1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,560 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from how Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,600 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey you, welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:18,160 Speaker 1: and there's Charles w. Chuck, Bryan, there's Jerry, and um, 4 00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:21,560 Speaker 1: we're about to try some physics. Oh yeah, this is 5 00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: stuff you should know. We're about to try some food. Yeah, 6 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: this did not break my brain like I thought it would. Yeah. 7 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:32,239 Speaker 1: I think it's a pretty surface level explanation, but like 8 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:34,279 Speaker 1: it gets the point across, and I don't see any 9 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:36,519 Speaker 1: reason for us to try to go any deeper. I 10 00:00:36,560 --> 00:00:39,240 Speaker 1: think we're very quickly spin out of control, like a 11 00:00:39,479 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: up down cork or something. Yeah. So dark matter is 12 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:45,800 Speaker 1: invisible glue that holds everything together the end, the end. 13 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:48,239 Speaker 1: We just don't know what it is. No, we'll get 14 00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: into it, but you might notice, dear listener, a new 15 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: thing in your feed popping up next week next week, 16 00:00:56,400 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 1: next Wednesday, Wednesday, Wednesday Wednesdays. We are debuting a new 17 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:06,320 Speaker 1: thing called short stuff, which is just the cutest name 18 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:09,680 Speaker 1: it is. It's stuff you should know. Short Stuff, I 19 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: guess is the full name probably or not, who cares, 20 00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:14,760 Speaker 1: but it's just it's a stuff you should know episode. 21 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:18,440 Speaker 1: It's you, Me and Jerry but over the years of 22 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:22,200 Speaker 1: of recording, like we've got these lists of topics we 23 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 1: want to do, and this one, like part of the 24 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: list is kept getting bigger and bigger and bigger because 25 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:31,200 Speaker 1: they're like topics out there that are really interesting, but 26 00:01:31,240 --> 00:01:34,440 Speaker 1: they're just not big enough for a full episode, even 27 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: with Tangent upon Tangent, And we could have, like we 28 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: could have been like, well, we'll put like three of 29 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: them together randomly. We thought about doing that one. It 30 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:44,520 Speaker 1: just didn't feel right. So what we did was spin 31 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 1: off like a new podcast called short Stuff, which is 32 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: just a smaller sized episode of stuff you should know. 33 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:55,040 Speaker 1: Just because the topic wasn't quite big enough to warn 34 00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:58,520 Speaker 1: a full episode or a large size episode, we're doing 35 00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: a small size episode. Yeah, so look for like ten 36 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:05,400 Speaker 1: to fifteen minutes tops. I think we're in the wheelhouse 37 00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:07,920 Speaker 1: of about twelve minutes. We seem to like magically hit 38 00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:10,839 Speaker 1: twelve every time. Yeah, and it's like it's kind of fun. 39 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:13,200 Speaker 1: I think it's it's a great idea. I'm really happy 40 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:15,160 Speaker 1: with him. Yeah, same here. And I think the first 41 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: four we recorded, we didn't know what we're gonna call 42 00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:19,560 Speaker 1: it yet, And I don't believe we went to the 43 00:02:19,560 --> 00:02:21,920 Speaker 1: trouble of going back and changing that. Are we gonna 44 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: we might do that? Are we doing that? Jerry? She 45 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: just shrugged. No, she said, now, she said, that sounds 46 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 1: like a lot of work. Yeah, it would be just 47 00:02:28,639 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: like us to just sort of waddle our way into 48 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:34,480 Speaker 1: this thing, and which is exactly what we did. But 49 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:37,919 Speaker 1: hopefully you guys enjoy them. It didn't cost you anything. Um, 50 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,480 Speaker 1: so don't complain. Actually do complain if they're way off 51 00:02:41,520 --> 00:02:43,520 Speaker 1: base or they could be better. We want to hear 52 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:45,320 Speaker 1: about it. No, I think people will be like, oh, 53 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:47,160 Speaker 1: this is just like a little bite size stuff you 54 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:48,760 Speaker 1: should know. So that's exactly what it is. It's like 55 00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:51,520 Speaker 1: a Snicker's miniature, but of stuff you should know. That's right, 56 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:54,520 Speaker 1: And you know our love of small things here, especially 57 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:57,200 Speaker 1: Snickers or like tiny Tabasco bottles. This is the tiny 58 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 1: Tabasco bottle version of over show. Those things are priceless, 59 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:06,640 Speaker 1: all right, So physics dark matter go, let's do this, 60 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: all right? So this wasn't as hard as I thought. No, 61 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: and it's actually pretty easy to get across. Here's the thing. 62 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: So astronomers have gotten to the point it's starting in 63 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:25,120 Speaker 1: about on astronomers and physicists and astrophysicists and even particle 64 00:03:25,160 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 1: physicists guys to the point where all of their combined 65 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: knowledge was refined enough that they could look out into 66 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:34,800 Speaker 1: the universe and be like, we can figure out how 67 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: much this ways, to put it more scientifically, we can 68 00:03:37,960 --> 00:03:40,200 Speaker 1: figure out what the mass of the universe is. It's 69 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:42,240 Speaker 1: going to take us a really long time, but we 70 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,080 Speaker 1: are now at the point where our level of observation 71 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: and our level of understanding of physics is such that 72 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:53,440 Speaker 1: we can do it. We're there now. Yeah, And it's 73 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 1: not just like, oh, well that weighs this the end, 74 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:59,680 Speaker 1: Like knowing something's mass tells you a lot about it, 75 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:03,080 Speaker 1: the way it behaves and the nature and future of 76 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:05,360 Speaker 1: the universes we'll see, yeah for sure. So it's not 77 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:08,440 Speaker 1: just weight, it's it's more complicated than that, and what 78 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:10,960 Speaker 1: weight can tell us, right. The problem is that you 79 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:14,000 Speaker 1: can't just like put a galaxy or star or something 80 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: on the scale. They have to broke the scale pretty quick. Uh, 81 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:22,840 Speaker 1: it actually vaporized it. But the the there are ways 82 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:26,160 Speaker 1: you can infer the mass of something. Yeah. Um. One 83 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: of the ways that you can infer the mass of 84 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:30,800 Speaker 1: a star from what I understand is to measure it's luminosity, 85 00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:33,160 Speaker 1: how bright it is. Yeah, I've also heard that's a 86 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: mixed bag because they have different um different sizes in 87 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:44,400 Speaker 1: their lifespan. Um, I've just heard luminosity and mass is 88 00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: not is not just straightforward like like most things in 89 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:53,440 Speaker 1: astro physics are. Yeah, that's the word on the street right. So. Um. 90 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: When they started getting to the point where where they 91 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:57,880 Speaker 1: could infer the weight of a star, or of a 92 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:01,040 Speaker 1: galaxy or of a galaxy cluster, which is basically like 93 00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:05,359 Speaker 1: a galaxy of galaxies, they started to notice something really weird. 