1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Today's episode 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:20,800 Speaker 1: has one of the weirder back stories about how I 5 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:24,480 Speaker 1: first heard of them, because it was in a puzzle 6 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:27,479 Speaker 1: that was part of the m I T Mystery hunt. 7 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:31,960 Speaker 1: I did not manage to solve this puzzle, nor did 8 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:35,080 Speaker 1: the rest of my team. It remained unsolved, but it 9 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:40,480 Speaker 1: did spark my curiosity about Donia Maria Gertrudis Barcello, who 10 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:44,559 Speaker 1: was a professional gambler and card dealer in New Mexico 11 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:48,280 Speaker 1: in the early nineteenth century. I worked on this puzzle 12 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:51,560 Speaker 1: a few years ago, and I've circled back to Barcello, 13 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:55,120 Speaker 1: who was known as Latulas or Donia Tulis, a few 14 00:00:55,200 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: times since then. It always seemed like there just was 15 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: not going to be enough information for a full episode. 16 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:05,120 Speaker 1: But it turns out there was a book on her 17 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:08,000 Speaker 1: that was published back in two thousand seven, and for 18 00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: some reason, it did not come up in my searches 19 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:16,200 Speaker 1: until it was reissued in paperback. In that said, though, 20 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:19,720 Speaker 1: this book, which is Donia Tulis Santa fe Is Courtisan 21 00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:23,240 Speaker 1: and Gambler by Mary J. Strackhook is not a long 22 00:01:23,440 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 1: book at all because even though she did years of 23 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:29,000 Speaker 1: research putting this book together, there's just not a lot 24 00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:32,959 Speaker 1: that's documented. And some of what Cook puts forth in 25 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:36,040 Speaker 1: the book, like that Donia Tulis was definitely a courtisan, 26 00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: is crowded a little bit more in rumor than it 27 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:41,880 Speaker 1: is an established fact. But once I realized that, yes, 28 00:01:43,120 --> 00:01:45,679 Speaker 1: with this book and other sources and all of that together, 29 00:01:45,760 --> 00:01:50,200 Speaker 1: the information is mostly there, I decided to go for it. 30 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:55,360 Speaker 1: So Maria Gertrudis Barcello was born around eighteen hundred, probably 31 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:59,680 Speaker 1: in the Bovespa River valley in Sonora, Mexico. Her father, 32 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,160 Speaker 1: on Ignacio Barcello, was a rancher and her mother was 33 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:07,880 Speaker 1: Dolores Herrero. Gertrudez had a brother named Jose Trinidad and 34 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:12,240 Speaker 1: a sister named Maria de la Luce. Spain had started 35 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:15,560 Speaker 1: colonizing the area where they lived in the seventeenth century, 36 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:18,720 Speaker 1: but we don't really know when members of Gertrudis's family 37 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:22,960 Speaker 1: started arriving in the America's Beyond the fact that Barcello 38 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:26,120 Speaker 1: is a Catalan surname, we just don't have a lot 39 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:29,960 Speaker 1: of detail about the family history. For a long time, 40 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:33,280 Speaker 1: one of the main sources of written information about Donia 41 00:02:33,320 --> 00:02:38,080 Speaker 1: Tulis was Josiah greg He was a merchant, a naturalist, 42 00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:41,160 Speaker 1: and a writer who grew up in Tennessee and Missouri. 43 00:02:41,520 --> 00:02:43,920 Speaker 1: We will talk a bit more about his account of 44 00:02:43,960 --> 00:02:47,000 Speaker 1: her later, but in terms of her early life, he 45 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:51,720 Speaker 1: claimed that she grew up in Taos, New Mexico, in poverty, 46 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: but that does not appear to be true. As we 47 00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: just said, she was likely born in Sonora, but beyond that, 48 00:02:58,639 --> 00:03:03,200 Speaker 1: Gertrudis got at least some education. She signed legal documents 49 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,480 Speaker 1: with her full name and an embellished signature, at a 50 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:09,079 Speaker 1: time when most women would have signed their name just 51 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:13,600 Speaker 1: with an X. Sometime between eighteen fifteen and eighteen twenty, 52 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:16,720 Speaker 1: the family moved from Sonora to the settlement of Valencia, 53 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: which was near Tomay, New Mexico. Church records in Tomay 54 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:25,160 Speaker 1: list Gertrudis and her parents with the honorifics don and Dounia. 55 00:03:25,440 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: These titles were originally used for the royalty and nobility, 56 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: but by the nineteenth century they were also used for 57 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: gentry or other people who had acquired some kind of 58 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:39,240 Speaker 1: political or financial means, and a note about the nickname 59 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:42,720 Speaker 1: Dounia Tulis. A lot of accounts say that tu less 60 00:03:42,880 --> 00:03:46,280 Speaker 1: came from a Spanish word for read and was a 61 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 1: reference to her physical appearance, but interpretations of how she 62 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:56,840 Speaker 1: resembled a read are all over the place, and Toulas 63 00:03:56,960 --> 00:04:01,400 Speaker 1: is also described as a common diminutive for the name Gertrudis. 64 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:04,360 Speaker 1: There are some sources that say she acquired this nickname 65 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: as she became more well known later on in her life, 66 00:04:07,160 --> 00:04:10,160 Speaker 1: and that it was connected to her professions somehow, we 67 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:12,960 Speaker 1: don't really know. It's also totally possible that this was 68 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:16,799 Speaker 1: her nickname from childhood. We also don't really know why 69 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:20,560 Speaker 1: the family moved from the Bevis Bay River Valley to Valencia, 70 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:24,120 Speaker 1: but there are a lot of possible reasons. The traditional 71 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:28,359 Speaker 1: homelands of multiple Apache nations are primarily north and east 72 00:04:28,400 --> 00:04:32,360 Speaker 1: of Sonora, but Apache forces had been raiding neighboring areas 73 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:36,720 Speaker 1: for centuries. In terms of Sonora in particular, these raids 74 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: really peaked in the late seventeen hundreds, but they were 75 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:45,279 Speaker 1: still ongoing in the early eighteen hundreds. Violent conflicts between 76 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:49,800 Speaker 1: indigenous peoples and Spanish colonists, and between different indigenous nations 77 00:04:50,160 --> 00:04:53,560 Speaker 1: were pretty common. This was of course, not unique to 78 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:56,880 Speaker 1: Sonora at all, so moving wouldn't necessarily mean that the 79 00:04:56,920 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 1: family would get away from these kind of conflicts, but 80 00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:02,880 Speaker 1: it may have been a factor in their decision. Also 81 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:06,200 Speaker 1: the Mexican War of Independence it started in eighteen ten, 82 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:09,520 Speaker 1: and although a lot of the major battles were south 83 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:12,800 Speaker 1: of where the Barcelo family lived, it's possible that they 84 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:16,719 Speaker 1: just wanted to be farther away from the violence, or 85 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:19,279 Speaker 1: they may have been trying to anticipate what life was 86 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:22,920 Speaker 1: going to be like in an independent Mexico. They might 87 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:25,760 Speaker 1: have thought they could find business opportunities that they lived 88 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:28,400 Speaker 1: closer to the border with the United States once the 89 00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: war was over and trade opened up between the two countries. 