1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of I 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,119 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh 3 00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:16,439 Speaker 1: Clark and there's Charles w Chuck Bryant and Jerry's out 4 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:21,440 Speaker 1: there hovering around in the digital um weird audio ether 5 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: and this is stuff you should know. This is gonna 6 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: be a good, uplifting, fun one and bouncy light one. 7 00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:32,199 Speaker 1: I think so. And it's you know, hot off the 8 00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:37,880 Speaker 1: presses from our My daughter just wrote this episode for us. Yeah, yeah, 9 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:42,279 Speaker 1: in record time too. I was impressed. He didn't pay her, 10 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:45,800 Speaker 1: did you no? But it's funny. I went to look up. 11 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:48,199 Speaker 1: You know, I've talked before about the end of the 12 00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:50,000 Speaker 1: fact that I started working when I was thirteen at 13 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 1: a barbecue restaurant and uh, minimum wage when I started 14 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: working was three dollars and thirty five cents an hour. Wow, 15 00:00:58,120 --> 00:01:04,240 Speaker 1: how far we've come at are they've doubled it whatever? 16 00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:07,800 Speaker 1: Forty years? Isn't that nuts? Dude? Yeah, and you know 17 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: we'll get to that. But I have a list of 18 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:12,639 Speaker 1: kind of where we ended up with minimum wage along 19 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: the years. But yeah, JJ's barbecue three thirty five an hour, baby, 20 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:21,560 Speaker 1: that's pretty great. My first um uh job was even 21 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: younger than that. I was like nine or ten when 22 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,199 Speaker 1: I was a paper boy. Yeah, I mean I couldn't 23 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: have made more than because that was only It's not 24 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,280 Speaker 1: like I was working every units, working weekends. I probably 25 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:36,039 Speaker 1: made like less than fifty dollars a week. M hmm. 26 00:01:36,680 --> 00:01:38,319 Speaker 1: But I mean your third teen, where were you spending 27 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: on thirteen? And like a good clean Christian kid, you 28 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:43,760 Speaker 1: weren't spending that on anything. Archie comic except has a 29 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: lot of Archie comics do, Yes, it does, although they 30 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:49,800 Speaker 1: have a lot of variations, so you could easily spend 31 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:53,080 Speaker 1: fifty dollars a week on Archie comics back then, though 32 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:55,480 Speaker 1: those those things were cheap. I was living high on 33 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:59,720 Speaker 1: the hog. But so it sounds like a man. It's 34 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:02,560 Speaker 1: so our buddy Dave helped us out with this one, 35 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: Dave Ruse, and he makes a really good point that 36 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:07,600 Speaker 1: you and I sitting around talking about you know, you 37 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:10,040 Speaker 1: made fifty bucks a week. I was a paper boy. 38 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:13,920 Speaker 1: Like whatever stresses and troubles that we ran into post 39 00:02:14,480 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 1: you know, seventies something, um, As far as our first 40 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 1: jobs go when we were younger, that does not qualify 41 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:24,919 Speaker 1: as child labor. That's that's not really what we're talking 42 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:29,960 Speaker 1: about here. Today's exactly it's called you just stop your 43 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 1: griping right now, because there are actual kids out there 44 00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:36,080 Speaker 1: who are like real deal child laborers who work in 45 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:40,760 Speaker 1: like dangerous conditions for little to know pay, who don't 46 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:44,040 Speaker 1: get to play, who may not socialize with other kids 47 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: their age. They may live and work in a mining 48 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 1: camp with nothing but adults and grown ups, um like 49 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:53,760 Speaker 1: like the there there. They would they would kill for 50 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:58,080 Speaker 1: you know, a JJ's barbecue job. Basically, yeah, And this 51 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: is a good time to be talking about that particular 52 00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:05,799 Speaker 1: because this is is the International Year for the Elimination 53 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: of child labor. And as you'll see throughout this episode, 54 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: we've made a lot of strides here in the US, 55 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: but like you said, it's not not that way everywhere, 56 00:03:15,560 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 1: and it should and I should say it's probably a 57 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: little off the mark to say that a child laborer 58 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:24,120 Speaker 1: would kill for a better job. They would probably kill 59 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:26,320 Speaker 1: the just not have to work at all in general, 60 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 1: and just to get get to be a kid. And 61 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:31,800 Speaker 1: I think ultimately, for people who are activists against child labor, 62 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,640 Speaker 1: that's the goal. It's not like get better, better working 63 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:38,640 Speaker 1: conditions for six year olds it's to like just make 64 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: six year olds not have to work any longer. And 65 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: we'll talk about how to solve that, how that that 66 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:47,880 Speaker 1: UM International Year for the Elimination of Child Labor aims 67 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:52,200 Speaker 1: to do that. They have some pretty pragmatic ideas UM 68 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: and so hopefully they'll this this episode of a nice 69 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:57,960 Speaker 1: bow on the end. But we're gonna have to slog 70 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: through some misery to get there, Chuck, take it a way. 71 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:04,800 Speaker 1: There's no better place to slog through misery than the 72 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:08,200 Speaker 1: founding of this country, way back in the old days, 73 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: when the New World was new and settlers came over, 74 00:04:14,480 --> 00:04:17,200 Speaker 1: and they very much believed And why why did I 75 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:19,240 Speaker 1: think this was ed? You said, this is Dave. Yeah, 76 00:04:19,279 --> 00:04:22,880 Speaker 1: I'm almost positive it was Dave. Was It reads like 77 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:25,000 Speaker 1: a Dave to me. But oh man, if it's dead, 78 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: I'm sorry. Sorry to both. Sure, you need to get 79 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: those guys together one day. I think maybe we should 80 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:35,760 Speaker 1: keep them far apart exactly they might they might turn 81 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:39,720 Speaker 1: against us. Uh. Yeah, So they believe very much that 82 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: the idol's hands were the Devil's workshop, that old saying. 83 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:45,120 Speaker 1: And you know, this is one of those It was 84 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:47,839 Speaker 1: kind of hard for me to you know, let's let's 85 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:50,839 Speaker 1: just lop off, you know, developing nations today, which is 86 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:54,200 Speaker 1: clearly awful. I found myself as an adult more and 87 00:04:54,279 --> 00:04:58,480 Speaker 1: more with the cultural relativism, thinking like, obviously, five year 88 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:01,920 Speaker 1: old shouldn't be working in factory. But when I read 89 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:05,920 Speaker 1: about like twelve and thirteen year olds working hard back then, 90 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:09,159 Speaker 1: I was kind of like, it's not great, but it was. 91 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:10,880 Speaker 1: That's just kind of how it was at the time. 92 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:14,960 Speaker 1: If you had parents that were farmers, you're not gonna, 93 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:18,680 Speaker 1: you know, be just hanging out until your sweet sixteenth 94 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: birthday having a good time. You're gonna be working from 95 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:24,599 Speaker 1: a pretty young age. And I found myself more and 96 00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:28,039 Speaker 1: more thinking like, you know, in certain situations, that wasn't 97 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:31,760 Speaker 1: the worst thing, but then you get to the industrial revolutions, 98 00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:33,680 Speaker 1: and you know, that's what things really got bad. But 99 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:36,719 Speaker 1: kind of early on, that's really what we were talking 100 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:39,960 Speaker 1: about was a lot of kids working on the farms, 101 00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:43,720 Speaker 1: a lot of boys working on the farm, girls working 102 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:48,159 Speaker 1: in the house alongside their sisters and mom. And you know, 103 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:51,040 Speaker 1: this kind of started when they were about thirteen years old. 104 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:54,240 Speaker 1: They were sort of expected to either go work and 105 00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:56,280 Speaker 1: get a job and work full time, or to become 106 00:05:56,279 --> 00:05:59,919 Speaker 1: an apprentice and unpaid apprentice, uh to work for food 107 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: and board and training. And I think also in addition 108 00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:07,760 Speaker 1: to that Protestant work ethic of them, like in like 109 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:10,800 Speaker 1: just completely in the fabric of America that was just 110 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:12,920 Speaker 1: coming out in you, it's also this idea of like 111 00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:15,400 Speaker 1: what else are you gonna do? It's not like you 112 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:18,279 Speaker 1: consider around and play video games or watch TV or 113 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:23,839 Speaker 1: do almost anything else except just play outside. Um But Chuck, 114 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: I went back and looked to see if it was 115 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:30,520 Speaker 1: always this way, And apparently in medieval England you played 116 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:34,200 Speaker 1: basically until you hit puberty, and then you started to 117 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:38,000 Speaker 1: get put to work when you hit puberty at four right, 118 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:42,560 Speaker 1: more like fourteen. But like there was like a childhood, 119 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:45,080 Speaker 1: and it seems to have been somewhat wiped out by 120 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:49,160 Speaker 1: that Protestant work ethic that the Puritans brought over um. 121 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:51,200 Speaker 1: Or at the very least it was set back a 122 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 1: little more, you know, agewise, where you started working maybe 123 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: a little sooner than you would have had you been 124 00:06:57,279 --> 00:07:00,760 Speaker 1: in medieval England at the time. Right, I think, I 125 00:07:00,760 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: guess I'm just trying to draw a line between life 126 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:08,040 Speaker 1: in the sixteen forties and then life in nineteen thirty 127 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:11,440 Speaker 1: eight when we eventually did something about it in the US. Yeah, no, totally. 