94 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:09,000 Speaker 1: All of the matter that they could see, the stars, 95 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:14,279 Speaker 1: the gas clouds, the cosmic dust, the everything, matter, things 96 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:18,039 Speaker 1: that make up you and me, things that everything has 97 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:21,400 Speaker 1: a common basic unit and atom that's made up of 98 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:25,719 Speaker 1: elementary particles like protons and neutrons and electrons. Matter, Every 99 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:30,080 Speaker 1: non living and living thing on in the galaxy you 100 00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:33,279 Speaker 1: would think is made of matter. The problem is is 101 00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:37,160 Speaker 1: they started finding that, you know, this galaxy over here, 102 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:41,679 Speaker 1: in this galaxy cluster and everywhere we're looking, the amount 103 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:45,400 Speaker 1: of matter that we're seeing is way too small for 104 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:48,160 Speaker 1: the amount of mass that the thing we're looking at 105 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:53,200 Speaker 1: appears to have and a cosmological mystery was launched. What 106 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:56,839 Speaker 1: the heck is going on? Was the question of the day. Yeah, 107 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: so all that matter that we know about, they call 108 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:03,120 Speaker 1: that barrionic matter. Uh. And they were like this, the 109 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:06,200 Speaker 1: calculations are off or something like, there's got to be 110 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,359 Speaker 1: something else there to account for this. Well, that's the 111 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: to the two possibilities. Well. Uh, and so way back 112 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 1: in uh geez was at nineteen thirty two an astronomer, 113 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:25,279 Speaker 1: a Dutch astronomer named Jan hendrik Ert because he's Dutch, 114 00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:30,040 Speaker 1: he actually I believe was the first person to use 115 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,200 Speaker 1: the term dark matter. Is that right? That's what I saw? 116 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:36,279 Speaker 1: So dark matter is a is a sort of a 117 00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:40,120 Speaker 1: placeholder name for what they came up with for this, 118 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:45,320 Speaker 1: for lack of a better word, this invisible uh matter 119 00:06:45,839 --> 00:06:48,240 Speaker 1: that has to be out there is it's sort of 120 00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:51,279 Speaker 1: like wind, Like you can't see wind, but that doesn't 121 00:06:51,279 --> 00:06:53,159 Speaker 1: mean it's not out there because you can measure it 122 00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:55,760 Speaker 1: in different ways, see how it reacts on other things. 123 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,520 Speaker 1: And so they called started calling it dark matter. This 124 00:06:59,640 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 1: in sable. Well we'll talk about what it ends up 125 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:04,200 Speaker 1: sort of looking like in a minute. I want give 126 00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:08,280 Speaker 1: that away yet. But this invisible matter that they think 127 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: is there, right, but it doesn't. It doesn't emit or 128 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: absorb light or electromagnetic magnetic energy. So it's it's way different. 129 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: It behaves differently such that people were very confused as 130 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 1: to what the heck was going on, and they still are. Yeah. Sure, 131 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 1: So there's so this term dark matter, like you said, 132 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: it's a placeholder, and it's a placeholder for the current 133 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: point we are in our understanding of the universe, which 134 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:40,160 Speaker 1: is when we look out at galaxy clusters and galaxies 135 00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:43,240 Speaker 1: and all this stuff, there's not enough matter to account 136 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:46,120 Speaker 1: for the amount of mass that we're seeing. So again, 137 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:48,920 Speaker 1: that means one of two things. Either there's something there 138 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: that we can't detect, or our our understanding of physics 139 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:56,720 Speaker 1: is off, and the term dark matter stands for both 140 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,400 Speaker 1: of those. It could be a thing, an underscovered particle 141 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 1: or something like that, or it could be a misunderstanding 142 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:07,160 Speaker 1: of physics that we need to eventually correct. Either way, 143 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,320 Speaker 1: there's a lot of mass that is unaccounted for throughout 144 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 1: the universe, and it seems like there's a lot more 145 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: what we call dark matter then there's regular matter. And 146 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: the more we look into it, the more it seems 147 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:25,119 Speaker 1: like there's something there that we haven't discovered yet. Yeah. 148 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: So right now, barrionic matter, all the stuff that we 149 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:33,840 Speaker 1: know about counts for about four and a half percent. Uh, 150 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: where they peg dark matter. Then we have something that 151 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 1: I don't even know if I ever want to cover, 152 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:42,840 Speaker 1: called dark energy, which makes up the other SEV. But 153 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 1: they know it's there because there's something out there that 154 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:51,240 Speaker 1: we can account for that has a significant gravitational force. Right, 155 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:53,800 Speaker 1: that's where the whole the whole thing started where they 156 00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:57,440 Speaker 1: first detected it. Right, so, um, when they first started 157 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:00,480 Speaker 1: looking out at galaxies and stuff like that. There's this 158 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:03,880 Speaker 1: whole thing that Newton came up with the second law 159 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:06,920 Speaker 1: of motion where and this is like a tried and 160 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 1: true law. It's a law. This isn't Newton's suggestion of 161 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:14,480 Speaker 1: motion or Newton's second what about this of motion? It's 162 00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:19,400 Speaker 1: a scientific law. That's how that's has proven and accepted 163 00:09:19,679 --> 00:09:21,920 Speaker 1: as a scientific observation can be is to be made 164 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:25,120 Speaker 1: a law. And it said that when you're looking at 165 00:09:25,120 --> 00:09:30,120 Speaker 1: a galaxy far far away, and the most of the 166 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: matter is accumulated towards the center of the galaxy, then 167 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 1: that means most of the mass is accumulated towards the center. Okay, yes, okay, 168 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: So that means that the stars near the center are 169 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: going to spin. They're going to rotate around the galaxy 170 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:49,720 Speaker 1: a lot faster than the ones on the fringes, because 171 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: the ones on the fringes are going to go a 172 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,560 Speaker 1: lot more slowly because they're further away from that center 173 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:58,560 Speaker 1: of mass. So the gravitational pull is going to be weaker. Yeah, 174 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 1: I mean, that's the easy ist way to say it 175 00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:03,760 Speaker 1: is in the center, you have more mass. More mass 176 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: means things are spinning faster, there's more gravitational pull. So 177 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:11,360 Speaker 1: all the astronomers supposed, like you said, the stuff on 178 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 1: the outskirts are probably hanging out there spinning a lot slower, right. Well, 179 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:18,079 Speaker 1: when they looked, they found that's not the case at all. 180 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:20,920 Speaker 1: As a matter of fact, the stars on the outside 181 00:10:20,920 --> 00:10:23,839 Speaker 1: are spinning around the center of the galaxy just as 182 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: fast as the stars near the center of the galaxy, 183 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:30,440 Speaker 1: which makes zero sense. Yeah, it's almost as if there's 184 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:33,440 Speaker 1: some invisible force out there, right Like if you look 185 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:36,560 Speaker 1: at this, if you look at this um this galaxy. 