90 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:36,040 Speaker 1: The Year without a Summer took place in eighteen sixteen. 91 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:39,279 Speaker 1: We have an episode on this global climate disruption, which 92 00:05:39,320 --> 00:05:44,000 Speaker 1: followed the eighteen fifteen eruption of Mount Tambora. Depending on 93 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:47,640 Speaker 1: exactly when the family decided to move, it is possible 94 00:05:47,680 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 1: that the weather that year and its impact on their 95 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:54,000 Speaker 1: ranch could have also been part of the decision, or 96 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:56,520 Speaker 1: it might have just been that life in a relatively 97 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:00,600 Speaker 1: remote part of Mexico just felt too uncertain, and that 98 00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:04,039 Speaker 1: whatever they had heard from merchants and traders about life 99 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:08,600 Speaker 1: farther to the north just seemed more appealing. Sometime after 100 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:14,799 Speaker 1: the family arrived in Valencia, Juan Ignacio Barcelo died. Gertrudis's mother, Dolores, 101 00:06:14,920 --> 00:06:19,279 Speaker 1: remarried on August six, eighty three to Don Pedro Pino. 102 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: This was just a couple of months after Gertrudis's own 103 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:25,640 Speaker 1: marriage to twenty one year old Don Manuel Antonio s 104 00:06:25,839 --> 00:06:31,040 Speaker 1: Narros that was on June three. We know a little 105 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 1: bit more about his family's history in the America's than 106 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:37,200 Speaker 1: we do about hers. He was descended from a man 107 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:40,039 Speaker 1: named antonio's Is Narrows, who had been driven out of 108 00:06:40,080 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 1: al Paso during the Pueblo Revolt in sixteen eighty. We 109 00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:46,960 Speaker 1: covered this revolt on the show in it was a 110 00:06:47,080 --> 00:06:51,400 Speaker 1: successful uprising bi Pueblo in People's which drove the Spanish 111 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: out of part of what's now New Mexico for twelve years. 112 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 1: At twenty three, Gertrudis was a little older than was 113 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:00,719 Speaker 1: typical for a woman getting married for the first time. 114 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,760 Speaker 1: She was also pregnant. After getting married, she kept Barcelo 115 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:08,640 Speaker 1: as her last name, along with the right to keep 116 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:12,560 Speaker 1: her own property and control over her own financial decisions. 117 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:16,760 Speaker 1: There are a lot of articles and kind of brief 118 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 1: descriptions of her that frame this as a particularly astute 119 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: move on her part and as evidence that she already 120 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:28,200 Speaker 1: had a really savvy business sense when she entered into marriage. 121 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:32,040 Speaker 1: It's possible she did have a really savvy business sense 122 00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:34,280 Speaker 1: when she entered into marriage, but really this was just 123 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: how it worked in the Spanish colonies and in Mexico 124 00:07:37,640 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: after it became independent from Spain, especially for women of means. 125 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:46,960 Speaker 1: Spanish marriage contracts usually included provisions that protected a woman's 126 00:07:46,960 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: existing property and her future income, and allowed her to 127 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:55,040 Speaker 1: end the marriage if it was abusive. We should note, though, 128 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:59,160 Speaker 1: that while this afforded European women in Spanish colonies rights that, 129 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:03,280 Speaker 1: for example, European women in British colonies were typically denied, 130 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:07,360 Speaker 1: it did not mean that Spanish law protected married women 131 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:12,559 Speaker 1: across the board. As Europeans colonized North America, indigenous women 132 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:16,679 Speaker 1: in many nations lost rights that they had previously held, 133 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:20,120 Speaker 1: and none of these rights applied to enslaved women. At all, 134 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:23,160 Speaker 1: since they were seen as property and their marriages were 135 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: not recognized as legally existing. Your Trudis's pregnancy at the 136 00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: time of her marriage also was not particularly scandalous or 137 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: unusual for this part of New Mexico in the eighteen twenties. 138 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:38,440 Speaker 1: Although a lot of Hispanic people in New Mexico were 139 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,320 Speaker 1: devoutly Catholic at this point, a lot of couples just 140 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:44,640 Speaker 1: never went through the formal steps of getting married. This 141 00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:47,760 Speaker 1: might have been related to the costs involved, or the 142 00:08:47,800 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 1: fact that while women could keep their names and their 143 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:54,960 Speaker 1: property a lot of times, their social lives became more restricted. 144 00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:59,520 Speaker 1: After becoming lives. People were usually living in big extended 145 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: family is, with people's own children and their siblings, children 146 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: and children who had been orphaned or abandoned all being 147 00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 1: raised together. There just wasn't a ton of focus about 148 00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: whether any of them had been born out of wedlock 149 00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:17,280 Speaker 1: or not. What was pretty unusual for Dona Tulas, though, 150 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,000 Speaker 1: is that it seems like she kept a lot of 151 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:22,600 Speaker 1: the social freedoms that a lot of women were more 152 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,560 Speaker 1: likely to lose after she got married. She seems to 153 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:28,320 Speaker 1: have kept on seeing whoever she wanted to see whenever 154 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 1: she wanted to see them and conducting her own business however, 155 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:35,800 Speaker 1: she saw fit. Gertrudis's son, Jose Pedro, was baptized on 156 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:40,480 Speaker 1: October ninete, but he died only about a month later. 