128 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: And there is an enormous distinction between that because it 129 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:17,280 Speaker 1: was it was like widespread, but it just it seemed 130 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: like they were mostly working with their families and it 131 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:21,400 Speaker 1: was just kind of the way that things were. That 132 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:24,080 Speaker 1: was how life was. But able to try and like 133 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: keep your family alive. It's not like you know, they were. 134 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: They were trying to just all survive basically, right, And 135 00:07:30,840 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: that's actually the reason why it's still around in other 136 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,600 Speaker 1: parts of the world today. It's not not even necessarily 137 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:39,680 Speaker 1: like a like a work ethic where children should should 138 00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: work because idle hands are the devil's playthings, like the 139 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:45,840 Speaker 1: Puritans thought. He said, it's like this is an extra 140 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: worker we can have go out and make money to 141 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:51,520 Speaker 1: keep the rest of the family alive. We just don't 142 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:53,760 Speaker 1: have a choice in not doing that. And that's that's 143 00:07:53,800 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 1: what drives it still today. Right. Uh. When the Industrial 144 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 1: Revolution came around, and we're talking about basically cotton factories 145 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,000 Speaker 1: in a big, big way, Uh, there are a lot 146 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:08,680 Speaker 1: of little kids working there, and people like George Washington 147 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:13,080 Speaker 1: and Alexander Hamilton's thought that was awesome they did. And like, 148 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: we're going to be skewered for even suggesting that Hamilton's 149 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: said this, but he did. He said that women and 150 00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:23,560 Speaker 1: children in America would be quote rendered more useful by 151 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 1: manufacturing establishments than the otherwise would be. Um, and I 152 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:33,719 Speaker 1: think what are you're saying is like, I'm not even 153 00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: going to paraphrase what do you say? And I think 154 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:38,880 Speaker 1: it's it. You can understand it on its face. Yeah, 155 00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 1: he's saying, well, you know, they're not doing much use 156 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:43,600 Speaker 1: for us, these kids. And he's mainly talking about kids 157 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:47,720 Speaker 1: here who would other what quote, who would otherwise be idle? Uh, 158 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 1: this isn't Lynde mal Manuel Miranda saying this we all 159 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:52,280 Speaker 1: love him. No, this isn't he didn't say this in 160 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: a charming wrap. No, this is the real Alexander Hamilton's. Uh. 161 00:08:56,640 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: And again it was just a different time. Um. But 162 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:02,200 Speaker 1: even way back then in the early eighteen hundreds, not 163 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:04,960 Speaker 1: everyone thought this was a great thing. Uh. There was 164 00:09:05,400 --> 00:09:13,800 Speaker 1: a future mayor of Boston named Josiah Quincy who toured 165 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: a cotton factory, a cotton spinning factory, and they had 166 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:19,480 Speaker 1: you know, four year old working there all the way 167 00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:23,320 Speaker 1: to ten, uh, maybe ten twelve hours a day for 168 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:27,560 Speaker 1: anywhere from twelve to cents a day, not an hour. 169 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:33,000 Speaker 1: And he said, uh, compassion calls us to pity these 170 00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: little creatures plying in a contracted room among flyers and 171 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 1: cogs at an age when nature requires for them air 172 00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:43,920 Speaker 1: space and sports. There was a dull dejection and the 173 00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:47,679 Speaker 1: countenance of all of them. And uh, you know, we'll 174 00:09:47,679 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: get to some of these photos of some of these 175 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: kids later on. When you look at them, they look 176 00:09:52,559 --> 00:09:58,199 Speaker 1: like beaten down miniature adults. Yeah, they really do. They 177 00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:01,960 Speaker 1: look like us exact. They look ready to retire, they 178 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 1: look unhappy, they look um yeah, just beaten down. But 179 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:09,360 Speaker 1: their miniature and their kids, their children. And it's really 180 00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:12,400 Speaker 1: upsetting to see that a photograph of that. I'm sure 181 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:15,680 Speaker 1: it's even more upsetting to see it in real life. Um. 182 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:18,079 Speaker 1: And that's actually how a lot of this, a lot 183 00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:21,520 Speaker 1: of changes came through, was just people being exposed to 184 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: seeing that and kind of being shocked, having their conscience shocked. 185 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:29,800 Speaker 1: But as as potentially like bad as it was for 186 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: the children of colonial America who were forced to work, um, 187 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:37,520 Speaker 1: it got way way worse when the Second Industrial Revolution 188 00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 1: kicked off. The one powered by steam and steel and 189 00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:46,079 Speaker 1: railroads and and unbridled capitalism. When you inject unbridled capitalism 190 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:50,360 Speaker 1: into uh a um an economy that allows for child labor, 191 00:10:50,679 --> 00:10:52,640 Speaker 1: you can imagine that things are going to get much 192 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:55,240 Speaker 1: much worse for the children before it finally gets better. 193 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:59,559 Speaker 1: That's right. And things did get worse when you're when 194 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 1: all those sudden you have a robust steel industry and 195 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: coal mining industry, um you have railroads that need this 196 00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:11,120 Speaker 1: stuff in a big, big way, and they uh, you know, 197 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:13,760 Speaker 1: partially kind of ran out of workers and partially just 198 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:16,679 Speaker 1: saw what was right underneath their noses, which is these 199 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,320 Speaker 1: kids who they at this point they had long known 200 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:23,040 Speaker 1: that they could work and farm and work hard. So 201 00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:25,520 Speaker 1: they said, you know what, a lot of these families 202 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:27,679 Speaker 1: in rural America, farming dried up a bit, so they 203 00:11:27,679 --> 00:11:30,559 Speaker 1: moved to the city. A lot of it was immigrant labor, 204 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:35,080 Speaker 1: as millions of people came into the country from Europe 205 00:11:35,160 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: fleeting their poverty famine stricken countries, and no matter where 206 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: they came from, it was all under the thumb of 207 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: the robber barons, which was I can't remember when we did. 208 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:48,040 Speaker 1: It feels like a few two or three years ago, 209 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: but pretty good podcast on the Robber Barons. Yeah, and 210 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:55,560 Speaker 1: we also talked about them, uh in our book keeping 211 00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:59,559 Speaker 1: Up with the too. But yeah, so like these the 212 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:04,480 Speaker 1: robber Aaron's got rich through innovation, through consolidation, through some 213 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:08,160 Speaker 1: pretty clever stuff. A lot of them invented new techniques 214 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:12,199 Speaker 1: or processes or procedures, so like they definitely were doing something. 215 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 1: They were being productive, but they also got to be 216 00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:20,240 Speaker 1: filthy rich off of the backs of immigrant labor, child 217 00:12:20,360 --> 00:12:26,160 Speaker 1: labor that they directly exploited. And um, it was basically 218 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:30,840 Speaker 1: like there was just nobody looking out for anybody else 219 00:12:30,880 --> 00:12:33,400 Speaker 1: at this time. It was just such a period of 220 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:39,560 Speaker 1: such enormous economic insurgents that there weren't there weren't anybody, 221 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:42,480 Speaker 1: or there wasn't anybody who was sitting there saying like wha, everybody, 222 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:44,200 Speaker 1: we need to stop and really think about this and 223 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:47,920 Speaker 1: do this in a much more directed, smarter, healthier way 224 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:51,440 Speaker 1: for our society. It was like it was like just go, go, 225 00:12:51,760 --> 00:12:53,720 Speaker 1: let's see where this takes us. And a lot of 226 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:57,200 Speaker 1: people got trampled underfoot, and that definitely included children labors 227 00:12:57,280 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: or child laborers. That's right, And uh, I think that's 228 00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: a good time for a break. Ya ya, that's two 229 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:10,800 Speaker 1: yea's Anna's m So we'll be back and we'll talk 230 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:12,839 Speaker 1: a little bit about what some of these jobs might 231 00:13:12,880 --> 00:13:15,880 Speaker 1: have been in the late nineteenth century for these kids. 232 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:42,920 Speaker 1: Right after this. I wonder how many gallons of coffee 233 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,800 Speaker 1: everyone who has listened to this this show since the 234 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 1: beginning has heard me drink. I didn't even hear you drinking. 