186 00:10:36,600 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: The situation that they started to find and it wasn't 187 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: just one galaxy. They found it in this galaxy too, 188 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:44,319 Speaker 1: in this galaxy too, and even stranger than that, they 189 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:48,160 Speaker 1: found it in those clusters, those galactic clusters. So rather 190 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:51,160 Speaker 1: than stars that make up a galaxy, this is galaxies 191 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:54,880 Speaker 1: making up a huge, giant mega galaxy. The same thing 192 00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:57,520 Speaker 1: happened the galaxies on the outer edge of the cluster. 193 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:02,720 Speaker 1: We're circling just as fast as the ones towards the center, 194 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:05,559 Speaker 1: and it just must have knocked their socks off. I 195 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: can't imagine how many times they went over the same 196 00:11:08,679 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: thing to make sure that they had gotten it. This 197 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: is for uh clarity. This was the nineteen fifties and 198 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:20,760 Speaker 1: nineteen sixties when the yeah, okay, so what they figured 199 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:23,439 Speaker 1: out was that either there was something really wrong or 200 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:25,800 Speaker 1: there was something that they hadn't picked up yet. Because 201 00:11:25,840 --> 00:11:28,880 Speaker 1: those stars on the outer edges of the galaxy, or 202 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: those galaxies on the outer edges of the cluster, for 203 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:35,200 Speaker 1: as fast as they were flying they should have spun 204 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:39,679 Speaker 1: off into space. There was something missing that explained what 205 00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:44,320 Speaker 1: was holding that galaxy or that cluster together as fast 206 00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:46,960 Speaker 1: as the stars of the galaxies were spinning around on 207 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 1: the outside. That was the first clue that something was 208 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:56,280 Speaker 1: way up with that, that that that astronomy was missing 209 00:11:56,320 --> 00:11:59,319 Speaker 1: something big, right, And they knew this was off because 210 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:02,880 Speaker 1: they had been using luminosity, like you said, to take 211 00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:06,760 Speaker 1: measurements for years and it was pretty good. But then 212 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:11,440 Speaker 1: when they started, uh, measuring the rotational velocity of things, 213 00:12:11,440 --> 00:12:14,640 Speaker 1: like how fast something was spinning in relation to where 214 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:18,480 Speaker 1: it was like towards the center, it, like you said, 215 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,600 Speaker 1: there was a missing ingredient there that didn't match whatever 216 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:24,680 Speaker 1: these luminosity readings were showing. So you're right, luminosity was 217 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:30,240 Speaker 1: clue one. The um angular rotation was or acceleration of 218 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:33,000 Speaker 1: the outer stars was clue number two. So now we've 219 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:36,760 Speaker 1: got to two different ways of measuring the mass and 220 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 1: gravity of remote bodies in the universe, and they don't 221 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:43,959 Speaker 1: align our point. Well, they're they're aligning in that there's 222 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,679 Speaker 1: something missing here um. And I think that's a pretty 223 00:12:47,679 --> 00:12:50,319 Speaker 1: good cliffhanger for a breakdown too. I think people are 224 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,599 Speaker 1: going to be like, what, Yeah, well, why don't you 225 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:56,480 Speaker 1: guys go listen to the first half of this podcast 226 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:59,000 Speaker 1: or first part again and we'll see you after these messages. 227 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 1: I really hope we're putting this like well, I feel 228 00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: like we are, but sometimes you know, you just can't tell. Now, 229 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:37,280 Speaker 1: this isn't the sun re ducks. Oh god, no, no, no, 230 00:13:37,559 --> 00:13:41,199 Speaker 1: this is much more simple. So, uh, like you said, 231 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:45,240 Speaker 1: they not only studied regular galaxies, but they started to 232 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,640 Speaker 1: study what what you referred to as and you didn't 233 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:52,920 Speaker 1: make it up, but galactic clusters. These knots of galaxies 234 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:56,840 Speaker 1: could be thousands of them, could be hundreds of them, 235 00:13:56,880 --> 00:13:59,360 Speaker 1: but they were bound together by gravity. And they were like, 236 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:01,480 Speaker 1: you know what, let's study these because maybe what we 237 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,680 Speaker 1: can find or you know, this is what we suppose 238 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:07,080 Speaker 1: at least, is there might be be these big giant 239 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:10,120 Speaker 1: pools of hot gas that we never could detect before 240 00:14:10,559 --> 00:14:13,120 Speaker 1: and that would account for all of this mass. And 241 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:17,720 Speaker 1: they did find these superheated gas clouds and we're like, great, 242 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:21,400 Speaker 1: that's it. But they're like, it still doesn't account for everything. 243 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 1: That's like a small percentage of of the of what's 244 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:29,240 Speaker 1: what is needs to be accounted for. Right, So it 245 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:32,040 Speaker 1: was a it was a breakthrough, but it wasn't the 246 00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:35,480 Speaker 1: solution solver that they were looking for. It was because 247 00:14:35,480 --> 00:14:39,360 Speaker 1: so if you can find, um, you know, something that 248 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:44,240 Speaker 1: we know has mass, like huge clouds of gas. That again, 249 00:14:44,280 --> 00:14:46,360 Speaker 1: you know, particle has mass, and if you put enough 250 00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:48,800 Speaker 1: particles together, it has a lot of mass. If you 251 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: could fill in the blanks of the missing matter, um, 252 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:56,640 Speaker 1: that explains the mass of this thing you're looking at, great, 253 00:14:57,120 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 1: especially if it's something we already know about, like hot gas. 254 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 1: And they did find some hot guests. But say that 255 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:07,280 Speaker 1: that explained five of the missing of the missing mass. 256 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:11,480 Speaker 1: It didn't explain everything. And what that did do also was, Okay, 257 00:15:11,680 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 1: we've gotten that much more sophisticated and it still hasn't 258 00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: answered this dark matter thing. It's pointing to the idea 259 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: that there's something we haven't discovered yet that is accounting 260 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:24,640 Speaker 1: for all of this. It's very foreboding, it is, but 261 00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: it's also I think very exciting. Sure yeah, yeah for them, 262 00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,240 Speaker 1: uh and us. So the other thing that happened when 263 00:15:31,240 --> 00:15:34,240 Speaker 1: they started studying these galactic clusters was that they found 264 00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:38,000 Speaker 1: out that these clusters and superclusters can and this is 265 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:39,800 Speaker 1: really neat. You can look up images of this. It 266 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:43,760 Speaker 1: can distort space time because their mass is so great. 267 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:48,560 Speaker 1: So if you're on planet Earth, uh, and there is 268 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:51,600 Speaker 1: a light so you're looking from like a telescope on Earth, 269 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:55,080 Speaker 1: you're looking at a distant light, like who knows how 270 00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:58,080 Speaker 1: far away, like a star three billion light years away? 271 00:15:58,360 --> 00:16:01,880 Speaker 1: Sounds great. In between mean you and that is a 272 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:04,920 Speaker 1: galactic cluster. Let's say that will just that will act 273 00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:07,960 Speaker 1: as a lens, and depending on where it's situated to 274 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:11,040 Speaker 1: where you are relative on Earth, it will distort that 275 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:15,280 Speaker 1: light uh into one of several things. If you're in 276 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:18,440 Speaker 1: perfect alignment in it, uh, it's gonna form what's known 277 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:20,680 Speaker 1: as an Einstein ring. And if you look it up 278 00:16:20,680 --> 00:16:23,840 Speaker 1: on the internet, it's like this beautiful like circle of light. Yeah, 279 00:16:23,880 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: it's really cool looking. Uh. It could be elliptical or oblong. 