157 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:44,920 Speaker 1: She had another son, Miguel Antonio, who was baptized on 158 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:49,679 Speaker 1: January nine, but tragically he died when he was about 159 00:09:49,679 --> 00:09:52,960 Speaker 1: four months old as well. Now we can assume this 160 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,079 Speaker 1: was heartbreaking for the family, but we have no personal 161 00:09:56,120 --> 00:10:00,160 Speaker 1: recollections from any of them. Some time before the end 162 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:04,680 Speaker 1: of Gertrudis and Manuel moved to a mining camp known 163 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:08,319 Speaker 1: as Oro or Oro Springs that later became known as 164 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:12,440 Speaker 1: Reality Dolores. The Mexican War of Independence had been over 165 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:16,599 Speaker 1: for about four years. New Mexico was now a territory 166 00:10:16,679 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: of Independent Mexico. This seems to have been when she 167 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 1: really got her start gambling, and we will get to 168 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:35,600 Speaker 1: that after a quick sponsor break. In early nineteenth century 169 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:38,960 Speaker 1: New Mexico card games and the gambling that went along 170 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:44,720 Speaker 1: with them were incredibly popular. The gambling part, though, was 171 00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:48,120 Speaker 1: also illegal. The government did not really do much to 172 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:51,200 Speaker 1: try to stop people from gambling, though, They just find 173 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: people when they got caught doing it and everyone went 174 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:58,720 Speaker 1: on with their lives. Maria Gertrudis Barcello was fined for 175 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,160 Speaker 1: gambling for the first time that we know of, while 176 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,640 Speaker 1: she was living in Oro, in the mountains south of 177 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:07,720 Speaker 1: Santa Fe. That fine was for forty three paces and 178 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:11,839 Speaker 1: it was levied in eighteen twenty six by one Virgilie Martinez, 179 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,080 Speaker 1: alcalde of Santa Fe. The role of alcalde was like 180 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:20,079 Speaker 1: being both the mayor and the magistrate, managing the administrative 181 00:11:20,120 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 1: functioning of the town as well as administering the law. However, 182 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: one Virgilie Martinez was also charged in connection to this 183 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: fine after a more senior administrator found that he had 184 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: kept about half of it for himself. It seems that 185 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:39,880 Speaker 1: Donia Tules and her husband both enjoyed gambling. He was 186 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:42,880 Speaker 1: fined for it while living in Oro as well. In 187 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:46,200 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty six, Donia Tules adopted a daughter that was 188 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:49,720 Speaker 1: Maria del Refugio, who had been either orphaned or abandoned 189 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:53,720 Speaker 1: over the years. Donia Tules adopted other children as well, 190 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:58,559 Speaker 1: including her niece Rafaela and possibly her niece's daughter Ritas. 191 00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:02,199 Speaker 1: Then there is about a ten year gap in the record. 192 00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:05,640 Speaker 1: It's possible that Donia Tulis and her husband went back 193 00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:08,760 Speaker 1: to Sonora or to Taos, New Mexico, where her brother lived. 194 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: If that's the case, it might explain why Josiah Gregg 195 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:16,400 Speaker 1: described her as coming from Taos. But by about eighteen 196 00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:19,600 Speaker 1: thirty three, the family had moved to Santa Fe, including 197 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:24,760 Speaker 1: Donia Tulis's mother and stepfather. If the Barcelo families moved 198 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: to New Mexico was motivated by the idea that they 199 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 1: might find some business opportunities after the Mexican War of 200 00:12:31,640 --> 00:12:35,800 Speaker 1: Independence was over. That was definitely true when they got 201 00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:39,400 Speaker 1: to Santa Fe. The war had ended in eighteen twenty one, 202 00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:43,400 Speaker 1: and that same year William Becknell had traveled from Franklin, Missouri, 203 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:46,319 Speaker 1: to Santa Fe, New Mexico, along one of the roots 204 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:50,560 Speaker 1: that became known as the Santa Fe Trail. Spain really 205 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:53,560 Speaker 1: had not welcomed travelers and traders who had tried to 206 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:58,440 Speaker 1: make their way southwest towards Santa Fe, but Mexico did, 207 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,559 Speaker 1: and the Santa Fe tre all essentially became a commercial 208 00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:06,079 Speaker 1: highway connecting Mexico to the United States. As the southern 209 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:10,359 Speaker 1: terminus of this trail, Santa Fe became an increasingly important city. 210 00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:15,000 Speaker 1: The Barcelo families business ventures included raising mules to sell 211 00:13:15,040 --> 00:13:18,520 Speaker 1: to traders, and eventually Donia Tulis invested in trade goods 212 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:23,280 Speaker 1: as well, and she ran a gambling salon. At first, 213 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:26,280 Speaker 1: this was illegal, so her operation was probably a little 214 00:13:26,280 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: bit like a speakeasy, secret games being held in her 215 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:32,320 Speaker 1: home or in back rooms, with people needing to know 216 00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:35,600 Speaker 1: a secret knock or a password to get in. But 217 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:39,079 Speaker 1: in ety eight the government shifted its policy from finding 218 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:42,720 Speaker 1: people who were caught gambling to charging licensing fees for 219 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:47,400 Speaker 1: running gambling tables legally. Within a year, Donia Tulez had 220 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:51,640 Speaker 1: opened a gambling salon, one described as being lavishly decorated 221 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:55,840 Speaker 1: with chandeliers and plush carpets, and with mattresses draped in 222 00:13:55,880 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: blankets against the walls to serve as couches during the 223 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:01,800 Speaker 1: day and pulled out to be used as beds at night. 224 00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:05,960 Speaker 1: There's also some speculation that she ran a brothel or 225 00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:09,200 Speaker 1: otherwise engaged in sex work. When she and her husband 226 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:11,880 Speaker 1: first got to Santa Fe, they shared a house with 227 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:17,280 Speaker 1: Lucious Thruston of Kentucky. In eighteen thirty five, their neighbor 228 00:14:17,520 --> 00:14:21,160 Speaker 1: Anna Maria Ren Dawn accused her of having an adulterous 229 00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:24,840 Speaker 1: affair with him, but when Donia Tulis confronted Anna, she 230 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:27,720 Speaker 1: changed her story, saying that she had only said they 231 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:31,320 Speaker 1: were living in the same house. Donia Tulis also took 232 00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: another woman named Josepha Norio to court for slander in 233 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty six. The details on this slander have not 234 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: survived to today, but some historians have interpreted the combination 235 00:14:44,640 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: of the adultery charge, the slander, and various rumors that 236 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,640 Speaker 1: Donia Tulas had a lot of lovers as meaning that 237 00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: she was running a brothel or otherwise doing sex work. 238 00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:57,840 Speaker 1: But a lot of the rumors about this came from 239 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 1: Anglo visitors and travelers who I don't really just found 240 00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:06,800 Speaker 1: Donia Tulez to be scandalous. She was gambling, smoking, dealing cards, 241 00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 1: and running a gambling salon that served alcohol to Santa 242 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:14,160 Speaker 1: Fe locals. None of this was particularly disgraceful, and Don'tia 243 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: Tuleez was a prominent businesswoman, But in the minds of 244 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:21,320 Speaker 1: most Anglos, of course, she must also be a sex 245 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:24,320 Speaker 1: worker or running a brothel, because that went hand in 246 00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:28,040 Speaker 1: hand with those sinful things like drinking and gambling, and 247 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:31,840 Speaker 1: while she may have been, it likely can't be substantiated. 