WEBVTT - What do Quarks taste like? 0:00:08.480 --> 0:00:11.440 Jorgey, would you say that you have good taste in movies? 0:00:11.840 --> 0:00:13.520 I don't know if I have good taste in movies, 0:00:13.560 --> 0:00:15.560 but I feel like I like what I like. But 0:00:15.600 --> 0:00:18.280 does that mean that you think those movies like taste good? 0:00:18.480 --> 0:00:20.919 I mean doesn't mean to have good taste in movies? 0:00:21.160 --> 0:00:23.520 You mean like if I ate a movie? Yeah, exactly. 0:00:23.520 --> 0:00:26.760 Like are certain movies like delicious or like, you know, 0:00:27.000 --> 0:00:29.760 hard to swallow? I think some plotlines are definitely hard 0:00:29.840 --> 0:00:32.520 to swallow. Yeah, But it's kind of an interesting question 0:00:32.560 --> 0:00:34.479 that you ask me. Were you still of asking me, like, 0:00:34.600 --> 0:00:37.040 how can a movie taste? Or how can somebody have 0:00:37.240 --> 0:00:40.000 good taste in music? Yeah? Exactly? Like why do we 0:00:40.080 --> 0:00:43.440 use the word taste to describe how we choose art 0:00:43.680 --> 0:00:47.159 or clothing or you know, living room furniture. It's not 0:00:47.159 --> 0:00:49.519 like you're gonna eat that stuff. Well, it's probably just 0:00:49.600 --> 0:00:52.960 kind of a poetic analogy, you know, Right, it's a 0:00:52.960 --> 0:00:55.840 little bit of poetry. Right, We're saying, here's something we 0:00:55.880 --> 0:00:58.360 can't really describe, and we're gonna related to something we 0:00:58.440 --> 0:01:17.520 can describe. Hi am r hammade cartoonists and the creator 0:01:17.640 --> 0:01:21.440 of PhD Comics. Hi I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist. 0:01:21.600 --> 0:01:24.440 I smash stuff together at their large hay drawn collider 0:01:24.480 --> 0:01:26.680 to try to figure out what the world is made 0:01:26.680 --> 0:01:29.160 out of. And you are a listener with really good 0:01:29.160 --> 0:01:32.160 taste because you are listening to our podcast, Daniel and 0:01:32.240 --> 0:01:35.639 Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio, 0:01:35.920 --> 0:01:39.640 the most delicious podcast in the whole universe. But seriously, 0:01:40.080 --> 0:01:42.480 our goal on this podcast really is to take the 0:01:42.600 --> 0:01:45.200 universe and slice it into bite sized pieces so you 0:01:45.240 --> 0:01:48.120 can chew them one at a time and really digest 0:01:48.200 --> 0:01:52.640 each one, bite size installments of knowledge for your ears 0:01:52.880 --> 0:01:55.720 taste buds. Yeah, exactly. We want you to really be 0:01:55.800 --> 0:01:59.160 able to incorporate these ideas into your brain. Right, this 0:01:59.240 --> 0:02:00.920 is something you don't just swallow it like a pill. 0:02:01.080 --> 0:02:03.000 We want you to really, you know, take some time, 0:02:03.440 --> 0:02:07.040 chew it, enjoy it, gave understand like the top notes 0:02:07.080 --> 0:02:08.639 and the back notes and the I don't even know 0:02:08.680 --> 0:02:10.920 what I'm talking about here when it comes to names 0:02:11.160 --> 0:02:13.960 of their various tastes. Take your your phone or whatever 0:02:14.000 --> 0:02:16.079 you're using to listen to this and kind of swirl 0:02:16.160 --> 0:02:18.280 it around a little bit, you know, let this podcast 0:02:18.520 --> 0:02:20.680 arrate a little bit. Hey, I think this podcast has 0:02:20.760 --> 0:02:23.560 legs for tasting. That's what they say about wine. You 0:02:23.600 --> 0:02:25.280 swirl it around and you look to see if it 0:02:25.280 --> 0:02:29.200 has legs. I don't drink that much wine. Well, I'm 0:02:29.200 --> 0:02:32.079 also complimenting your legs, Orge, it did shape them this morning. 