280 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: They call it the Einstein cross basically splits it into 281 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,280 Speaker 1: four so it just looks like four little stars, all 282 00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:37,160 Speaker 1: like perfectly lined four copies of the same image. Yeah, yeah, 283 00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:40,360 Speaker 1: and like a cross, yeah, perfect cross. Or it could 284 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:43,080 Speaker 1: be a cluster. And this one is sort of cool 285 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:45,360 Speaker 1: just because it's like kind of scattered. It looks like 286 00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 1: a bunch of like arcs and banana shaped arcs and arklets. 287 00:16:49,920 --> 00:16:52,480 Speaker 1: But it's all different versions of the same image that 288 00:16:52,560 --> 00:16:54,960 Speaker 1: we're seeing. And what you're seeing is that far away star, 289 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,120 Speaker 1: but you're seeing it through that galaxy cluster that is 290 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:02,840 Speaker 1: a distortion of spacetime that the the mass of these 291 00:17:02,960 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 1: clusters are so big and so huge that the gravity 292 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 1: in them bends light, just like a mound of glass 293 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:17,560 Speaker 1: can bend light. Same thing. Now we've gotten to the 294 00:17:17,560 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: point where we are so good at math and physics 295 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:23,680 Speaker 1: that we can look at that reflection that bend and 296 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,879 Speaker 1: say this, this galaxy has that much gravity, and since 297 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:32,080 Speaker 1: this galaxy um has this much gravity, it must have 298 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:36,000 Speaker 1: this much mass. Now if you take that number, this 299 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: much mass, and you examine the luminosity of the galaxy, yeah, 300 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:44,239 Speaker 1: you're like, this is like not off by you know, 301 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:47,160 Speaker 1: like the luminosity is ten, but the mass is ten 302 00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: and a half. There's like factors sometimes factors of of 303 00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:55,879 Speaker 1: like times a hundred. Sometimes like there's just no way 304 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:59,639 Speaker 1: that your math is off. It's it's there's a huge discrepancy. 305 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:03,360 Speaker 1: So there's a third clue that there's something missing. Yeah, 306 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:07,080 Speaker 1: I mean that's basically all these are are little hints 307 00:18:07,119 --> 00:18:10,680 Speaker 1: along the way that we're still not able to account 308 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:13,480 Speaker 1: for something with our calculation. Yeah, and rather than the 309 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:18,600 Speaker 1: better and more sophisticated our observations and exploration of space 310 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: in the universe becomes it doesn't become like this. This 311 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,320 Speaker 1: blank is not getting filled in. It's just becoming clear 312 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,600 Speaker 1: and clear that that blank is there. Yeah, exactly, there's 313 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: a void in either our understanding or our discovery. So 314 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:38,600 Speaker 1: then computers started getting better and better and more advanced. 315 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:41,320 Speaker 1: I love how this, uh this article puts it. They 316 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: turned to the computer. It sounds like they turned to 317 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:49,000 Speaker 1: the bottle or something to compute. Uh. So computer started 318 00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: getting so good, and our knowledge of what was out 319 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:54,199 Speaker 1: there and our measurements of matter and mass was so 320 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:57,480 Speaker 1: great that we could take a pretty good guess on 321 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:00,639 Speaker 1: how much baryonic matter there was out there, maybe how 322 00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:03,919 Speaker 1: much dark matter there might be. Design a program and 323 00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:07,119 Speaker 1: a model that you could feed this information into to 324 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:12,360 Speaker 1: spit out what it might quote look like end quote. Yeah. 325 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 1: They basically said, this is how much barionic matter we 326 00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:16,520 Speaker 1: think there's. This is how much dark matter we think 327 00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:20,520 Speaker 1: there is. Go computer, and they hit start on the 328 00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 1: Whopper machine, and it spit out what was sort of 329 00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 1: like a It turns out that it wasn't on the edges. 330 00:19:30,359 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 1: It was everywhere. It was like a web that wound 331 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:38,479 Speaker 1: through everything invisible to us. That sort of acted like 332 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,200 Speaker 1: this cosmic glue. Yeah, and so in some places it clumped. 333 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:46,200 Speaker 1: In other places there were long filaments and it kind 334 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 1: of looked like it had galaxies or galactic clusters trapped 335 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,159 Speaker 1: in a spider's web. But it just permeated everywhere. And 336 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:55,200 Speaker 1: like you said, it seemed to be like this cosmic 337 00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 1: glue or cosmic connective tissue um, and it was pretty 338 00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:02,000 Speaker 1: so prizing. So they said, okay, well that's that's the 339 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:06,360 Speaker 1: computers take see if we can replicate that. And that 340 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:09,560 Speaker 1: kicked off a series of projects that are still going 341 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:14,880 Speaker 1: on today to map dark matter in the universe, which 342 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:18,199 Speaker 1: I want everybody to stop for a second, because this 343 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,200 Speaker 1: is about as nuts as it gets. They have gotten 344 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:26,800 Speaker 1: to the level of sophistication where astrophysicists are mapping in 345 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:32,680 Speaker 1: three D models stuff that isn't there. They're mapping three 346 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:39,639 Speaker 1: D models avoids based on how how much light bends 347 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:46,880 Speaker 1: around a galaxy three billion miles light years away light 348 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,879 Speaker 1: years right, and then using that to infer the gravity 349 00:20:51,119 --> 00:20:54,240 Speaker 1: and then the mass, and then they're using that information 350 00:20:54,280 --> 00:20:57,640 Speaker 1: to create a three D map of something that may 351 00:20:57,680 --> 00:20:59,879 Speaker 1: not exist. And the coolest thing about all this to 352 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:03,919 Speaker 1: me is it's based on stuff that Isaac Newton and 353 00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: Einstein came up with, and well, well we won't spoil it, 354 00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: but they weren't wrong. But that is nuts. This is 355 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:17,040 Speaker 1: either either physics has gone totally insane, yeah, or this 356 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:21,359 Speaker 1: is the pinnacle of human ingenuity. Thus far, well, thus 357 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:23,960 Speaker 1: far for sure. I'm glad you added that. So let's 358 00:21:23,960 --> 00:21:26,280 Speaker 1: talk about a couple of these. About seven years ago, 359 00:21:26,320 --> 00:21:28,399 Speaker 1: in two thousand and eleven, there were a couple of 360 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: teams using data from uh Schandra's X ray observatory. And 361 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:36,639 Speaker 1: what they're trying to do here, like you said, is 362 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:40,879 Speaker 1: take these create this real map based on direct observation 363 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:44,680 Speaker 1: instead of this speculative computer map. What they found out 364 00:21:44,760 --> 00:21:48,320 Speaker 1: is the computer map was pretty on, which was great, um, 365 00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:52,280 Speaker 1: but they needed the real things. So they are looking 366 00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:54,800 Speaker 1: at a cluster or have been called a bell three 367 00:21:55,119 --> 00:21:59,200 Speaker 1: three two point three billion light years from Earth, and 