248 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:35,720 Speaker 1: At this point. We mentioned Josiah Gregg's account of Donia 249 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:38,680 Speaker 1: Tulists earlier, and it's a really good example of these 250 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 1: attitudes and how people from the Eastern United States talked 251 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:45,920 Speaker 1: about New Mexico and the early nineteenth century. He wrote 252 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: a book called Greg's Commerce of the Prairies or the 253 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:52,440 Speaker 1: Journal of the Santa Fe Traveler eighteen thirty one to 254 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:56,920 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty nine. As that name suggests, This details Greg's 255 00:15:56,960 --> 00:16:01,760 Speaker 1: experiences and observations traveling along the Santa Fe Trail, including 256 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:07,080 Speaker 1: observations of Santa Fe itself. These observations are often really negative. 257 00:16:07,840 --> 00:16:11,160 Speaker 1: Case in point quote, the administration of the laws in 258 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:15,000 Speaker 1: Northern Mexico constitutes one of the most painful features of 259 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: her institutions. He also describes all kinds of incidents as outrages. 260 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:25,160 Speaker 1: Volume two of this book uses the word outrage twenty 261 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:29,560 Speaker 1: times to describe everything from Americans being beaten and robbed 262 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:33,520 Speaker 1: to people using the same musical instruments to accompany dances 263 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:37,640 Speaker 1: as they would use to accompany hymns at church. Here 264 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:40,920 Speaker 1: is how he describes the culture of gambling in Santa 265 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:44,240 Speaker 1: Fe quote, the love of gambling also deserves to be 266 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 1: noticed as a distinguishing propensity of these people. Indeed, it 267 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:51,920 Speaker 1: may well be said, without any undue stretch of imagination, 268 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:56,760 Speaker 1: that shoplifting, pickpocketing, and other elegant pastimes of the same 269 00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:01,920 Speaker 1: kindred are the legitimate offspring, especially among the lower classes, 270 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: of that passion for gaming, which, in Mexico, more than 271 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:10,119 Speaker 1: anywhere else to use. Madame calder Owen's language is impregnated 272 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:14,480 Speaker 1: with the Constitution. In Man, Woman and Child, he also 273 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:18,359 Speaker 1: describes the popularity of one particular game, a game of 274 00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:22,000 Speaker 1: chance called monty, which Dona Tules was famous for dealing. 275 00:17:22,720 --> 00:17:25,040 Speaker 1: This is not the con that's known as three card 276 00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:27,800 Speaker 1: monty that's basically a shell game where the mark has 277 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:30,159 Speaker 1: to try to keep track of one particular card as 278 00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:33,000 Speaker 1: three of them are rapidly swapped around. This was a 279 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:36,120 Speaker 1: different game that used a Spanish style card deck with 280 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 1: forty cards numbered ace through seven, with face cards of Jack, Night, 281 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:45,119 Speaker 1: and King arranged in four suits. The dealer draws a 282 00:17:45,119 --> 00:17:47,080 Speaker 1: card from the top and the bottom of the deck 283 00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 1: and places them each face up. The remaining cards in 284 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:53,320 Speaker 1: the deck are called the monty. That's the Spanish word 285 00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 1: for mountain, and players bet whether a card drawn from 286 00:17:56,640 --> 00:17:59,200 Speaker 1: the monty will match the suit of one or both 287 00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:03,679 Speaker 1: of the face up cards. Here's how Greg described this quote. 288 00:18:04,119 --> 00:18:07,639 Speaker 1: There are other games that cards practiced among these people, 289 00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,680 Speaker 1: depending more upon skill, but that of el Monte, being 290 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:15,760 Speaker 1: one exclusively of chance, seems to possess an all absorbing 291 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:22,360 Speaker 1: attraction difficult to be conceived by the uninitiated spectator. Another man, 292 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: William Clark kennerally also wrote about his experience as in 293 00:18:26,359 --> 00:18:30,080 Speaker 1: eighty six, and he described Donia Tules as dealing monty 294 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:33,960 Speaker 1: quote with a firm hand and a winning smile. Here 295 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:38,720 Speaker 1: is Greg's description of Donia Tules herself quote. The following 296 00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,359 Speaker 1: will not only serve to show the light in which 297 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:44,679 Speaker 1: gambling is held by all classes of society, but to 298 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:49,160 Speaker 1: illustrate the purifying effects of wealth upon a character. Some 299 00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:52,640 Speaker 1: twelve or fifteen years ago, there lived, or rather roamed, 300 00:18:52,720 --> 00:18:56,560 Speaker 1: in Taos a certain female of very loose habits, known 301 00:18:56,600 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: as Latuleez. Finding it difficult to obtain the means of 302 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:03,879 Speaker 1: living in that district, she finally extended her wanderings to 303 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,880 Speaker 1: the capitol. She there became a constant attendant of one 304 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:10,919 Speaker 1: of those pandemoniums where the favorite game of monty was 305 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: dealt pro bono public oh. Fortune at first did not 306 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:18,040 Speaker 1: seem inclined to smile upon her efforts, and for some 307 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:22,240 Speaker 1: years she spent her days in loneliness and misery. At last, 308 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,200 Speaker 1: her luck turned, as gamblers would say, and on one 309 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:28,520 Speaker 1: occasion she left the bank with a spoil of several 310 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,879 Speaker 1: hundred dollars. This enabled her to open a bank of 311 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:34,800 Speaker 1: her own, and, being favored by a continuous run of 312 00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:38,159 Speaker 1: good fortune, she gradually rose higher and higher in the 313 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,720 Speaker 1: scale of affluence, until she found herself in possession of 314 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: a very handsome fortune. In eighteen forty three, she sent 315 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: to the United States some ten thousand dollars to be 316 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:53,200 Speaker 1: invested in goods. She still continues her favorite amusement, being 317 00:19:53,240 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 1: now considered the most expert monty dealer in all Santa Fe. 318 00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:00,800 Speaker 1: She is openly received in the first circle's of society. 