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Speaker 3: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeart

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Speaker 1: Hey Katie, I'm thinking of starting a magazine all about electricity.

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Speaker 7: What are you gonna call it?

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Speaker 1: M I was thinking.

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Speaker 7: Events sounds like it should be free of charge, but.

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Speaker 1: It's going to be filled with all sorts of shocking news.

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Speaker 7: Gonna make my hair stand on end.

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Speaker 1: Only if the writers find their creative spark.

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Speaker 7: It's probably going to get a lot of ads from

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Speaker 7: volts Wagon.

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Speaker 1: I'm not going to be resisting their money, that's for sure.

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Speaker 7: Who put you in charge?

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Speaker 1: I'm going to stay neutral on that question.

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Speaker 7: I feel like you have an advantage when it comes

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Speaker 7: to electricity puns over me.

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Speaker 1: The physics PhD is good for something. Finally, Hi, I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine,

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Speaker 1: and I'm all here for the shocking puns.

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Speaker 7: I am Katie Golden. I am the host of a

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Speaker 7: podcast called Creature Feature all about animals, and I do

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Speaker 7: not know what is going.

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Speaker 1: On here, and welcome to the podcast. Daniel and Jojorge

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Speaker 1: explain the universe, in which we pun our way into

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Speaker 1: understanding everything that's out there in the universe, the biggest things,

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Speaker 1: the smallest things, the squishiest things, the positive things, the

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Speaker 1: negative things, and everything in between. We think the universe,

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Speaker 1: as beautiful and complicated and mysterious as it is, deserves

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Speaker 1: to be understood and deserves to be explained to you.

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Speaker 7: I am excited to learn more about electricity because all

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Speaker 7: I know is there is a certain type of blanket

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Speaker 7: that makes my hair stand on ind And my dog

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Speaker 7: loves this blanket because it's warm, but it also makes

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Speaker 7: her hair stand on ind And I need your top

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Speaker 7: physicists to figure out why this blanket is causing this

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Speaker 7: to happen.

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Speaker 1: You need me to explain to you why your dog

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Speaker 1: loves you when you're using an electric blanket, or whether

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Speaker 1: it loves you or the blanket. You really want to

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Speaker 1: get into that.

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Speaker 7: Uh, yeah, I maybe I don't want to know. No,

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Speaker 7: but this is like a microfiber blanket that just generates

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Speaker 7: a lot of static electricity. I feel like it should

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Speaker 7: be studied by like ser or bring your top scientists

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Speaker 7: and take a look at this blanket.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I see, it's not that your dog loves your

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Speaker 1: heated electric blanket. You seem to have a blanket which

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Speaker 1: violates the laws of physics and gathers up an incredible

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Speaker 1: amount of static electricity.

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Speaker 7: Something like that. I don't know if it's violating the

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Speaker 7: laws of physics or if it's just a superconductor. Maybe

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Speaker 7: we've found something.

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Speaker 1: I hope you don't open a portal into another dimension

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Speaker 1: using your blanket and kill us all.

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Speaker 7: You can't tell me what to do.

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Speaker 1: No, but I can give you some advice. I don't

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Speaker 1: think that Katie's blanket is going to kill us all,

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Speaker 1: but sometimes it does seem like electricity is the the

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Speaker 1: closest thing we have to magic. I mean, you can

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Speaker 1: levitate things, it can shock things, It creates incredible light

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Speaker 1: shows from the sky to the earth. It's incredible to

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Speaker 1: me that physics can explain it. That this is just

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Speaker 1: part of the natural world sort of blurs the edge

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Speaker 1: there between things that should and can be explainable.

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Speaker 7: Yeah. No, it is kind of like magic, right, because

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Speaker 7: we've all kind of I guess gotten used to it

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Speaker 7: in day to day life. We just take it for granted.