368 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,240 Speaker 1: what they saw was what looks like sort of a 369 00:22:02,280 --> 00:22:05,439 Speaker 1: football and American football, we're a n Ausi football for 370 00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:07,760 Speaker 1: that matter. Are they similar? I just got one in 371 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:11,600 Speaker 1: the mail. I bought one. You need to get Simon 372 00:22:11,640 --> 00:22:14,640 Speaker 1: to sign it, go Melbourne. I should, but it would 373 00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:16,360 Speaker 1: coust so much to ship it there and back maybe 374 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,640 Speaker 1: able to see Simon again one day. Is Melbourne your team? Now? Yeah, 375 00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:22,600 Speaker 1: that's what I got on. That's that's a good city. Yeah. 376 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: I like it so. Uh it looks like a football 377 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:30,560 Speaker 1: with one end pointing towards us or you know, we're 378 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: we're on Earth, so we're the observer in this case. 379 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:37,960 Speaker 1: And uh they Here's the one thing they didn't agree 380 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:40,960 Speaker 1: on though, was the density of the dark matter on 381 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:44,480 Speaker 1: able three in the center. Yeah, which is weird because 382 00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:46,760 Speaker 1: some people calculated it was more dense in the center 383 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:50,680 Speaker 1: and matter increase, and other people said it was the opposite, 384 00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:52,320 Speaker 1: not like, well, we're not sure, but they thought it 385 00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: was uh less dark matter at the center, which is 386 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:57,400 Speaker 1: a big deal. But they yes, but they both came 387 00:22:57,480 --> 00:23:00,720 Speaker 1: up with virtually the same shape and same orientation. Yeah, 388 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:05,159 Speaker 1: separately and independently, which showed we're onto something or else. Again, 389 00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: we're all collectively out of our minds based on some 390 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:13,240 Speaker 1: shared delusion that we're all working under. Right. Then there 391 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: was another one. This one is super cool. Uh in 392 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:19,840 Speaker 1: January two thousand twelve. Uh, anytime I see international team 393 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:24,320 Speaker 1: of researchers, I get excited. But the Canada, France Hawaii 394 00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:28,639 Speaker 1: telescope has a three forty megapixel camera, so you can 395 00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: actually take pictures of stuff that far away. It's like 396 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 1: the iPhone Excess camera. Is that one of the new ones? Yeah? Okay, 397 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,720 Speaker 1: is it good. I think it's pretty good camera. It's 398 00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: not three forty megapixel. No, it's not. I have to 399 00:23:45,880 --> 00:23:48,880 Speaker 1: say I've been to this observatory before. Oh really, it's 400 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,080 Speaker 1: really cool. Did you look at like the photos on 401 00:23:52,119 --> 00:23:54,399 Speaker 1: display and stuff. No? No, they had like telescopes that 402 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:56,720 Speaker 1: you walked around and looked out into the universe and 403 00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:00,760 Speaker 1: it's amazing. Did they let you take pictures? Uh? Yeah, 404 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:04,840 Speaker 1: I guess so with your phone? Oh I thought you meant, 405 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,679 Speaker 1: I mean with the me I'm probably. I'm sure they 406 00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:12,399 Speaker 1: were taking picture the US or anything. But what's crazy 407 00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:14,879 Speaker 1: is it's on Hawaii, so it's just hot and muggy 408 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:17,359 Speaker 1: and humid, and then you drive up this mountain and 409 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:20,040 Speaker 1: you're like freezing in another face coat with like a 410 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:22,760 Speaker 1: hat on, and then you just go back down the 411 00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: mountain and in Hawaii. Again, it's very very cool experience. 412 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:30,280 Speaker 1: So what they did here was basically stitched all these 413 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:35,840 Speaker 1: photos together. It was like photos of ten million galaxies 414 00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 1: and four different regions over five years, stitched it all together, 415 00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:44,480 Speaker 1: and what they finished up with was basically saying that 416 00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:48,200 Speaker 1: computer model was pretty on target because what this looks 417 00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:51,400 Speaker 1: like is what it's spit out so many years ago. Yeah, 418 00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:56,760 Speaker 1: so they're they're they're definitely onto something. It seems like, 419 00:24:57,480 --> 00:24:59,640 Speaker 1: should we take another break? Yes, all right, we'll talk 420 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:30,320 Speaker 1: about what dark matter is. Hint, we don't know. Alright, Chuck, 421 00:25:30,359 --> 00:25:32,359 Speaker 1: we're back, which is where I start to get a 422 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:35,760 Speaker 1: little like brain breaking. I understood all that stuff, but 423 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,440 Speaker 1: this stuff is where I was like, what, well, we're 424 00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:42,959 Speaker 1: transferring from astrophysics to particle physics. Maybe that's my hang up, 425 00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:45,960 Speaker 1: And particle physics is hard. I actually had to teach 426 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:50,160 Speaker 1: myself particle physics to UM write one episode of UM 427 00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:52,480 Speaker 1: The End of the World. Maybe that's my problem. It's 428 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:56,400 Speaker 1: it's and even still I'm like, wait, what there's it's 429 00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,359 Speaker 1: really hard to understand. Yeah, I've always been an astrophysicist, 430 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:02,359 Speaker 1: though at heart I think so that's just goes against 431 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: my nature. Okay, I'm with you. But they're they're very 432 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: much tied together, like you need particle physics to explain 433 00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:11,800 Speaker 1: these larger cosmic structures, right, So the big question here 434 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: is at the end of the day, Uh, is it 435 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 1: the fact that we just can't really observe this stuff 436 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:19,960 Speaker 1: and it's just like all the other matter, or is 437 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:23,040 Speaker 1: it some new matter that we don't even know about yet. 438 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:25,760 Speaker 1: That's the question, that's the big question. Or the third 439 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:30,680 Speaker 1: option is that our physics are understanding of physics is wrong, right, 440 00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:33,560 Speaker 1: which means, well, we'll see some people go back in 441 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:36,520 Speaker 1: tamper with things. Newton said he didn't like that much 442 00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:42,280 Speaker 1: to the dismay of brain. So, um, if if it's 443 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,399 Speaker 1: just stuff that we already know exists but we just 444 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:49,800 Speaker 1: can't observe yet, those fall under the umbrella of Macho's 445 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:57,000 Speaker 1: massive compact halo objects, which are huge massive structures that 446 00:26:57,080 --> 00:27:00,760 Speaker 1: we already know about Neutron stars, black holes, round dwarf 447 00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:05,280 Speaker 1: stars that are huge massive it have a tremendous amount 448 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:10,120 Speaker 1: of mass and thus exert a lot of gravity around them, um, 449 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:14,120 Speaker 1: but are too dim to show up clearly when we're 450 00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:17,639 Speaker 1: looking at say a galaxy or galactic cluster. Yeah, like 451 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:20,679 Speaker 1: we talked about luminositi, they have low luminosity. We know 452 00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:24,159 Speaker 1: they're there, but they're not shining, But we don't know 453 00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:27,120 Speaker 1: that that's them. That is one proposal for what dark 454 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:30,040 Speaker 1: matter is. They're just things that we already have identified. 455 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,359 Speaker 1: No exists, we just can't see them in these particular things. 