235 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:54,480 Speaker 1: Oh you didn't. When I said I had, I had 236 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:59,720 Speaker 1: a mouthful of cafe. Oh interesting, I have no shirt on. Nice. 237 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:10,200 Speaker 1: That's awesome, man, you just top mine. True. I think 238 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:12,559 Speaker 1: you should have left it mysterious, Chuck, because there were 239 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: a few people out there who were about the email 240 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:16,440 Speaker 1: and say I was offended that Chuck said he wasn't 241 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:19,400 Speaker 1: wearing a shirt. Yeah. Now, I put it on right 242 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,800 Speaker 1: before we recorded. I had it off. It's it's a 243 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:24,440 Speaker 1: little hot. I felt like I needed to dress up. 244 00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:27,160 Speaker 1: But the teacher, right, I do you are you worried 245 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:31,240 Speaker 1: one of those tuxedo shirt? You ever had one of those? 246 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:33,480 Speaker 1: Did you ever know? I didn't know. I didn't either. 247 00:14:33,560 --> 00:14:35,840 Speaker 1: You didn't. You didn't wear them with your rainbow suspenders. 248 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: Now that's that stuff was a little too cute cee 249 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:44,560 Speaker 1: even for me. Okay, what about the one that looks 250 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,280 Speaker 1: like I would wear it? What about one that looks 251 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: like a like a ripped like chest and abdomen? Have 252 00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 1: you warrn T shirt like that? No? Those are fun, 253 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:58,400 Speaker 1: though I think for certain people they're fun. They're also 254 00:14:58,480 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: like really good at boost your ego. Quietly sure, there's 255 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:06,400 Speaker 1: nothing like me looking in a mirror at my beer 256 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:11,200 Speaker 1: belly covered in spray painted abs. It really works your brain. 257 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:13,640 Speaker 1: The brain is so dumb that it falls for it 258 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:16,920 Speaker 1: every time I can attest um. All right, So we 259 00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:18,920 Speaker 1: were gonna talk about what some of these jobs might be, 260 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:23,560 Speaker 1: and it kind of really depended on where you were living. Um, 261 00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:26,760 Speaker 1: if you lived in the city or if you lived 262 00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 1: in a company town where they have these factories, you 263 00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:31,120 Speaker 1: were gonna be working in factories flipped out. In the 264 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:33,400 Speaker 1: rural areas, you gonna be working on farms. And most 265 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: most Americans still lived on farms at the time, so 266 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: most child labor took place on farms. But if you 267 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:43,840 Speaker 1: were on that farm, you're gonna be picking cotton and tobacco. 268 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:46,440 Speaker 1: You're gonna be picking a lot of stuff and doing 269 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:51,040 Speaker 1: all the sort of stuff that goes on after the picking, 270 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: which is semming d C. And all that stuff shucking 271 00:15:57,120 --> 00:15:58,600 Speaker 1: and stuff I did. When I was a kid, we 272 00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: had a big, big garden and my mom took us 273 00:16:01,040 --> 00:16:05,360 Speaker 1: to the canary. Uh and it was awful. I hated it. 274 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: Took you to the canary to like for a sight 275 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,640 Speaker 1: seeing trip or for work too. Can so like there 276 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: was a canary that your mom went to. You guys 277 00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:16,680 Speaker 1: had so much stuff you had to go to a 278 00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:20,800 Speaker 1: second location to cannon. That was a cannary in Decab County, 279 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:26,560 Speaker 1: a sort of industrial cannary for the people. And we 280 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: would take green beans and corn and uh, we made 281 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,160 Speaker 1: preserves and all kinds of stuff. And they had like 282 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 1: and you know, you could can your own junk there. 283 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:40,040 Speaker 1: It sounds like a lot of utopia. And yeah, and 284 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: we would you know, put sharpie, like beans on the 285 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 1: can on sharpie put it in the bandary. That's really 286 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 1: really interesting. I had no idea that there was a 287 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:53,040 Speaker 1: canary in de Cab County. Yeah, not too far from 288 00:16:53,040 --> 00:16:55,720 Speaker 1: where I live now. Actually it's like fifteen minutes away. 289 00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: Probably do you shudder every time you pass it? I 290 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:01,200 Speaker 1: do a little actually, bit I don't pass it much. 291 00:17:01,240 --> 00:17:04,280 Speaker 1: But it's over near the dog pound where you can 292 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:06,280 Speaker 1: go adopt a dog, And so I think we adopted 293 00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: Niko there and I drove by the canary and just like, yeah, 294 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:13,080 Speaker 1: it was hot. Well, you were lucky you weren't five 295 00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:15,600 Speaker 1: or six and left there to work all day every day, 296 00:17:15,640 --> 00:17:18,960 Speaker 1: aren't you. Yes, for almost no money. Yeah, pennies for 297 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,280 Speaker 1: a bucket of whatever you shucked or shelled or did 298 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: whatever peeled. Um. Yeah, working at a canary would probably 299 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:30,280 Speaker 1: not have been very fun. Um. They were also furnace 300 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: stoking jobs available, whether you wanted them or not. What else, chuck? Uh, Well, 301 00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:40,040 Speaker 1: kids did work in canaries. They also worked in textile mills. 302 00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:42,119 Speaker 1: They had bob and boys and bob and girls. This 303 00:17:42,119 --> 00:17:43,920 Speaker 1: one doesn't sound so bad to me, but I'm sure 304 00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:46,920 Speaker 1: I'm missing something that makes it atrocious. Well, I mean 305 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:50,119 Speaker 1: they would climb up on the machine and remove the bobbin's, 306 00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:52,760 Speaker 1: the full bobbin's and replacing them with empty ones. So 307 00:17:53,359 --> 00:17:56,159 Speaker 1: I don't think that was like the worst job in 308 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:59,359 Speaker 1: the world, But when you're doing that for ten or 309 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:02,240 Speaker 1: twelve hours a day in your six it's probably a 310 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:04,240 Speaker 1: bit of a buzz skill. Yeah, yeah, I have a 311 00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:09,120 Speaker 1: problem inherently with child labor in general. Not like having 312 00:18:09,119 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 1: a job like you or I had first they're got 313 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: a problem with that, but child child, any kind of 314 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 1: child labor, even if it is kind of cush comparatively. No, 315 00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:20,280 Speaker 1: I agree that one wasn't terrible. It may have been dangerous. 316 00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:23,359 Speaker 1: I don't know. There's no Yeah, there's no way it 317 00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: wasn't dangerous. It had to have been dangerous. We're talking 318 00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:29,040 Speaker 1: about the nineteenth century and industry. It was dangerous in 319 00:18:29,080 --> 00:18:34,439 Speaker 1: some way. There was no osha no, if that was 320 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: if you did live in the city and did work 321 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:42,479 Speaker 1: around factories, Um, you would do that. But there were 322 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:45,240 Speaker 1: also plenty of other jobs you could deliver, like the 323 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:48,959 Speaker 1: essentially they call them telegraph boys, sort of delivering you know, 324 00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: emails basically by hand to people all over town. You 325 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,120 Speaker 1: could shine shoes, You could sell newspapers like you did. 326 00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:59,240 Speaker 1: I didn't stand on a street corner. I was in 327 00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:01,480 Speaker 1: a newsy. We'll talk a little more about news is 328 00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:05,200 Speaker 1: in a second. I was a delivery boy, and not 329 00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: a not a really great one either. I frequently overslapped, 330 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:10,679 Speaker 1: and um, it was not good at delivering papers. My 331 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:12,399 Speaker 1: mom and my oldest sister would have to do my 332 00:19:12,480 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 1: route once in a while. Yes, um, and uh. The 333 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:21,680 Speaker 1: thing is is like they also make you shake down 334 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:24,760 Speaker 1: the people for their delinquent subscriptions. So I was like 335 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: a strong arm guy too for the Toledo blade as well. 336 00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:31,800 Speaker 1: I want my two dollars. Basically, that's exactly right, and 337 00:19:31,840 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: that was right in my wheelhouse too. I was like, 338 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:35,480 Speaker 1: this hits a little too close to home for me. 339 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:38,440 Speaker 1: Laugh at the kid. I know what he's going through. 