0:02:32.800 --> 0:02:35.200 What I didn't want to hear that nobody wanted to 0:02:35.200 --> 0:02:37.760 hear that nobody wants to be Well, maybe some people 0:02:37.760 --> 0:02:39.680 out there do want a mental image of Jorge shaving 0:02:39.720 --> 0:02:42.480 his legs. But I think the point is that there 0:02:42.480 --> 0:02:47.560 are words that physicists use sometimes describe physical phenomenon that 0:02:47.840 --> 0:02:51.760 is kind of weird to use, right, It's kind of um, 0:02:51.800 --> 0:02:55.040 it's kind of like they they're used for other things 0:02:55.040 --> 0:02:57.640 in the English language. Yeah, And we've talked about that 0:02:57.720 --> 0:02:59.799 a few times on this podcast. Recently, we did a 0:02:59.800 --> 0:03:03.840 whole podcast about Spin, in which you rightly insisted that 0:03:03.880 --> 0:03:06.560 we should have called it like spin, because it's not spin. 0:03:06.639 --> 0:03:09.959 It's like spin. But there's an important point there that 0:03:10.000 --> 0:03:14.040 we're sort of extrapolating. We're saying, here's something weird and unknown, 0:03:14.400 --> 0:03:16.920 but it's sort of similar in interesting ways to this 0:03:16.960 --> 0:03:19.120 thing we do know, and so let's give it that 0:03:19.240 --> 0:03:22.160 name so we can associate these two ideas in our head. Yeah, 0:03:22.280 --> 0:03:25.040 I am a grumpy person when it comes to nomenclature, 0:03:25.360 --> 0:03:28.680 to naming things. I'll take that mantle. I've heard you 0:03:28.680 --> 0:03:30.560 do this yourself about your own work. What do you 0:03:30.560 --> 0:03:33.280 mean Sometimes you introduce your comic and if somebody, if 0:03:33.280 --> 0:03:35.600 you don't get that flash of recognition, you say, oh, 0:03:35.720 --> 0:03:40.440 PhD comics. It's like Dilbert but for academia. Yeah, and yeah, 0:03:40.480 --> 0:03:44.800 I think analogies are useful in the English language, and 0:03:44.840 --> 0:03:48.800 that's why I use the word like, you know, but 0:03:48.920 --> 0:03:52.000 we relean on these heavily in physics. I mean, when 0:03:52.000 --> 0:03:56.680 we talk about things being particles, metaphors are analogies metaphors, Yeah, 0:03:56.800 --> 0:03:59.320 and I would admit that we often use metaphors when 0:03:59.320 --> 0:04:02.600 we should be using analogies. But that's basically all we do. 0:04:02.680 --> 0:04:05.560 You know, in physics, we try to describe the unknown. 0:04:06.040 --> 0:04:08.120 And what can you do when you describe the unknown 0:04:08.160 --> 0:04:10.840 accept related to the known? Right, So you're like, what 0:04:10.960 --> 0:04:12.760 is a particle? Like, it's kind of like a little 0:04:12.760 --> 0:04:15.800 spinning ball. Oh, it's kind of like a wave. You know, 0:04:15.800 --> 0:04:17.760 how does this thing work? It's kind of like this 0:04:17.839 --> 0:04:20.640 other thing and uh, And that's the job of physics 0:04:20.680 --> 0:04:23.599 is to say here's all these weird, disparate phenomena. Can 0:04:23.680 --> 0:04:27.240 we describe them using similar ideas? So this this, you know, 0:04:27.279 --> 0:04:29.440 there's a good intention there. It's not like physics is 0:04:29.520 --> 0:04:32.479 trying to deceive people by saying this has spin and 0:04:32.480 --> 0:04:34.719 this is a particle and this as this flavor. We're 0:04:34.760 --> 0:04:36.960 doing our best to try to connect these things to 0:04:37.040 --> 0:04:38.680 ideas that are already in your head to make them 0:04:38.720 --> 0:04:41.400 easier to understand. And so today on the podcast, we'll 0:04:41.400 --> 0:04:49.840 be talking about what do quarks taste like? That's right, 0:04:50.279 --> 0:04:52.640 what do quarks taste like? And what do they look like? 0:04:53.000 --> 0:04:56.720 Because in particle physics, we describe corks as having flavor, 0:04:57.160 --> 0:05:00.600 and we also describe them as having color, and so 0:05:00.640 --> 0:05:03.360 you might be wondering, like, what how does a tiny 0:05:03.360 --> 0:05:05.680 little particle have like a color or a flavor? Like 0:05:05.720 --> 0:05:08.200 can you taste one particle at a time? What does 0:05:08.240 --> 0:05:11.640 that really mean? These guys being literal, are they being metaphorical? 0:05:11.800 --> 0:05:16.200 Are they being analogical? What's the word there? Yeah, poetic? 