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Speaker 7: But if you showed this, say to an ancient human,

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Speaker 7: all of the things that we have manipulated electricity to do,

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Speaker 7: they would essentially think that we're wizards. Depending on the

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Speaker 7: era you're in, they would burn you or think you're

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Speaker 7: a god. And I mean it really you only have

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Speaker 7: to look at like the sky right when there's like

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Speaker 7: a big thunderstorm to see how I mean, it looks

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Speaker 7: so mystical and so impressive that it can be so

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Speaker 7: impressively destructive. But the only time you see it is

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Speaker 7: when it's in that kind of like plasma form. But

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Speaker 7: otherwise you can't really see electricity unless it's being used

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Speaker 7: by something or funneled in some way.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's fascinating because it is a part of our

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Speaker 1: natural world. But it's not a common experience, as you say,

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Speaker 1: like you go about your everyday life and mostly it's

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Speaker 1: just like walking around on the surface of the Earth

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Speaker 1: and feeling gravity and trying to stay warm and fed

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Speaker 1: in this kind of stuff. Your everyday life, you don't

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Speaker 1: tap into these awesome powers. It's that incredible power of

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Speaker 1: electricity that makes it so almost mystical, because when you

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Speaker 1: do crack it open, you do get hit by lightning,

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Speaker 1: or when you can tap into it to like levitate

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Speaker 1: a train or whatever, it does seem awesome. It seems

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Speaker 1: like a power that maybe you should be beyond what

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Speaker 1: humans can tap into. And yet it's not even the

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Speaker 1: strongest force in the universe. So I love that these

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Speaker 1: things that sometimes seem magical to our ancient ancestors can

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Speaker 1: actually come across the line into the category of natural,

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Speaker 1: into something we can explain using mathematics and physics and

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Speaker 1: learn how to manipulate.

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Speaker 7: And it's really interesting the history of us trying to

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Speaker 7: understand electricity, right, like, it's one of these things that

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Speaker 7: sure now we have a much more sophisticated view of it,

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Speaker 7: but that there are some experiments into electricity that were

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Speaker 7: quite early and even though they were crude, we were

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Speaker 7: starting to learn how to actually store it, like long

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Speaker 7: before we had modern things like computers or even light

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Speaker 7: bulbs that could be powered by it.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and I feel like it's a real triumph for reductionism.

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Speaker 1: It's an amazing success for the whole idea that you

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Speaker 1: can explain everything we see in the world in terms

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Speaker 1: of the microscopic story, Like how do you understand what

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Speaker 1: lightning is? How do you understand why electric eels shock you?

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Speaker 1: How do you understand what magnets are? It turns out

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Speaker 1: it's all explained by the tiny particles and their properties

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Speaker 1: and what they're doing. And everything in our world in

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Speaker 1: the end bubbles up from the properties of those particles

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Speaker 1: and how those particles direct and dance together to make

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Speaker 1: our world. So if you see something weird and mysterious

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Speaker 1: and potentially mystical in the end, you can't explain it.

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Speaker 1: If you can zoom down to the tiny microscopic level

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Speaker 1: and see what's going on down there, that's where the

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Speaker 1: answers are.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, and I mean it's so interesting because even though

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Speaker 7: electricity is by science well understood, I think for most

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Speaker 7: of us, myself definitely included. Our understanding of how it

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Speaker 7: actually works is pretty limited. I'm like, I plug in

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Speaker 7: this cord to the wall, and things flow in from

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Speaker 7: the wall and make my Nintendo go make good games.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, and keep your rice cooker going. And even though

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Speaker 1: we can understand a lot of electricity in terms of

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Speaker 1: tiny particles, there are a lot of deep fundamental questions

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Speaker 1: remaining about those particles, why they have electric charge, and

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Speaker 1: what that even means. And so today the podcast, we're

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Speaker 1: going to be tackling the question how does electricity work? Like?

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Speaker 1: What is electricity anyway? What's going on down there at

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Speaker 1: the tiny particle level? How do electrons and protons and

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Speaker 1: all those other charged particles make your rice cooker work?