340 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:41,200 Speaker 1: I've had to put my foot in somebody's door before 341 00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: to get there two dollars. I didn't ask for a time. 342 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:48,040 Speaker 1: I haven't seen that in a while. That was a 343 00:19:48,040 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: good movie classic. Uh, if you lived in the mountains 344 00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:55,960 Speaker 1: of Appalachia, you might have been a breaker boy um 345 00:19:56,080 --> 00:19:58,480 Speaker 1: or a mule handler. And breaker boys will get I 346 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:00,359 Speaker 1: guess we can go ahead and tell everyone that is 347 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: you would sit around and and break apart lumps of 348 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:09,160 Speaker 1: coal into uniform pieces all day long and break dance 349 00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:13,679 Speaker 1: on your brakes. Yeah, break your boys. But that was it. 350 00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:15,480 Speaker 1: And they wouldn't let you wear gloves while you were 351 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:17,320 Speaker 1: a break your boy too, because they're like, no, no, 352 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:20,399 Speaker 1: you can't break these things as uniformly if you wear gloves, 353 00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 1: you stupid kid. So you you have to basically absorb 354 00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:27,040 Speaker 1: all of this coal dust into your skin, get all 355 00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:29,880 Speaker 1: sorts of little cuts and callouses and all that by 356 00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:33,560 Speaker 1: the time you're six seven eight, um, and just do this. 357 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:38,080 Speaker 1: This is your life. Now, Welcome to Pennsylvania. Right. Uh. Then, 358 00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:41,199 Speaker 1: let's say you managed to escape all forms of formal 359 00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:43,960 Speaker 1: jobs your parents that they didn't make you go to 360 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:45,960 Speaker 1: the factory. You did live in the city, so you 361 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:48,160 Speaker 1: didn't have to work on a farm, and you might 362 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 1: think you just had it made in the shade. Not so, 363 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:54,399 Speaker 1: because there was plenty of jobs that you could do 364 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:59,240 Speaker 1: right there from your cretty little tenement apartment, like weaving 365 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:03,320 Speaker 1: baskets or making paper flowers, or hand rolling cigars and 366 00:21:03,359 --> 00:21:06,159 Speaker 1: cigarettes all day long and selling them. Yeah, it was like, 367 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:08,199 Speaker 1: you know, your whole family worked on a farm, or 368 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:10,280 Speaker 1: if you live in a tenement, your whole family worked, 369 00:21:10,359 --> 00:21:13,840 Speaker 1: you know, in what are called tenement industries. So there 370 00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:16,040 Speaker 1: was basically not a lot of escape. I get the 371 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,480 Speaker 1: impression that you basically had to have wealthy parents to 372 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:23,800 Speaker 1: not be forced into child labor at the time. Yeah, 373 00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 1: and I might have mentioned this once before my mom 374 00:21:25,840 --> 00:21:29,080 Speaker 1: did a thing for a little while where, uh, we 375 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: would make money doing like stuffing envelopes. Did you remember 376 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:38,159 Speaker 1: that stuff? I do? And I don't remember what it 377 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,040 Speaker 1: was four. I guess they were for companies. Okay, I 378 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 1: want to say Easter Seals had people do that too, 379 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:48,720 Speaker 1: but I'm sure they didn't pay. So this would be 380 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:50,399 Speaker 1: like a company that would have like a packet they 381 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,080 Speaker 1: would send out to had like five things in it, 382 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:55,560 Speaker 1: and we would be responsible for getting all that stuff 383 00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:58,760 Speaker 1: in huge boxes, assembling it all into the envelopes that 384 00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:00,560 Speaker 1: they could mail, and we would get paid as a 385 00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:03,920 Speaker 1: family to do that. That's cute. That's super late seventies 386 00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,080 Speaker 1: early eighties. Like I can see your mom talking on 387 00:22:06,119 --> 00:22:08,639 Speaker 1: the princess phone making all the arrangements for them to 388 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,840 Speaker 1: ship that tour and getting the instructions, you know, and 389 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:14,760 Speaker 1: then hanging up in that fifty ft long cord just 390 00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:18,520 Speaker 1: kind of coils up on its own quietly on the floor. Yeah. 391 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:20,320 Speaker 1: And I didn't mind that so much because I made 392 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:22,080 Speaker 1: a little money and I could That's something I could 393 00:22:22,119 --> 00:22:26,240 Speaker 1: do while I watched television. Yeah, totally. It's just the 394 00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:28,320 Speaker 1: perfect job, as we all know. Yeah, not exactly a 395 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,159 Speaker 1: high pressure job. It sounds like I wouldn't even know 396 00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: if that qualifies as a tenement industry, to tell you 397 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:37,199 Speaker 1: the truth. No, not in the seventies. No, you had 398 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:38,960 Speaker 1: a lot of jobs. So as a kid, good for 399 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:42,679 Speaker 1: you that protests wanted my own money, Protestant work ethic 400 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:47,240 Speaker 1: shining through like a city upon a hill. Should we 401 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:50,360 Speaker 1: talk newsies? Yeah we should. And I think also the 402 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:54,600 Speaker 1: newsy Um strike that we're going to mention deserves its 403 00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:58,920 Speaker 1: own episode, at least short, if not its own episode. Okay, 404 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: so yeah, let's just not talk about newsies. No. Now, 405 00:23:03,720 --> 00:23:05,040 Speaker 1: I thought the same thing, And the more I got 406 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:07,560 Speaker 1: into the strike, I was like, this is just too much. 407 00:23:07,560 --> 00:23:11,120 Speaker 1: We gotta do something. But the idea was that little 408 00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:15,560 Speaker 1: boys would buy a stack of newspapers wholesale for about 409 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:19,640 Speaker 1: fifty cents per girls too, I saw girls that did 410 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:21,720 Speaker 1: it too. Oh, girls did it too, all right, and 411 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:23,320 Speaker 1: they sold them for a penny a piece. That they 412 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:27,240 Speaker 1: would make half a penny per paper. Uh, selling in 413 00:23:27,240 --> 00:23:29,639 Speaker 1: the big cities, especially New York City of course. And 414 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:34,000 Speaker 1: then eventually in they did go on strike and it 415 00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:37,040 Speaker 1: was a big deal. It kind of ground I mean, 416 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:39,399 Speaker 1: it didn't grind them to a complete halt. But it 417 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:44,119 Speaker 1: really disrupted their their flow in getting newspapers into the 418 00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:47,120 Speaker 1: hands of people. Dude. The their sales over this two 419 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:51,119 Speaker 1: weeks strike went down two thirds. Yeah, like they brought 420 00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:56,240 Speaker 1: the They brought Pulitzer, Pulitzer and um Herst to their knees, 421 00:23:56,240 --> 00:24:00,400 Speaker 1: basically these newsies did. And they got some concessions too. Yeah, 422 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:04,320 Speaker 1: And I think the deal was is that morning subscribers 423 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:08,520 Speaker 1: were generally subscribers, or the morning paper was generally for subscribers, 424 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:12,159 Speaker 1: but it was that afternoon paper, that second edition that 425 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:14,280 Speaker 1: the news he's really raked it in on because most 426 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,920 Speaker 1: people didn't subscribe to that, and so they really weren't 427 00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:21,399 Speaker 1: selling any second editions hardly. And the one big concession 428 00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:25,000 Speaker 1: they got, which was huge, was they got them to 429 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: agree to full buy backs on unsold papers, which is 430 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:32,280 Speaker 1: a really really big deal. But it also really kind 431 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:36,040 Speaker 1: of goes to show you how much the newspaper barons 432 00:24:36,119 --> 00:24:39,080 Speaker 1: believed news these were scrappy enough that they wouldn't just 433 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:41,200 Speaker 1: sit around and be like, I don't have to sell these, 434 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:43,879 Speaker 1: you know, I don't have to worry about this. You know, 435 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:46,080 Speaker 1: they'll they'll be bought back anyway. I don't have to 436 00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:49,440 Speaker 1: work to sell them. Well, but buyback just means they 437 00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:51,320 Speaker 1: give them back the money they paid for him. It's 438 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:55,240 Speaker 1: not like they would make any money. They would just 439 00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:58,120 Speaker 1: in fact, it incentivize them, I think, to take out 440 00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:01,119 Speaker 1: more papers and some more papers because any of they 441 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:04,360 Speaker 1: wouldn't be stuck with them. Yeah, totally, we'll probably edit 442 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:09,919 Speaker 1: that part out. So. Um, one of the things you 443 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,560 Speaker 1: mentioned was making cigars like in your family's one room 444 00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:17,240 Speaker 1: apartment in say New York or something like that, right, Yeah, 445 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:22,560 Speaker 1: And that was apparently really bad and that not only 446 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:25,199 Speaker 1: did you work long hours for very little pay in 447 00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:28,760 Speaker 1: cramped working conditions with with your family on top of 448 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:32,640 Speaker 1: everything else. Um, you would frequently come down with nicotine 449 00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:36,040 Speaker 1: poisoning as a little kid because you're rolling cured sometimes 450 00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:41,119 Speaker 1: you're handling uncured tobacco, um, and you're ingesting lots of 451 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,160 Speaker 1: nicotine through your skin. At that's like you know, in 452 00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:47,119 Speaker 1: a single day, and so you might be nauseated, you 453 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:50,159 Speaker 1: might be dizzy, you might just turn green. Um. It 454 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:52,280 Speaker 1: can get worse than that too. You actually can suffer 455 