WEBVTT - Do You Have to Pay These Strange Taxes?

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<v Speaker 1>You're listening to part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope

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<v Speaker 1>and iHeartRadio.

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<v Speaker 2>Guess what, Mango?

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<v Speaker 1>What's that? Will?

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<v Speaker 2>All right, we're gonna go way back in history. You ready,

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<v Speaker 2>We're going to the Roman Empire. I know this is

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<v Speaker 2>sort of one of your things, so you should get

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<v Speaker 2>excited about this. But anyway, the Roman emperor Vespasian, he

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<v Speaker 2>actually started construction of the coliseum around seventy CE. And

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<v Speaker 2>there's this enormous amphitheater project, and they had to figure

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<v Speaker 2>out how to pay for it, and it was paid

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<v Speaker 2>for in part by taxes, including a tax on urine.

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<v Speaker 2>Did you know this?

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<v Speaker 1>I had no idea. So you had to pay a

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<v Speaker 1>tax if you went to the bathroom.

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<v Speaker 2>Actually, no ancient Romans could pee for free, just one

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<v Speaker 2>of the side benefits of being an h Roman totally free.

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<v Speaker 2>But people collected urine from the public toilets and actually

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<v Speaker 2>sold that urine. Now that's because uria, one of the

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<v Speaker 2>most abundant waste products. In urine breaks down into ammonia,

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<v Speaker 2>which was used for cleaning. Now, as a result of this,

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<v Speaker 2>Rome had a bustling urine trade, and Vespasian sensed an

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<v Speaker 2>opportunity here and decided, you know what, I'm going to

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<v Speaker 2>tax it.

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<v Speaker 1>That is both fascinating and gross.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you know, you sound like Vespasian Sun Titus, who

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<v Speaker 2>also thought that the urine tax was gross. Isn't that weird?

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<v Speaker 1>This is not the first time someone's told me it

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<v Speaker 1>seemed like Titus. I got Compson.

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<v Speaker 2>At Titus twins two peas in a pod.

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<v Speaker 1>Now.

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<v Speaker 2>In response to this, his dad held up one of

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<v Speaker 2>the gold coins that he'd received in payment and asked

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<v Speaker 2>if it smelled bad. Now. When Titus said no, Vespasian responded,

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<v Speaker 2>and yet it is derived from urine. Such a weird response.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like a great dad joke.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it totally is. But from now on, whenever you

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<v Speaker 2>see a picture of the Colise, and be sure to

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<v Speaker 2>remember all the hard working Roman urine dealers whose taxes

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<v Speaker 2>helped pay for that. Well.

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<v Speaker 1>I know a lot of people here in the US

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<v Speaker 1>are thinking about taxes this week, So to celebrate or

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<v Speaker 1>maybe commiserate, today, we are auditing nine of the world's

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<v Speaker 1>weirdest taxes, from hot air balloon loopholes to a finished

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<v Speaker 1>bike controversy. So let's starve in.

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<v Speaker 2>Hey, their podcast listeners, welcome to Part Time Genius I'm

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<v Speaker 2>Will Pearson and is always I'm here with my good

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<v Speaker 2>friend Mangesh Hot Ticketter and over there in the booth

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<v Speaker 2>filling out a federal form. Looks like it's Federal Form

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<v Speaker 2>eight eight two to one. That's our pal and producer

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<v Speaker 2>Dylan Fagan. Now, Mango, I'm sure you know this, but

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<v Speaker 2>good old eight eight to two to one is the

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<v Speaker 2>Tax Information Authorization Form.

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<v Speaker 1>I did know that, of course, and now that Dylan

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<v Speaker 1>signed it, we are officially authorized to share as much

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<v Speaker 1>tax information as we want today. I just love how

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<v Speaker 1>he dots those eyes and crosses those teas.

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<v Speaker 2>He's always doing things by the books, you know, like

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<v Speaker 2>even when he's doing wild things, and sort of buy

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<v Speaker 2>the books. And so all right, let's talk taxes here

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<v Speaker 2>before we get into our next weird tax story. I

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<v Speaker 2>was actually curious where the idea of taxation originated, and

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<v Speaker 2>the answer is ancient Egypt, and this was sometime around

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<v Speaker 2>three thousand BCE. Now, back then, most taxes were related

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<v Speaker 2>to agricultural production, not surprisingly, and payments were tied to

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<v Speaker 2>agricultural production as well. So instead of money changing hands,

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<v Speaker 2>a certain percentage of each harvest just went into a

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<v Speaker 2>storage center that was owned by the broader state. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>over many thousands of years, this system evolved as the

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<v Speaker 2>economy changed, and at first taxes were assessed at the

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<v Speaker 2>community level, but before long individuals had to pay their

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<v Speaker 2>own tax. Egyptian pharaohs had scribes and professional tax collectors,

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<v Speaker 2>and it was their job to keep track of what

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<v Speaker 2>everybody owed, kind of like you know, an ancient irs

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<v Speaker 2>of sorts, and you know how they say that the

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<v Speaker 2>only guarantees in life are death and taxes. I would

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<v Speaker 2>actually add a third thing, and that is tax cheats.

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<v Speaker 2>So even back in ancient Egypt, wealthy people would fudge

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<v Speaker 2>numbers and bribe tax collectors to avoid paying their fair

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<v Speaker 2>share of taxes. And it went both ways too, with

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<v Speaker 2>rulers offering tax breaks to their political cronies.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, our next weird tax is a problem for me personally,

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<v Speaker 1>and it's not one a pharaoh would recognize. It is

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<v Speaker 1>the sliced bagel tax. Now, I live in New York City,

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<v Speaker 1>home of the best bagels in the world, and will

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<v Speaker 1>do you have a go to bagel order?

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<v Speaker 2>Oh man, I am the most boring bagel order in

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<v Speaker 2>the world because I do have a go to order.

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<v Speaker 2>And guess what it's two ingredients. It's a toasted wheat

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<v Speaker 2>bagel with a light amount of cream cheese on it.

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<v Speaker 2>You ever had one like that? How about you?

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<v Speaker 1>I have, and I've sent it back for more cream cheese. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>My go to bagel order is and everything bagel. I

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<v Speaker 1>also toast fine scallion, cream cheese, tomato, and capers. But Wow,

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<v Speaker 1>before my guy can apply that shmear to my bagel,

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<v Speaker 1>he has to slice it, which means I actually have

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<v Speaker 1>to pay the standard New York sales tax of eight

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<v Speaker 1>point eight seventy five percent on top of the base price.