0:05:16.520 --> 0:05:20.640 You know, wrong? Perhaps there you go, and we will 0:05:20.680 --> 0:05:23.520 be open to the possibility that physics has taken too 0:05:23.560 --> 0:05:27.000 many liberties in bending the English language to describe what 0:05:27.040 --> 0:05:29.000 we've learned. Yeah. So, and there are a lot of 0:05:29.040 --> 0:05:33.120 examples like this in physics, right, especially particle physics, because 0:05:33.120 --> 0:05:36.880 you're dealing with some pretty weird and unknown things. Yeah, 0:05:36.960 --> 0:05:39.400 we basically always have to do that when we're describing 0:05:39.440 --> 0:05:42.599 these tiny, little weird things we call particles. Um, we're 0:05:42.640 --> 0:05:44.960 always relying on things that we understand, even the whole 0:05:44.960 --> 0:05:47.320 idea of a field, you know, like that we talked 0:05:47.320 --> 0:05:50.880 about quantum fields and electromagnetic fields. You know, you're relying 0:05:50.920 --> 0:05:55.720 on your your understanding of of of how these things work. Um, 0:05:55.800 --> 0:05:58.280 you know, a field in general, it's like I imagine, 0:05:58.320 --> 0:06:00.599 like a field of weed or field of asked, you know, 0:06:00.720 --> 0:06:04.080 like thinking about how things change over a plane. Um. 0:06:04.200 --> 0:06:07.719 So everything we do basically is some sort of poetic 0:06:07.839 --> 0:06:10.880 or non poetic extension of the English language. They were 0:06:10.960 --> 0:06:16.480 in particular talking about corks, right, because corks have both color, flavor, 0:06:16.520 --> 0:06:20.200 and spin, But they actually don't have neither color, flavor 0:06:20.240 --> 0:06:24.080 nor spin. They have like flavor, like color and like spin. 0:06:24.440 --> 0:06:29.000 There you go, Yeah, there you go, podcast done, podcast over. No, 0:06:29.120 --> 0:06:31.480 we're gonna dig into exactly what that means. But I 0:06:31.520 --> 0:06:34.480 was curious what people thought, um, So I went around 0:06:34.520 --> 0:06:36.880 the camp as a uc irvine, and I asked people first. 0:06:36.880 --> 0:06:38.760 I asked them, hey, have you heard of a cork? 0:06:39.480 --> 0:06:42.120 And most people you'll you'll hear their responses. But if 0:06:42.160 --> 0:06:44.480 they hadn't, I asked them, what would you believe me 0:06:44.760 --> 0:06:47.400 if I told you that these tiny particles had flavor 0:06:47.520 --> 0:06:50.160 or color? But if they had heard of them? You 0:06:50.200 --> 0:06:53.039 would ask them if they knew that they have flavors? 0:06:53.080 --> 0:06:55.080 That's right, if they if they had heard of them. 0:06:55.080 --> 0:06:57.359 I asked them if they knew about cork flavor and color, 0:06:57.480 --> 0:06:59.560 And if they hadn't, I said, would you believe me 0:06:59.560 --> 0:07:01.839 if I told you that they had flavors and colors? 0:07:01.960 --> 0:07:04.479 This is like a multipart question here, all right? Yeah? 0:07:04.680 --> 0:07:07.000 Otherwise it was just too too short of conversation. Have 0:07:07.040 --> 0:07:09.200 you heard of corks? No? All right, well there you go. 0:07:09.360 --> 0:07:11.520 Those of you listening, maybe take a second to think 0:07:11.520 --> 0:07:13.360 about if somebody approach you on the street and ask 0:07:13.440 --> 0:07:16.880 you what a corks taste like or what's their flavor 0:07:17.040 --> 0:07:20.160 or color? What would you answer? Here's what people had 0:07:20.200 --> 0:07:22.160 to say, Um, have you heard of quarks? Do you 0:07:22.160 --> 0:07:26.040 know what corks are? I've heard of them. Um, they're 0:07:26.040 --> 0:07:28.160 supposed to have colors and flavors. Do you know what 0:07:28.240 --> 0:07:32.120 cork colors and flavors mean? U? Cork is a delightful 0:07:32.320 --> 0:07:34.600 like yogurty kind of a thing. So that's the first 0:07:34.600 --> 0:07:36.600 thing that I thought of. What the question is, do 0:07:36.640 --> 0:07:40.640 you know what cork flavors are? Wow? You're not talking 0:07:40.680 --> 0:07:44.640 strawberry blueberry for the yogurt um. I have heard of 0:07:44.880 --> 0:07:48.680 cork flavors. Yes, I have heard of corks. Another thing, 0:07:48.760 --> 0:07:50.600 don't know what they are. Did you know that quarks 0:07:50.640 --> 0:07:54.240 come in different colors and flavors? No? I wish I 0:07:54.280 --> 0:07:57.160 could say yes, but I don't have heard of them. 0:07:57.920 --> 0:08:01.200 But no, quirky people. Did you know that quirks, the 