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Speaker 1: And static electricity and electric eels and lightning and alternating

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Speaker 1: currents and electric cars? How does all that bubble up

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Speaker 1: from the tiny particles and their properties.

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Speaker 7: I'm excited to learn this because most of my knowledge

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Speaker 7: is that I should not stick a fork into a

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Speaker 7: toaster because something bad happens.

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Speaker 1: It will be the last thing you ever do. So, yes,

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Speaker 1: do not stick a fork into a toaster. If you

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Speaker 1: learn nothing else from this episode, remember that toasters are

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Speaker 1: not friendly to forks.

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Speaker 7: There's worse ways to go out than being excited for

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Speaker 7: nice toast. But I won't do that, and neither should

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Speaker 7: you be careful around toasters.

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Speaker 1: You don't even get the toast in that scenario. That's

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Speaker 1: the worst part. You die toastless.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, but you don't know that. You don't know that

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Speaker 7: su're dead.

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Speaker 1: That's true of everywhere you go out, though it's true.

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Speaker 1: Wouldn't you rather die with the taste of recently enjoyed

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Speaker 1: toast in your mouth?

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Speaker 7: I would rather live with the recently enjoyable taste of

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Speaker 7: toast in my mouth. Daniel, I'll toast that all right.

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Speaker 1: So we were curious if people out there knew how

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Speaker 1: electricity worked and had an idea of how the particles

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Speaker 1: and their charges come together to make the phenomenon we

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Speaker 1: call electricity. So I went out there to ask our

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Speaker 1: team of volunteers, who are so generous with their time

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Speaker 1: and ideas about all these crazy physics topics. If you

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Speaker 1: would like to participate in this audience answer segment of

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Speaker 1: the podcast, please don't be shy. Write to me two

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Speaker 1: questions at Daniel Ianjorge dot com and I will hook

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Speaker 1: you up. So think about it for a minute. Do

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Speaker 1: you know how electricity actually works? Here's what people had

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Speaker 1: to say.

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Speaker 8: I do not know, but we did build a fence

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Speaker 8: for the chickens that was electric, didn't we, Sophie, Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 8: and then I shocked myself with it by accident after

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Speaker 8: I made it. So I don't know how electricity works,

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Speaker 8: but I do know that it works.

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Speaker 4: I think electricity works by sending a current that's missing

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Speaker 4: one of its key components, like an electrical imbalance, through

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Speaker 4: a conductive means that will make it think that it's

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Speaker 4: going to ground.

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Speaker 7: I really enjoy when we humans get hoisted by our

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Speaker 7: own petard. We create an electric fence, you know, for chickens,

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Speaker 7: and then we get shocked by our an electric fence.

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Speaker 7: I wonder if the chickens if they have any awareness

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Speaker 7: of this, and if they find it really funny.

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Speaker 1: Maybe the chickens manipulated him into building a fence to

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Speaker 1: keep him out because he's like always bothering them, and

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Speaker 1: they just like, man, we just need some time to ourselves.

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Speaker 7: I like the idea of super intelligence field of chickens.

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Speaker 1: And when they see him getting shocked, they're like, look, band,

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Speaker 1: respect the fence.

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Speaker 7: I've seen chicken run. I know how these things work.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So you were right when you said that

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Speaker 1: electricity is an ancient concept. It's something we've known about

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Speaker 1: since antiquity, and we haven't understood electricity in a microscopic picture,

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Speaker 1: of course, until very very recently. But electricity is something

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Speaker 1: humans have been experiencing at least since we've been humans,

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Speaker 1: since there's like a cultural memory we can draw on.

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Speaker 7: Since we first rubbed our prehistoric socks against a prehistoric

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Speaker 7: mammoth for rug, we have known.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there's writing in like ancient Greek texts about electric fish.