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: respiratory distress as well. And apparently this is a big 456 00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 1: problem still with child laborers in Zimbabwe, because I think 457 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:02,720 Speaker 1: about twenty years ago that country doubled down on their 458 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: tobacco production and now it's like one of the biggest, 459 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:10,080 Speaker 1: um the biggest exports of Zimbabwe. But it's also a 460 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 1: very poor country, so they use child labor a lot, 461 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:16,480 Speaker 1: and so children are still to this day being exposed 462 00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:20,840 Speaker 1: to tobacco and they're rolling, uh, they're handling tobacco, they're 463 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:25,240 Speaker 1: rolling stuff, they're rolling cigars, they're sorting it. Um, they're 464 00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:27,480 Speaker 1: just the kids in tobacco should not be in the 465 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:31,719 Speaker 1: same room together, basically. Yeah, you know, it never occurred 466 00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:34,399 Speaker 1: to me that that. I guess it would be a 467 00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:40,440 Speaker 1: transdermal ingestion, right, but sure, I mean you put tobacco 468 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:42,159 Speaker 1: on be stings and all kinds of things, so of 469 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:43,960 Speaker 1: course it's going to get into their skin. Yeah. And 470 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 1: having gotten myself sick on tobacco a time or two 471 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:49,560 Speaker 1: in my life, I can tell you it is not pleasant. 472 00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,040 Speaker 1: And to do it against your will just because you're 473 00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:55,720 Speaker 1: handling it for your job that you don't even want, 474 00:26:55,840 --> 00:27:03,000 Speaker 1: is that sounds torturous? Actually? Yeah, I love that's Uh, 475 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:05,359 Speaker 1: should you retell it for people haven't heard it? Are 476 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:08,119 Speaker 1: you talking about eighth grade in the tree fort is 477 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:09,800 Speaker 1: that when you like smoked a whole pack of cigarettes 478 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:11,159 Speaker 1: and got sick. It was more like a pack and 479 00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:16,480 Speaker 1: a half. Okay, it was right after I first started smoking, 480 00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:19,679 Speaker 1: and I was like, I was like, I really like 481 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:22,040 Speaker 1: how this makes me feel. Let's see how like thirty 482 00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:24,480 Speaker 1: of these things make me feel. And I was saying 483 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,199 Speaker 1: reading comic books up in the tree fort in the 484 00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:31,159 Speaker 1: woods that my friends and I had built, and uh, 485 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:35,240 Speaker 1: I just went too far. Man. I felt so bad. Man, 486 00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:39,359 Speaker 1: Like like I felt like I looked green. It was. 487 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:42,600 Speaker 1: It was bad news. That's one of those moments where 488 00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:45,480 Speaker 1: you like, you really wish you could have like video 489 00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:49,199 Speaker 1: footage kind of what I look like. I kind of 490 00:27:49,240 --> 00:27:51,159 Speaker 1: hope when when I die, it's a little bit like 491 00:27:51,240 --> 00:27:53,280 Speaker 1: defending your life so they can shoot. I'll be like, 492 00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:55,119 Speaker 1: show me that one. Well, we can go over the 493 00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:57,400 Speaker 1: other stuff. I really want to see that clip. Yeah, 494 00:27:57,480 --> 00:28:00,480 Speaker 1: ripped torn will be there. Yeah. The upside of this, though, 495 00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:04,160 Speaker 1: is do not ever start smoking. I deeply regret ever 496 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: having started smoking as a kid. As an adult, it 497 00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:10,040 Speaker 1: doesn't matter, Like, just don't ever start smoking and do 498 00:28:10,119 --> 00:28:13,040 Speaker 1: yourself a real favor. You did a great job quitting, though, 499 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:16,160 Speaker 1: and you never looked back. Nope, I didn't. Good job 500 00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,639 Speaker 1: it was. It was surprisingly easy because I was like 501 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:23,320 Speaker 1: one one more thing. I think, if there are people 502 00:28:23,359 --> 00:28:25,040 Speaker 1: out there who are considering smoking right now and are 503 00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,240 Speaker 1: worried about the time they're going to have, one of 504 00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,200 Speaker 1: my big worries was that I was going to spend 505 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:31,720 Speaker 1: every day of the rest of my life wishing for 506 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:34,879 Speaker 1: a cigarette. And that's just not how it goes. Like 507 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:38,040 Speaker 1: you spend a week, two weeks if it's really bad, 508 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:40,880 Speaker 1: maybe three weeks really longing for a cigarette, and then 509 00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 1: it starts to get easier and easier, and then eventually 510 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: you're grossed out by the thought of cigarettes and people 511 00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:48,800 Speaker 1: smoking cigarettes around you, and you don't ever want to 512 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,560 Speaker 1: see one again. So if that's what's keeping you from quitting, 513 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,880 Speaker 1: don't let it, because that's not how it is. I 514 00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:58,760 Speaker 1: like that. Good Thanks man. Thanks. I think before we break, 515 00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:01,160 Speaker 1: maybe we'll just go over some of the final stats here. 516 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:06,680 Speaker 1: Uh at the basically the peak and about nineteen hundred 517 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:10,480 Speaker 1: UM by eighteen ninety one out of every five kids 518 00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:15,440 Speaker 1: under sixteen was working. UM one point seven million kids 519 00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:20,720 Speaker 1: under sixteen was six percent of the total workforce in 520 00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:25,040 Speaker 1: the nine hundred census, and that's just kids who were 521 00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:28,040 Speaker 1: registered to work in these factories, like that does not 522 00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:30,960 Speaker 1: include these kids rolling scars in their house or the 523 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,479 Speaker 1: kids on the family farm. So it was much much 524 00:29:33,560 --> 00:29:36,280 Speaker 1: higher than that. Yeah, because I think two thirds of 525 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:40,040 Speaker 1: kids um in general in the in the country worked 526 00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:43,440 Speaker 1: in agriculture. So yeah, if they were not counting agriculture, 527 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:45,520 Speaker 1: they missed out on a lot of kids in that number. 528 00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:48,280 Speaker 1: And that's still a staggering number in and of itself, 529 00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:51,520 Speaker 1: one point seven million. Yeah. And if you're wondering back 530 00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: then what effect this had on education, just a snapshot 531 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:59,320 Speaker 1: from Philadelphia in nineteen hundred, fifteen percent of thirteen year 532 00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: old boys had less school to work. And I think 533 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,760 Speaker 1: half a fifteen year old boys were not in school 534 00:30:06,760 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 1: anymore because they were working or the and like a 535 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:13,719 Speaker 1: significant portion because they were naughty, right, yeah, and they 536 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:15,479 Speaker 1: just didn't want to do anything. But get this, this 537 00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:19,080 Speaker 1: is the staggering one to me, seventeen year old boys 538 00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:21,560 Speaker 1: only ten percent of them were still in school in 539 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:25,520 Speaker 1: nine in Philadelphia. That is that does not bode well 540 00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 1: for the future um of a of a of a 541 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:32,480 Speaker 1: an economy. And I think that actually is one reason 542 00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:35,680 Speaker 1: why public education became so much more compulsory, and one 543 00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:39,480 Speaker 1: reason why people came around to anti child labor laws 544 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:42,360 Speaker 1: is the idea that, no, there's a lot more that 545 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:44,720 Speaker 1: they could be doing than just working in a factory, 546 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,760 Speaker 1: almost literally their entire lives, Like, we can do we 547 00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:49,880 Speaker 1: can do better, and we can build a better a 548 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:52,480 Speaker 1: better society and a better economy if we invest in 549 00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:56,040 Speaker 1: their education instead of robbing them of it. All right, 550 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:57,960 Speaker 1: I guess we'll take a break and talk about when 551 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:00,640 Speaker 1: that started in earnest and it was just then when 552 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:31,160 Speaker 1: you mentioned it, so Chuck Um, it turns out that 553 00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,280 Speaker 1: there were so the progressive error is one of my 554 00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:35,200 Speaker 1: favorite errors, or I should say the people from the 555 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,120 Speaker 1: progressive error, or some of my favorite people like Francis Perkins, 556 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:41,400 Speaker 1: although she was a second or third wave progressive performer, 557 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,640 Speaker 1: but she was inspired by some of these earlier ones 558 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:48,200 Speaker 1: who were working on things like UM fair wages like 559 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:53,360 Speaker 1: a minimum wage, minimum or maximum work days or working 560 00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,600 Speaker 1: hours UM. And then they also trained their sights on 561 00:31:56,760 --> 00:31:59,360 Speaker 1: things like ending child labor or at the very least 562 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:03,600 Speaker 1: really restricting the amount of work a kid could do, 563 00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:07,720 Speaker 1: especially UM in regards to them being in school too. 564 00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:11,280 Speaker 1: The idea was to put school first and then if 565 00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:13,680 Speaker 1: the kid had the wherewithal or their parents really needed 566 