0:08:01.240 --> 0:08:04.480 fundamental particles, come in different flavors and colors? I had 0:08:04.520 --> 0:08:07.600 also heard out, but I can't believe I did not. 0:08:08.200 --> 0:08:11.080 All right, great, Yeah, they're one of the parts of 0:08:12.160 --> 0:08:14.760 protons and neutrons. Right. Do you know that they come 0:08:14.760 --> 0:08:18.960 in different colors and flavors? Can you explain that? Do 0:08:19.040 --> 0:08:21.480 they really taste and look different? No, it's just the 0:08:21.560 --> 0:08:24.560 way that it's described. There's up and down, and I 0:08:24.600 --> 0:08:26.840 don't really understand too much how that works. I would 0:08:26.840 --> 0:08:28.880 have a hard time believing that because as far as 0:08:28.920 --> 0:08:31.679 I know, we don't really see the quantum quantum mechanical 0:08:32.040 --> 0:08:33.520 side of the world, so I don't know how that 0:08:33.559 --> 0:08:37.600 would work exactly. All right, A pretty delicious set of 0:08:37.800 --> 0:08:41.959 answers there, that's right. Yeah. Um. I was amazed to 0:08:42.040 --> 0:08:45.480 learn that there actually is a European yogurt product called 0:08:45.559 --> 0:08:48.480 cork that does come in various flavors. Is that true? 0:08:48.800 --> 0:08:52.000 That is true? I verified that via Google. Well, technically 0:08:52.040 --> 0:08:54.240 that yogurt probably does have a lot of quarks in it. 0:08:54.400 --> 0:08:56.720 That's true. We should relabel everything in the grocery store 0:08:56.760 --> 0:08:59.679 as mostly quarks, quirks and electrons. Is that going to 0:08:59.720 --> 0:09:03.360 be a part of the physics food company? Quirks and electrons? Yum, yum, yum. 0:09:03.400 --> 0:09:04.880 That's right. You can put out you can have a 0:09:04.880 --> 0:09:08.080 pattern for pretty much anything, and you would dominate the 0:09:08.240 --> 0:09:11.000 entire global economy. That's true. And that's something I think 0:09:11.160 --> 0:09:14.200 most people haven't really gotten their minds around the fact 0:09:14.200 --> 0:09:16.200 that everything they eat is just made out of the 0:09:16.240 --> 0:09:18.840 same particles, and it's made out of the same particles 0:09:18.840 --> 0:09:21.280 in basically the same numbers. You know, you have a 0:09:21.280 --> 0:09:24.679 spoonful of yogurt, and you have a spoonful of I 0:09:24.720 --> 0:09:28.040 don't know. What's something healthy um ice cream or lentils 0:09:28.080 --> 0:09:30.760 or whatever. Then it has the same particles in it, 0:09:30.800 --> 0:09:34.600 they're just arranged differently. So the thingness that you're eating, 0:09:34.640 --> 0:09:37.560 the the yumminess or the grossness, comes entirely from how 0:09:37.600 --> 0:09:40.080 those particles are put together, not what they're actually made 0:09:40.080 --> 0:09:44.880 out of, which endlessly fascinates me. A bit of a digression, sorry, 0:09:45.000 --> 0:09:48.000 but onto the topic of quarks being tasty, Maybe we 0:09:48.000 --> 0:09:51.160 should um first remind people what a quirk is and 0:09:51.200 --> 0:09:53.640 where it sits in the sort of hierarchy of particles, 0:09:53.880 --> 0:09:56.920 and then dig into their flavors and colors. All right, Yeah, 0:09:57.000 --> 0:09:59.320 so let's bring it down for people, or remind them 0:09:59.480 --> 0:10:03.000 what is a quirk, Daniel. It's a delicious European yogurt apparently, 0:10:03.080 --> 0:10:04.840 all right, And what flavors does it come in? And 0:10:04.880 --> 0:10:10.400 what color is this? It comes in strawberry and blueberry. Now, 0:10:10.480 --> 0:10:14.520 a quirk is, as far as we know, a fundamental particle, right, 0:10:14.559 --> 0:10:16.720 So if you look at the stuff around you, then 0:10:16.840 --> 0:10:19.040 you know stuff is made out of atoms, elements of 0:10:19.080 --> 0:10:21.840 the periodic table. You dig into those atoms of course, 0:10:21.840 --> 0:10:25.000 as a nucleus surrounded by electrons and inside the nucleus 0:10:25.000 --> 0:10:28.920 are protons and neutrons, right, protons being positively charged and 0:10:29.000 --> 0:10:32.559 neutrons being neutral. But inside the protons and neutrons are 