456 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:38,440 Speaker 1: That's actually doesn't have for as as Acam's razory as 457 00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:42,640 Speaker 1: that is, that actually does not have as much support 458 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:46,960 Speaker 1: in the physics community as the other idea that that 459 00:27:47,119 --> 00:27:50,960 Speaker 1: dark matter is made up of some particle that we 460 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:54,000 Speaker 1: have not discovered yet. Yeah, so that's where I got 461 00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:57,320 Speaker 1: a little confused with the whimps and the scimpse. WHIMPS 462 00:27:57,320 --> 00:28:02,679 Speaker 1: stands for weakly interacting massive particles, uh, huge amounts of mass, 463 00:28:03,359 --> 00:28:06,399 Speaker 1: but difficult to detect because they just interact weekly with 464 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,520 Speaker 1: ordinary manner. Right, Here's why they're difficult to attack. To 465 00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:13,560 Speaker 1: detect that they interact weekly with matter. That's not stating 466 00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:18,200 Speaker 1: it very well. There's the weak nuclear force is one 467 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:21,320 Speaker 1: of the four fundamental forces, and it's found almost exclusively 468 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,679 Speaker 1: in the nucleus of an atom. What what these WIMP 469 00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:31,040 Speaker 1: particles weak interactive um massive particles are. They're hypothetical. We 470 00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:34,240 Speaker 1: don't know that they exist. Mathematically, they fit the bill 471 00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:38,760 Speaker 1: of dark matter um the fact that they interact with 472 00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:44,000 Speaker 1: gravity and with the weak force only means that, no, 473 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,560 Speaker 1: we can't detect them. We don't have weak force detectors. 474 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:52,800 Speaker 1: We have detectors along the electromagnetic spectrum. So everything we 475 00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:55,320 Speaker 1: do when we look out in the universe, we use 476 00:28:55,680 --> 00:28:58,600 Speaker 1: X rays or microwaves or radio waves, all of those 477 00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: are electromagnetic. If these particles don't interact with the electromagnetic force, 478 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:06,400 Speaker 1: that has no effect on them whatsoever. We have no 479 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:10,280 Speaker 1: way of detecting them. All we can do is since 480 00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:13,080 Speaker 1: they have a gravitational pull, because they have so much mass, 481 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:15,600 Speaker 1: we can just sense their gravity and be like, what 482 00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:18,320 Speaker 1: the heck is going on? Which is exactly the position 483 00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:22,280 Speaker 1: we're in now. Whimps were a big um They were 484 00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: promoted as as the particle I think starting in the 485 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:31,320 Speaker 1: eighties because there does because there was something called the 486 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:36,080 Speaker 1: whimp miracle. And this breaks my brain. But apparently if 487 00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:42,920 Speaker 1: you take the the relic density, which is really unimportant 488 00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:45,320 Speaker 1: for getting into here, but say the density of a whimp, 489 00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:47,960 Speaker 1: like how how dense the universe would have to be 490 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,400 Speaker 1: for a whimp to exist, it corresponds with the weak 491 00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:57,720 Speaker 1: um force number. And that made everybody say, oh, well, 492 00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: they're particles that don't interact with the elect a magnetic force, 493 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,200 Speaker 1: they disinteract with the weak force. Nowadays they've kind of 494 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:07,960 Speaker 1: moved to the strong nuclear force simps. And the strong 495 00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:11,080 Speaker 1: nuclear force also has found just basically in the nucleus 496 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:13,080 Speaker 1: of an atom. It's the thing that holds an atom 497 00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:17,280 Speaker 1: together super tightly, holds the corks into the proton and 498 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:20,600 Speaker 1: hold the holds the proton and the and the um 499 00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:26,080 Speaker 1: the what's the what's the neutral charge one neutron. Yeah, 500 00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,760 Speaker 1: the neutron and the proton together and keeps them together. 501 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:32,000 Speaker 1: That's the strong nuclear force. And they think that that 502 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,560 Speaker 1: that is probably the particle. Now so the same thing 503 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,880 Speaker 1: though doesn't interact with the electro magnetic spectrum, so we 504 00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: have no way of detecting it, but it would still 505 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,360 Speaker 1: have mass and hence exert a lot of gravity. So 506 00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:48,040 Speaker 1: that's sort of the takeaway, right. Well, not everyone is 507 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:52,640 Speaker 1: on board with this UH period, Like some people, there 508 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:57,800 Speaker 1: are some astronomers out there who say they dare say 509 00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:02,200 Speaker 1: maybe Newton got it wrong and maybe we should crack 510 00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:09,040 Speaker 1: open the Bible and rewrite it, like Thomas Jefferson and UH. 511 00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:13,680 Speaker 1: In the eighties, there was a dude physicist name Mordecaig 512 00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:18,760 Speaker 1: mill Grom. He suggested that Newton's second law of motion, 513 00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:23,080 Speaker 1: which is force equals mass times acceleration, which I got 514 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:26,000 Speaker 1: wrong in the board breaking episode. That's right, but we're 515 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:30,120 Speaker 1: not physicist. We just played them on the air. Uh. 516 00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:32,280 Speaker 1: He said, maybe we should look at that again and 517 00:31:32,360 --> 00:31:34,640 Speaker 1: maybe he was wrong, and maybe we should modify this. 518 00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:40,560 Speaker 1: And he called this modification mind modified Newton Newtonian dynamics. 519 00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:44,640 Speaker 1: And Uh, the way that I read this was it 520 00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:48,080 Speaker 1: almost sounded like it's probably not quite right, but almost 521 00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:50,320 Speaker 1: sounded like he had some answer. So he was sort 522 00:31:50,360 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 1: of rewriting the question to fit it was at hawk. Yeah, 523 00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:55,680 Speaker 1: that is what he was called out on that. It 524 00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,760 Speaker 1: wasn't like, oh, here is a new understanding of a 525 00:31:58,760 --> 00:32:01,800 Speaker 1: physical law around the Uni verse. This just applied to 526 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:06,680 Speaker 1: those galaxies in the rotational momentum or rotational acceleration. His 527 00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:11,720 Speaker 1: whole position was that that breaks down at very small accelerations, 528 00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:15,040 Speaker 1: like a planet on the outside or a star on 529 00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:18,280 Speaker 1: the outside of a galaxy, but over a long distance. Yeah. 530 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:20,960 Speaker 1: And so a lot of people were like, that's ad hoc. 531 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:23,880 Speaker 1: It doesn't hold any water. Anyone can do that. Get 532 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:26,840 Speaker 1: out of here. Yeah. Um. And then apparently there was 533 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:29,960 Speaker 1: a study in two thousand seven that showed that even 534 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:34,880 Speaker 1: down to accelerations as slow as five hundred trillions of 535 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:38,760 Speaker 1: a meter per second squared, which is really low acceleration, 536 00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:44,120 Speaker 1: Newton's second law of motion still held fast. So mind 537 00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:46,920 Speaker 1: is pretty much out out the window. From what I understand, 538 00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:50,360 Speaker 1: Newton is giving the finger from the grave to see 539 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:53,320 Speaker 1: what you get. He very famously liked to say, bite it. 540 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,960 Speaker 1: It's on his tombstone. I think, Uh, what else do 541 00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:02,720 Speaker 1: we have here? Um? Alternative wise, this guy, I love 542 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:06,600 Speaker 1: this dude's name. I looked it up, Dragon H. Kovic. 