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<v Speaker 1>And that is because the act of slicing a bagel

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<v Speaker 1>turns it into a sandwich, and according to New York, Wow,

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<v Speaker 1>sandwiches are taxed different that hold bagels.

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<v Speaker 2>That is hilarious. So I guess technically you could buy

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<v Speaker 2>a bagel, ask them not to slice it, get the

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<v Speaker 2>cream cheese on the side, take it home, slice it

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<v Speaker 2>for yourself, and then I guess you'd say, wopping what

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<v Speaker 2>like nine percent in tax?

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<v Speaker 1>Right? Mm hmm? That is exactly right. And I realized

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<v Speaker 1>this sounds crazy, because it is crazy, But you know,

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<v Speaker 1>it all began with a ration idea in nineteen thirty four,

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<v Speaker 1>New York City introduced a planned to levy a two

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<v Speaker 1>percent tax on restaurant and hotel meals. This was during

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<v Speaker 1>the Great Depression and the city needed to raise money

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<v Speaker 1>for unemployment relief. Now, over the next few decades, the

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<v Speaker 1>restaurant tax kind of hung around, and it gradually turned

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<v Speaker 1>into a tax on prepared foods. This includes sandwiches and

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<v Speaker 1>sliced bagels with cream cheese. But a couple of years ago,

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<v Speaker 1>a famous New York bagel company called H and H

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<v Speaker 1>came up with a workaround. They collaborated with Philadelphia to

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<v Speaker 1>make a limited edition whole bagel injected with cream cheese

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<v Speaker 1>so customers could avoid paying the sliced bagel sandwich tax.

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<v Speaker 1>Isn't that amazing.

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<v Speaker 2>Injected with cream cheese? Yeah, it's amazing because you know,

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<v Speaker 2>injecting a bagel with cream cheese sounds like a lot

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<v Speaker 2>more hassle than just using a knife to cut it

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<v Speaker 2>in half.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. I mean, I wouldn't eat this because I'm not

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<v Speaker 1>a stuffed crust person, and I'm not a stuffed bagel person.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm also not a stuffed hot dog person with hot

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<v Speaker 1>These are just principles I live by.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm with you one hundred percent on that. And you know,

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<v Speaker 2>as you just made clear, taxing a product doesn't necessarily

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<v Speaker 2>stop people from buying it now. On the other hand,

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<v Speaker 2>taking away a tax break can change people's consumption behavior,

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<v Speaker 2>at least in Finland, and at least when it comes

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<v Speaker 2>to bikes. See last year, the Finnish government decided to

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<v Speaker 2>end a program that let people purchase e bikes from

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<v Speaker 2>their employers tax free. Now. This incentive allowed companies to

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<v Speaker 2>sell bikes to employees as part of their benefit package

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<v Speaker 2>and the ability to claim up to twelve hundred euros

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<v Speaker 2>in tax free savings. The program was intended to encourage

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<v Speaker 2>physical activity and reduce reliance on cars, and since it

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<v Speaker 2>launched in twenty twenty one, over one hundred thousand people

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<v Speaker 2>have participated in this.

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<v Speaker 1>I don't actually know what the population of Finland is,

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<v Speaker 1>but it feels like one hundred thousand more people hopping

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<v Speaker 1>on bikes is a lot of people.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, well, I do know the population of Finland. It's

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<v Speaker 2>five point six million people. But you're right, like it

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<v Speaker 2>is a lot of people. And a side effect of

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<v Speaker 2>the incentive was a sales boom for Finish e bike makers. Unfortunately,

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<v Speaker 2>the tax break fell victim to government cost cutting in

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<v Speaker 2>twenty twenty five, and this bring an industry report show

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<v Speaker 2>that finished bike sales are down forty percent compared to

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<v Speaker 2>last year. But hopefully the fans will keep peddling anyway,

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<v Speaker 2>because it really is good for the environment and for

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<v Speaker 2>your health, and it's also fun.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. As an American, it's so wild to think about

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<v Speaker 1>getting a tax break for buying a bike, but I

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<v Speaker 1>imagine that would be really great for the nation. Wait,

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<v Speaker 1>I do think taxes tend to show nations priorities, and

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<v Speaker 1>that's exactly the case with this next fact, which comes

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<v Speaker 1>to us from Japan. It involves at tax called furusato

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<v Speaker 1>nose or the hometown tax. So this program was created

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<v Speaker 1>in two thousand and eight to address a problem that's

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<v Speaker 1>been plaguing in Japan for a very long time. Young

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<v Speaker 1>people are moving out of the countryside in order to

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<v Speaker 1>find jobs and cities. This decreasing rule tax base means

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<v Speaker 1>small towns and villages have struggled to maintain basic public services. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>the hometown tax is a way to donate a portion

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<v Speaker 1>of your total income and residency tax to a region

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<v Speaker 1>other than the one you live in. And you can

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<v Speaker 1>do this at any time during the year, and when

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<v Speaker 1>it's time to follow your taxes, you can actually offset

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<v Speaker 1>whatever you owe in your current municipality by the amount

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<v Speaker 1>of your donation.

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<v Speaker 2>Well that's interesting. So you're paying the same amount of tax,

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<v Speaker 2>you're just redirecting some of it to your hometown, even

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<v Speaker 2>if you don't live there anymore.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, but it actually doesn't even have to be your hometown.

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<v Speaker 1>It could be any one of the designated rural regions,

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<v Speaker 1>so you don't have to have any sort of like

0:12:21.200 --> 0:12:23.560
<v Speaker 1>personal connection to the place where you send your taxes.

0:12:23.720 --> 0:12:26.520
<v Speaker 1>In fact, even foreigners living in Japan can participate in

0:12:26.559 --> 0:12:27.240
<v Speaker 1>this program.

0:12:27.440 --> 0:12:29.400
<v Speaker 2>So if it's not where you're from, like, how do

0:12:29.480 --> 0:12:31.280
<v Speaker 2>you decide where to send your payment?