00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:15,720 Speaker 1: the money or something like that, they could let them 567 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 1: work in addition to school. But the school needed to 568 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,120 Speaker 1: come first. And this is really radical because I mean 569 00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:25,240 Speaker 1: it seems radical. We had kids rolling cigars in their 570 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:28,760 Speaker 1: one room apartment in New York, their whole lives, and 571 00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:30,520 Speaker 1: now all of a sudden some people are coming up 572 00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:32,080 Speaker 1: and be like, no, no, no, it should be in 573 00:32:32,160 --> 00:32:35,480 Speaker 1: school and then maybe working, preferably not working. So how 574 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:38,400 Speaker 1: do we make that happen? Yeah, it was a very 575 00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:40,680 Speaker 1: big deal. And most of these or a lot of 576 00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,680 Speaker 1: them were women, people like Jane Adams and Julia Lathrop 577 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:49,320 Speaker 1: and Lillian ward Um anti poverty measures and this is 578 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:51,960 Speaker 1: stuff that you know. They would also go on to 579 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:55,960 Speaker 1: champion uh, women's rights and women's rights and the workforce 580 00:32:56,240 --> 00:32:58,600 Speaker 1: and women's rights to vote. So it was the whole 581 00:32:58,640 --> 00:33:00,560 Speaker 1: progressive movement was kind of tied up and all these 582 00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:03,560 Speaker 1: you know, radical ideas about you know, being fair and 583 00:33:03,640 --> 00:33:11,120 Speaker 1: good decent human being, right. Radical? Um, So, uh, here's 584 00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:13,640 Speaker 1: the problem is, you've got these robber barons and these 585 00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,840 Speaker 1: factory owners. And then these industrialists who are like, wait 586 00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:18,960 Speaker 1: a minute, we got a good deal going. Because we 587 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,560 Speaker 1: don't have to pay these kids much, they're probably not 588 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,280 Speaker 1: going to unionize. Like the newsies thing was definitely an 589 00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:29,160 Speaker 1: anomaly that didn't happen much. And he said, they were like, 590 00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,160 Speaker 1: we gotta we got a good thing going, and uh 591 00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:34,360 Speaker 1: so we're gonna lobby against this as hard as we can. 592 00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:39,200 Speaker 1: But surely they were unsuccessful. Right, No, they were successful. 593 00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:42,440 Speaker 1: They did. They blocked a log of legislation early on 594 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,320 Speaker 1: for this kind of regulation. Um, federally states, Uh, you know, 595 00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,400 Speaker 1: it kind of depends on where it was, but states 596 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:54,080 Speaker 1: did establish child labor commissions in some states had some 597 00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:58,680 Speaker 1: minimum ages, minimum or maximum hours and minimum wages. It 598 00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:01,960 Speaker 1: was they were sparse. I couldn't find what states passed it. 599 00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:04,959 Speaker 1: But um, for the most part, there were there was 600 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:08,400 Speaker 1: a probably for the most part, though, there was a 601 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:12,240 Speaker 1: a lot of pushback and enough pushback among the states, 602 00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,319 Speaker 1: um the residents of the states that that not a 603 00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:18,800 Speaker 1: lot got passed. So there was a progressive movement that 604 00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:23,640 Speaker 1: started saying like the eighteen nineties and it had to 605 00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:27,840 Speaker 1: it basically like any progressive movement, it ran full steam ahead, 606 00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:30,680 Speaker 1: hit a huge wall of industry and then had to 607 00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:33,520 Speaker 1: slowly just keep pushing and pushing and chugging and chugging 608 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:35,520 Speaker 1: and keeping at it for a few decades before it 609 00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,200 Speaker 1: was successful. Um. And one of the ways that it 610 00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:40,440 Speaker 1: became successful with the way that it kept pushing at 611 00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: it after it hit that wall of industry is UM 612 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:47,359 Speaker 1: a group called the National Child Labor Committee formed and 613 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:49,840 Speaker 1: I think they formed in back in nineteen o four, 614 00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:53,040 Speaker 1: and they were basically they became a lobbying group to 615 00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:58,040 Speaker 1: lobby against the lobbying against child labor laws that ended 616 00:34:58,120 --> 00:35:02,000 Speaker 1: child labor. Yeah, and they had a pretty smart way 617 00:35:02,040 --> 00:35:05,000 Speaker 1: to get attention, and uh that was in hiring a 618 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:10,240 Speaker 1: photographer named Lewis Hine to go around and sneakily document 619 00:35:10,360 --> 00:35:12,680 Speaker 1: what was going on with his camera. Yeah, he was 620 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,640 Speaker 1: He worked as a sociologist and a teacher and then 621 00:35:15,760 --> 00:35:20,520 Speaker 1: later became a photographer. Was also a photographer, and uh, 622 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,680 Speaker 1: I think he himself was a kid who was working 623 00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:26,239 Speaker 1: twelve thirteen hour days, so he was like, let me 624 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:29,320 Speaker 1: start taking pictures of these kids and maybe that because 625 00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:31,359 Speaker 1: you know, that's worth a thousand words, they say at 626 00:35:31,440 --> 00:35:36,920 Speaker 1: least five thousand, So that means that he took fifty 627 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:46,440 Speaker 1: thousand words, No, five five thousand. I'm just kidding your confidence. 628 00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:49,600 Speaker 1: It was totally wrong. It was purposefully wrong. Though. Let 629 00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:53,120 Speaker 1: me just do that real quick, to do carry the one. 630 00:35:53,239 --> 00:35:58,840 Speaker 1: He took five million words. That's a lot of words. Um. 631 00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:00,719 Speaker 1: And if you go back, you probably seen a bunch 632 00:36:00,719 --> 00:36:04,960 Speaker 1: of these pictures. Have you seen pictures of very unhappy 633 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,600 Speaker 1: kids outside of a coal mine, or standing on the 634 00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:12,799 Speaker 1: mountains of shucked oysters, or standing around factory machines like 635 00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:16,439 Speaker 1: little mensture adults? They were probably Lewis Hynes photos. Yeah, 636 00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:19,440 Speaker 1: I mean five thousand photos, all archived in the Library 637 00:36:19,440 --> 00:36:22,799 Speaker 1: of Congress. Um, from what I understand. Um. And he 638 00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:25,560 Speaker 1: had like a really great eye to begin with. Like 639 00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:28,839 Speaker 1: they're really great photographs in and of themselves. But you know, 640 00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:31,279 Speaker 1: you don't have to sit there and like, you know, 641 00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:35,400 Speaker 1: try to really contemplate it. It just hits you immediately 642 00:36:35,440 --> 00:36:37,480 Speaker 1: what you're looking at and how sad what you're looking 643 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:40,839 Speaker 1: at is. And so he and the National Child Labor 644 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:44,880 Speaker 1: Committee got these into newspapers. Um. And like you said, uh, 645 00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:49,040 Speaker 1: he was very sneaky. He would poses different things. Um. 646 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:54,279 Speaker 1: One of them made sense to me. The industrial machinery photographer. Okay, 647 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,360 Speaker 1: got that, but what excuse what a Bible salesman have 648 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:03,239 Speaker 1: for taking photographs of the kids at the factory. I 649 00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:06,400 Speaker 1: could not find that save my life. I mean the 650 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,279 Speaker 1: only thing I could think is that got him in 651 00:37:08,320 --> 00:37:11,319 Speaker 1: the door. And then maybe he was like, and I 652 00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: just love kids, and can I take some pictures? But 653 00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,280 Speaker 1: I don't know. And this is a time before stranger danger, 654 00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:18,520 Speaker 1: I guess. So they were like, sure, I mean they're 655 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,520 Speaker 1: child labors. I don't care about him. Yeah, he also 656 00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:25,319 Speaker 1: um he wore a special jacket where he had the 657 00:37:25,320 --> 00:37:29,520 Speaker 1: buttons on the jacket aligned in known measurements. So if 658 00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:31,239 Speaker 1: he went over and stood like he would take a 659 00:37:31,280 --> 00:37:33,800 Speaker 1: kid's picture, and he would ask, you know, they're documented 660 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,600 Speaker 1: like their names and their ages and stuff as best 661 00:37:36,640 --> 00:37:39,359 Speaker 1: he could. But he would go stand next to them 662 00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:41,520 Speaker 1: if he felt like he couldn't outright ask what their 663 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,239 Speaker 1: age was, to kind of tip off that maybe he 664 00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:47,360 Speaker 1: was not a Bible salesman. Uh. And you know, if 665 00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:49,040 Speaker 1: the kid went up to the second or third button, 666 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,960 Speaker 1: he would know roughly how tall they were, or no, 667 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,520 Speaker 1: he would know how tall they were then roughly how 668 00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:58,560 Speaker 1: old they were. The other thing were giants, right right. Yeah, 669 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:00,480 Speaker 1: I'm sure you know he didn't get him all right, 670 00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:03,799 Speaker 1: but you know, you can't win them all. But the 671 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:06,520 Speaker 1: other thing that made it, um, that jacket special, chuck, 672 00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:08,760 Speaker 1: was that the lining was made of a t shirt 673 00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:11,640 Speaker 1: of a ripped chest and abdomen. And it would make 674 00:38:11,719 --> 00:38:14,440 Speaker 1: him feel really good about himself when he put that 675 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:20,480 Speaker 1: jacket on. Oh that's good, let's call it. Uh When 676 00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:24,840 Speaker 1: did things finally changed though? Uh, well, they started to 677 00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:27,880 Speaker 1: kind of change like these These pictures shocked the conscience 678 00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:29,600 Speaker 1: of the nation when they when they saw them, when 679 00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:31,719 Speaker 1: they made them in the newspapers, and they were accompanied 680 00:38:31,719 --> 00:38:34,799 Speaker 1: by muckra getting articles about how bad these conditions were. 681 00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:37,160 Speaker 1: And you know, shame on you, America for turning a 682 00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,000 Speaker 1: blind eye to this kind of thing. Um. But it 683 00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:43,520 Speaker 1: wasn't like an instantaneous switch was thrown. It still took decades. 