was this instruction set that allowed 76 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: for the sixteen bit approach. To go into more detail 77 00:04:50,279 --> 00:04:53,600 Speaker 1: would frankly require a deeper understanding than I possess, So 78 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:58,039 Speaker 1: rather than fumble about with attempted explanations, I'll just leave 79 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:01,000 Speaker 1: it at this. Essentially, it was is able to take 80 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:05,880 Speaker 1: thirty two bits set of instructions and dumb it down 81 00:05:05,960 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: to sixteen bit. That is drastically oversimplifying what it did, 82 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:15,680 Speaker 1: but it's it serves its purpose for this episode, Texas 83 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:19,080 Speaker 1: Instruments licensed the technology from ARM and then sold the 84 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,280 Speaker 1: chips to Nokia, and then Nokia then used that chip 85 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:26,920 Speaker 1: to power the Nokia sixty one ten hand set, which 86 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 1: was phenomenally successful in Europe. Nokia would introduce a version 87 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:34,240 Speaker 1: of this phone for the North American market with some 88 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,280 Speaker 1: minor changes to the hand set. This one was called 89 00:05:37,279 --> 00:05:40,760 Speaker 1: the six nine, and the candy bar style phone would 90 00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 1: become one of the early big successes in cellular phones. 91 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:46,000 Speaker 1: I remember having a Nokia. I don't think it was 92 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:48,080 Speaker 1: this model. I think it was actually a little later, 93 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:51,320 Speaker 1: but I remember playing Snake on it. You guys remember 94 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: Snake Anyway. More than that, the success of the Nokia 95 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:58,359 Speaker 1: sixty one ten led to the big success for ARM 96 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:00,919 Speaker 1: as the ARMS seven technology. She became the go to 97 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: architecture for mobile phones, and to call it a success 98 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:09,360 Speaker 1: really understates things. More than ten billion with a B 99 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:13,200 Speaker 1: ARMS seven chips were produced since they were first introduced 100 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: in nineteen and the Nokia phone itself wouldn't debut until now. 101 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:21,080 Speaker 1: Keep in mind those chips are being made by companies 102 00:06:21,080 --> 00:06:24,159 Speaker 1: all around the world. ARM is licensing the design to 103 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: those companies now in the meantime, ARM was developing a 104 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:32,480 Speaker 1: new generation of this technology, ARM eight, which confusingly marks 105 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:36,680 Speaker 1: the fourth generation of ARM processors, would emerge in nineteen 106 00:06:36,839 --> 00:06:40,360 Speaker 1: nine six. While it followed the same process as the 107 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:43,880 Speaker 1: ARMS seven ten line, it packed in twice the performance 108 00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: with a more optimized design. It also revamped the instruction pipeline, which, hey, 109 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:52,360 Speaker 1: that opens up another opportunity to talk about how that works. 110 00:06:53,120 --> 00:06:57,279 Speaker 1: The idea behind an instruction pipeline is to maximize the 111 00:06:57,400 --> 00:07:01,359 Speaker 1: usefulness of a processor by delivering LLL instructions to the 112 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:06,160 Speaker 1: processor simultaneously. So rather than have parts of the processor 113 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: kind of going dormant because they're not needed for a 114 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:12,560 Speaker 1: particular process, the goal was to keep all the parts 115 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:15,280 Speaker 1: of the processor busy in an effort to reduce the 116 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: amount of time that the processor takes to complete a 117 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 1: certain task or program. Pipelines do this by delivering sequential 118 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: steps for specific tasks that different processor units can handle. 119 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: The ARMS seven architecture had a three stage pipeline divided 120 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: into the instructions for fetch, decode, and execute. These are 121 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,480 Speaker 1: basic instructions. The ARM eight pipeline introduced a five stage 122 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:45,679 Speaker 1: approach which added instructions for memory access and writing to memories, 123 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:49,000 Speaker 1: so essentially reading from memory and writing to it. Really, 124 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: what this means is that the design optimizes how instructions 125 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: arrive at the processor and how much more of the 126 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:57,840 Speaker 1: processor is in use at any given moment to complete 127 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: tasks faster. As Night was coming to a close, ARM 128 00:08:02,600 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: was entering a new phase of its existence. It had 129 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: up to that point been a privately held company. The 130 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: income for that year measured up to around two point 131 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:19,160 Speaker 1: nine million pounds, which if we converted that to US 132 00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: dollars and adjusted for inflation, is somewhere around seven and 133 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 1: a half million dollars. But to be accurate, I really 134 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,840 Speaker 1: should just give a range of values, because we're dealing 135 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:33,440 Speaker 1: with both, you know, translating from one form of currency 136 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:36,640 Speaker 1: to another, plus adjusting for inflation. So really it could 137 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:39,199 Speaker 1: be anywhere between six point four and nine point one 138 00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:42,280 Speaker 1: million dollars, which is pretty big range. The company itself 139 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:47,400 Speaker 1: was worth in excess of twenty million pounds, a princely sum. Indeed, 140 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:51,439 Speaker 1: it was time to take the company public. Now I've 141 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:55,040 Speaker 1: talked about this process in other episodes of Tech Stuff, 142 00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:59,280 Speaker 1: but generally speaking, the process of taking up private company public. 