0:12:31.679 --> 0:12:34.680
<v Speaker 1>The whole thing involves a little quid pro quo, So

0:12:35.040 --> 0:12:38.960
<v Speaker 1>regions that receive hometown tax payments send donors return gifts

0:12:38.960 --> 0:12:42.360
<v Speaker 1>in exchange. So apparently some places get a little carried

0:12:42.360 --> 0:12:45.960
<v Speaker 1>away with this, and they start offering things like Amazon

0:12:46.000 --> 0:12:49.000
<v Speaker 1>gift cards in order to attract more donations. So the

0:12:49.080 --> 0:12:51.679
<v Speaker 1>Japanese government has actually amended the law to say that

0:12:51.800 --> 0:12:54.480
<v Speaker 1>return gifts can only be where thirty percent of the

0:12:54.480 --> 0:12:58.880
<v Speaker 1>payments received, and they must be local products. So these days,

0:12:58.880 --> 0:13:04.800
<v Speaker 1>the gifts typically include regional food specialties like sake or candy, meat,

0:13:05.160 --> 0:13:08.599
<v Speaker 1>boxes of fruit, or even a coupon for cultural experiences

0:13:08.640 --> 0:13:12.040
<v Speaker 1>like a class with local artisans, which you know, sounds

0:13:12.120 --> 0:13:14.360
<v Speaker 1>to me much better than an Amazon gift card, like

0:13:14.400 --> 0:13:18.440
<v Speaker 1>I would take Jack candies any day, right of course. Anyway,

0:13:18.559 --> 0:13:20.960
<v Speaker 1>all of this means that some people make their hometown

0:13:21.040 --> 0:13:23.599
<v Speaker 1>tax decisions based on which regional foods they want to

0:13:23.640 --> 0:13:24.640
<v Speaker 1>receive as a gift.

0:13:24.960 --> 0:13:26.679
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you know, when a snack lover I am,

0:13:26.720 --> 0:13:28.720
<v Speaker 2>I feel like this is such a good system. I

0:13:28.720 --> 0:13:31.280
<v Speaker 2>would definitely be so much more excited about paying taxes

0:13:31.320 --> 0:13:33.840
<v Speaker 2>if I got snacks in return. I had no idea

0:13:33.840 --> 0:13:36.560
<v Speaker 2>why we haven't implemented this year, but all right, we

0:13:36.640 --> 0:13:38.920
<v Speaker 2>have to take a quick break for snacks, I guess.

0:13:39.000 --> 0:13:42.079
<v Speaker 2>But when we come back. How building awnings created a

0:13:42.120 --> 0:13:45.120
<v Speaker 2>tax uproar in Italy and why hot air balloons are

0:13:45.160 --> 0:13:48.760
<v Speaker 2>not treated equally under US tax law. Don't go anywhere.

0:14:03.800 --> 0:14:05.800
<v Speaker 1>Welcome back to part time Genius, where we are having

0:14:05.920 --> 0:14:09.600
<v Speaker 1>the least stressful conversation about taxes you'll hear this month.

0:14:09.720 --> 0:14:11.960
<v Speaker 1>And the good news is you don't owe as anything.

0:14:12.320 --> 0:14:13.760
<v Speaker 1>But if you'd like to do as a favor and

0:14:13.840 --> 0:14:16.680
<v Speaker 1>make sure you're subscribe on your favorite podcast app and

0:14:16.760 --> 0:14:19.160
<v Speaker 1>leave us a nice rating interview. You can also share

0:14:19.160 --> 0:14:22.240
<v Speaker 1>this episode with a friend, especially if you know an accountant.

0:14:22.560 --> 0:14:24.840
<v Speaker 1>I guarantee they need something fun to listen to you

0:14:24.960 --> 0:14:25.360
<v Speaker 1>right now.

0:14:25.840 --> 0:14:28.440
<v Speaker 2>That's true, all right, mango, I've been looking forward to

0:14:28.440 --> 0:14:30.960
<v Speaker 2>this fact here. So what is the difference between a

0:14:31.080 --> 0:14:34.080
<v Speaker 2>hot air balloon flying freely in the air and a

0:14:34.120 --> 0:14:35.920
<v Speaker 2>hot air balloon that's tethered to.

0:14:35.920 --> 0:14:39.240
<v Speaker 1>The ground, I mean a rope?

0:14:40.080 --> 0:14:43.240
<v Speaker 2>That is true, But also one of them is subject

0:14:43.320 --> 0:14:44.360
<v Speaker 2>you're so smart, mango.

0:14:44.680 --> 0:14:45.040
<v Speaker 1>Uh huh.

0:14:45.280 --> 0:14:48.040
<v Speaker 2>One of them is subjects to a state sales tax

0:14:48.080 --> 0:14:49.640
<v Speaker 2>if you pay for a ride in it, and the

0:14:49.720 --> 0:14:52.800
<v Speaker 2>other one is not. And here's why. So back in

0:14:52.880 --> 0:14:56.320
<v Speaker 2>nineteen seventy three, the US government passed the Anti Head

0:14:56.480 --> 0:14:59.280
<v Speaker 2>Tax Act. Among other things, this made it illegal for

0:14:59.360 --> 0:15:02.800
<v Speaker 2>states to charge taxes on air transportation This was to

0:15:02.840 --> 0:15:05.920
<v Speaker 2>prevent any one state from levying taxes that might interfere

0:15:06.000 --> 0:15:09.880
<v Speaker 2>with interstate commerce, which can involve multiple states. So the

0:15:10.000 --> 0:15:12.200
<v Speaker 2>question is, if you run a company that takes paying

0:15:12.240 --> 0:15:16.240
<v Speaker 2>customers on scenic balloon rides through state sales taxes apply

0:15:16.360 --> 0:15:18.800
<v Speaker 2>to you. Now, this question was raised in courts in

0:15:18.840 --> 0:15:22.160
<v Speaker 2>both Kansas and in Missouri, and both states came to

0:15:22.240 --> 0:15:25.760
<v Speaker 2>the same conclusion. If a hot air balloon is untethered,

0:15:25.920 --> 0:15:29.440
<v Speaker 2>it counts as air transportation and those rides cannot be taxed.

0:15:29.880 --> 0:15:32.720
<v Speaker 2>But some balloon operators keep their craft tethered to the ground,

0:15:32.840 --> 0:15:35.480
<v Speaker 2>you know, so passengers can go up to like seventy

0:15:35.520 --> 0:15:37.800
<v Speaker 2>feet in the air and they're not actually traveling from

0:15:37.800 --> 0:15:41.200
<v Speaker 2>point A to point B. And in that situation, the

0:15:41.200 --> 0:15:43.360
<v Speaker 2>courts ruled that the balloon is not a form of

0:15:43.400 --> 0:15:46.520
<v Speaker 2>air transportation. It's more like an amusement park ride, and

0:15:46.640 --> 0:15:48.920
<v Speaker 2>it is subject to a state sales tax.