684 00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:48,960 Speaker 1: I think. The first proposal for anti child labor um 685 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:54,880 Speaker 1: legislation came in nineteen oh six. Senator Albert Beveridge of Indiana, 686 00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:58,400 Speaker 1: UM was the first to propose. It got taken up 687 00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:00,719 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixteen by the Key Eating Act that was 688 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:04,240 Speaker 1: actually passed, but the Supreme Court shut it down. Um. 689 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:07,560 Speaker 1: And then there was some more legislation that there was 690 00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:11,120 Speaker 1: a constitutional amendment actually that got passed but wasn't ratified 691 00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:13,440 Speaker 1: by the States. And then it wasn't until the Great 692 00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:16,800 Speaker 1: Depression and the New Deal that it finally got passed. 693 00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:18,600 Speaker 1: And I think if it were just the New Deal, 694 00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:22,720 Speaker 1: it wouldn't have gotten passed. But the Great Depression changed 695 00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:26,960 Speaker 1: things socially enough that it opened the door for an 696 00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,520 Speaker 1: end to child labor in America. Yeah, Like, ironically, I 697 00:39:30,560 --> 00:39:34,479 Speaker 1: think massive unemployment with so many adults out of work, 698 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,640 Speaker 1: they couldn't turn around and just hire kids to do 699 00:39:36,680 --> 00:39:40,799 Speaker 1: these jobs for lower wages. It was I mean, even 700 00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:43,279 Speaker 1: at a time when its a bad look didn't really 701 00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:47,040 Speaker 1: matter as much as as it does today, they even 702 00:39:47,080 --> 00:39:49,719 Speaker 1: knew that that was a really bad look and that 703 00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:53,680 Speaker 1: they probably couldn't do something like that. So eventually the 704 00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:58,640 Speaker 1: Fair Labors Fair Labor Standards Act of Thank You Francis 705 00:39:58,640 --> 00:40:02,440 Speaker 1: Perkins or old Buddy, that's right, among others UM, this 706 00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:06,319 Speaker 1: finally set a national minimum wage for the very first time, 707 00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:12,280 Speaker 1: maximum number of hours for workers, and then child labor limitations, 708 00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:16,920 Speaker 1: notably that if you are under sixteen, you cannot work 709 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:19,839 Speaker 1: in manufacturing and you cannot work in coal mining at 710 00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:22,719 Speaker 1: all because they're just too dangerous. Another couple of things 711 00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:25,960 Speaker 1: that did it established over time time and a half. 712 00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:29,120 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, so if you went over forty hours a week, 713 00:40:29,160 --> 00:40:31,120 Speaker 1: you could only work up to forty four, but you 714 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:33,680 Speaker 1: could work four hours at time and a half. And 715 00:40:33,719 --> 00:40:37,960 Speaker 1: that very first minimum wage was twenty five cents an hour. 716 00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:42,120 Speaker 1: Man uhe went up to thirty forty five, it went 717 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,800 Speaker 1: up to forty. Uh in nineteen fifty six, it finally 718 00:40:45,880 --> 00:40:50,680 Speaker 1: reached a dollar kitching and it didn't crack six dollars 719 00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:54,680 Speaker 1: until two thousand eight. I know, dude, it's just shameful, 720 00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:57,880 Speaker 1: isn't that nuts? We definitely need to do a minimum 721 00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:00,840 Speaker 1: wage episode two because it's just not as cut and 722 00:41:00,920 --> 00:41:04,000 Speaker 1: dried as Yeah, it's raised a minimum wage, like there's 723 00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:07,080 Speaker 1: just it's like there's a lot to it. I really 724 00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:09,040 Speaker 1: want to do one on that. Yeah. I hadn't really 725 00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:13,240 Speaker 1: kept up with it because I before I got salary jobs, 726 00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:17,000 Speaker 1: I worked as a waiter for fifteen or twenty years 727 00:41:17,080 --> 00:41:20,480 Speaker 1: or something so or as a p A on movie 728 00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:24,080 Speaker 1: sets and TV sets, and that's not an hourly thing either, 729 00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:27,760 Speaker 1: So like I hadn't had an hourly rate job since college, 730 00:41:28,719 --> 00:41:30,759 Speaker 1: so I didn't really know, you know, kind of how 731 00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:32,880 Speaker 1: it changed over the years. I did not know it 732 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,040 Speaker 1: was two thousand and eight when they cracked six dollars. 733 00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:38,200 Speaker 1: That's really low, it really is. It's very it's it's 734 00:41:38,239 --> 00:41:41,440 Speaker 1: just not okay, and it's still it's seven something right now. 735 00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:46,799 Speaker 1: It's no, it's seven five, actually I think it's yeah, 736 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:50,480 Speaker 1: that's the national minimum wage. Right. Yeah. Again, some of 737 00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:53,799 Speaker 1: the states are are raising stuff slowly but surely, but 738 00:41:53,880 --> 00:41:56,920 Speaker 1: that's the federal one. Still, this is Alabama doesn't have 739 00:41:56,920 --> 00:42:00,359 Speaker 1: a minimum wage. Is that right? Is that possible? Yeah, 740 00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,759 Speaker 1: that's possible. Man doesn't have to look into that. That's 741 00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,759 Speaker 1: on the fly. So, um yeah, we'll do a whole 742 00:42:06,760 --> 00:42:10,719 Speaker 1: one on minimum wage for sure coming up. But um, 743 00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:14,359 Speaker 1: you said that. The the Fair Labor Standards Act was 744 00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:20,840 Speaker 1: um past in night and it's still basically governs child 745 00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:23,879 Speaker 1: labor um And one of the things that it does, Chuck, 746 00:42:23,960 --> 00:42:28,000 Speaker 1: is it it divides uh, child labor into agricultural and 747 00:42:28,080 --> 00:42:32,840 Speaker 1: non agricultural jobs. And with agriculture or non agricultural jobs, 748 00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:36,520 Speaker 1: there's like a pretty decent amount of protections, like kids 749 00:42:36,560 --> 00:42:41,640 Speaker 1: can't work in hazardous stuff until they're eighteen, things like blasting, mining, 750 00:42:41,760 --> 00:42:46,319 Speaker 1: forest firefighting, that kind of stuff. Um that if you're 751 00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:49,319 Speaker 1: under sixteen, you can only work a maximum of three 752 00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:53,920 Speaker 1: hours a day during the school year. Um, there's some exemptions. 753 00:42:53,960 --> 00:42:57,200 Speaker 1: Did you see the thing about home based wreathmaking. Yeah, 754 00:42:57,239 --> 00:43:00,319 Speaker 1: so you cannot non agriculturally, you cannot work if you're 755 00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:02,239 Speaker 1: under fourteen at all. Like I could not have worked 756 00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:06,560 Speaker 1: as a bus boy at thirteen, supposedly, but I still did. 757 00:43:07,320 --> 00:43:10,319 Speaker 1: Um unless that was passed since then, because this thing 758 00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:14,080 Speaker 1: has been ratified a million times or not ratified but amended. 759 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:17,799 Speaker 1: But yeah, if you're a child actor, you can work 760 00:43:17,840 --> 00:43:21,080 Speaker 1: if you're under fourteen. Obviously, if you're a newsy you 761 00:43:21,080 --> 00:43:24,760 Speaker 1: can still deliver newspapers if you're under fourteen. And home 762 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:29,440 Speaker 1: based wreathmaker, it's so weird. It is weird. And not 763 00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,759 Speaker 1: only is it, home based wreathmaking is exempted from child 764 00:43:32,840 --> 00:43:35,120 Speaker 1: labor laws in the United States. It has to be 765 00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:37,960 Speaker 1: a specific kind of reath that has to be mostly 766 00:43:38,160 --> 00:43:42,239 Speaker 1: evergreen wreaths. So if you're making reads and it has 767 00:43:42,280 --> 00:43:44,560 Speaker 1: to be at home. If you're having your kid make 768 00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:49,160 Speaker 1: reads at home and they're not mostly evergreen, that's illegal. 769 00:43:49,920 --> 00:43:52,239 Speaker 1: And if they're making things out of Evergreen that are 770 00:43:52,239 --> 00:43:58,760 Speaker 1: not reads like say Garland that's illegal, specifically homemade reads 771 00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:02,400 Speaker 1: that are mostly Evergreen. It's really really interesting. It's one 772 00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:04,560 Speaker 1: of the most bizarre facts we've ever talked about on 773 00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:07,000 Speaker 1: this episode. Yes show. Yeah, we're going to keep that 774 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,719 Speaker 1: one in my pocket totally. But agricultural though, they have 775 00:44:11,960 --> 00:44:16,319 Speaker 1: like very little protection, like almost shamefully little protections. Yeah, 776 00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:18,759 Speaker 1: if you're sixteen years old and you live on your 777 00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:22,359 Speaker 1: family farm, they can work you. Um, there's no living 778 00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:24,640 Speaker 1: on how many hours they can work you. You can 779 00:44:24,680 --> 00:44:28,200 Speaker 1: work jobs at the Department of Labor considers hazardous. I 780 00:44:28,239 --> 00:44:31,480 Speaker 1: think fourteen year olds also can work unlimited hours if 781 00:44:31,520 --> 00:44:34,480 Speaker 1: it's outside the school day, and then the kids as 782 00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:38,879 Speaker 1: young as twelve I think actually twelve and younger can 783 00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:45,560 Speaker 1: work with parental consent. Yeah, yeah, basically unlimited hours or 784 00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:47,799 Speaker 1: at least up to seventy two hours, and that's during 785 00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:50,719 Speaker 1: the school year as well. And as a result of this, 786 00:44:52,120 --> 00:44:56,359 Speaker 1: of child farm workers graduate from high school here and 787 00:44:56,560 --> 00:45:01,600 Speaker 1: you know the in the United States we're talking about, 788 00:45:01,640 --> 00:45:03,520 Speaker 1: and the hundred thousand of them are injured on the 789 00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:07,200 Speaker 1: job every year. Child farm laborers and a lot of 790 00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:10,359 Speaker 1: trying to get changed. Yeah, they're basically saying, like, look, 791 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:12,759 Speaker 