319 00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:03,879 Speaker 1: I doubt in truth whether there is to be found 320 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:07,480 Speaker 1: in the city a lady of more fashionable reputation than this. 321 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: Same Tulis now known as Senora Dona Gertrudis Barcelo. The 322 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:17,280 Speaker 1: shift of Donia Tulis is gambling operation from a secret 323 00:20:17,359 --> 00:20:21,760 Speaker 1: backroom monty game to a lavishly decorated sala that served 324 00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:24,719 Speaker 1: as a hotel in a ballroom and a gambling parlor. 325 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:29,160 Speaker 1: That all happened alongside changes and unrest in New Mexico. 326 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:33,120 Speaker 1: We will rewind just to touch and walk through that 327 00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:45,919 Speaker 1: after a quick sponsor break. As we mentioned earlier, Maria 328 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: Gertrudis Barcelo opened her gambling salon in eighteen thirty nine, 329 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 1: within about a year of gambling being legalized in New Mexico, 330 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,960 Speaker 1: and that shift followed on the heels of some unrest 331 00:20:58,040 --> 00:21:01,240 Speaker 1: and changes in New Mexico. At that point it was 332 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:06,040 Speaker 1: still part of Northern Mexico. The Texas War of Independence 333 00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:08,720 Speaker 1: had started in eighteen thirty five, and that had led 334 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,800 Speaker 1: to Texas becoming independent from Mexico in eighteen thirty six. 335 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:16,560 Speaker 1: That same year, a set of laws went into effect 336 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:21,600 Speaker 1: that essentially revised the Mexican Constitution, centralizing the government and 337 00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: establishing a new branch of the government called the Supreme 338 00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:30,960 Speaker 1: Conservation Power. New taxes went into effect as well, and 339 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,600 Speaker 1: as happens a lot of the time with new taxes, 340 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: these were incredibly unpopular. All of this fed into an 341 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:41,320 Speaker 1: uprising in northern New Mexico, and that led to the 342 00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:46,359 Speaker 1: assassination of New Mexico Governor Albino Perez and multiple other 343 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:51,159 Speaker 1: government officials. According to notes left by the interim governor, 344 00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:55,160 Speaker 1: a group of women from the Barcelo family, possibly including 345 00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:57,919 Speaker 1: Dona Tulez, had found out about the threat to the 346 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:01,560 Speaker 1: governor's life and disguised themselves in men's clothes to try 347 00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:05,480 Speaker 1: to persuade him to leave. When that failed, these same 348 00:22:05,520 --> 00:22:10,440 Speaker 1: women retrieved his body and had it buried. Perez's successor 349 00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:14,080 Speaker 1: was Governor Manuel Armijo, and he was the one who 350 00:22:14,119 --> 00:22:18,560 Speaker 1: had spearheaded the legalization of gambling in New Mexico, and 351 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 1: in some accounts, don't you Tulis had a hand in 352 00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:26,120 Speaker 1: this decision. She definitely knew the governor. Various sources describe 353 00:22:26,119 --> 00:22:29,680 Speaker 1: her as his advisor and his friend and possibly his lover. 354 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:33,600 Speaker 1: He did visit her enough times that somebody tried to 355 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: assassinate him on the way to her house two different times. 356 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,439 Speaker 1: She also definitely became one of Santa Fe's wealthiest and 357 00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:46,679 Speaker 1: most influential people. She was a successful businesswoman and she 358 00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 1: used her income from the gambling salon gold mining trading 359 00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:54,480 Speaker 1: and other ventures to buy more property, renting a lot 360 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:58,200 Speaker 1: of it out. As we said earlier, she adopted children 361 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:01,080 Speaker 1: who were orphaned or abandoned, and she made donations to 362 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:05,560 Speaker 1: various charities. She also took legal action against people who 363 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: failed to pay their gambling debts to her. That's something 364 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,800 Speaker 1: that of course, was only possible once gambling was legalized, 365 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:18,400 Speaker 1: because you can't really take somebody to court overhead debt 366 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:23,240 Speaker 1: for an illegal activity. For example, in August eighteen thirty nine, 367 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,120 Speaker 1: she went to the alcol Day to demand that James 368 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:30,200 Speaker 1: Kirker make good on four hundred pacos that she had 369 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:34,240 Speaker 1: won from him. Kirker was born in Ireland, and shortly 370 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:37,360 Speaker 1: after this he entered into a contract with the governor 371 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:42,199 Speaker 1: of Chihuahua, Mexico, to essentially raise a private army and 372 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:47,240 Speaker 1: fight against indigenous nations. In eighteen forty one, the Santa 373 00:23:47,240 --> 00:23:50,800 Speaker 1: Fe census list Donia Tulez with an occupation of gambler, 374 00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: along with her husband Manuel Antonio Sisneros, who was listed 375 00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: as a farmer, her daughter Rafaella, and three servants. But 376 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,959 Speaker 1: shortly after this her husband just disappears from the record. 377 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:06,000 Speaker 1: It seems as though she went to the city of 378 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 1: Chihuahua for a time in eighteen forty two, and according 379 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,360 Speaker 1: to their family lore, he stayed behind in Santa Fe, 380 00:24:12,680 --> 00:24:17,000 Speaker 1: running the business and maintaining their household. In eighteen forty three, 381 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,640 Speaker 1: Dona Tulis invested about ten thousand dollars in trade goods 382 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:24,160 Speaker 1: from the US That was something that Josiah Gregg had referenced. 383 00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,840 Speaker 1: The following year, she bought a nine room home on 384 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:30,439 Speaker 1: about a hundred and sixty acres of land, which was 385 00:24:30,480 --> 00:24:34,400 Speaker 1: adjacent to the land that she already owns. In eighteen 386 00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:38,040 Speaker 1: forty five, the United States annexed the Republic of Texas, 387 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:41,720 Speaker 1: setting the stage for the Mexican American War, which began 388 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 1: in April of eighteen forty six. We have no documentation 389 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:49,879 Speaker 1: of Donia Tulis's experiences or thought process in all of this, 390 00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:53,160 Speaker 1: but she does seem to have sided with the United 391 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:58,560 Speaker 1: States against Mexico. She boarded multiple U. S military officers 392 00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:02,520 Speaker 1: and other American officials in her home. She is credited 393 00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,440 Speaker 1: with passing along an advanced warning of a Mexican and 394 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:09,320 Speaker 1: indigenous uprising that was to take place on December nineteenth 395 00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:13,399 Speaker 1: of eighteen forty six. She also apparently loaned U S 396 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:17,160 Speaker 1: forces about one thousand dollars to buy supplies for the troops. 