0:15:49.760 --> 0:15:52.280
<v Speaker 1>I guess that makes sense, But obviously now I'm wondering

0:15:52.360 --> 0:15:54.240
<v Speaker 1>what happens if you buy a ticket for a tethered

0:15:54.280 --> 0:15:58.800
<v Speaker 1>balloon ride and while you're out there, someone cuts the rope,

0:15:58.840 --> 0:16:03.040
<v Speaker 1>Like you get your sales taxbos like assuming that you

0:16:03.640 --> 0:16:04.400
<v Speaker 1>land safely.

0:16:04.720 --> 0:16:07.160
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that is I'm sure their biggest concern if that,

0:16:07.560 --> 0:16:10.080
<v Speaker 2>If that happens to somebody, I'm pretty sure if that

0:16:10.160 --> 0:16:12.680
<v Speaker 2>happened to me, I'd want my whole ticket refunded, to

0:16:12.720 --> 0:16:14.920
<v Speaker 2>be honest with you, But I don't actually know. It's

0:16:14.920 --> 0:16:18.120
<v Speaker 2>a very very good question, all right. If anyone listening

0:16:18.160 --> 0:16:20.680
<v Speaker 2>happens to own a hot air balloon business, here is

0:16:20.720 --> 0:16:23.720
<v Speaker 2>an easy way to remember the rules. If your balloon

0:16:23.800 --> 0:16:27.560
<v Speaker 2>is tethered, tax must be weathered. If your balloon flies loose,

0:16:28.000 --> 0:16:30.280
<v Speaker 2>you have an excuse. That's an easy way to remember it.

0:16:31.480 --> 0:16:34.440
<v Speaker 1>I will remember that forever, now, thank you. Have you

0:16:34.480 --> 0:16:35.720
<v Speaker 1>ever been in a hot air balloon?

0:16:36.600 --> 0:16:39.200
<v Speaker 2>I have, and it actually surprises me that I have,

0:16:39.320 --> 0:16:41.720
<v Speaker 2>because I'm not necessarily you know, I like things like

0:16:41.800 --> 0:16:44.840
<v Speaker 2>roller coasters stuff like that, but I'm not necessarily like

0:16:44.920 --> 0:16:49.640
<v Speaker 2>a thrill seeker or something like that. So we I

0:16:49.680 --> 0:16:52.400
<v Speaker 2>guess about you know, fifteen twenty years ago, went out

0:16:52.440 --> 0:16:56.560
<v Speaker 2>in Colorado over some mountains and it was just amazing,

0:16:56.640 --> 0:16:59.200
<v Speaker 2>Like it was just beautiful, you know, traveling by hot

0:16:59.200 --> 0:17:02.360
<v Speaker 2>air balloon over the mountains and then landing and you know,

0:17:02.440 --> 0:17:04.679
<v Speaker 2>getting to just see what that whole process was like,

0:17:04.760 --> 0:17:06.520
<v Speaker 2>how about you. I haven't.

0:17:06.800 --> 0:17:09.719
<v Speaker 1>And the landing was smooth. I mean, they looked so

0:17:09.720 --> 0:17:12.399
<v Speaker 1>beautiful and I've always wanted to do it. And then

0:17:12.840 --> 0:17:15.480
<v Speaker 1>our friend Neely told us about one friend who like

0:17:15.960 --> 0:17:18.080
<v Speaker 1>had a hot air balloon company and landed in the

0:17:18.080 --> 0:17:20.919
<v Speaker 1>wrong place and like had this disastrous landing, and like,

0:17:21.160 --> 0:17:23.639
<v Speaker 1>just how I think they'd lived their wrong crutches for

0:17:23.680 --> 0:17:26.399
<v Speaker 1>a bit. It's just like dear ridiculous.

0:17:26.080 --> 0:17:28.879
<v Speaker 2>Knows it was a little bumpy, but it never it

0:17:28.920 --> 0:17:31.159
<v Speaker 2>was not as rough as I would have expected in landing.

0:17:31.680 --> 0:17:34.680
<v Speaker 1>That's amazing. So for my next fact, I'm going to

0:17:34.720 --> 0:17:37.760
<v Speaker 1>bring us back down to earth. And like many countries,

0:17:37.880 --> 0:17:43.040
<v Speaker 1>Denmark has set ambitious targets for greenhouse gas reductions. Specifically,

0:17:43.080 --> 0:17:46.520
<v Speaker 1>they've pledged to cut emissions by seventy percent nationwide by

0:17:46.560 --> 0:17:49.560
<v Speaker 1>the year twenty thirty. Now, one of the main challenges

0:17:49.600 --> 0:17:53.400
<v Speaker 1>they face is farming. Agricultural activity actually accounts for one

0:17:53.480 --> 0:17:56.800
<v Speaker 1>quarter of the country's total emissions, and that figure really

0:17:56.800 --> 0:18:00.000
<v Speaker 1>hasn't budged in the past decade. So to tackle this problem,

0:18:00.080 --> 0:18:03.399
<v Speaker 1>in twenty twenty four, major Danish political parties, along with

0:18:03.520 --> 0:18:08.679
<v Speaker 1>environmental organizations and agricultural industry groups, signed something called the

0:18:08.760 --> 0:18:12.760
<v Speaker 1>Green Tripartite Agreement. It lays out a sweeping plan for

0:18:12.920 --> 0:18:18.120
<v Speaker 1>land conservation, reforestation, green technology, and other practices that'll actually

0:18:18.160 --> 0:18:21.840
<v Speaker 1>make farming more sustainable. Now Included in the plan is

0:18:21.880 --> 0:18:26.600
<v Speaker 1>the world's first direct tax on agricultural emissions. Starting in

0:18:26.640 --> 0:18:29.680
<v Speaker 1>twenty thirty, Danish farmers will have to pay one hundred

0:18:29.680 --> 0:18:33.600
<v Speaker 1>and twenty kroner about eighteen dollars per ton of greenhouse gas,

0:18:33.880 --> 0:18:36.480
<v Speaker 1>and the tax will rise to three hundred kroner or

0:18:36.560 --> 0:18:40.240
<v Speaker 1>forty four dollars over the next five years. And while

0:18:40.320 --> 0:18:44.600
<v Speaker 1>farm emissions can come from fertilizer use, heavy machinery and deforestation,

0:18:45.160 --> 0:18:48.200
<v Speaker 1>another culprit is animals digestive systems.