143 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:02,199 Speaker 1: First of all, It involves an awful lot of paperwork, 144 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:05,880 Speaker 1: as people have to determine the value of the company 145 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: when all its assets and debts are taking into account, 146 00:09:09,559 --> 00:09:12,920 Speaker 1: and that value in turn guides how many shares and 147 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: how much money per share will be on offer when 148 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:18,800 Speaker 1: the company goes public and people can can buy a 149 00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:21,880 Speaker 1: stake in the company. The idea here is that the 150 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,520 Speaker 1: number of shares and the price per share will reflect 151 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:27,440 Speaker 1: the value of the company. You know, you can't just 152 00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:31,520 Speaker 1: keep printing out shares at the same price, because it 153 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:35,440 Speaker 1: all has to kind of link back to how much 154 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:38,319 Speaker 1: is the company actually worth. It's actually a pretty complicated thing, 155 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,960 Speaker 1: and it's partly dependent upon our perception of a company's 156 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:45,680 Speaker 1: worth as opposed to a you know, hard, concrete, universal, 157 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: quote unquote real number. Now, at this point, I think 158 00:09:48,760 --> 00:09:52,559 Speaker 1: it's good to reflect a moment on Acorn Computers. If 159 00:09:52,559 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: you listen to the first episode, you know that ARM 160 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: spun off from Acorn Computers, which was a company that 161 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: used the risk based processors and the personal computers that 162 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: manufactured the Archimedes computers. Well, things had taken a turn 163 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:10,280 Speaker 1: over at Acorn as ARM was making a move to 164 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: go public. Much of Acorn's management was focused on that process. Now, remember, 165 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:19,200 Speaker 1: ARM was originally a joint venture between Acorn, Apple Computers 166 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:22,319 Speaker 1: and v L s I, which was a fabrication company. 167 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:27,040 Speaker 1: Acorn management changed and after the company experienced a substantial 168 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:31,839 Speaker 1: loss in the new management decided on a massive restructuring 169 00:10:32,080 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 1: that involved selling off several divisions to other companies and 170 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:40,760 Speaker 1: ultimately renaming Acorn Computers itself. The company transformed into a 171 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:43,959 Speaker 1: new one called Element fourteen. Now, if you take a 172 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:47,440 Speaker 1: quick glance at the periodic table, which I imagine you 173 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: keep handy just as I do, you will see that 174 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: Element fourteen is Silicon Clever. Element fourteen wouldn't be around 175 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,320 Speaker 1: in that form for very long as an Element fourteen 176 00:10:59,360 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: the company Silicon, As it turns out, it's still in 177 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:07,120 Speaker 1: good shape. But Broad Calm Corporation acquired Element fourteen in 178 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: two thousand. Broad Calm, in turn would later be acquired 179 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:15,559 Speaker 1: by Evago Technologies, though it still operates as Broad Calm Corporation. 180 00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:19,760 Speaker 1: But this all reminds us that, as Quigon Jen once 181 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 1: said famously, there's always a bigger fish. While Acorn Computers 182 00:11:25,679 --> 00:11:30,840 Speaker 1: effectively vanished due to acquisitions, ARM continued to go strong 183 00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,400 Speaker 1: The company listed on both the London Stock Exchange and 184 00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:39,520 Speaker 1: the NASDAQ on April seventeenth, changing its name to ARM 185 00:11:39,679 --> 00:11:43,360 Speaker 1: Holdings in the process. The reason for listing on both 186 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:47,800 Speaker 1: stock exchanges was due to a mixture of practicality and appreciation. 187 00:11:48,120 --> 00:11:52,040 Speaker 1: America was leading in the text space, so listing on 188 00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:56,200 Speaker 1: the NAZDAC just made sense, but the ARM executives also 189 00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: wanted Acorn shareholders back in England to remain involved with 190 00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:03,680 Speaker 1: the company. Interest in the company pushed the stock price higher, 191 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:06,880 Speaker 1: and before long, ARM went from being a twenty million 192 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:10,360 Speaker 1: pound company to a company that was valued at more 193 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: than a billion dollars. However, not all of that would 194 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:17,440 Speaker 1: end up being good news, at least in the short term. 195 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,480 Speaker 1: ARMS rise and valuation was in step with a general 196 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:24,719 Speaker 1: trended technology that proved to be unsustainable, and I'll get 197 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:27,800 Speaker 1: back to that in just a moment. Another thing that 198 00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:32,520 Speaker 1: happened in was the release of the ARM nine group 199 00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:36,600 Speaker 1: of processor cores. This move also saw a departure from 200 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:40,840 Speaker 1: the way ARM had been designing processors. Up through ARM eight. 201 00:12:41,120 --> 00:12:44,600 Speaker 1: The company had followed a von Neumann model sometimes called 202 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:48,440 Speaker 1: the Princeton model, and the basic concept of this model 203 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 1: is that you have a system that has a control unit, 204 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:55,559 Speaker 1: a logic unit, and a memory unit. Input would prompt 205 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: the system to perform operations on data, which results in output, 206 00:12:59,720 --> 00:13:02,079 Speaker 1: which in turn gets sent to some sort of output 207 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:04,920 Speaker 1: device like a display or a printer. And it's named 208 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:08,280 Speaker 1: after John von Neumann, who described such a system in 209 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:11,679 Speaker 1: a paper called the First Draft of a Report on 210 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:16,319 Speaker 1: the EDVAC. EDVAC was an early electronic computer that ran 211 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:20,520 Speaker 1: on binary data. With a von Neumann system, a processor 212 00:13:20,679 --> 00:13:25,600 Speaker 1: cannot both fetch instructions and run a data operation at 213 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:29,160 Speaker 1: the same time because both of these processes share the 214 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:32,240 Speaker 1: same bus. Now, you can think of a bus as 215 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:35,800 Speaker 1: a data pathway, and it connects different components in a 216 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: computer system or a circuit, and you can't have two 217 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:44,439 Speaker 1: things share the same pathway at the same time. Typically, 218 00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:47,320 Speaker 1: I often think of it similar to like pipes in 219 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:52,640 Speaker 1: a plumbing system. The ARM nine family of processors changed 220 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:57,640 Speaker 1: to a Harvard architecture, which has dedicated buses for stuff 221 00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:01,520 Speaker 1: like memory and fetching instructions. And since this approach has 222 00:14:01,600 --> 00:14:05,840 Speaker 1: paths specifically for each of those tasks, there's no bottleneck 223 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,240 Speaker 1: if you need to do both of them simultaneously. Now, 224 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:13,280 Speaker 1: for certain implementations that doesn't really matter that much, so 225 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:17,280 Speaker 1: von Neumann approach is perfectly fine in some cases, but 226 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:21,160 Speaker 1: as you get into circuit complexity, being able to fetch 227 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,440 Speaker 1: instructions and read or write data to memory can really 228 00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:27,560 Speaker 1: speed things up. ARM recognized that it was time to 229 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:32,160 