397 00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:20,960 Speaker 1: It's unclear whether this was ever repaid, and in some 398 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: accounts she forgave it. Before the start of the Mexican 399 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:28,119 Speaker 1: American War, Dona Tulis was described as one of the 400 00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:32,719 Speaker 1: most fashionable women in Santa Fe. Matt Field had passed 401 00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:36,120 Speaker 1: through the area with a merchant caravan in eighteen thirty nine, 402 00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:40,600 Speaker 1: and he had described her as New Mexico's most fashionable woman. 403 00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:45,040 Speaker 1: George Wilkins Kendall wrote an account of an expedition that 404 00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:48,160 Speaker 1: the Republic of Texas made into New Mexico in eighteen 405 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:51,639 Speaker 1: forty one. That expedition was made in an effort to 406 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:57,080 Speaker 1: claim new territory, and Kendall's description he actually misidentifies her 407 00:25:57,119 --> 00:26:01,399 Speaker 1: as French, possibly because of that associateation between France and 408 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:05,679 Speaker 1: high fashion. Her love of fashion also seems to have 409 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:09,040 Speaker 1: earned her the favor of cloth merchants in Santa Fe, 410 00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:14,080 Speaker 1: since it raised the demand for silk and other expensive fabrics. 411 00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:17,320 Speaker 1: But over the course of the Mexican American War, she 412 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:19,920 Speaker 1: seems to have lost a lot of that influence as 413 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:22,679 Speaker 1: US troops became more and more present in the town, 414 00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,680 Speaker 1: bringing their own biases and standards for dress and behavior. 415 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:31,040 Speaker 1: An influx of Anglo newcomers arrived from the Eastern US 416 00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: as the war ended, and many of them found Donia 417 00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:37,639 Speaker 1: Tulis's taste, which had set trends in Santa Fe, to 418 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:42,679 Speaker 1: be dated or tacky. Susan Shelby mcgoffin was the wife 419 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:45,480 Speaker 1: of a merchant on the Santa Fe trail, and she 420 00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:48,960 Speaker 1: wrote a description of Donia Tulis in eighteen forty six, 421 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:52,800 Speaker 1: calling her quote a stately dame of a certain age, 422 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: the possessor of a portion of that shrewd sense and 423 00:26:56,119 --> 00:27:01,480 Speaker 1: fascinating manner necessary to allure the wayward, inexperienced youth to 424 00:27:01,560 --> 00:27:06,200 Speaker 1: the hall of final ruin. Later, in that same diary, 425 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 1: she describes Donia Tulis, who would have been in her 426 00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:13,040 Speaker 1: mid forties, as an old woman with false hair and 427 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,520 Speaker 1: false teeth. I mean, when I was a kid, I 428 00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:21,200 Speaker 1: would have thought old Donia Tulas still had a lot 429 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,480 Speaker 1: of influence over local politics, though meaning it was a 430 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:27,919 Speaker 1: good idea for American newcomers to get on her good side. 431 00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:31,880 Speaker 1: In one account, General Stephen Wants Kearney did this by 432 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,120 Speaker 1: personally escorting her to a ball at a time when 433 00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:39,199 Speaker 1: her social and fashion influence were starting to wane. The 434 00:27:39,280 --> 00:27:42,199 Speaker 1: Mexican American War ended in eighteen forty eight with the 435 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:46,720 Speaker 1: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico seated most of what's now 436 00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:52,280 Speaker 1: New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and western Colorado 437 00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:56,440 Speaker 1: to the United States for fifteen million dollars. This treaty 438 00:27:56,520 --> 00:28:00,920 Speaker 1: gave Mexican citizens one year to either move into territory 439 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:06,080 Speaker 1: that Mexico still held or become US citizens. Dona Tulas 440 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:08,840 Speaker 1: stayed in Santa Fe, so she became a US citizen 441 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:12,639 Speaker 1: in eighteen forty nine. She continued to do business and 442 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 1: take people to court during these years. In eighteen forty eight, 443 00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:19,720 Speaker 1: Dona Tulas sued two different men for failing to repay 444 00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:23,080 Speaker 1: the money she had loaned them. Another court case involving 445 00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:26,320 Speaker 1: alone to a man named G. W. Coulter, proprietor of 446 00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:31,160 Speaker 1: the United States Hotel, stretched on for three years. By 447 00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:34,800 Speaker 1: the time that case was settled, Barcello's business seems to 448 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:39,880 Speaker 1: have been struggling. As we've already discussed attitudes towards card 449 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:45,040 Speaker 1: playing and gambling were radically different among Anglo authorities than 450 00:28:45,080 --> 00:28:48,320 Speaker 1: they had been in New Spain and in independent Mexico. 451 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:52,040 Speaker 1: So after New Mexico became part of the United States, 452 00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: gambling was seen less as just an ordinary pastime that 453 00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:58,840 Speaker 1: was part of everyday life and more as a sin 454 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:03,040 Speaker 1: that was verging on criminal. In February of eighteen forty eight, 455 00:29:03,080 --> 00:29:07,080 Speaker 1: a US military commander in New Mexico levied attacks on 456 00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:11,040 Speaker 1: gambling houses of two thousand dollars a year and also 457 00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:16,360 Speaker 1: banned miners and non commissioned military personnel from gambling. All 458 00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:19,120 Speaker 1: that would have had a huge impact on Barcello's business, 459 00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:22,760 Speaker 1: and it seems like about a year later her gambling 460 00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: salon closed down. The last written references to Donia Tules 461 00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,280 Speaker 1: are not particularly flattering. George Brewerton published a piece called 462 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:36,080 Speaker 1: Incidents of Travel in New Mexico in April of eighteen 463 00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:39,200 Speaker 1: fifty four. He had spent time there in the summer 464 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:43,200 Speaker 1: of eighteen and to be clear, Brewerton thought gambling was 465 00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: quote debased, and that opinion likely colored all of his 466 00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: writing about Donia Tules. He described her as quote scarred 467 00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:56,160 Speaker 1: and seemed and rendered unwomanly by those painful lines which 468 00:29:56,280 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: unbridled passions and midnight watching never failed a stamp upon 469 00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:05,960 Speaker 1: the countenance of their votary. Harper's also published an illustration 470 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,080 Speaker 1: of her as part of this piece, and in it 471 