0:18:49.280 --> 0:18:52.160
<v Speaker 2>That's always a kid's favorite fact, right, But I feel

0:18:52.160 --> 0:18:54.040
<v Speaker 2>like there's actually been a little bit corrected here because

0:18:54.040 --> 0:18:56.480
<v Speaker 2>I remember I used to think it was just calfarts

0:18:56.480 --> 0:18:58.760
<v Speaker 2>because people love to talk about that. But last year

0:18:58.800 --> 0:19:02.200
<v Speaker 2>we did that episode about climate resilience, and we actually

0:19:02.280 --> 0:19:04.760
<v Speaker 2>learned in that episode, if you remember, that ninety five

0:19:04.840 --> 0:19:08.320
<v Speaker 2>percent of methane cows release actually comes from their burps,

0:19:08.400 --> 0:19:09.760
<v Speaker 2>So it's important to get the difference.

0:19:10.600 --> 0:19:12.159
<v Speaker 1>I know we've been focusing on the wrong end of

0:19:12.200 --> 0:19:16.359
<v Speaker 1>the cow, but a climate think tank in Copenhagen actually

0:19:16.359 --> 0:19:19.160
<v Speaker 1>crunch the numbers and found that the average Danish cow

0:19:19.280 --> 0:19:22.600
<v Speaker 1>releases about six tons of greenhouse gas per year, so

0:19:23.160 --> 0:19:25.720
<v Speaker 1>the tax would cost farmers seven hundred and twenty kroner

0:19:25.720 --> 0:19:29.280
<v Speaker 1>are about one hundred eleven dollars per cow. Pig farmers

0:19:29.320 --> 0:19:32.159
<v Speaker 1>would also be subject to the tax, but apparently pigs

0:19:32.200 --> 0:19:34.200
<v Speaker 1>are not as gasy as cows.

0:19:34.760 --> 0:19:37.040
<v Speaker 2>You know, I'm all for reducing emissions, but I don't

0:19:37.119 --> 0:19:40.280
<v Speaker 2>really understand how this works. Like, I'm pretty sure you

0:19:40.320 --> 0:19:42.920
<v Speaker 2>can't just tell cows to stop burping, right.

0:19:43.080 --> 0:19:46.879
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, obviously not. But this may incentivize farmers to diversify

0:19:46.920 --> 0:19:50.320
<v Speaker 1>their businesses to include fewer cows and more plant crops.

0:19:50.400 --> 0:19:52.920
<v Speaker 1>And also, when the tax kicks in for the first

0:19:52.920 --> 0:19:56.280
<v Speaker 1>two years, it'll include an automatic sixty percent deduction, So

0:19:56.720 --> 0:19:59.320
<v Speaker 1>in other words, farmers would only be taxed on forty

0:19:59.320 --> 0:20:01.879
<v Speaker 1>percent of their to emissions, so if they take action

0:20:02.080 --> 0:20:05.320
<v Speaker 1>now to reduce that carbon footprint, by the time the

0:20:05.359 --> 0:20:08.239
<v Speaker 1>tax actually begins, they may not owe that much. In

0:20:08.240 --> 0:20:10.919
<v Speaker 1>addition to that, an economist at the Danish Agriculture and

0:20:10.920 --> 0:20:14.800
<v Speaker 1>Food Council recently told the UK based publication Carbon Brief

0:20:15.160 --> 0:20:18.360
<v Speaker 1>that they're looking into feed additives that can actually reduce

0:20:18.640 --> 0:20:21.960
<v Speaker 1>all those livestock admissions by twenty or thirty percent.

0:20:21.920 --> 0:20:24.480
<v Speaker 2>Which, if I recall correctly, is exactly what we talked

0:20:24.520 --> 0:20:28.080
<v Speaker 2>about in the cow Burp segment of our climate Resilience episode.

0:20:28.280 --> 0:20:31.800
<v Speaker 1>You really remember that episode. I am not saying we

0:20:31.880 --> 0:20:33.960
<v Speaker 1>deserve any credit here, but it does seem pretty obvious

0:20:34.000 --> 0:20:36.080
<v Speaker 1>that we're on the same page as the Food Council.

0:20:36.240 --> 0:20:38.919
<v Speaker 1>So if you guys need any research help or just

0:20:38.960 --> 0:20:41.600
<v Speaker 1>want to get together for a creative brainstorm or call

0:20:41.640 --> 0:20:44.080
<v Speaker 1>our hotline, you can do that. The number is in

0:20:44.119 --> 0:20:44.760
<v Speaker 1>the show notes.

0:20:45.080 --> 0:20:47.680
<v Speaker 2>I'm looking forward to hearing from Denmark on that very soon.

0:20:47.800 --> 0:20:51.679
<v Speaker 2>But while we wait, here's actually another animal related tax story,

0:20:51.720 --> 0:20:54.040
<v Speaker 2>and one that's a little closer to home here. So,

0:20:54.080 --> 0:20:56.280
<v Speaker 2>did you know that in Maryland hunters can claim a

0:20:56.400 --> 0:20:59.440
<v Speaker 2>tax credit for every deer they donate to charity.

0:21:00.160 --> 0:21:01.720
<v Speaker 1>I did not know that. I didn't even know you

0:21:01.720 --> 0:21:03.080
<v Speaker 1>could donate a deer to charity.

0:21:03.320 --> 0:21:05.640
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, there's actually lots of states that have programs where

0:21:05.680 --> 0:21:09.639
<v Speaker 2>hunters can donate meat to local food banks and hunger nonprofits.

0:21:09.720 --> 0:21:11.960
<v Speaker 2>But you know, the thing is, a food bank can't

0:21:12.000 --> 0:21:15.080
<v Speaker 2>accept a whole deer carcass. They actually need the meat

0:21:15.160 --> 0:21:19.480
<v Speaker 2>processed and packaged for distribution. Some hunters process their own deer,

0:21:19.520 --> 0:21:21.959
<v Speaker 2>but most people will pay a butcher to do it.

0:21:22.000 --> 0:21:24.720
<v Speaker 2>In other words, they're incurring a cost with their donation.