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Speaker 1: Of course, about lightning, you know, there's gods of lightning

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Speaker 1: and this kind of stuff. But also even ancient Greeks

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Speaker 1: knew that if you rubbed an amber rod with a fur,

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Speaker 1: you could get static electricity. This is not something you

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Speaker 1: niede Need complicated devices for particle accelerators or anything. You

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Speaker 1: can summon the quantum, microscopic nature of the universe just

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Speaker 1: using a piece of amber and a cloth. It's kind

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Speaker 1: of incredible.

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Speaker 7: I mean, what is it about amber that makes it

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Speaker 7: particularly good at generating electricity? Are we going to talk

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Speaker 7: about that later? That's interesting to me that amber has

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Speaker 7: that versus just say if you used I don't know,

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Speaker 7: soapstone or a rock.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we're going to talk about static electricity in a minute.

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Speaker 1: And amber is just sort of historically like one of

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Speaker 1: the first things that humans discovered could do this. But

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Speaker 1: a lot of stuff can do it. Glass, rods can

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Speaker 1: do it, wax can do it. It just depends a

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Speaker 1: little bit on the electronic structure of the atoms at

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Speaker 1: the surface. But the cool thing about amber is that

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Speaker 1: it's influenced what we call electricity. Oh interesting because the

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Speaker 1: word electron actually comes from the Greek word for amber.

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Speaker 1: Like the Greeks knew that you could use amber to

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Speaker 1: create static electricity. And then in the sixteen hundreds an

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Speaker 1: English scientist wrote a book calling this phenomenon electricus, which

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Speaker 1: means like of amber from the Greek word for amber.

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Speaker 1: So electron, the word in Greek actually means amber. So

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Speaker 1: all this time we're talking about electricity, Greek people are

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Speaker 1: hearing like resonances with the word amber.

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Speaker 7: That's so interesting. I feel like puns in other languages

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Speaker 7: must be really different, like the electrical puns. If your

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Speaker 7: English is a second language, are not going to make

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Speaker 7: any sense in our.

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Speaker 1: Podcast But imagine if you're walking around and people are

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Speaker 1: talking about like tree sapicity, right, it must be really

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Speaker 1: strange to hear this remnant of the ancient world in

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Speaker 1: this word.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, when words do not originate from our language, it's

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Speaker 7: hard to kind of connect the meaning that we have

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Speaker 7: ascribed to them now with what they used to mean.

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Speaker 7: But it's that's so interesting that all the way back

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Speaker 7: in ancient Greece there was this sort of awareness of

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Speaker 7: how to generate static electricity, and then all the way

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Speaker 7: into well now we still use that build upon the knowledge.

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Speaker 1: I love these ancient clues about the quantum nature of

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Speaker 1: the world. You know, the world that we live in

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Speaker 1: is mostly like classical things move slowly, it's mostly just

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Speaker 1: defined by gravity. You can ignore the fact that things

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Speaker 1: are actually built out of tiny quantum objects because when

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Speaker 1: you put ten to the thirty of them together, they

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Speaker 1: act in a different way. They act in this weird

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Speaker 1: classical way where things move smoothly with paths and are

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Speaker 1: predictable and have trajectories and stuff. But we know that

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Speaker 1: deep down the world actually is quantum and this is

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Speaker 1: fundamental mystery in physics about how you go from the

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Speaker 1: quantum nature of the world to the classical world, this

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Speaker 1: connection between them. But electricity is awesome because it's like

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Speaker 1: a crack. It shows you, like directly that the world

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Speaker 1: has this other deep nature in it which is really different,

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Speaker 1: and it gives you this glimpse into the incredible power

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Speaker 1: of these particles. It's like this clear channel down to

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Speaker 1: the microscopic nature of the universe to show you that

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Speaker 1: something crazy is going on down there.