00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:11,480 Speaker 1: she is wearing a crucifix while smoking a cigarette and 472 00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:15,120 Speaker 1: she looks really haggard. Yeah, we're not putting that picture 473 00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:20,360 Speaker 1: on our social media because I hate it. That just 474 00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:23,360 Speaker 1: looks like you went out of your way to make 475 00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:27,800 Speaker 1: it look ugly. By the time Harper's published this article, 476 00:30:28,080 --> 00:30:32,080 Speaker 1: Donia Tulis had died. She had died on January seventeen, 477 00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:36,160 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty two, probably around fifty two based on when 478 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:39,160 Speaker 1: we think she was born. She had written a will 479 00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,480 Speaker 1: two years earlier, so there's some speculation that maybe she 480 00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:45,600 Speaker 1: was seriously ill or knew that she was dying. This 481 00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:48,600 Speaker 1: will was written in English, so it's likely that someone 482 00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:52,640 Speaker 1: translated it for her. This will begins by saying that 483 00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:56,240 Speaker 1: Maria Gertrudis Barcelo was a resident of Santa Fe and 484 00:30:56,280 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: a Roman Catholic. It specifies that she had no sets 485 00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:03,960 Speaker 1: and that the property being bequeathed was quote accumulated by 486 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,480 Speaker 1: my own labor and exertions. She left a house to 487 00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:10,960 Speaker 1: her sister Maria, another to her daughter Rietis, and a 488 00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:15,760 Speaker 1: third to Delphinia Flores, daughter of a former alcalde. She 489 00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 1: provided her adopted daughters to be supported until they reached 490 00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:22,720 Speaker 1: the age of twenty five or got married. She also 491 00:31:22,840 --> 00:31:26,920 Speaker 1: had money and livestock, specifically mules, which she divided among 492 00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: her siblings. Her husband is not mentioned in this will 493 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,360 Speaker 1: at all. Yeah, we don't really know if he was 494 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:35,880 Speaker 1: still living at this point, if they were estranged, what 495 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:41,360 Speaker 1: exactly don't you? Tullis also had an elaborate funeral, one 496 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:44,920 Speaker 1: that George Brewerton described as having quote all that pomp 497 00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:48,760 Speaker 1: and ceremony with which ill gotten wealth delights to guild 498 00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:53,640 Speaker 1: its obsequies. Various sources report that the total cost of 499 00:31:53,680 --> 00:31:57,520 Speaker 1: this funeral was six hundred dollars, a thousand dollars to 500 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:00,640 Speaker 1: the bishop, and fifty dollars for each stop that her 501 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:05,040 Speaker 1: funeral procession made. What would happen is the procession would 502 00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:07,560 Speaker 1: be moving, it would stop, the priest would pray or 503 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,360 Speaker 1: perform a small ritual at each of the stops. People 504 00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:15,200 Speaker 1: who weren't local to the area were generally really critical 505 00:32:15,280 --> 00:32:19,760 Speaker 1: of this funeral, describing it as much too ostentatious and expensive. 506 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: Or implying that the Catholic Church was extorting money from 507 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:28,320 Speaker 1: the bereaved. However, elaborate funerals really were not unusual for 508 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:32,440 Speaker 1: the Hispanic population of northern New Mexico. There wasn't a 509 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:35,760 Speaker 1: standard way for people to simply make offerings or donations 510 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:39,280 Speaker 1: to the church, so most of the church's income came 511 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:43,680 Speaker 1: from fees associated with baptisms, weddings, and funerals. So it 512 00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:48,120 Speaker 1: became really common for wealthier people to have elaborate, expensive funerals, 513 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:51,239 Speaker 1: both because of social norms and because it was just 514 00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:53,719 Speaker 1: a way to give money to the church. Yeah, there 515 00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:58,320 Speaker 1: there probably was some sort of one upmanship among really 516 00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:02,760 Speaker 1: wealthy people about how having funerals that kind of upstaged others, 517 00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:04,800 Speaker 1: but also a big part of it was just making 518 00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:09,479 Speaker 1: sure the church got money. This funeral was officiated by 519 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:12,360 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste Lemmy, who was the first Bishop of Santa Fe, 520 00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:16,880 Speaker 1: New Mexico. Maria Gertrudeis Barcello was the last person known 521 00:33:16,920 --> 00:33:20,120 Speaker 1: to have been buried at La Peroquita Church, which has 522 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:23,560 Speaker 1: since been rebuilt as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis 523 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:27,040 Speaker 1: of Assisi. Her exact burial place there is not known, 524 00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:30,880 Speaker 1: though it's possible that her remains were lost during various 525 00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:34,200 Speaker 1: building projects that happened in the years after her death. 526 00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:38,680 Speaker 1: Maria Gertrudez Barcello has made some appearances in fiction over 527 00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:41,680 Speaker 1: the years, and her life is fictionalized in the novel 528 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:44,720 Speaker 1: The Wind Leaves No Shadow, which was first printed in 529 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:49,520 Speaker 1: ninety one. In nineteen forty nine, past podcast subject Nino 530 00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:53,840 Speaker 1: Tera Warren played Dona Toulez at a historical preservation event 531 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:57,440 Speaker 1: that raised money for a restoration project and mcgoffin home 532 00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 1: State historic site. Because deed records from the time are incomplete, 533 00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:06,720 Speaker 1: there are contradictory descriptions about what buildings stand on the 534 00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:10,600 Speaker 1: former site of her home and gambling studio. These are 535 00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:12,279 Speaker 1: the kind of things you might hear if you're on 536 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,200 Speaker 1: like a walking tour of Santa Fe, or if you're 537 00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:19,400 Speaker 1: at an establishment that sis has ties to her. It's 538 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,720 Speaker 1: likely that the Santa Fe County Courthouse is roughly where 539 00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:27,279 Speaker 1: her residence was. A lot of sources claimed that she 540 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:32,120 Speaker 1: owned the property that eventually became the Palace restaurant that 541 00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:35,080 Speaker 1: later became Senior Luckies at the Palace, and then that 542 00:34:35,120 --> 00:34:38,560 Speaker 1: became Palace Prime. But in a two thousand seven interview 543 00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:42,399 Speaker 1: with the Santa Fe, New Mexican Barcelo. Biographer Mary Jean 544 00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:44,560 Speaker 1: Straw Cook, whose book was a part of the research 545 00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:46,560 Speaker 1: for this, said this, shouldn't think that was that likely 546 00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:49,520 Speaker 1: that that was the same location. So I don't know. 547 00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:53,759 Speaker 1: She's a fun figure. She is a fun figure. I 548 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,040 Speaker 1: found her really fascinating, and we can talk about some 549 00:34:56,120 --> 00:35:00,000 Speaker 1: reasons why more in the behind the scenes. I wish 550 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:05,240 Speaker 1: we had pictures of all of her apparently very flamboyant clothes. 