0:10:32.600 --> 0:10:35.360 these particles we call quarks, and there's either two up 0:10:35.400 --> 0:10:38.400 quarks and a down or two down quirks and and up, 0:10:38.600 --> 0:10:41.120 and that gives you protons and neutrons. So even the 0:10:41.200 --> 0:10:44.120 smallest level, everything is made out of these little pieces 0:10:44.120 --> 0:10:46.880 that are arranged differently. The same basic building blocks can 0:10:46.880 --> 0:10:49.720 give you protons or neutrons. It's just sort of different 0:10:49.760 --> 0:10:52.000 numbers of the stuff and arranged differently. Because I think 0:10:52.040 --> 0:10:55.000 most of us learned about the atom in high school, right, 0:10:55.120 --> 0:10:58.960 and we learned that there's a little nucleus with protons 0:10:58.960 --> 0:11:02.920 and neutrons and then electrons flying around them. Um. But 0:11:03.040 --> 0:11:05.920 the thing you're saying is that those things inside the 0:11:06.000 --> 0:11:09.640 nucleus are not actually things. We're just kind of configurations 0:11:09.679 --> 0:11:11.840 of smaller things. Yeah, well, there are things in the 0:11:11.880 --> 0:11:13.920 same level that you're a thing, right, You're a thing, 0:11:13.960 --> 0:11:16.840 and you're configurations of smaller things, and those smaller things 0:11:16.840 --> 0:11:19.360 a configuration of smaller things, and on and on and 0:11:19.400 --> 0:11:21.439 on until we don't know when in the end everything 0:11:21.520 --> 0:11:23.240 is made out of these particles, and there really are 0:11:23.280 --> 0:11:26.000 the fundamental building blocks of like all the matter you 0:11:26.000 --> 0:11:28.640 you've seen, all the matter you've tasted, all the things 0:11:28.679 --> 0:11:31.000 you see in the night sky. You know those stars 0:11:31.000 --> 0:11:33.640 out there, and they're made mostly out of quirks. Um. 0:11:33.720 --> 0:11:36.240 The planet under your feet is made mostly out of quarks. 0:11:36.480 --> 0:11:38.280 Your hand that you're looking at right now is made 0:11:38.320 --> 0:11:40.319 mostly out of corks. The brain you're using to hear 0:11:40.360 --> 0:11:42.840 this podcast is made mostly out of quirks, but two 0:11:42.960 --> 0:11:47.079 quirks in particular, up corks and down corks. And they are, 0:11:47.160 --> 0:11:49.160 as far as you know, the fundamental in the sense 0:11:49.160 --> 0:11:51.240 that you as far as you know, you can't split 0:11:51.280 --> 0:11:53.440 them any further, or they're not made out of even 0:11:53.480 --> 0:11:56.600 smaller things themselves. That's right, as far as we know. 0:11:56.720 --> 0:11:59.320 But that's mostly because we don't have enough power to 0:11:59.360 --> 0:12:01.560 break them for there. And you know, there's an interesting 0:12:01.559 --> 0:12:03.880 bit of history here that for a long time people 0:12:03.880 --> 0:12:06.480 thought protons and neutrons were fundamental particles. They were the 0:12:06.520 --> 0:12:10.439 smallest things we had found yet. And then people came 0:12:10.480 --> 0:12:12.960 up with an idea that there might be particles inside 0:12:12.960 --> 0:12:15.520 the protons and neutrons, and you know, they call them quirks. 0:12:15.559 --> 0:12:17.200 But inside the field there was a debate for a 0:12:17.240 --> 0:12:20.400 long time about whether corks were real, like, you know, 0:12:20.440 --> 0:12:22.560 are they really there or is it just something we 0:12:22.720 --> 0:12:25.240 use in our calculations that helps us figure out how 0:12:25.240 --> 0:12:27.720 the math works. And there's sort of a lively debate 0:12:27.720 --> 0:12:30.240 for a while until you know, we actually saw quirks 0:12:30.240 --> 0:12:33.600 by breaking over the proton and interacting with them directly. Right, 0:12:33.640 --> 0:12:36.200 But you you don't actually see the courts, right like, 0:12:36.240 --> 0:12:39.280 you don't detect the corks. You detect what they turn 0:12:39.360 --> 0:12:43.280 into or what they break into. That's right. Quirks by themselves, um, 0:12:43.640 --> 0:12:47.160 don't hang out very long. They have such powerful forces, 0:12:47.200 --> 0:12:49.959 the strong nuclear force, that they gather other stuff around 0:12:49.960 --> 0:12:52.600 them very very quickly. So you almost never see In fact, 0:12:52.640 --> 0:12:55.200 you never see a free cork, a naked cork just 0:12:55.280 --> 0:12:58.480 by itself. It very quickly just grabs energy out of 0:12:58.480 --> 0:13:00.960 the vacuum and dresses itself up. They're very shy. Who 0:13:01.000 --> 0:13:03.000 wants a bunch of physics to see them naked? I mean, 0:13:03.440 --> 0:13:05.839 I think a lot of people can really I won't 0:13:05.840 --> 0:13:08.439 answer that question. I'm not qualified to speak to that question. 