Speaker 1: transitionto a more robust circuit design as lightweight computational devices 230 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 1: were putting heavier requirements on processors. The ARM nine chips 231 00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:40,440 Speaker 1: also saw improvements in heat production, meaning they were producing 232 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 1: less heat than their comparable ARMS seven predecessors. ARM ten 233 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,120 Speaker 1: would not be far behind. It launched in late nine, 234 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,920 Speaker 1: and as you would expect, the new micro architecture included 235 00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:58,320 Speaker 1: some benefits over older designs, but frankly, there wasn't anything 236 00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:00,760 Speaker 1: so incredible that I feel that I should really break 237 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:03,000 Speaker 1: it out in this episode. We'll just keep in mind 238 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:05,760 Speaker 1: that the company was keeping up its process of research 239 00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:08,960 Speaker 1: and development and then licensing the resulting designs to various 240 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:13,600 Speaker 1: fabricators around the world, because otherwise this episode gets way 241 00:15:13,640 --> 00:15:18,359 Speaker 1: too dry away too fast. In the company made an acquisition. 242 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:23,480 Speaker 1: It purchased a software consulting company called Micrologic Solutions. Like 243 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: ARM Holdings, this company was also based out of Cambridge, England. 244 00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:31,680 Speaker 1: The following year it made three more acquisitions. Euromps that 245 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:34,480 Speaker 1: was a company out of France that designed smart cards. 246 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:38,200 Speaker 1: Those are integrated circuit cards have an embedded circuit chip. 247 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:41,960 Speaker 1: They act as a kind of authorization device. The second 248 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:44,680 Speaker 1: was a Lot Software. It was a company that made 249 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:48,840 Speaker 1: debugging software, and the third was Infinite Designs, another English 250 00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:52,320 Speaker 1: design company, And in two thousand one the company purchased 251 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:56,960 Speaker 1: a division out of Neural Micrologics, another debugging company in England. 252 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:01,640 Speaker 1: But around this time the X sector had become the 253 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:06,200 Speaker 1: new gold Rush, with entrepreneurs launching new companies by the day, 254 00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 1: many of which were tied in some way to the 255 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:11,960 Speaker 1: growth of the Internet. In particular, in the late nineties, 256 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: the general public was really just starting to understand that 257 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,840 Speaker 1: the Internet was a thing. Previously, the Internet had largely 258 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: been the stuff of research labs, college computer labs, some 259 00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: specific industries, the American military. But then we got the 260 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:31,240 Speaker 1: Worldwide Web in the early nineties, and slowly but surely, 261 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:34,280 Speaker 1: the average person began to catch on to what the 262 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:37,360 Speaker 1: Internet was. And one thing lots of people were sure 263 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: about was that the Internet was the future of all 264 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:45,720 Speaker 1: commerce and business. You could argue convincingly that they were 265 00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:50,200 Speaker 1: all right. But the problem was, back then there wasn't 266 00:16:50,240 --> 00:16:53,720 Speaker 1: as much of an understanding around how this would come about. 267 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:57,160 Speaker 1: It was just generally considered to be a foregone conclusion, 268 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:00,040 Speaker 1: and so numerous businesses popped up with the intent of 269 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:02,800 Speaker 1: cashing in on the tech craze in general and the 270 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:07,679 Speaker 1: Internet in particular. Investors went bonkers, and so did some 271 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:09,720 Speaker 1: of these companies, as many of them would go on 272 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:14,000 Speaker 1: to lavishly spend money on stuff like office spaces and 273 00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: perks without you know, figuring out how the company would 274 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:23,639 Speaker 1: ultimately make money. And this trend proved to be unsustainable 275 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,920 Speaker 1: in the long run. How's that for a cliffhanger. I mean, 276 00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:30,600 Speaker 1: you guys know what's coming, but still, you know, structurally 277 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:35,159 Speaker 1: it's a cliffhanger. Anyway, we'll be back to talk about 278 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:46,840 Speaker 1: it after this quick break. Eventually, due to a few 279 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:50,760 Speaker 1: different factors, reality would pull the rug out from under 280 00:17:50,840 --> 00:17:54,840 Speaker 1: the tech sector and we got the great Dot Com crash. 281 00:17:55,680 --> 00:17:58,760 Speaker 1: Companies that have been valued in the millions of dollars 282 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:03,280 Speaker 1: lost all their value rapidly as investors lost confidence, and 283 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:06,440 Speaker 1: ventures that just showed no signs of having a business 284 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:09,719 Speaker 1: plan or means of making revenue. But it wasn't just 285 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 1: the questionable companies that suffered the effects of the crash 286 00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:17,719 Speaker 1: rippled through the tech sector, hitting more established companies with actual, 287 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:22,760 Speaker 1: solid business plans, and that included ARM. Now part of 288 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: the issue was that ARM itself was seeing its value 289 00:18:26,119 --> 00:18:31,280 Speaker 1: inflated well beyond the company's own earnings. In before the 290 00:18:31,359 --> 00:18:33,920 Speaker 1: dot com crash, the value of the company was more 291 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:37,960 Speaker 1: than three hundred times what it was earning. But even 292 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,719 Speaker 1: after the crash, ARM was still hitting targets, but its 293 00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:45,160 Speaker 1: value was plummeting because the market was readjusting. The world 294 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:48,159 Speaker 1: went into a recession, and that recession affected ARM just 295 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:51,480 Speaker 1: as it was affecting other companies, and it was, according 296 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:55,760 Speaker 1: to some employees at the time, a pretty rough time 297 00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,200 Speaker 1: to be working for ARM. To be fair, it was 298 00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:01,800 Speaker 1: a pretty tough time to be working just about everybody 299 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: around this time. Robin Saxby, the CEO who had sort 300 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,040 Speaker 1: of guided ARM into the intellectual property phase of its existence, 301 00:19:10,359 --> 00:19:14,879 Speaker 1: transitioned into the role of chairman of ARM, and David 302 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 1: Warren Arthur East, better known as just Warren East, came 303 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:22,840 Speaker 1: in as the new CEO of the company. East had 304 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:28,040 Speaker 1: previously worked at Texas Instruments until n And joined ARM 305 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:32,160 Speaker 1: and created a consulting business division within ARM. He then 306 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:34,920 Speaker 1: rose to the rank of vice president of Business Operations. 