0:21:25.480 --> 0:21:28.160
<v Speaker 2>So in twenty eighteen, Maryland passed a law that gave

0:21:28.240 --> 0:21:31.320
<v Speaker 2>hunters a fifty dollars tax credit for donating a deer

0:21:31.359 --> 0:21:34.960
<v Speaker 2>to a registered nonprofit, with a maximum credit of two

0:21:35.119 --> 0:21:38.359
<v Speaker 2>hundred dollars or four deer in this case, and in

0:21:38.400 --> 0:21:40.920
<v Speaker 2>twenty twenty four they raise the credit to seventy five

0:21:41.000 --> 0:21:44.720
<v Speaker 2>dollars per year. South Carolina actually has a similar program,

0:21:44.760 --> 0:21:47.359
<v Speaker 2>but in that state it's butchers and meat processors who

0:21:47.400 --> 0:21:49.920
<v Speaker 2>can claim a tax credit if they break down deer

0:21:50.040 --> 0:21:52.800
<v Speaker 2>for a charity. Now that means they can charge hunters

0:21:52.840 --> 0:21:55.879
<v Speaker 2>a discounted rate for their services without taking a loss.

0:21:56.000 --> 0:21:58.159
<v Speaker 2>Either way, the goal is the same, to make it

0:21:58.200 --> 0:22:01.439
<v Speaker 2>easier for hunters to contribute ready to cook packages of

0:22:01.520 --> 0:22:04.679
<v Speaker 2>wild game meat to food banks. And considering the average

0:22:04.680 --> 0:22:07.880
<v Speaker 2>one hundred and thirty pound buck yields sixty two pounds

0:22:07.880 --> 0:22:10.879
<v Speaker 2>of venison, those donations can actually feed a lot of people.

0:22:11.080 --> 0:22:13.320
<v Speaker 1>That's pretty incredible. No, I remember a long time ago

0:22:14.000 --> 0:22:16.879
<v Speaker 1>when we were at Mental Floss, we did a video

0:22:17.080 --> 0:22:20.920
<v Speaker 1>at this archery place in Brooklyn, and when we went there,

0:22:21.440 --> 0:22:24.119
<v Speaker 1>they had all these deerheads on the wall and I

0:22:24.160 --> 0:22:26.240
<v Speaker 1>remember asking the guy there, why are there's so many

0:22:26.240 --> 0:22:29.720
<v Speaker 1>trophies here? And he said, you know a lot of

0:22:29.720 --> 0:22:34.680
<v Speaker 1>guys they're members at this club. They go hunting and

0:22:34.880 --> 0:22:37.040
<v Speaker 1>they're single at that time, and then they get married

0:22:37.240 --> 0:22:39.919
<v Speaker 1>and they have to donate their their stack heads somewhere,

0:22:40.119 --> 0:22:41.280
<v Speaker 1>so they all end up here.

0:22:41.680 --> 0:22:45.639
<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, that's hilarious. You could see that happening though.

0:22:45.720 --> 0:22:49.320
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's pretty amazing. So for our second to last fact,

0:22:49.359 --> 0:22:52.200
<v Speaker 1>I'm taking us back in time, which is way back

0:22:52.440 --> 0:22:55.679
<v Speaker 1>to sixteen ninety six. That is the year that England

0:22:55.760 --> 0:22:59.439
<v Speaker 1>and Wales introduced the window tax, which assigned a tax

0:22:59.480 --> 0:23:02.720
<v Speaker 1>based on how many windows your house had. Now, this

0:23:02.880 --> 0:23:05.320
<v Speaker 1>was meant to be a temporary policy and it was

0:23:05.400 --> 0:23:09.000
<v Speaker 1>created to solve this financial shortfall caused by a currency crisis,

0:23:09.040 --> 0:23:11.360
<v Speaker 1>but it actually ended up staying on the books for

0:23:11.400 --> 0:23:14.160
<v Speaker 1>more than one hundred and fifty years. Now here's how

0:23:14.200 --> 0:23:16.560
<v Speaker 1>it worked. In the beginning, every house was charged a

0:23:16.600 --> 0:23:19.200
<v Speaker 1>base rate of two shillings if you had fewer than

0:23:19.240 --> 0:23:21.359
<v Speaker 1>ten windows, that's all you had to pay. If you

0:23:21.359 --> 0:23:23.920
<v Speaker 1>had ten to twenty windows, you paid an additional four

0:23:23.960 --> 0:23:26.160
<v Speaker 1>shillings for a total of six and if you had

0:23:26.240 --> 0:23:30.200
<v Speaker 1>more than twenty windows, your total window tax was ten shillings.

0:23:30.240 --> 0:23:32.600
<v Speaker 1>So this was meant to be a progressive tax, the

0:23:32.640 --> 0:23:36.720
<v Speaker 1>idea being wealthy people would have bigger houses, therefore more windows.

0:23:36.800 --> 0:23:39.159
<v Speaker 1>You know, there was also an element of convenience, right, like,

0:23:39.400 --> 0:23:42.160
<v Speaker 1>tax assessors could actually calculate your window tax just by

0:23:42.160 --> 0:23:44.400
<v Speaker 1>looking at your home. They didn't have to look inside,

0:23:44.400 --> 0:23:46.480
<v Speaker 1>they didn't have to ask any questions, and so it

0:23:46.600 --> 0:23:48.160
<v Speaker 1>was pretty easy for them to figure out.

0:23:48.320 --> 0:23:50.479
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and you know one part about this, like you

0:23:50.520 --> 0:23:53.119
<v Speaker 2>can't hide your windows and avoid the tax. It probably

0:23:53.119 --> 0:23:54.080
<v Speaker 2>made that part easier.

0:23:54.640 --> 0:23:56.919
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I mean you said it yourself earlier, right, Like,

0:23:56.960 --> 0:24:00.000
<v Speaker 1>the only guarantees in life are death taxes and tax chain.

0:24:00.240 --> 0:24:04.520
<v Speaker 1>So people absolutely found ways around this window tax. Bribing

0:24:04.680 --> 0:24:08.399
<v Speaker 1>tax collectors was one strategy, but some folks actually bricked

0:24:08.440 --> 0:24:11.640
<v Speaker 1>up their windows or tried to camouflage them. This also

0:24:11.720 --> 0:24:16.600
<v Speaker 1>led to architects designing houses with fewer windows, so, you know,

0:24:16.960 --> 0:24:20.480
<v Speaker 1>commercial properties, service buildings, low income rentals were exempt from

0:24:20.520 --> 0:24:23.439
<v Speaker 1>the window tax, so people would also do things like

0:24:23.520 --> 0:24:26.480
<v Speaker 1>claim that a residential wing of their home was something else.