0:13:08.480 --> 0:13:10.760 But so you've never seen a cord by itself you 0:13:10.840 --> 0:13:13.480 mostly see the bits of it, but from your theory 0:13:13.679 --> 0:13:16.720 you can piece together that at some point in that 0:13:17.120 --> 0:13:21.960 shower of stuff there a cork existed. Yeah, exactly. And 0:13:22.080 --> 0:13:25.160 also on the other side, remember we're colliding protons, so 0:13:25.160 --> 0:13:27.400 when we start out, we collide protons, but protons are 0:13:27.440 --> 0:13:30.160 basically just bags of quarks, and we speed them up 0:13:30.240 --> 0:13:34.200 so much. That's actually interacting are the corks inside the 0:13:34.240 --> 0:13:37.800 proton Because the energy of the cork, the energy the 0:13:37.840 --> 0:13:39.920 corks have when they're moving in the beams, is much 0:13:40.000 --> 0:13:42.880 much bigger than the energy that's holding the proton together. 0:13:43.080 --> 0:13:45.880 So you can basically just disregard that. So on one hand, 0:13:45.920 --> 0:13:48.000 you can think of the large Hadron collider as a 0:13:48.000 --> 0:13:50.360 proton collider, but really we think of it as a 0:13:50.400 --> 0:13:53.480 cork collider because it's colliding these bags of corks against 0:13:53.520 --> 0:13:56.480 each other. So while we've never like individually seen a 0:13:56.559 --> 0:13:59.040 cork by itself, we have a lot of pretty direct 0:13:59.080 --> 0:14:01.880 evidence that they do this. You're telling me you even 0:14:02.040 --> 0:14:06.679 name your own machines wrong, like your your machine should 0:14:06.679 --> 0:14:09.160 have been called the large Cork. We need you, man, 0:14:09.200 --> 0:14:11.760 I keep telling you we need you on these committees 0:14:11.760 --> 0:14:15.000 for the naming because somebody services are available for for 0:14:15.040 --> 0:14:18.000 a feed ten. I'll put you in the budget next time. 0:14:18.400 --> 0:14:24.120 Namer that's my name, or scientist what you just named 0:14:24.160 --> 0:14:28.480 yourself the namer? If you're that good, if you're gonna 0:14:28.480 --> 0:14:30.360 be I mean, it's direct. I like it. It's simple. 0:14:30.640 --> 0:14:32.400 But if you're gonna go for like I'm in charge 0:14:32.400 --> 0:14:33.880 of naming stuff for physics, you've got to be a 0:14:33.920 --> 0:14:37.400 little more creative than that, right, his grand namingus. It's 0:14:37.440 --> 0:14:39.160 simple and direct, that's what I keep But I keep 0:14:39.200 --> 0:14:44.560 telling you guys, you need to be not poetic the 0:14:45.360 --> 0:14:49.520 namer of particles. No poetic flourishes allowed here. Huh. Well, 0:14:49.640 --> 0:14:52.680 so let's get into what a court taste like or 0:14:52.720 --> 0:14:55.720 what a court looks like. But first let's take a 0:14:55.760 --> 0:15:11.800 quick break. Alright, So we're digging into courts today, and 0:15:11.840 --> 0:15:16.760 in particular this idea that a cork has flavor. That's okay, 0:15:17.400 --> 0:15:22.760 flavor flavor where's blinging and wraps. It gets even funnier 0:15:22.760 --> 0:15:25.760 than that because there are other corks out there, right, 0:15:26.080 --> 0:15:29.160 And those corks are heavier, so they're just like the 0:15:29.240 --> 0:15:31.280 up cork and the down cork, but they have more mass, 0:15:31.720 --> 0:15:33.720 and so we often refer to those other corks as 0:15:33.960 --> 0:15:36.920 heavy flavor. And I remember in grad school telling my 0:15:37.000 --> 0:15:40.040 friends who are like biologists or you know, political science 0:15:40.040 --> 0:15:42.000 grad students, when I was working on I said, I'm 0:15:42.000 --> 0:15:44.160 working on a heavy flavor and to them that totally 0:15:44.160 --> 0:15:47.360 sounded like a rap group heavy flavor. Yeah, I'm gonna 0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:49.720 drop some heavy flavor on you today. Man. There is 0:15:50.080 --> 0:15:53.840 a well known YouTuber who wraps and things about physics. 