307 00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:39,800 Speaker 1: Then later on he became the chief operating Officer or CEO, 308 00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:42,520 Speaker 1: and then he became the CEO, and he would lead 309 00:19:42,520 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: the company for more than a decade, which included guiding 310 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:48,000 Speaker 1: ARM not just out of the two thousand one recession, 311 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,880 Speaker 1: but then a subsequent recession in two thousand nine. These 312 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:56,280 Speaker 1: were enormous recessions. It wasn't like ARM did something wrong. 313 00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:01,200 Speaker 1: It was more that these were global events. And while 314 00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:04,440 Speaker 1: he would move on from ARM in two thousand thirteen, 315 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:07,240 Speaker 1: I wouldn't worry so much about him because now he's 316 00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:11,240 Speaker 1: the CEO of Rolls Royce Holdings. So one of the 317 00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:14,720 Speaker 1: things East did in order to try and and re 318 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: center the company after the dot com crash was to 319 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: create five year road maps with a plan on how 320 00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: to guide the business beyond just the short term, you know, 321 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:27,399 Speaker 1: more of a long term look at production and and 322 00:20:27,480 --> 00:20:32,120 Speaker 1: research and development and business plans, which I think is phenomenal. Meanwhile, 323 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,639 Speaker 1: the business was beginning to change again because in the 324 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,240 Speaker 1: early days, a big part of The work around designing 325 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:42,880 Speaker 1: processors was getting the individual components to a smaller size 326 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 1: so that you could fit more of them on a 327 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,399 Speaker 1: single chip without making the chip any bigger. Manajorization was 328 00:20:49,440 --> 00:20:51,560 Speaker 1: really the goal, while at the same time you had 329 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: to keep an eye on stuff like heat management, because 330 00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:58,200 Speaker 1: packing more components closer together usually means that a powered 331 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:01,600 Speaker 1: processor is going to generate more heat, and heat and 332 00:21:01,640 --> 00:21:06,080 Speaker 1: electronics are not a great pair. And at a certain point, 333 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:10,000 Speaker 1: the microprocessors were reaching a stage where the need to 334 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:13,680 Speaker 1: make them more powerful was starting to diminish, at least 335 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:16,679 Speaker 1: for the time. The microprocessors could be shrunk down to 336 00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:20,320 Speaker 1: a smaller form factor because the components were smaller, but 337 00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:24,200 Speaker 1: there wasn't a need to keep the next generation processors 338 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:28,200 Speaker 1: at the same size to cram more of them on there. 339 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:30,359 Speaker 1: In other words, you didn't need to keep the chip 340 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: itself the same size. If your chip measured a centimeter 341 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:38,640 Speaker 1: square and you were able to shrink down the components, 342 00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: but you didn't need to add more components, you could 343 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:45,399 Speaker 1: make that square smaller. Maybe it's you know, nine tenths 344 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: of a centimeter instead point nine centimeters. Well, companies began 345 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:53,159 Speaker 1: to take the opportunity to build out software based approaches 346 00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,199 Speaker 1: to chips and build out what are called system on 347 00:21:56,240 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: a chip or s OC solutions, and that really made 348 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:05,119 Speaker 1: it useful to have these very very tiny microprocessors as 349 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:07,320 Speaker 1: part of it. A system on a chip, by the way, 350 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,520 Speaker 1: is an integrated circuit that creates an entire system on 351 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: a single chip, and that includes stuff like a central 352 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:19,480 Speaker 1: processing unit UH, internal memory, input and output ports, and more. 353 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: The system on a chip approach cuts down energy consumption, 354 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,840 Speaker 1: it can add more capabilities to smaller devices that don't 355 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: have the physical space to fit multiple chips. So the 356 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:33,399 Speaker 1: system on a chip approach is what would ultimately allow 357 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:36,800 Speaker 1: for the evolution of something like smartphones and other small 358 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:41,080 Speaker 1: computational devices. Many companies interested in developing system on a 359 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: chip systems for various devices from communication systems to AI 360 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,639 Speaker 1: platforms look to ARM processors to provide the low power, 361 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:55,160 Speaker 1: high efficiency processing part of that system. So again, it 362 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:57,879 Speaker 1: wasn't that ARM was creating systems on a chip, but 363 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:03,639 Speaker 1: rather the designs of ARMS micro architecture was an important 364 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:06,040 Speaker 1: part of the system on a chip that was made 365 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: by these other companies. ARM Holdings have been releasing new 366 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:14,240 Speaker 1: micro architectures pretty frequently leading up to the dot com crash, 367 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:18,960 Speaker 1: But after ARMED ten, which released in late it would 368 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,680 Speaker 1: be nearly four years before the next generation of processor 369 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:26,040 Speaker 1: designs would emerge from ARM. ARM eleven would launch in 370 00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:30,600 Speaker 1: April two thousand two. This family of processors didn't come 371 00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,919 Speaker 1: out of the Cambridge office. This one actually originated in 372 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:39,920 Speaker 1: a French office at Sophia Antipolis, where ARM had expanded. 373 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:42,800 Speaker 1: At this stage, a lot of the optimization was centering 374 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:47,119 Speaker 1: around playing media files efficiently as MP three players. You know, 375 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:52,320 Speaker 1: most notably the iPod were becoming popular. These devices needed small, 376 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:57,000 Speaker 1: powerful and efficient processors to avoid problems like overheating or delays. 377 00:23:57,600 --> 00:23:59,960 Speaker 1: You know, no one wants a super hot electronic gadget 378 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,760 Speaker 1: burning a hole in their pocket or have the experience 379 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: of navigating a menu in an iPod or similar device 380 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:08,440 Speaker 1: and then having to wait for the device to catch up. 381 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:12,120 Speaker 1: In two thousand five, ARM would make a really big change. 