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Speaker 7: You mentioned in earlier Zeus like the god of thunder

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Speaker 7: in the Greek and Roman pantheon, and then there's also Thor,

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Speaker 7: who's like, you know, another god of thunder. And I

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Speaker 7: think that's really interesting that these sort of ancient cultures

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Speaker 7: maybe like gods and stuff was a way for them

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Speaker 7: to start to describe how they are perceiving these kind

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Speaker 7: of random and capricious things happening, like a lightning storm

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Speaker 7: or this electricity that is disobeying sort of the rules

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Speaker 7: that we understand as humans in terms of simple physics

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Speaker 7: of throwing a rock or you know, jumping up and down,

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Speaker 7: and so yeah, I wonder if like some of the

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Speaker 7: theology that that developed at this time was a way

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Speaker 7: to start to try to explain when we started to

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Speaker 7: see more evidence of the quantum nature of the universe,

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Speaker 7: more randomness, things that are harder to explain or that

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Speaker 7: you can't see with the naked eye.

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Speaker 1: And I think it's interesting. It sort of tracks humanity's

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Speaker 1: attempt to understand the world, starting with like mythological explanations

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Speaker 1: of saying, we don't understand this, therefore it must be

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Speaker 1: some entity, something with intention that's making these decisions. It

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Speaker 1: can't just be explained with some mechanistic understanding. And then

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Speaker 1: in the sixteen hundreds and the seventeen hundreds, people doing

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Speaker 1: more experiments, people developing an understanding of it bit by bit.

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Speaker 1: And you know, electricity spans so many different kinds of phenomena,

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Speaker 1: from static electricity to lightning to magnetism. All this kind

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Speaker 1: of stuff was investigated independently, and then in the seventeen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: research by all sorts of people fair Day, including Ben Franklin,

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Speaker 1: all this kind of stuff led to a unified theory

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Speaker 1: by James Clerk Maxwell of electromagnetism. How all these ideas

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Speaker 1: are actually just reflections of one single concept, this electromagnetic force,

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Speaker 1: which can explain everything we see. Really an incredible moment

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Speaker 1: of unification of understanding, not just mechanistic explanation like oh,

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Speaker 1: there's not people in the sky making these decisions, we

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Speaker 1: can actually predict it with mathematics. But bringing together so

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Speaker 1: many different concepts into one harmonious idea. It's like really

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Speaker 1: a triumph for the whole idea that physics can simplify

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Speaker 1: the universe.

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Speaker 7: It's like that whole a bunch of blind men trying

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Speaker 7: to describe an elephant, but the elephant is made out

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Speaker 7: of electricity, and it's a bunch of scientists all over

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Speaker 7: the world. That's yeah, that's really interesting how we have

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Speaker 7: it seems like with a lot of these discoveries in

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Speaker 7: physics and other sciences, you have these waves of parallel

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Speaker 7: discoveries or complementary discoveries that all kind of happen in

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Speaker 7: these bursts as we start to build on old knowledge

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Speaker 7: and our technology and scientific abilities improve. It's not just

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Speaker 7: one guy, right, Like Ben Franklin did not discover electricity,

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Speaker 7: Thomas Edison did not make electricity usable. They certainly contributed

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Speaker 7: to it, but it's a bunch of different scientists and

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Speaker 7: researchers and people who kind of like in these waves

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Speaker 7: of like, oh, now we have the technology to be

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Speaker 7: able to observe or study this. Now a bunch of

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Speaker 7: people are contributing to the research and coming up with

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Speaker 7: ideas at the same time, and.

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Speaker 1: It seems like a burst, but it's only a burst

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Speaker 1: on historical time scales, Like you look back and there's

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Speaker 1: like decades between experiments and discoveries. So that's sort of

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Speaker 1: frustrating to realize, like, Wow, they could have figured this

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Speaker 1: stuff out much sooner.

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Speaker 7: Pin I had cell phones, We could have.

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Speaker 1: Had iPhones, like one hundred years earlier. If people had

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Speaker 1: been on top of this stuff.