551 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,760 Speaker 1: I do too. And one of the points that was made, 552 00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:14,520 Speaker 1: either in the book or in the other other research 553 00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:18,160 Speaker 1: that was part of this was we don't know that 554 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,400 Speaker 1: we have a picture of her, but it's totally possible 555 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:23,839 Speaker 1: that we do, because how would we know, like that 556 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:28,719 Speaker 1: that was who that was. I don't know, it's it's 557 00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:32,560 Speaker 1: it's unknown. There's no known picture of her, is what 558 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,879 Speaker 1: we can say. So, yeah, we'll talk about some some 559 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:39,040 Speaker 1: stuff more in the behind the behind the scenes. Do 560 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:41,600 Speaker 1: you have a listener male in the meantime? I do. 561 00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:45,000 Speaker 1: This is from Catherine. Catherine said, Hi, I just finished 562 00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:48,200 Speaker 1: listening to your episode about Lucy Gonzalez Parsons, and I 563 00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,080 Speaker 1: thought I would send you a quick note about this 564 00:35:50,239 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 1: very lovely mural of her in my former neighborhood of 565 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:56,640 Speaker 1: Avondale in Chicago. Avondale was the neighborhood where Lucy and 566 00:35:56,640 --> 00:35:59,359 Speaker 1: Albert lived, and I believe Lucy continued to live there 567 00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:03,160 Speaker 1: after he died. I'd speaking tours notwithstanding. I've attached a 568 00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:05,880 Speaker 1: picture of this mural for you below. It's at the 569 00:36:05,920 --> 00:36:08,920 Speaker 1: corner of Belmont and Kenzie, near the overpass of the 570 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,400 Speaker 1: Kennedy Expressway. I unfortunately don't know the name of the artists, 571 00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:15,080 Speaker 1: and I haven't been able to track it down this morning. 572 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:19,000 Speaker 1: It's not a particularly pedestrian friendly intersection compared to some 573 00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:21,680 Speaker 1: of the other areas of Chicago, but it's a familiar 574 00:36:21,719 --> 00:36:24,440 Speaker 1: sight to me since I've passed it frequently while taking 575 00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:28,680 Speaker 1: the Belmont bus. Lucie Gonzalez Parsons also has a section 576 00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:32,239 Speaker 1: of Kenzie Avenue named after her near this area, which 577 00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:34,120 Speaker 1: is how I learned her name before I ever learned 578 00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:37,040 Speaker 1: about her activism. I imagine she would be glad to 579 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,360 Speaker 1: know that Chicago still has a robust socialist community today. 580 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:45,560 Speaker 1: The IWW still has offices and gets involved in community organizing. 581 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,439 Speaker 1: I'm not originally from Chicago, and before I moved here, 582 00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:52,719 Speaker 1: i'd only heard of the IWW and history classes in 583 00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:55,080 Speaker 1: the context of the labor movement in the late nineteenth 584 00:36:55,120 --> 00:36:58,520 Speaker 1: early twentieth century. I was quite surprised to arrive and 585 00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:01,120 Speaker 1: find them still around. I feel like my high school 586 00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,680 Speaker 1: history teachers always implied they disbanded. Thanks for doing an 587 00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:08,319 Speaker 1: episode on her. Lucy was a complicated person, but the 588 00:37:08,360 --> 00:37:11,719 Speaker 1: activists scene in Chicago still remembers her favorably. I don't 589 00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: live in Avondale anymore, but I do live in a 590 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:15,719 Speaker 1: neighborhood not far away, so maybe it's time to go 591 00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:20,880 Speaker 1: by that mural again. Thanks Catherine, and I also poked 592 00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:24,400 Speaker 1: around and was like, who who painted this mural? I 593 00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:28,040 Speaker 1: meant to do a more in depth search before um 594 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:32,920 Speaker 1: getting into here today, and I did not manage to do. 595 00:37:33,640 --> 00:37:36,520 Speaker 1: You're going to mural jail. I'm gonna go to mural jail. 596 00:37:36,640 --> 00:37:43,080 Speaker 1: So there is uh So there is a mural that 597 00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:49,160 Speaker 1: includes Lucy Parsons that is by Mike Alwitz. Um. But 598 00:37:49,239 --> 00:37:51,959 Speaker 1: I was trying to compare and see if I could 599 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:54,960 Speaker 1: figure out if they are the same, and I did not, 600 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:58,320 Speaker 1: And I I should have thought of that. I should 601 00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:00,839 Speaker 1: have made a note for myself to do that, rather 602 00:38:00,920 --> 00:38:03,680 Speaker 1: than just expecting myself to remember it before coming in 603 00:38:03,719 --> 00:38:08,000 Speaker 1: here to read the email. Uh. So maybe I will 604 00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:10,520 Speaker 1: have an update about that in some future episode of 605 00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:15,840 Speaker 1: the podcast. Maybe you'll write us a letter from mural jail. 606 00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:21,040 Speaker 1: We also have hurt some So I tried so hard 607 00:38:21,160 --> 00:38:26,040 Speaker 1: to frame the the industrial workers of the world as 608 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:29,120 Speaker 1: having been established in the past and most active in 609 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:33,880 Speaker 1: the past, but still existing today in the episode on 610 00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:37,040 Speaker 1: Lucy Parsons, because people got upset about that. The last 611 00:38:37,040 --> 00:38:39,480 Speaker 1: time the Wild Lapse came up on the show. I 612 00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,040 Speaker 1: still got emails though from people that were like, you 613 00:38:42,080 --> 00:38:44,200 Speaker 1: made it sound like they don't exist anymore. They still exist. 614 00:38:44,239 --> 00:38:46,279 Speaker 1: I know, I know they still exist. I tried to 615 00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:48,319 Speaker 1: make it sound like they still exist, and I'm sorry 616 00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:51,960 Speaker 1: I did not do a great enough job with that apparently. So, uh, 617 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:54,360 Speaker 1: if you would like to send us a note about anything, 618 00:38:54,480 --> 00:38:58,040 Speaker 1: especially if you know the history of that mural uh, 619 00:38:58,080 --> 00:39:00,839 Speaker 1: we're history podcast that I Heart Radio dot com. We're 620 00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:02,880 Speaker 1: all over social media at MS in History, which is 621 00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:05,600 Speaker 1: where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterston Instagram, and you 622 00:39:05,640 --> 00:39:08,640 Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on the I Heart radio app, 623 00:39:08,920 --> 00:39:16,000 Speaker 1: wherever else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you 624 00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,720 Speaker 1: missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 625 00:39:19,080 --> 00:39:21,920 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from i heart Radio, visit the iHeart 626 00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:25,080 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 627 00:39:25,080 --> 00:39:25,800 Speaker 1: favorite shows.