382 00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:15,040 Speaker 1: The company recognized that in order to continue to grow 383 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: and to succeed, it needed to diversify beyond just making 384 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 1: smaller and more powerful processors. The ARM eleven family would 385 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: be the last group of ARM microprocessors using that particular 386 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,280 Speaker 1: simple numbering system. The company changed gears and introduced a 387 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:38,160 Speaker 1: new classification, several new classifications of processors under different lines 388 00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 1: called Cortex. So you had Cortex A, and Cortex A 389 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:47,200 Speaker 1: was a continuation of the chain that had left off 390 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:49,200 Speaker 1: with ARM eleven. So you could think of the first 391 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:53,560 Speaker 1: generation of Cortex A almost like it's ARMED twelve, because 392 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: that's it was a continuation of that process. But there 393 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:59,439 Speaker 1: was also Cortex ARE. These were processors that ARM had 394 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:02,919 Speaker 1: optimized for real time applications, so in other words, for 395 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:07,680 Speaker 1: applications that needed super fast responsiveness and really low latency 396 00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:11,960 Speaker 1: but not necessarily super powerful processing power. Then there was 397 00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:15,760 Speaker 1: Cortex M still is actually there is Cortex M. That's 398 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:18,800 Speaker 1: a family of processors that use very little power and 399 00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:23,880 Speaker 1: are inexpensive, and those are mostly meant for embedded technologies. 400 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:26,560 Speaker 1: And this was right around two thousand five, and to me, 401 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,359 Speaker 1: that is incredible. ARM Holdings recognized a trend before a 402 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,600 Speaker 1: lot of other companies and people did, and that that 403 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:37,879 Speaker 1: was gonna be a real need for lightweight processors that 404 00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:41,159 Speaker 1: could run on very little power on all sorts of 405 00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:46,680 Speaker 1: electronic devices. So ARM Holdings anticipated the Internet of Things era, 406 00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:48,720 Speaker 1: and this was two years before we even got the 407 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: first iPhone, So by focusing on these three major strategies, 408 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:56,760 Speaker 1: the company could continue to succeed in markets like mobile 409 00:25:56,920 --> 00:26:01,280 Speaker 1: while expanding its offerings to new opportunities like bettable technologies. 410 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:04,760 Speaker 1: By two thousand and eight, the demands of technology required 411 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:08,680 Speaker 1: ARM to innovate even more. The iPhone launch was, as 412 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:13,679 Speaker 1: we all know, a phenomenal success, kind of understating it. 413 00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: More smartphones would follow, with Google Android entering the fray 414 00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:21,960 Speaker 1: and Microsoft doing its best as well. Microsoft wouldn't work out, 415 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:26,560 Speaker 1: but Google's certainly did. But smartphones are quite demanding devices. 416 00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:31,439 Speaker 1: Sophisticated apps need a decent processor, and the small form 417 00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:34,800 Speaker 1: factor of a smartphone means that battery life is a 418 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:38,600 Speaker 1: premium as well. To meet the increasing demands of smartphones, 419 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:43,119 Speaker 1: ARM Holdings created its first multi core processor, the Cortex 420 00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:46,720 Speaker 1: A nine MP core. It's a good idea to run 421 00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 1: over what multi core processors are and what they are 422 00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,520 Speaker 1: good at doing. These are processors that have at least 423 00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:57,879 Speaker 1: two separate processing units, and each of those units is 424 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:02,040 Speaker 1: capable of reading an exit uting program instructions on its own. 425 00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:04,879 Speaker 1: The effect is the same as if you had a 426 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:09,120 Speaker 1: device that had multiple CPUs, you might sacrifice a bit 427 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 1: of processing speed per core. For example, let's say I 428 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:16,280 Speaker 1: design a single core processor and it can run at 429 00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:19,720 Speaker 1: three point five giga hurts, but then my multi core 430 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:23,040 Speaker 1: processor version I have is limited to three point two 431 00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,520 Speaker 1: giga hurts. Now, remember when we're talking about processing speed, 432 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:29,680 Speaker 1: we're talking about the number of pulses the CPU generates 433 00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:32,480 Speaker 1: in order to carry out instructions. And a giga hurts 434 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:36,480 Speaker 1: is one billion pulses per second. So the single core 435 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:40,399 Speaker 1: on its own is faster than either of the two 436 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:44,320 Speaker 1: multi cores. But the multi cores can work independently and 437 00:27:44,359 --> 00:27:49,520 Speaker 1: thus solve certain problems faster than a single core CPU. 438 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:53,480 Speaker 1: A multiple core approach is great if you can divide 439 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:57,199 Speaker 1: the problems that you're working on into parallel tracks, and 440 00:27:57,240 --> 00:28:00,679 Speaker 1: we call this parallel processing. And there's an analogy I 441 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:03,439 Speaker 1: love to use. Long time listeners of tech stuff know 442 00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:07,600 Speaker 1: what's coming because I use it every time. But the 443 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:14,600 Speaker 1: analogy involves math students. So let's take two different scenarios, 444 00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:17,560 Speaker 1: and in each scenario, we have a class of five 445 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:23,240 Speaker 1: math students. One of those students is a true math genius. 