543 00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,120 Speaker 1: Oh he is he one of the guys at CERN. Yeah. 544 00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:15,240 Speaker 1: I can do better than that, Dragon, Hey Dukevich, hy Dukevich, Sorry, 545 00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: draw on, but yeah, he said that there's such things 546 00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:23,640 Speaker 1: as um gravit pollar gravitational polar opposites to particles and 547 00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:27,720 Speaker 1: anti particles have not only opposite electrical charges, but opposite 548 00:33:27,760 --> 00:33:30,880 Speaker 1: gravitational charges. Yeah. So if those are near a galaxy, 549 00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:33,360 Speaker 1: then it would strenk sort of like a magnet almost, 550 00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:36,440 Speaker 1: they'd form pull a dipole. Yeah, so it would strengthen 551 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:40,520 Speaker 1: the gravitational field. So that's what's accounting for. Uh. In fact, 552 00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:42,960 Speaker 1: I guess he's saying there is no dark matter, right, Yeah, 553 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:46,520 Speaker 1: he's saying that that's dark matters dipoles gravitational dipoles, which 554 00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:49,480 Speaker 1: is interesting because that means if that's correct, then if 555 00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:52,640 Speaker 1: you got your hands on an antiparticle, it would fall 556 00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 1: upward because they have it would have an opposite gravitational energy. Yeah, 557 00:33:58,920 --> 00:34:01,320 Speaker 1: that's pretty neat. It's pretty neat. I would love to 558 00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:04,880 Speaker 1: have like a pencil made of any particles used to 559 00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:10,320 Speaker 1: be like, watch this right, just knock everyone sucks right off. So, uh, 560 00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:12,319 Speaker 1: should we talk about that? That's what I would do 561 00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:14,799 Speaker 1: if I had a whole bunch of anti particles. That's 562 00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:17,200 Speaker 1: that's where my imagination ends. Should we talk about the 563 00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:20,239 Speaker 1: Big Bang a little bit? Yeah? Because this is the thing, 564 00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:22,239 Speaker 1: Like if you've been sitting here going like, come on, 565 00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:25,600 Speaker 1: why does this matter at all? It actually does matter 566 00:34:25,719 --> 00:34:28,600 Speaker 1: if we want to figure out how the universe can 567 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:33,120 Speaker 1: possibly end, right, which is your specialty these days. Man, 568 00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:36,560 Speaker 1: I'm so excited about this coming out. Yeah, we're talking again. 569 00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:40,560 Speaker 1: Josh's upcoming tin part series, The End of the World. 570 00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:43,600 Speaker 1: The End of the World. Yeah, it's um slated to 571 00:34:43,640 --> 00:34:47,040 Speaker 1: come out in November seven, and it's this and more 572 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:52,480 Speaker 1: time Sten literally Timesten. Yeah, what other stuff you talk 573 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:55,960 Speaker 1: about ai I know that's in there, ai UM, reckless 574 00:34:56,000 --> 00:35:01,440 Speaker 1: experiments with viruses, FAMI paradox, the Great filter, um, the 575 00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:05,080 Speaker 1: whole things about existential risks. Man, it's you're getting smarter. 576 00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:07,560 Speaker 1: I'm just talking about the old movies. It's down. Yeah, 577 00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:09,560 Speaker 1: but you're like getting in there with people, you know, 578 00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:12,560 Speaker 1: like the heart of people. It's just different. It's not better. Well, 579 00:35:12,560 --> 00:35:16,000 Speaker 1: you've got interviews and stuff though, with like like leading experts, right, yeah, 580 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:18,040 Speaker 1: but I kind of used them as like a Greek 581 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:20,400 Speaker 1: course to kind of chime in and help like explain 582 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:22,560 Speaker 1: it or be like, yeah, Josh is actually right here, 583 00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:24,680 Speaker 1: you know that kind of like it's not just me 584 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:28,480 Speaker 1: saying it's all right. So look for that everyone. But 585 00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:32,240 Speaker 1: with the Big Bang, the idea is that the universe 586 00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:36,480 Speaker 1: is expanding, and the big question is where what's the endgame? There? 587 00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:39,600 Speaker 1: Are we gonna expand forever? And what does that mean 588 00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:42,799 Speaker 1: in relation to dark matter? So again, this is the 589 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:46,080 Speaker 1: point that we're at. We've actually figured out what the 590 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:49,399 Speaker 1: density of the universe has to be. There's something called 591 00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:52,760 Speaker 1: a critical density, and it's tend to the negative twenty 592 00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:57,480 Speaker 1: nine grams per cubic centimeter, which this article says is 593 00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:01,160 Speaker 1: equivalent to a few hydrogen atoms in a phone booth. 594 00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:04,640 Speaker 1: That density of matter, and if the unit that is 595 00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:08,120 Speaker 1: the critical density of of matter in the universe, if 596 00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: it's more than that, equal to that, are less than that, 597 00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:14,480 Speaker 1: there are three different possible outcomes for the universe depending 598 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:17,799 Speaker 1: on how dense the universes with matter. Right, and a 599 00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:21,239 Speaker 1: phone booth everyone is a thing, a box that used 600 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:23,920 Speaker 1: to hold public telephones that you would step into to 601 00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:26,279 Speaker 1: make a call. Yeah, what's a good movie you can 602 00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:29,120 Speaker 1: go watch to see? There's one called booth. Oh yeah, 603 00:36:29,239 --> 00:36:33,080 Speaker 1: I said a good movie the right. Uh, Superman changes 604 00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:34,759 Speaker 1: his clothes in a phone booth. There you go go 605 00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,839 Speaker 1: watch the original Christo Reef Christopher reef um Superman. Right. 606 00:36:38,960 --> 00:36:42,120 Speaker 1: Or imagine if you were laying dead in a casket 607 00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:45,480 Speaker 1: and someone set you up, and you were on your 608 00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:48,880 Speaker 1: cell phone, but you were only three hydrogen atoms and 609 00:36:48,920 --> 00:36:52,280 Speaker 1: your cell phone is connected to a machine chord r exactly. 610 00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,440 Speaker 1: Oh all right, So where we were talking about the 611 00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:58,920 Speaker 1: critical density of the universe, right, So there are a 612 00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:03,600 Speaker 1: few different uh outcomes here that they've they've come up 613 00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:07,520 Speaker 1: with as far as where we're headed. Yeah, So if 614 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:10,719 Speaker 1: if the universe has a density of matter, all the 615 00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:13,479 Speaker 1: matter in the universe, if you could, if you could 616 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:18,160 Speaker 1: just slice the universe up into phone booths and equally 617 00:37:18,239 --> 00:37:20,520 Speaker 1: spread out all of the matter in the universe across 618 00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:24,200 Speaker 1: all those phone booths, if that equals just a few 619 00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:29,600 Speaker 1: hydrogen atoms per phone booth. Again, that's the critical mass density. 