0:15:53.960 --> 0:15:56.440 You've heard of him? Met him? I've met him. But 0:15:56.680 --> 0:15:59.560 have you heard of him? Yeah? Isn't it a woman? No? No, 0:15:59.640 --> 0:16:02.400 it's like there's a lot of acapella songs about physics. 0:16:02.400 --> 0:16:05.360 Oh yes, um, I have heard of him. Acapella science. 0:16:05.360 --> 0:16:08.240 He's fantastic. There's another there's a famous rap about the 0:16:08.320 --> 0:16:11.440 LHC that was done by a a young graduate student. 0:16:11.480 --> 0:16:13.960 She's also pretty good. So this turns out there's a 0:16:13.960 --> 0:16:16.840 whole community of physics rappers out there. Yeah, that's what 0:16:17.000 --> 0:16:20.880 exactly what the world needs. But back to the topic 0:16:20.880 --> 0:16:23.960 of quirks. The idea of flavors is that there's more 0:16:23.960 --> 0:16:26.400 than just the up cork and the down cork. Those exist, 0:16:26.480 --> 0:16:29.040 those make the proton of the neutron, but sometimes you 0:16:29.040 --> 0:16:32.640 can also make these other corks. They're called charm and strange, 0:16:32.960 --> 0:16:35.760 top and bottom. And the thing that's interesting about the 0:16:35.800 --> 0:16:37.960 other corks is that they're very similar to the up 0:16:37.960 --> 0:16:40.480 cork and the down cork. They're like copies of those corks. 0:16:40.800 --> 0:16:44.680 They're just heavier. So is that kind of what happened 0:16:44.680 --> 0:16:47.360 that at first you only had two quarks up and down, 0:16:47.560 --> 0:16:50.000 and then you discovered more corks, so you have to 0:16:50.000 --> 0:16:52.520 come up with other names. Yes, exactly. The first thing 0:16:52.720 --> 0:16:55.480 up in the down and then they found the strange cork, 0:16:56.360 --> 0:16:58.960 and after that they found the charm cork, and then 0:16:59.000 --> 0:17:01.640 the bottom and then top cork. Because I wonder if 0:17:01.640 --> 0:17:04.000 physicists thought that there were only two, so they went 0:17:04.080 --> 0:17:06.520 with up and down, and then they're like, wait, there's 0:17:06.560 --> 0:17:11.080 another one. What do we call this one? Side? Left, right, front, back? No, 0:17:11.240 --> 0:17:14.320 it it actually did happen that way. Um, there were 0:17:14.359 --> 0:17:16.840 these particles that were kind of weird, so they called 0:17:16.880 --> 0:17:21.360 them strange particles very creatively. And then when they discovered 0:17:21.400 --> 0:17:23.680 that the reason they were strange was that they included 0:17:23.720 --> 0:17:26.520 a new kind of cork, they called that the strange cork. 0:17:26.680 --> 0:17:28.800 And then there was one that was just particularly charming, 0:17:28.960 --> 0:17:30.879 and you're like, let's call this one the charm cork. 0:17:34.760 --> 0:17:37.080 So we were saying that every particle, every cork has 0:17:37.119 --> 0:17:39.920 like two cousins or two versions of it. The down 0:17:40.000 --> 0:17:42.880 cork aligns with the strange cork. So then when they thought, well, 0:17:42.920 --> 0:17:44.840 there must be a fourth cork to balance it out, 0:17:45.000 --> 0:17:48.520 they needed to make it somehow like above the strange 0:17:48.560 --> 0:17:51.960 cork the way like the way up is above the down. 0:17:52.440 --> 0:17:54.280 So they were like, well, what's you know, sort of 0:17:54.280 --> 0:17:57.120 in that category, but you know higher. So they went 0:17:57.160 --> 0:17:59.880 for charm. And you know, this is where the poetry. 