446 00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:28,160 Speaker 1: She can solve problems whip fast. Now, The other four 447 00:28:28,280 --> 00:28:32,160 Speaker 1: math students are good math students. They're smart, they perform well, 448 00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,400 Speaker 1: but they cannot solve math problems as quickly as our 449 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:39,760 Speaker 1: genius can. So in our first scenario, these students all 450 00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,840 Speaker 1: get the same math quiz, and the quiz has one 451 00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:46,680 Speaker 1: long problem on it with several steps to the problem, 452 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: and each step of the problem is dependent upon the 453 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:54,280 Speaker 1: answer or the solution from the previous step, so you 454 00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:57,920 Speaker 1: can't skip around because your work completely depends upon the 455 00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:02,120 Speaker 1: stuff that came earlier. In this scenario, our math genius 456 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:05,760 Speaker 1: would finish first. She's just super efficient at answering each 457 00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:07,640 Speaker 1: step and she can move on to the next one, 458 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:10,480 Speaker 1: while our other students are still working on the earlier 459 00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:14,360 Speaker 1: parts of the problem. But now let's move to scenario too. Now. 460 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 1: In this scenario, the teacher has decided to have a 461 00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:20,440 Speaker 1: race just for fun, and the teacher hands out a 462 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:23,440 Speaker 1: math quiz, and the math quiz has four math problems 463 00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:26,080 Speaker 1: on it. These problems are not related to one another, 464 00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:31,120 Speaker 1: they are completely independent. Our genius has to answer all 465 00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:35,160 Speaker 1: four problems. However, the other four students each get assigned 466 00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:40,200 Speaker 1: one of the four problems, So student one has Problem one. 467 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:43,440 Speaker 1: Student too has problem too, and so on. The genius 468 00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:45,560 Speaker 1: has to see if she can solve all four of 469 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,440 Speaker 1: the problems on her quiz before the four other students 470 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:52,280 Speaker 1: each solve their single problem. And in this scenario, we 471 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:55,040 Speaker 1: would expect the four students to win because even though 472 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:58,720 Speaker 1: they cannot solve an individual problem as quickly as the 473 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:02,960 Speaker 1: genius can, they are only working on a single problem each, 474 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:06,920 Speaker 1: rather than a collection of four problems. That's kind of 475 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:10,960 Speaker 1: how multi core processors work. If the device is handling 476 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:15,280 Speaker 1: multiple processes that are independent of each other. A multi 477 00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:19,040 Speaker 1: core processor approach can make things faster and more efficient, 478 00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:23,800 Speaker 1: but not all computational problems fall into the category of 479 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: parallel problems, just as a quick tangent. Parallel problems are 480 00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:33,400 Speaker 1: where quantum computing could potentially make an enormous difference. You've 481 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,800 Speaker 1: heard me talk a lot about bits in these episodes, 482 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:40,120 Speaker 1: the units of binary information that are either a zero 483 00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:46,240 Speaker 1: or a one. Quantum computing systems use quantum bits or cubits, 484 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:51,640 Speaker 1: but not cub Bert's that's an arcade game character. Because 485 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:56,080 Speaker 1: of the properties of quantum mechanics, a cubit can essentially 486 00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:00,000 Speaker 1: be both a zero and a one, and all value 487 00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:03,560 Speaker 1: is in between technically all at the same time, and 488 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:06,240 Speaker 1: that means a quantum machine can attempt to solve a 489 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: problem in as many ways as are allowed by the 490 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,560 Speaker 1: number of cubits that the system has. So with that approach, 491 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,760 Speaker 1: we can make some pretty drastic changes to our world, 492 00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:20,120 Speaker 1: including the complete elimination of encryption as we know it today. 493 00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:23,560 Speaker 1: But that's getting off topic. I just couldn't resist it. 494 00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:29,240 Speaker 1: So arm creates its first multi core processor, with smartphones 495 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:33,040 Speaker 1: foremost in mind due to their hefty processing needs. In 496 00:31:33,080 --> 00:31:36,560 Speaker 1: two thousand eleven, the company would introduce another innovative approach 497 00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:40,800 Speaker 1: for devices like smartphones. This one was called Big Dot Little. 498 00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:43,720 Speaker 1: And the funny thing is is that big is all 499 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:46,920 Speaker 1: in lower case and little is all in upper case. 500 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:50,080 Speaker 1: And that's cute. I mean, it reminds me of tests 501 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,280 Speaker 1: where you know, our friend finds a word that spells 502 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:56,440 Speaker 1: out one color like the it spells out the word blue, 503 00:31:56,600 --> 00:32:00,600 Speaker 1: but the actual letters are all a different color, like green, 504 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:02,280 Speaker 1: and then they show it to you really quickly and 505 00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:04,800 Speaker 1: say what color is that? And that's when you decide 506 00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:08,600 Speaker 1: you need new friends. The big Dot Little approach, however, 507 00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:12,240 Speaker 1: was meant to provide processing power on kind of an 508 00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:15,640 Speaker 1: as needed basis. So the idea was, if the device 509 00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:18,880 Speaker 1: launches an application that requires a lot of processing power, 510 00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: the primary processor kicks into high gear, but when that 511 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:26,719 Speaker 1: task is over, it can then shift operations to a 512 00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:30,760 Speaker 1: lower power core, conserving battery power. This lower power core 513 00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:35,360 Speaker 1: doesn't need as much electricity essentially to run, it's just 514 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:40,280 Speaker 1: running simple processes, possibly in the background, and that way 515 00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:43,560 Speaker 1: it could conserve battery energy. Now, one of the reasons 516 00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:46,360 Speaker 1: companies like arms have to do that is that while 517 00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: we see processors advance on a trajectory that more or 518 00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:53,120 Speaker 1: less follows the vision of Moore's law, particularly as we 519 00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:56,600 Speaker 1: start to fudge what Moore's law actually means, not all 520 00:32:56,640 --> 00:33:01,440 Speaker 1: technologies can follow that same trend. Battery technology, for example, 521 00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:06,480 Speaker 1: lags behind. Batteries do get better over time, but ultimately 522 00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:11,280 Speaker 1: they depend upon electrochemical processes, and while we can make 523 00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:17,320 Speaker 1: better design batteries, you can't actually improve physics. You know. 524 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,200 Speaker 1: It's not like we could go to a skate park 525 00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:22,920 Speaker 1: and say, let's make gravity more better here, and then 526 00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:26,000 Speaker 1: we're able to jump higher and there's no risk of 527 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:29,920 Speaker 1: injury if we fall, because physics and chemistry don't really 528 