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Speaker 7: We had Twitter back then, it would have either really

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Speaker 7: helped or doomed society. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: But then it's the late eighteen hundreds, after Maxwell has

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Speaker 1: understood what electromagnetism is, we have an idea of a charge.

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Speaker 1: JJ Thompson was the first person to figure out, like

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Speaker 1: the beginning of the microscopic story, worry of how this

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Speaker 1: actually worked, like what charge was and how it moved.

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Speaker 1: When he discovered the electron, he was studying cathode rays

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Speaker 1: and playing around with these tubes and putting electric fields

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Speaker 1: and magnetic fields near them and seeing how they bend

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Speaker 1: the rays. We have a whole podcast on the discovery

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Speaker 1: of the electron, and the key thing that he discovered

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Speaker 1: was that the mass and the charge were linked. If

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Speaker 1: you were going to bend this ray, there was some

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Speaker 1: stuff to it, and the charge and the stuff couldn't

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Speaker 1: be separated. The charge was attached to the stuff. This

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Speaker 1: is like the beginning of the modern concept of what

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Speaker 1: a particle is. That there was some tiny little bit

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Speaker 1: that had these labels and you couldn't pull those labels apart.

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Speaker 1: They were like deeply linked together mass and charge. He

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Speaker 1: called this thing actually a corpuscule, and it was only

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Speaker 1: later renamed into an electron. I'm glad so we should

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Speaker 1: all be.

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Speaker 7: Could have been disgusting, otherwise.

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Speaker 1: We'd have like corpuscular engineers running the world.

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Speaker 7: It is interesting because like there was I know that

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Speaker 7: throughout the history of science sort of the distinction between

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Speaker 7: the physical and the non physical got kind of confused

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Speaker 7: and modeled. Like it reminds you of sort of the

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Speaker 7: idea that the mind, right, our conscious experience is actually

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Speaker 7: connected to our physical brain. We didn't come out of

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Speaker 7: the gate knowing that, you know, we didn't know that

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Speaker 7: our brain was responsible for thoughts and feelings. For a

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Speaker 7: long time. So that sounds kind of similar to this,

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Speaker 7: where it's like discovering that electrical charge has sort of

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Speaker 7: a physical manifestation.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's not something that we still really understand.

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Speaker 1: We've like kicked the can down the road a long

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Speaker 1: way as we're saying, what are these electrical effects? Where

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Speaker 1: does charge come from? Oh, it's attached to these things

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Speaker 1: we call particles. We can call them electrons. We can

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Speaker 1: say they have electric charge and they have mass and

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Speaker 1: they whizz around. And in the next segment of the podcast,

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Speaker 1: we'll talk about all the amazing electrical effects and how

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Speaker 1: they come out of electrons. But we still don't really

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Speaker 1: understand what is an electron and what is electric charge?

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Speaker 1: Like we can say that it's there. We can say

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Speaker 1: electrons have this property electric charge, and we can say

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Speaker 1: that what that means, but really it just means they

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Speaker 1: push on each other or they pull on each other.

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Speaker 1: It's a way to explain the things that we see

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Speaker 1: by creating this label and putting it on electrons. We

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Speaker 1: don't know, like what charge is, why do some particles

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Speaker 1: have it and other particles don't have it? Like doutrinos

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Speaker 1: have no charge at all, But quarks and electrons certainly do.

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Speaker 1: Why is charge conserved in the universe? Like you can

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Speaker 1: do all sorts of chemical and physical processes, but you

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Speaker 1: cannot increase or decrease the amount of charge. That tells

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Speaker 1: us that charge is something really important to the universe.

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Speaker 1: It's deeply embedded somehow in the nature of reality. But

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Speaker 1: like if you ask me what is electric charge, I

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Speaker 1: can just describe it. I can't define it or really

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Speaker 1: explain it.