620 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:33,560 Speaker 1: And if that is actually the same as the density 621 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,840 Speaker 1: of matter in the universe, then what we have is 622 00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:39,240 Speaker 1: a universe that keeps expanding forever, because the universe started 623 00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:42,759 Speaker 1: inflating at some point after the Big Bang. And this 624 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:46,240 Speaker 1: is a huge discovery in and of itself. Right, everybody 625 00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:49,960 Speaker 1: thought the universe is just kind of there and unchanging. No, 626 00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:54,440 Speaker 1: the universe is actually expanding inside. It's inflating, and the 627 00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:57,120 Speaker 1: matter in the universe is actually spreading away from it. 628 00:37:57,280 --> 00:38:00,160 Speaker 1: So everybody's like, like you said, what's the endgame that 629 00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:03,840 Speaker 1: if it's if the universe, if the universal mass is 630 00:38:03,880 --> 00:38:06,360 Speaker 1: the same as the critical mass density, it's gonna just 631 00:38:06,440 --> 00:38:10,320 Speaker 1: keep expanding forever. But eventually it'll it'll get kind of cool, 632 00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:12,359 Speaker 1: and everything's gonna die and stop. I think it's called 633 00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,719 Speaker 1: the heat death of the universe. Yeah, and that's called 634 00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:18,319 Speaker 1: critical or flat universe. If the actual mass density is 635 00:38:18,360 --> 00:38:21,719 Speaker 1: greater than the critical mass density, they call that the 636 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:24,719 Speaker 1: big crunch. That's not good to close the universe. That 637 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:29,640 Speaker 1: means it'll expand and then eventually slow down, stop expanding, 638 00:38:30,040 --> 00:38:32,600 Speaker 1: and then collapse on itself. Right like you you know 639 00:38:32,640 --> 00:38:37,640 Speaker 1: those a bungee uh um swings. Yeah, my daughter was 640 00:38:37,680 --> 00:38:39,680 Speaker 1: just on one of those. Okay, So they launched up 641 00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:42,040 Speaker 1: in the air, right, yep, Well they she she she 642 00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:44,359 Speaker 1: went that way, and then she came back this way, 643 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:46,960 Speaker 1: she did. So when you come back this way. When 644 00:38:47,080 --> 00:38:49,200 Speaker 1: when you came back this way is because the universe 645 00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,440 Speaker 1: is closed and the gravity because of the mass, was 646 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:55,800 Speaker 1: greater than the critical mass density, and so gravity overcame 647 00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:58,080 Speaker 1: it and brought it back together in what was called 648 00:38:58,080 --> 00:39:00,920 Speaker 1: the big crunch, which I'm assuming she did not undergo. 649 00:39:01,080 --> 00:39:02,880 Speaker 1: I tried to explain that to her, and all she 650 00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:05,880 Speaker 1: said was again again, I don't blame her. Uh. And 651 00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:08,800 Speaker 1: then finally we have another outcome. If actual mass density 652 00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:12,120 Speaker 1: is less than critical mass density, then we keep expanding, 653 00:39:12,680 --> 00:39:15,160 Speaker 1: but there's no change in the rate of expansion. Doesn't 654 00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,200 Speaker 1: we don't start expanding faster and faster, right, and I 655 00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:21,400 Speaker 1: think nothing really cools off. It just keeps going forever, 656 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:23,759 Speaker 1: which is kind of the all good one. Really. That's 657 00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:29,600 Speaker 1: called the Waterson universe, right, alright, alright, alright, or specifically 658 00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:32,720 Speaker 1: the coasting or open universe. I like that, ak Waterson. 659 00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:35,440 Speaker 1: So the only way to figure this out for Shure 660 00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:37,400 Speaker 1: is to live until the end of the universe, and 661 00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:40,280 Speaker 1: we're talking billions, possibly trillions of years into the future, 662 00:39:41,239 --> 00:39:44,000 Speaker 1: or we could just figure out how much matter there 663 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:47,360 Speaker 1: really is. The problem is, even if we can account 664 00:39:47,360 --> 00:39:50,759 Speaker 1: for all the regular matter, every bit of things that 665 00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:52,880 Speaker 1: makes up you, me, and everything we can see in 666 00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:55,640 Speaker 1: the universe, we still have to account for dark matter. 667 00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:59,279 Speaker 1: Hence the reason why people are mapping dark matter. So 668 00:39:59,360 --> 00:40:02,760 Speaker 1: we can figure truly how much matters in the universe, 669 00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:04,879 Speaker 1: and then we can predict how it's gonna end. Yeah, 670 00:40:04,960 --> 00:40:08,719 Speaker 1: it's not just uh folly and like, hey, this would 671 00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:12,520 Speaker 1: be neat. I mean part of it is. Yeah, there's 672 00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:14,480 Speaker 1: a part of sandwich and a glass of milk at 673 00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:18,360 Speaker 1: the end of that calculation. That's true. Uh, And I 674 00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:20,160 Speaker 1: want to say you got anything else, but I'm not 675 00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:22,359 Speaker 1: going to say that I got nothing else. All right, 676 00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:25,239 Speaker 1: well that's dark matter. Don't even get us started on 677 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:28,120 Speaker 1: dark energy. Please, please, God, don't get us started on 678 00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:31,120 Speaker 1: dark energy. Uh. If you want to more about dark matter, 679 00:40:31,520 --> 00:40:33,680 Speaker 1: type that word into the search bar. Of those words 680 00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:35,680 Speaker 1: in the search bar. And since I said that it's 681 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:40,560 Speaker 1: time for listening to mail, I'm gonna call this uh 682 00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,920 Speaker 1: something on game shows, Hey, guys, always um wonder what 683 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:46,160 Speaker 1: it was like to have a moment where they say 684 00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:47,640 Speaker 1: I have to write into stuff you should know for 685 00:40:47,719 --> 00:40:50,799 Speaker 1: listener mail. Well I just had that moment yesterday. I 686 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:55,319 Speaker 1: listened to the Select podcast on Game shows that wasn't 687 00:40:55,320 --> 00:40:58,799 Speaker 1: a Select podcast, that was just a live show. Oh yeah, right, 688 00:40:59,160 --> 00:41:01,520 Speaker 1: and they fooled me. I love all your episodes, but 689 00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:04,880 Speaker 1: I found this one particularly fascinating. Last forwarded. This evening, 690 00:41:05,520 --> 00:41:07,560 Speaker 1: my fiance and I were sitting down to watch a movie. 691 00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:10,480 Speaker 1: I'm not much of a movie person, sorry, Chuck. So 692 00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:14,040 Speaker 1: I told Peter Guess her fiance to just pick something 693 00:41:14,080 --> 00:41:18,319 Speaker 1: to watch. He puts on quiz show, Oh Emil, not 694 00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:20,400 Speaker 1: realizing it was based on the real life of it. 695 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:22,759 Speaker 1: So I started telling Peter about your podcast. And now 696 00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:25,279 Speaker 1: quiz shows like this one on the movie were rigged 697 00:41:25,320 --> 00:41:27,719 Speaker 1: in the fifties and it almost killed game shows. I 698 00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:30,040 Speaker 1: was like a sponge releasing all the information I had 699 00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:33,040 Speaker 1: heard yesterday. The chance that he selects that movie the 700 00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:37,000 Speaker 1: day after I listened to your podcast just blows my mind. Awesome. 701 00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:41,000 Speaker 1: It's a Mandela effect, right, syncretism. Anyway, thank you for 702 00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:42,759 Speaker 1: what you do for keeping me company as a drive 703 00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:45,279 Speaker 1: around d C on the belt Way every day. Oh 704 00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:47,840 Speaker 1: you poor person. I know when one of your episodes 705 00:41:48,080 --> 00:41:50,480 Speaker 1: cueues up, I know my drive will go so much faster. 706 00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:53,560 Speaker 1: Lots of love, Kristen, Thanks a lot, Kristin. I was 707 00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:55,359 Speaker 1: a greed email. We're glad we could help you out. 708 00:41:55,480 --> 00:41:57,319 Speaker 1: Make it look pretty good in front of Peter. Yeah. 709 00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:00,760 Speaker 1: Good luck with the upcoming wedding, yeah, which we assume 710 00:42:00,840 --> 00:42:04,120 Speaker 1: is impending. Okay, um, well, if you want to let 711 00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:07,000 Speaker 1: us know you're getting married, let us know, we'll say 712 00:42:07,239 --> 00:42:10,640 Speaker 1: best wishes. Every once while, somebody will send an invitation in. 713 00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:13,680 Speaker 1: We're not taking them up, but we usually sign it 714 00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:16,120 Speaker 1: and send it back at least. Yeah. I mean, if 715 00:42:16,120 --> 00:42:18,520 Speaker 1: someone was getting married here in the studio on a 716 00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:21,479 Speaker 1: Tuesday at one o'clock, we'd be there, and we'd also 717 00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:25,160 Speaker 1: be like, we need the studio exactly. Uh so maybe 718 00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:28,080 Speaker 1: make it twelve o'clock. Uh. If you want to get 719 00:42:28,080 --> 00:42:29,719 Speaker 1: in touch with us, you can hang out with us 720 00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:35,799 Speaker 1: on social media. Just go to what's our website dot com. 721 00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,239 Speaker 1: That's right, um, and you'll find all the links there 722 00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:41,279 Speaker 1: and um. You can also send us an email. Just 723 00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:43,719 Speaker 1: wrap it up, spank it on the bottom, and send 724 00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:52,040 Speaker 1: it off to Stuff podcast at how stuff works dot com. 725 00:42:52,080 --> 00:42:54,480 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics. Does 726 00:42:54,520 --> 00:43:03,080 Speaker 1: it how stuff works dot com.