1: just just take these things that we apply to non 792 00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:16,400 Speaker 1: agricultural jobs and apply to agricultural problems solved, and that 793 00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:18,439 Speaker 1: would solve a lot of problems. I'm sure it would 794 00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:19,960 Speaker 1: create a lot of problems that you and I are 795 00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:23,040 Speaker 1: unaware of, not being farm folk. Um, But it would 796 00:45:23,040 --> 00:45:25,919 Speaker 1: solve a lot of the child labor problems that child 797 00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:29,279 Speaker 1: labor activists have issues with. It would do nothing for 798 00:45:29,320 --> 00:45:35,160 Speaker 1: the the much more rampant problems that are endemic around 799 00:45:35,160 --> 00:45:38,279 Speaker 1: the world with child labor, where a lot of it 800 00:45:38,320 --> 00:45:42,120 Speaker 1: resembles basically how America was with child labor at the 801 00:45:42,239 --> 00:45:45,600 Speaker 1: at the you know, during the Gilded Age. Yeah, hundred 802 00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:49,440 Speaker 1: and fifty eight million kids are estimated to be the 803 00:45:49,480 --> 00:45:52,879 Speaker 1: victims of child labor around the world. The good news 804 00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:57,360 Speaker 1: is that's down from twenty years ago. Um. But the 805 00:45:57,400 --> 00:45:59,880 Speaker 1: bad news is is that's a lot of kids. And 806 00:46:01,239 --> 00:46:06,600 Speaker 1: I think those are in agriculture, harvesting, fishing, herding, stuff 807 00:46:06,640 --> 00:46:09,560 Speaker 1: like that, But there are a lot of kids around 808 00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,799 Speaker 1: the world. It's still like work in coal mines. Yeah, 809 00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:16,440 Speaker 1: like that's too narrow for an adults, too dangerous. You 810 00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:19,239 Speaker 1: go in there and do it instead UM, and they'll 811 00:46:19,280 --> 00:46:21,799 Speaker 1: work with like they'll work at wildcat gold mines, so 812 00:46:21,840 --> 00:46:24,359 Speaker 1: they're having to like separate gold with mercury. So they're 813 00:46:24,360 --> 00:46:27,360 Speaker 1: getting mercury poisoning at a young age, which really messes 814 00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:32,239 Speaker 1: with your developmentally. UM. On tobacco farms in places like Zimbabwe, 815 00:46:32,360 --> 00:46:35,040 Speaker 1: not only are they having to get um, you know, 816 00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:40,480 Speaker 1: nicotine poisoning, they're also being poisoned by UM toxic pesticides 817 00:46:40,520 --> 00:46:42,960 Speaker 1: that are used on the crops and stuff too. So 818 00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:47,200 Speaker 1: like these kids are working in like deplorable working conditions 819 00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:52,359 Speaker 1: and UM there's just some really basic stuff that needs 820 00:46:52,440 --> 00:46:55,640 Speaker 1: to change that would just free the children of the 821 00:46:55,680 --> 00:47:00,719 Speaker 1: world the world around from um what is essentially like 822 00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,880 Speaker 1: indentured servitude right now. Yeah, and there's four kind of 823 00:47:03,920 --> 00:47:05,960 Speaker 1: basic things that the i ll O says we can 824 00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:09,239 Speaker 1: do around the country and they, like you said at 825 00:47:09,239 --> 00:47:11,640 Speaker 1: the very beginning, they're very pragmatic. They all make sense 826 00:47:12,160 --> 00:47:14,360 Speaker 1: and they would really make a difference. And the first 827 00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:20,120 Speaker 1: is expand access to education. Get kids in school and 828 00:47:20,239 --> 00:47:23,440 Speaker 1: um get rid of fees to be in school and 829 00:47:24,160 --> 00:47:27,480 Speaker 1: uh put them. If they're in a school situation, they're 830 00:47:27,480 --> 00:47:30,360 Speaker 1: way less likely to join the workforce. That's that's what 831 00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:32,920 Speaker 1: our friends at CODE do. They they're like helping get 832 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:36,040 Speaker 1: kids off of family farms and into schools by removing 833 00:47:36,040 --> 00:47:39,560 Speaker 1: any barriers between them and in school. Yep, it's all 834 00:47:39,640 --> 00:47:44,640 Speaker 1: through education. It's a great, great organization. What else. Uh, 835 00:47:44,680 --> 00:47:47,440 Speaker 1: and that's, by the way, the cooperative I always say 836 00:47:47,440 --> 00:47:51,680 Speaker 1: that word wrong, cooperative for education. Yeah, look them up. 837 00:47:51,680 --> 00:47:54,080 Speaker 1: We've championed them for years and we got a little uh, 838 00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,520 Speaker 1: a little uh fun thing coming up that we're doing 839 00:47:56,560 --> 00:47:58,319 Speaker 1: with them that you guys might be interested in. So 840 00:47:58,320 --> 00:48:01,160 Speaker 1: stay tuned for that. Yeah. Uh, let me see what's 841 00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:04,640 Speaker 1: the next one? Help families meet basic needs. Uh. This 842 00:48:04,680 --> 00:48:06,880 Speaker 1: could be a universal basic income, it could be a 843 00:48:06,920 --> 00:48:10,719 Speaker 1: monthly stipend, but basically so families don't have to send 844 00:48:10,719 --> 00:48:13,719 Speaker 1: their kids out to work to provide at the most 845 00:48:13,719 --> 00:48:16,279 Speaker 1: basic level. Yeah. In a way that you can help 846 00:48:16,360 --> 00:48:20,600 Speaker 1: that is through Kiva, UM, by blending making micro loans 847 00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:22,960 Speaker 1: to people so that they can they have the capital 848 00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:27,480 Speaker 1: to grow from uh initially. Um. There's also like, if 849 00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:30,799 Speaker 1: you make sure that adults are getting better wages and 850 00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:34,600 Speaker 1: pay and um, their rights are protected, it makes their 851 00:48:34,719 --> 00:48:37,480 Speaker 1: children less likely to be forced into the workplace to 852 00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:40,400 Speaker 1: begin with, because it's not again, there's not like adults 853 00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,440 Speaker 1: the world ground saying, you know, our kids need to 854 00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:45,960 Speaker 1: be working because they're lazy, like their kids need to 855 00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:49,239 Speaker 1: be working because the adults aren't getting paid enough. And 856 00:48:49,360 --> 00:48:52,640 Speaker 1: if you, um, make sure that you're you know, if 857 00:48:52,640 --> 00:48:55,000 Speaker 1: you're a Western company and you make sure that you're 858 00:48:55,080 --> 00:48:58,760 Speaker 1: paying everybody a fair wage, um, there's a good chance 859 00:48:58,840 --> 00:49:02,040 Speaker 1: that you can erradic eight child labor from your supply chain. 860 00:49:04,040 --> 00:49:07,239 Speaker 1: And then the last thing is just enforcement. They can 861 00:49:07,280 --> 00:49:09,080 Speaker 1: put all the laws that they want on the books, 862 00:49:09,080 --> 00:49:12,319 Speaker 1: but unless someone's gonna actually work on enforcement, than it 863 00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:15,759 Speaker 1: really doesn't matter much. So uh, that's really sort of 864 00:49:15,760 --> 00:49:20,759 Speaker 1: the last step is uh funding for enforcement. Yeah, and 865 00:49:20,880 --> 00:49:24,000 Speaker 1: Germany actually just passed the law recently that that demands 866 00:49:24,080 --> 00:49:28,440 Speaker 1: that it's companies examined, do due diligence and examine their 867 00:49:28,480 --> 00:49:31,880 Speaker 1: supply chains to see if there's um child labor involved 868 00:49:31,920 --> 00:49:33,840 Speaker 1: and to do something about it. That doesn't have like 869 00:49:33,880 --> 00:49:36,040 Speaker 1: as much teeth as Human Rights Watch was saying that 870 00:49:36,120 --> 00:49:38,040 Speaker 1: they wish it had, but it's a good first step 871 00:49:38,080 --> 00:49:41,600 Speaker 1: and hopefully the way that that you know, progressive nations 872 00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,759 Speaker 1: will start moving. That's right. Um, Two things big shout out. 873 00:49:45,840 --> 00:49:48,920 Speaker 1: I can't remember his name, but the young listener who 874 00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:51,839 Speaker 1: was mowing the law and for his dad and rode 875 00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:54,520 Speaker 1: into request this episode. I think that's right. I think 876 00:49:54,560 --> 00:49:57,799 Speaker 1: he prompted this episode. So hats off to you, young sir. 877 00:49:58,719 --> 00:50:00,160 Speaker 1: I hope you can kick up your heels for a 878 00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,919 Speaker 1: little while. And then also, this was indeed a Dave 879 00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:07,600 Speaker 1: Ru's joint, so thanks again to Dave for this one. Right, 880 00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:10,960 Speaker 1: that's right. Since Chuck said that's right, everybody means it's 881 00:50:10,960 --> 00:50:15,920 Speaker 1: time for a listener mail. I'm gonna call this. Uh, 882 00:50:16,120 --> 00:50:19,600 Speaker 1: I think it's just thanks. Hey, guys, running in from Louisville, Kentucky. 883 00:50:19,680 --> 00:50:21,959 Speaker 1: He say how much I love the show, even though 884 00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:24,759 Speaker 1: Josh said the k of C M center was in Lexington. 885 00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:28,120 Speaker 1: I'll never live that down. Your correction put a smile 886 00:50:28,160 --> 00:50:30,360 Speaker 1: on my face, knowing that there are other stuff you 887 00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:32,879 Speaker 1: should know fans near me. I work in long term 888 00:50:32,880 --> 00:50:35,120 Speaker 1: care and use your podcasts in many different ways. I 889 00:50:35,160 --> 00:50:38,840 Speaker 1: help people with cognitive impairments set up their tablets and 890 00:50:38,920 --> 00:50:42,359 Speaker 1: such for enrichment, socialization, and stimulation. One of the first 891 00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:44,880 Speaker 1: activities I showed them is how to access entertainment With 892 00:50:44,920 --> 00:50:48,000 Speaker 1: the educational podcast. Everyone can find something they want to 893 00:50:48,080 --> 00:50:50,600 Speaker 1: learn about on Stuff you Should Know. Also help people 894 00:50:50,640 --> 00:50:53,680 Speaker 1: find ways of remembering new information, and use your short 895 00:50:53,680 --> 00:50:57,840 Speaker 1: stuff episodes for those with shorter attention spans. And finally, 896 00:50:57,920 --> 00:51:00,600 Speaker 1: my own enjoyment is a factor. I listen to many 897 00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:02,799 Speaker 1: different podcasts during my drive to and from work, but 898 00:51:02,920 --> 00:51:04,799 Speaker 1: only Stuff you Should Know has the ability to get 899 00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:08,720 Speaker 1: me into a different headspace. I attribute that to Josh 900 00:51:08,719 --> 00:51:10,920 Speaker 1: and Chuck. None of these topics would be nearly as 901 00:51:10,920 --> 00:51:14,800 Speaker 1: interesting without you, guys. Grid and laughed sometimes both all 902 00:51:14,840 --> 00:51:17,760 Speaker 1: in all of your episodes, even the really Matthey ones, 903 00:51:19,960 --> 00:51:24,520 Speaker 1: I feel you on that one. Chuck and Josh, Yeah 904 00:51:24,640 --> 00:51:29,560 Speaker 1: that was a dig. Wasn't a dig? Be math guy? No, No, 905 00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:33,759 Speaker 1: but I'd like to think I am okay, sorry about that. Uh. 906 00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:35,840 Speaker 1: The episode on snake handling is a personal favorite. I 907 00:51:35,840 --> 00:51:37,600 Speaker 1: appreciate an episode. I love the show and everyone that 908 00:51:37,640 --> 00:51:39,719 Speaker 1: works on it. Thanks for keeping it going. I hope 909 00:51:39,760 --> 00:51:43,640 Speaker 1: see y'all in Kentucky. That is from Ellie. Well, thanks again, Ellie, 910 00:51:43,760 --> 00:51:46,160 Speaker 1: and Uh. If you want to get in touch with this, 911 00:51:46,280 --> 00:51:48,839 Speaker 1: like Ellie did, you can write us an email send 912 00:51:48,840 --> 00:51:55,640 Speaker 1: it off to Stuff Podcast at iHeart radio dot com. 913 00:51:55,719 --> 00:51:58,040 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeart Radio. 914 00:51:58,520 --> 00:52:01,040 Speaker 1: For more podcasts My heart Radio, visit the i heart 915 00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:04,040 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 916 00:52:04,040 --> 00:52:11,400 Speaker 1: favorite shows. H m hm