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Speaker 7: Well. I think if you and I put our heads together,

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Speaker 7: you with your knowledge of part article physics, me you know,

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Speaker 7: being here, I think we can figure it out. And

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Speaker 7: so let's take a quick break, and when we come back,

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Speaker 7: I'm sure we will have discovered the mysteries of electricity.

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Speaker 1: of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful

474
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Speaker 1: of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental

475
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Speaker 1: impact of each and every bite, But the people in

476
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Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. US Dairy has set themselves some

477
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Speaker 1: ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty

478
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Speaker 1: to fifty. That's why they're working hard every day to

479
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Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

480
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481
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Speaker 1: dairy farms reuse water up to four times the same

482
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Speaker 1: water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, and

483
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484
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487
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491
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Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

492
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Speaker 7: So we are back, Daniel. We had a good thinks

493
00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:05,680
Speaker 7: you any closer to solving the mysteries of electricity?

494
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:06,280
Speaker 4: No.

495
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:08,399
Speaker 1: I took a little nap and I was hoping that

496
00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,439
Speaker 1: they're a lightning bolt of inspiration, but nothing came. But

497
00:27:12,520 --> 00:27:14,800
Speaker 1: I do feel better and I'm ready to dig in

498
00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:18,720
Speaker 1: to understanding electricity. I think that's amazing how science works

499
00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:21,320
Speaker 1: in stages. You know, like there's a huge mystery and

500
00:27:21,359 --> 00:27:23,280
Speaker 1: you can explain it in terms of something smaller, and

501
00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:25,399
Speaker 1: then you can focus on that thing smaller. Then you

502
00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:28,560
Speaker 1: explain that, which turns out to reveal a smaller mystery

503
00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:31,040
Speaker 1: and a smaller mystery, and in some ways you are

504
00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:33,399
Speaker 1: developing an understanding. In some ways you're just sort of

505
00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:36,679
Speaker 1: like recursively kicking it down the road. This answer depends

506
00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:38,320
Speaker 1: on the next one, which depends on the next one,

507
00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:41,320
Speaker 1: and we hope eventually there is a deepest layer.

508
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:46,160
Speaker 7: We're also using electricity to think about electricity because our

509
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:51,399
Speaker 7: brains use electric potential charges to have the firing of

510
00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:54,320
Speaker 7: our neurons on when you take a nap to think

511
00:27:54,359 --> 00:27:58,280
Speaker 7: about electricity, your brain is manipulating the flow of electricity

512
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,560
Speaker 7: so that your body stops moving, but your brain to

513
00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:05,400
Speaker 7: some extent remains active only in certain areas. So it's

514
00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:06,840
Speaker 7: electricity all the way down.

515
00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:08,280
Speaker 1: It's meta electricity.

516
00:28:10,240 --> 00:28:12,120
Speaker 7: It's a good band name. Good band name.

517
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:15,760
Speaker 1: I'm going to copyright that when nobody take that one.

518
00:28:15,840 --> 00:28:17,200
Speaker 7: Yeah, no, it takes these back seas.

519
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:21,520
Speaker 1: So I do want to take the time to pull

520
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,760
Speaker 1: apart some of the phenomena that we call electricity, the

521
00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:27,879
Speaker 1: day to day experiences we have of electric current and

522
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:32,280
Speaker 1: bonds and lightning, and explain that in terms of electric

523
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:36,080
Speaker 1: charges and electrons what's happening on the microscopic scale. But

524
00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:38,760
Speaker 1: I don't want people to forget that we don't understand

525
00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:41,080
Speaker 1: that what's going on at that smaller level, Like we

526
00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 1: can build this bridge between the microscopic and the microscopic,

527
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:48,240
Speaker 1: but the microscopic remains a mystery that hopefully one day

528
00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:51,480
Speaker 1: somebody will understand, like what charge is man?