0:24:27.000 --> 0:24:28.879
<v Speaker 2>I guess I should have figured people would find their

0:24:28.920 --> 0:24:29.439
<v Speaker 2>way around this.

0:24:29.880 --> 0:24:32.480
<v Speaker 1>And the thing is like, even when people were being truthful,

0:24:32.520 --> 0:24:35.480
<v Speaker 1>they wanted to make sure tax surveyors weren't overcharging them,

0:24:35.520 --> 0:24:39.560
<v Speaker 1>so some homeowners began labeling windows to indicate what they were.

0:24:39.640 --> 0:24:43.119
<v Speaker 1>So even now you can still see buildings with painted

0:24:43.119 --> 0:24:46.320
<v Speaker 1>signs that say things like dairy or pantry over a window.

0:24:46.560 --> 0:24:50.840
<v Speaker 1>But over the years public antipathy towards the window tax grew.

0:24:50.960 --> 0:24:54.080
<v Speaker 1>The tax itself increased and expanded to Scotland in the

0:24:54.119 --> 0:24:57.240
<v Speaker 1>seventeen hundreds, and by the eighteen hundreds it had become

0:24:57.359 --> 0:25:00.600
<v Speaker 1>a lightning rod for health performers, who said it penalize

0:25:00.600 --> 0:25:03.480
<v Speaker 1>people for living in homes with sufficient air and light,

0:25:03.560 --> 0:25:06.280
<v Speaker 1>which is true now. The government gave in and the

0:25:06.320 --> 0:25:10.080
<v Speaker 1>window tax was finally repealed in eighteen fifty one, and

0:25:10.280 --> 0:25:12.560
<v Speaker 1>within a few years there was a noticeable change in

0:25:12.560 --> 0:25:16.680
<v Speaker 1>British architecture. Instead of these dimly lit rooms and closed

0:25:16.680 --> 0:25:20.040
<v Speaker 1>off nooks, victorians preferred bright, open spaces, a sense of

0:25:20.080 --> 0:25:24.320
<v Speaker 1>bringing the outdoors in, and of course plenty of windows all.

0:25:24.320 --> 0:25:26.560
<v Speaker 2>Right, well, speaking of light and dark, that actually brings

0:25:26.640 --> 0:25:29.480
<v Speaker 2>us to our final fact, which is even stranger than

0:25:29.520 --> 0:25:33.120
<v Speaker 2>taxing windows. So in some parts of Italy's shopkeepers are

0:25:33.200 --> 0:25:35.680
<v Speaker 2>charged to tax if their business has an awning or

0:25:35.720 --> 0:25:39.280
<v Speaker 2>an umbrella that cash shade on the sidewalk. That's because

0:25:39.320 --> 0:25:43.240
<v Speaker 2>of something called TOSAP, which translates to tax on the

0:25:43.320 --> 0:25:46.639
<v Speaker 2>occupation of Public spaces. The whole idea is that if

0:25:46.680 --> 0:25:49.560
<v Speaker 2>you have a commercial enterprise and you're taking up public

0:25:49.600 --> 0:25:52.600
<v Speaker 2>space in order to run your business, you owe local

0:25:52.640 --> 0:25:55.600
<v Speaker 2>authorities some money in return for that. So an example

0:25:55.680 --> 0:25:57.840
<v Speaker 2>might be if you build a loading dock that covers

0:25:57.880 --> 0:26:00.919
<v Speaker 2>part of a public sidewalk that's i walk belongs to

0:26:00.960 --> 0:26:03.199
<v Speaker 2>the community, and you're hogging some of it so that

0:26:03.240 --> 0:26:04.840
<v Speaker 2>your trucks can unload their crates.

0:26:05.359 --> 0:26:09.280
<v Speaker 1>That seems reasonable. But an awning certainly isn't a loading dock.

0:26:09.359 --> 0:26:11.920
<v Speaker 1>Like it doesn't get in people's ways because it's overhead.

0:26:12.080 --> 0:26:13.359
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I mean, I get that it doesn't get in

0:26:13.440 --> 0:26:15.960
<v Speaker 2>people's way, but it does get in the sun's way,

0:26:16.000 --> 0:26:18.480
<v Speaker 2>like it casts the shadows, so it is definitely having

0:26:18.520 --> 0:26:19.840
<v Speaker 2>an impact on that space.

0:26:20.560 --> 0:26:22.480
<v Speaker 1>But I mean, that's the whole point of an awning,

0:26:22.560 --> 0:26:23.840
<v Speaker 1>right it is.

0:26:24.560 --> 0:26:26.360
<v Speaker 2>I know this was going to upset you so much,

0:26:26.400 --> 0:26:28.640
<v Speaker 2>but I mean, let's think about this from the point

0:26:28.680 --> 0:26:30.840
<v Speaker 2>of view of the Italian bureaucracy.

0:26:31.160 --> 0:26:33.760
<v Speaker 1>You are always thinking about. That's all I think of

0:26:33.800 --> 0:26:35.160
<v Speaker 1>the view of the Italian.

0:26:35.200 --> 0:26:38.560
<v Speaker 2>That's sort of my main point of view, really, and

0:26:38.720 --> 0:26:42.040
<v Speaker 2>I've actually learned is way more tangled than a plate

0:26:42.119 --> 0:26:45.560
<v Speaker 2>of linguini. And so everyone is entitled to feel the

0:26:45.600 --> 0:26:48.280
<v Speaker 2>sun on their face, right, Like those anti window tax

0:26:48.320 --> 0:26:51.240
<v Speaker 2>activists in England said, light and air is good for

0:26:51.400 --> 0:26:53.840
<v Speaker 2>all of us. And if your awning is casting shade

0:26:53.840 --> 0:26:57.000
<v Speaker 2>on the sidewalk, you're robbing me of my precious seconds

0:26:57.000 --> 0:26:59.560
<v Speaker 2>of sun exposure when I walk past your business. So

0:27:00.240 --> 0:27:01.080
<v Speaker 2>you get taxed.

0:27:04.000 --> 0:27:06.119
<v Speaker 1>I like that. I mean, I don't buy it, but

0:27:06.600 --> 0:27:08.320
<v Speaker 1>I like your justification for it.