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:34,000 Speaker 1: care what our needs are. They just are, and we 529 00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:36,480 Speaker 1: have to work within those limitations as best we can. 530 00:33:36,640 --> 00:33:40,120 Speaker 1: So while we search out better means of storing energy 531 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:44,719 Speaker 1: to later releases, electricity processor designers have to keep working 532 00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:48,360 Speaker 1: on ways to reduce the demands for electricity in order 533 00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:51,400 Speaker 1: to make batteries last longer. I've got a bit more 534 00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:54,040 Speaker 1: to say about ARM before we wrap things up, but 535 00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:05,360 Speaker 1: first let's take another quick break. In the world of PCs, 536 00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:13,240 Speaker 1: Intel is dominant. In March, analysts estimated that Intel processors 537 00:34:13,320 --> 00:34:17,560 Speaker 1: made up eighty one twenty five percent of the market share, 538 00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:21,320 Speaker 1: and rival a m D would take the other eighteen 539 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,320 Speaker 1: point seven five At times a m D s market 540 00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:30,239 Speaker 1: share can top. But Intel is clearly in the lead 541 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,719 Speaker 1: when it comes to processors in PCs. But that is 542 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:38,400 Speaker 1: in PC land, and Intel just wishes it had the 543 00:34:38,440 --> 00:34:42,560 Speaker 1: market position that ARM has when it comes to mobile devices. 544 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:48,239 Speaker 1: See in mobile ARM has more than five percent of 545 00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:52,040 Speaker 1: the market share when it comes to devices running on 546 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:57,920 Speaker 1: ARM designed processors. Like the mobile devices out there are 547 00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:03,360 Speaker 1: on an ARM designed processor at some point in their 548 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:06,440 Speaker 1: in their architecture, even if it's a small part of it. 549 00:35:06,719 --> 00:35:09,160 Speaker 1: The other five percent are the only ones that are not. 550 00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:13,600 Speaker 1: So keep in mind. Again, these processors are not manufactured 551 00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:17,880 Speaker 1: by ARM. ARM remains a fabulous processor designer, so it 552 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:21,680 Speaker 1: does not fabricate hardware. The company designs the architecture and 553 00:35:21,719 --> 00:35:24,799 Speaker 1: then license it out to these companies, So companies like 554 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:29,520 Speaker 1: Qualcom and Samsung and hundreds of others do this. If 555 00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,279 Speaker 1: you've heard of snap Dragon chips, those include ARM processor 556 00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:39,239 Speaker 1: designed cores. Samsung's ex and Nose, which was formerly known 557 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:44,920 Speaker 1: as Hummingbird, also has ARM designed processing cores. Even Apple, 558 00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:49,200 Speaker 1: with its A nine system on a chip, had ARMED 559 00:35:49,239 --> 00:35:53,480 Speaker 1: design processing cores, So companies can also synthesize the ARM 560 00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:57,400 Speaker 1: design into their specific system on a chip architecture. So 561 00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:00,400 Speaker 1: it's not like all of these are idea knuckle to 562 00:36:00,440 --> 00:36:03,480 Speaker 1: one another. They are very different to one another, but 563 00:36:03,520 --> 00:36:08,680 Speaker 1: at their heart is this ARM designed technology. I should 564 00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:12,640 Speaker 1: point out, however, that with more recent Apple chips like 565 00:36:12,719 --> 00:36:17,239 Speaker 1: the A twelve Z bionic chip from Apple, UH that 566 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:21,920 Speaker 1: one uses an instruction set licensed by ARM, but Apple 567 00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:25,920 Speaker 1: is actually responsible for the actual design of the processor itself, 568 00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:29,359 Speaker 1: so in that case, the micro architecture isn't dependent upon 569 00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:33,359 Speaker 1: a hardware design from ARM, just the instruction set that 570 00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:37,960 Speaker 1: runs on the hardware is from arm Apple engineers designed 571 00:36:37,960 --> 00:36:42,640 Speaker 1: the actual chip in that case. Meanwhile, as the company 572 00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,799 Speaker 1: ARM Holdings secured its near monopoly on processor designs in 573 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:51,120 Speaker 1: the mobile space, it also became more attractive to bigger fish. 574 00:36:51,239 --> 00:36:54,439 Speaker 1: In two thousand and sixteen, one such big fish came 575 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:58,640 Speaker 1: a chomping at ARM. This one was soft Bank, which 576 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:03,200 Speaker 1: in July anounced its plan to acquire arm for twenty 577 00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:06,520 Speaker 1: three point four billion pounds, which at the time was 578 00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:10,520 Speaker 1: equal to about thirty one point four billion dollars a 579 00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:15,759 Speaker 1: princely some Indeed, from announcement to completion, the process took 580 00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:19,319 Speaker 1: less than two months, and in the world of large acquisitions, 581 00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:24,440 Speaker 1: that's pretty darned fast. Soft Bank is a conglomerate based 582 00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:27,440 Speaker 1: in Japan, and the company owns a steak in lots 583 00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:31,800 Speaker 1: of other companies, particularly in the tech and energy sectors, 584 00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:35,360 Speaker 1: as well as the financial sector. So, for example, among 585 00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:40,400 Speaker 1: its other subsidiaries are Boston Dynamics, you know, the robot company, Sprint, 586 00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:46,120 Speaker 1: various Japanese branches of companies such as Yahoo or Ali Baba, 587 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:48,400 Speaker 1: not that it owns the whole company, but rather it 588 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,680 Speaker 1: has a stake in the Japanese branch of those companies. 589 00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:56,400 Speaker 1: The price of that acquisition surprised some people because you know, 590 00:37:56,440 --> 00:37:59,800 Speaker 1: while ARM was in a really secure spot, the annual 591 00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:02,520 Speaker 1: venue for the company was just a fraction of that 592 00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:07,440 Speaker 1: acquisition price. In ARM made about one point five billion 593 00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:10,279 Speaker 1: with a B dollars in revenue, and that is a 594 00:38:10,360 --> 00:38:13,960 Speaker 1: princely some, no doubt about it. But revenue is not profit. 595 00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,200 Speaker 1: You still have to subtract all expenses from that number 596 00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:20,719 Speaker 1: before you can start talking about profit. However, the expansion 597 00:38:20,920 --> 00:38:23,640 Speaker 1: of the Internet of Things and the proliferation of more 598 00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:28,040 Speaker 1: devices and need of processors everything from thermostats to VR headsets, 599 00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:31,520 Speaker 1: meant that acquiring the company was a good way to 600 00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:35,600 Speaker 1: plan for the future. In two thousand nineteen, ARM announced 601 00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,719 Speaker 1: it had signed a partnership agreement with DARPA, that is, 602 00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:41,160 Speaker 1: the R and D branch of the U. S Department 603 00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:45,360 Speaker 1: of Defense. Typically, DARPA doesn't do a lot of the 604 00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:49,680 Speaker 1: hands on work in developing technologies. The agency tends to 605 00:38:49,719 --> 00:38:54,560 Speaker 1: create contract opportunities and other companies and research organizations do 606 00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:59,000 Speaker 1: the actual groundwork. So DARPA will define a goal or 607 00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:03,920 Speaker 1: a challenge and then offer up contracts to fund companies 608 00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:07,200 Speaker 1: that want to try and meet that goal or challenge. 