0:18:00.080 --> 0:18:02.879 They were like grasping for some sort of relationship to 0:18:02.960 --> 0:18:06.320 try to describe these weird particles using you know, English, 0:18:06.440 --> 0:18:08.479 and so they did their best, and they came up 0:18:08.480 --> 0:18:11.800 with charm. They thought, charm is too strange. The way 0:18:11.920 --> 0:18:14.800 up is to down. I can see that in like 0:18:14.840 --> 0:18:17.880 an S A T question, you know, up to down 0:18:18.480 --> 0:18:24.840 strangest to obviously charm. That's exactly what we did. Yes, 0:18:25.400 --> 0:18:26.919 somebody was doing the S A T. And that's how 0:18:26.920 --> 0:18:29.760 we needed particles. And then when they found another one 0:18:29.920 --> 0:18:32.280 and it aligned again with the down cork, they called 0:18:32.280 --> 0:18:35.600 it the bottom, which is not a great moment of creativity, right, 0:18:35.640 --> 0:18:37.400 But once they called it the bottom. Then they had 0:18:37.440 --> 0:18:38.760 to call the other one the top, and if you 0:18:38.840 --> 0:18:44.480 find another one will be the lower and the under exactly. 0:18:45.080 --> 0:18:47.840 I know. Interestingly, we've actually proven that there are only 0:18:47.960 --> 0:18:50.720 three different flavors of corks. So when we say flavor, 0:18:50.760 --> 0:18:52.879 of course that's what we mean. We mean either this 0:18:53.119 --> 0:18:57.840 first group up and down, or the second group charming, strange, 0:18:58.200 --> 0:19:00.680 or the third group top and bottom. So there are 0:19:00.680 --> 0:19:03.320 three flavors of cork, and they're not strawberry, blueberry and 0:19:03.400 --> 0:19:06.240 vanilla there you know, that first group, the second group, 0:19:06.240 --> 0:19:08.640 in the third group. Okay, So the idea is that 0:19:08.960 --> 0:19:10.879 first you only had to up and down, and you 0:19:11.200 --> 0:19:14.000 discovered more and so suddenly you needed you needed a 0:19:14.119 --> 0:19:17.359 name that tells you that separates all of these different 0:19:17.480 --> 0:19:20.520 versions of the courts. Yeah, and probably somebody was like, 0:19:20.600 --> 0:19:22.480 what can we do? How can we name it? Maybe 0:19:22.480 --> 0:19:24.119 they like went down for ice cream and they were 0:19:24.119 --> 0:19:26.359 looking at all the different flavors and they were thinking, 0:19:26.640 --> 0:19:28.800 all these things are all similar, but each is a 0:19:28.840 --> 0:19:30.960 little different, you know, And so I think they were 0:19:31.080 --> 0:19:33.720 grasping for something poetic there. They were trying to describe 0:19:34.040 --> 0:19:37.320 how these particles have relationships, but they're each a little 0:19:37.359 --> 0:19:40.160 tweaked version of the other one. And so you know, flavor. 0:19:40.240 --> 0:19:42.680 It's not a perfect description, but it's not terrible either. 0:19:42.760 --> 0:19:46.600 Well it's weird because it's not really a quality. It's 0:19:46.640 --> 0:19:50.480 not really a measurable quality, right, or quantity. It's just 0:19:50.640 --> 0:19:53.040 it's just like a category. It's like it's it's basically 0:19:53.040 --> 0:20:00.960 another word for category or another word for um types. Type. Yeah, yeah, exactly. 0:20:01.160 --> 0:20:04.280 It's trying to describe basically the type of type or 0:20:04.280 --> 0:20:07.679 the relationships between these three types, right, saying we have 0:20:07.760 --> 0:20:10.440 these three types of things, what's the relationship between them? 0:20:10.600 --> 0:20:12.680 And you know, to make it even more complicated, there's 0:20:12.720 --> 0:20:15.360 actually sort of like dueling ways to talk about this. 0:20:15.600 --> 0:20:18.640 Some people say, oh, there's three flavors of corks. Other 0:20:18.640 --> 0:20:22.040 people say there's three families of corks or three generations 0:20:22.080 --> 0:20:24.600 of corks, because they think that, you know, the cousin 0:20:25.080 --> 0:20:28.160 analogy works better than like the ice cream flavor analogy. 0:20:28.280 --> 0:20:32.119 So there's there's debate even within the physics community about 0:20:32.320 --> 0:20:36.080 how good you got to name things. I think the 0:20:36.119 --> 0:20:37.960 fact that nobody can agree on how to call them 0:20:38.119 --> 0:20:40.080 pretty much settles the fact that we didn't do a 0:20:40.119 --> 0:20:42.080 great job naming them. But I guess what I'm saying 0:20:42.160 --> 0:20:44.200