0:27:08.400 --> 0:27:10.640
<v Speaker 2>What if this became just like the thing that really

0:27:10.680 --> 0:27:13.720
<v Speaker 2>drove has finally split us apart, just that the tax

0:27:13.760 --> 0:27:17.600
<v Speaker 2>on this. But yeah, I actually didn't find any evidence

0:27:17.640 --> 0:27:21.239
<v Speaker 2>that ordinary Italians were upset about awning shadows. But it

0:27:21.320 --> 0:27:25.240
<v Speaker 2>may be that's just a very strict bureaucratic interpretation of

0:27:25.280 --> 0:27:28.000
<v Speaker 2>the toe SAP law. And I actually read a twenty

0:27:28.080 --> 0:27:30.560
<v Speaker 2>fifteen interview with a guy who owned a grocery store

0:27:30.600 --> 0:27:34.120
<v Speaker 2>in the northeastern region of Veneto, and so he installed

0:27:34.160 --> 0:27:36.640
<v Speaker 2>an awning in front of his shop to protect produce

0:27:36.680 --> 0:27:39.119
<v Speaker 2>from the sun. And then one day out of the blue,

0:27:39.160 --> 0:27:42.399
<v Speaker 2>he received a tax bill for thirty four euros. Now,

0:27:42.400 --> 0:27:45.119
<v Speaker 2>apparently the shadow tax is based on the area of

0:27:45.160 --> 0:27:47.480
<v Speaker 2>each awning, and in this guy's case, his awning was

0:27:47.520 --> 0:27:51.400
<v Speaker 2>four square meters. His local municipality charged him about eight

0:27:51.440 --> 0:27:55.080
<v Speaker 2>point four euros per square meter. But actually, here's some

0:27:55.119 --> 0:27:58.080
<v Speaker 2>good news. The tide may be changing. So just last

0:27:58.119 --> 0:28:01.560
<v Speaker 2>year that the town of Isernia, southern Italy, they abolish

0:28:01.680 --> 0:28:05.280
<v Speaker 2>the local shade tex after residents complained. So I didn't

0:28:05.440 --> 0:28:07.600
<v Speaker 2>I didn't want to spoil it for you earlier, Mango,

0:28:07.640 --> 0:28:09.000
<v Speaker 2>But there is some progress here.

0:28:09.600 --> 0:28:12.160
<v Speaker 1>It's an emotional roller coaster, but I'm glad things ahead

0:28:12.200 --> 0:28:15.320
<v Speaker 1>in the right direction. Uh. And because that is that

0:28:15.400 --> 0:28:18.760
<v Speaker 1>is certainly the strangest tax story I've heard today. I

0:28:18.800 --> 0:28:20.440
<v Speaker 1>think you deserve the trophy.

0:28:22.040 --> 0:28:23.359
<v Speaker 2>I don't know. I don't know if that one was

0:28:23.400 --> 0:28:25.680
<v Speaker 2>that grave, but I appreciate it. I'd actually like to

0:28:25.720 --> 0:28:28.359
<v Speaker 2>share this with all the brave Italian awning owners who

0:28:28.400 --> 0:28:32.560
<v Speaker 2>are standing strong in the shade despite this incredibly silly tax.

0:28:33.080 --> 0:28:35.400
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I know all of them appreciate it, and we'll

0:28:35.440 --> 0:28:38.600
<v Speaker 1>be calling in later. So before you go, remember you

0:28:38.640 --> 0:28:41.040
<v Speaker 1>can follow us on Instagram and Blue Sky. We're at

0:28:41.160 --> 0:28:42.960
<v Speaker 1>part Time Genius and if you have a question or

0:28:43.000 --> 0:28:45.360
<v Speaker 1>idea for the show, please do give us a call

0:28:45.440 --> 0:28:48.480
<v Speaker 1>at three oh two four oh five five nine two five.

0:28:48.520 --> 0:28:51.520
<v Speaker 1>That's three oh two four oh five five nine two five,

0:28:51.920 --> 0:28:54.080
<v Speaker 1>or you can send us an email at high Geniuses

0:28:54.080 --> 0:28:57.840
<v Speaker 1>at gmail. That's Hi Geniuses at gmail dot com. That

0:28:58.040 --> 0:29:00.600
<v Speaker 1>does it for today's episode. We will be back next

0:29:00.600 --> 0:29:03.520
<v Speaker 1>week with another brand new show. But in the meantime,

0:29:03.600 --> 0:29:07.120
<v Speaker 1>from Will, Gabe, Dylan, Mary, and myself, thank you so

0:29:07.200 --> 0:29:22.760
<v Speaker 1>much for listening. Part Time Genius is a production of

0:29:22.800 --> 0:29:26.400
<v Speaker 1>Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. It is hosted by my good ple

0:29:26.520 --> 0:29:29.640
<v Speaker 1>Will Pearson, who I've known for almost three decades now.

0:29:30.000 --> 0:29:32.960
<v Speaker 1>That is insane to me. I'm the utter co host,

0:29:33.000 --> 0:29:38.760
<v Speaker 1>Mangeshatikular aka Mango. Our producer is Mary Phillips Sandy. She's

0:29:38.800 --> 0:29:41.800
<v Speaker 1>actually a super producer. I'm going to fix that in post.

0:29:42.040 --> 0:29:45.720
<v Speaker 1>Our writer is Gabe Lucier, who I've also known for

0:29:45.760 --> 0:29:49.000
<v Speaker 1>like a decade at this point, maybe more. Dylan Fagan

0:29:49.120 --> 0:29:51.920
<v Speaker 1>is in the booth. He is always dressed up, always

0:29:52.000 --> 0:29:54.880
<v Speaker 1>cheering us on, and always ready to hit record and

0:29:54.920 --> 0:29:57.560
<v Speaker 1>then mix the show after he does a great job.

0:29:57.960 --> 0:30:00.800
<v Speaker 1>I also want to shout out the executive producers from

0:30:00.800 --> 0:30:04.240
<v Speaker 1>iHeart my good pals Katrina and Norvel and Ali Perry.

0:30:04.600 --> 0:30:07.760
<v Speaker 1>We have social media support from Calypso Rallis. If you

0:30:08.040 --> 0:30:11.840
<v Speaker 1>like our videos, that is all Calypso's handiwork. For more

0:30:11.880 --> 0:30:16.040
<v Speaker 1>podcasts from Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio.

0:30:15.400 --> 0:30:17.320
<v Speaker 2>App, Apple Podcasts, or.

0:30:17.480 --> 0:30:20.600
<v Speaker 1>Tune in wherever you listen to your favorite shows. That's

0:30:20.640 --> 0:30:23.239
<v Speaker 1>it from us here at Part Time Genius. Thank you

0:30:23.360 --> 0:30:24.520
<v Speaker 1>so much for listening.