609 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,480 Speaker 1: But in this case, Pentagon research teams are getting access 610 00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:15,000 Speaker 1: to ARMS, deep knowledge and expertise on low power, high 611 00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:20,920 Speaker 1: efficiency processors for research purposes. One more recent development includes 612 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:25,640 Speaker 1: a few newer processor lines joining the Cortex family. UH. 613 00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:30,080 Speaker 1: In addition to Cortex, there's also ethos In and ethos you. 614 00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:33,600 Speaker 1: These are intended to work in systems that relate to 615 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:37,719 Speaker 1: machine learning and artificial neural networks. UH. There's also the 616 00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:41,080 Speaker 1: neo Verse, which launched in twenty eighteen, that aims at 617 00:39:41,120 --> 00:39:45,040 Speaker 1: computer servers and data centers. And then there's secure Core. 618 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:47,560 Speaker 1: These are processors that are meant to work with stuff 619 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:52,759 Speaker 1: like smart cards and embedded security systems. As it turns out, 620 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:56,760 Speaker 1: soft Bank is standing to make a tidy little profit 621 00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,600 Speaker 1: by selling ARM holdings to another big fish, this time 622 00:40:00,719 --> 00:40:03,920 Speaker 1: in Vidia, which is best known for its graphics cards 623 00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:07,760 Speaker 1: and video, announced its intention to buy ARM from soft 624 00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:13,240 Speaker 1: Bank on September twenty. This deal is valued at forty 625 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:17,080 Speaker 1: billion dollars, so nearly nine billion more than what soft 626 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:21,160 Speaker 1: Bank paid back in I think, even if we adjust 627 00:40:21,160 --> 00:40:24,880 Speaker 1: for inflation, soft Bank is making while it's making bank 628 00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:28,960 Speaker 1: on this deal. So what is actually going on here? Well, 629 00:40:29,840 --> 00:40:32,520 Speaker 1: it's actually really astounding to me. So, according to in 630 00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:37,800 Speaker 1: Vidia's CEO Jensen Huang, the plan is not to change 631 00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:41,040 Speaker 1: the way ARM does things because that would endanger all 632 00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:44,279 Speaker 1: those business partnerships that the company has formed over the 633 00:40:44,280 --> 00:40:48,400 Speaker 1: course of its history. It considers the various companies it licenses, 634 00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:52,640 Speaker 1: it's i P two partners. So instead of messing with that, 635 00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:56,320 Speaker 1: Wong says he wants in Video to kind of follow 636 00:40:56,400 --> 00:41:00,600 Speaker 1: in ARMS footsteps, making in Vidio gpu tech anology and 637 00:41:00,719 --> 00:41:04,280 Speaker 1: add on to ARMS i P. So companies that license 638 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:08,960 Speaker 1: with ARM could potentially licensed in Vidio gpu tech. So 639 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:13,000 Speaker 1: in other words, if I'm understanding this announcement correctly, and 640 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,279 Speaker 1: it's it's entirely possible, I'm not. But it sounds like 641 00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:20,120 Speaker 1: in Nvidia is opening up the chance for other companies, 642 00:41:20,160 --> 00:41:26,360 Speaker 1: like fabrication companies to take Vidio designed graphics processing units 643 00:41:26,440 --> 00:41:29,680 Speaker 1: and make their own versions of it, which actually sounds 644 00:41:29,680 --> 00:41:32,800 Speaker 1: a bit crazy to me. I mean, in Vidio partners 645 00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:37,080 Speaker 1: with fabricators in order to actually make their graphics cards. 646 00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:40,240 Speaker 1: They do that, you know, they design their graphics cards 647 00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:43,640 Speaker 1: based on the capabilities of the fabricators they work with, 648 00:41:43,719 --> 00:41:48,960 Speaker 1: but they actually are the ones behind that whole process, right, 649 00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:52,879 Speaker 1: It's almost like they're their partnerships mean that they get 650 00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:56,160 Speaker 1: to use the fabrication equipment of these other companies. It's 651 00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:59,120 Speaker 1: more complicated than that, but you see where I'm getting at. Anyway, 652 00:41:59,160 --> 00:42:01,120 Speaker 1: what I mean is that Video has more of a 653 00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:05,200 Speaker 1: role in the production of the final product, whereas ARM 654 00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:11,600 Speaker 1: is all about selling or licensing intellectual property to other companies. Now, 655 00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:14,120 Speaker 1: could this mean that in Video as a company is 656 00:42:14,160 --> 00:42:17,680 Speaker 1: ultimately looking to transition out of being part of the 657 00:42:17,680 --> 00:42:20,840 Speaker 1: whole fabrication process and to move into more of a 658 00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:24,640 Speaker 1: design role. I don't know the answer to that. The 659 00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:26,600 Speaker 1: only other alternative I can think of is that in 660 00:42:26,719 --> 00:42:31,080 Speaker 1: Vidia is creating the opportunity for other companies PETE within Video, 661 00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:34,440 Speaker 1: which also seems crazy to me. So I don't know 662 00:42:34,520 --> 00:42:37,239 Speaker 1: the answer to this. At the time of this recording, 663 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,960 Speaker 1: that deal is not done yet, it may not happen. 664 00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:46,200 Speaker 1: Regulatory agencies could potentially end up blocking the move, though 665 00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:50,160 Speaker 1: it's not necessarily likely because in Video and ARM do 666 00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:53,000 Speaker 1: not directly compete with each other, so it's not like 667 00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:56,840 Speaker 1: we're seeing the consolidation of a market here. We're not seeing, 668 00:42:57,239 --> 00:42:59,880 Speaker 1: you know, two competitors in the same market space become 669 00:43:00,080 --> 00:43:03,319 Speaker 1: one single thing. I suspect. I'm going to have to 670 00:43:03,360 --> 00:43:06,600 Speaker 1: do future episodes to follow up on whatever happens next, 671 00:43:07,160 --> 00:43:10,799 Speaker 1: but for now, that is the Arms story. I hope 672 00:43:10,840 --> 00:43:15,080 Speaker 1: you guys enjoyed this pair of episodes. UM, I'm starting 673 00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:16,960 Speaker 1: to lose my voice, but I have to record one 674 00:43:16,960 --> 00:43:19,399 Speaker 1: more episode after this, so I can't wait to hear 675 00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:22,000 Speaker 1: what that sounds like. Right, guys, If you have any 676 00:43:22,040 --> 00:43:25,600 Speaker 1: suggestions for topics I should tackle in future episodes, send 677 00:43:25,680 --> 00:43:28,000 Speaker 1: me a message. You can get in touch with me 678 00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:30,759 Speaker 1: on Twitter. The handle is text stuff h s W 679 00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:40,080 Speaker 1: and I'll talk to you again really soon. Text Stuff 680 00:43:40,160 --> 00:43:43,279 Speaker 1: is an I Heart Radio production. For more podcasts from 681 00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:47,120 Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 682 00:43:47,239 --> 00:43:49,200 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.