529
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:55,880
Speaker 7: Yeah, See, science isn't over yet. Everyone out there who's listening,

530
00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:58,560
Speaker 7: who wants to be a future scientist, there's a lot

531
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,000
Speaker 7: of stuff left free lat of scraps.

532
00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:05,040
Speaker 1: There is in the end charge, just this label we

533
00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,920
Speaker 1: put on some quantum fields and not on others, and

534
00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:10,680
Speaker 1: it's something we see and describe in the world. But

535
00:29:10,920 --> 00:29:14,280
Speaker 1: that doesn't stop us from building up an understanding from

536
00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:17,720
Speaker 1: this microscopic picture of charge understood or not up to

537
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:22,160
Speaker 1: the macroscopic experience of electricity. And electricity itself is like

538
00:29:22,240 --> 00:29:25,480
Speaker 1: this grab bag of related concepts, all of which come

539
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,520
Speaker 1: out of the charge of electrons and of quarks. But

540
00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:32,720
Speaker 1: you got like electric bonds, you got electric currents, you

541
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,960
Speaker 1: got lightning, you got static electricity, electric heating, you even

542
00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:40,280
Speaker 1: have biological electricity. So let's dig in.

543
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,080
Speaker 7: So let's start with electric bonds. I know there are

544
00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,680
Speaker 7: different types of forces and different types of bonds, and

545
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:50,120
Speaker 7: there are like weak and strong forces. Like where do

546
00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:52,520
Speaker 7: electronic bonds sort of fall?

547
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:55,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you're going to build the macroscopic world, our

548
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,000
Speaker 1: experience of the world out of particles, you got to

549
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,840
Speaker 1: click those particles together. And we know that there are

550
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:03,840
Speaker 1: some fundamental forces in the universe. There's the strong force,

551
00:30:03,920 --> 00:30:07,640
Speaker 1: the weak force, electromagnetic force, and then there's gravity and

552
00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:10,440
Speaker 1: the particle world. Gravity is irrelevant because it's so weak,

553
00:30:10,480 --> 00:30:13,240
Speaker 1: and these particles have basically no mass, and so it's

554
00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:16,000
Speaker 1: just not really a player. The strong force is the

555
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:19,000
Speaker 1: most powerful, but it's so powerful that it locks itself

556
00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:22,200
Speaker 1: up and neutralizes itself really quickly. So a few quirks

557
00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:24,840
Speaker 1: will feel the strong force, but they tie themselves together

558
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:27,640
Speaker 1: into like a proton. Once you step outside the proton,

559
00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:30,360
Speaker 1: you can't really feel a strong force anymore. It's sort

560
00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:32,760
Speaker 1: of the same way that like an atom is made

561
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:35,720
Speaker 1: of a positive electric charge and a negative electric charge,

562
00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:37,760
Speaker 1: but when you're far away from it, the whole thing

563
00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:41,000
Speaker 1: is neutral because those two charges balance. Then the same way,

564
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,080
Speaker 1: a proton has the strong force inside of it, but

565
00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:46,920
Speaker 1: it's so powerful that it's locked itself up and it's neutralized,

566
00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:50,400
Speaker 1: and so then what you're left with is electromagnetism and

567
00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:52,520
Speaker 1: the weak force. And the weak force turns out to

568
00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:56,520
Speaker 1: actually be part of electromagnetism. Check out our podcast on

569
00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:01,000
Speaker 1: the electro weak force. But essentially it's a electromagnetism that

570
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:04,840
Speaker 1: then builds our world, that takes protons and electrons and

571
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,760
Speaker 1: symbols them together into atoms and then lets those atoms

572
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:12,600
Speaker 1: link themselves together with electronic bonds to make chemistry and

573
00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:15,000
Speaker 1: biology in everything that we experience.

574
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:18,719
Speaker 7: So I've got a glass of water here. Does this

575
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:23,000
Speaker 7: glass of water need electricity to be a glass of water?

576
00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:23,400
Speaker 4: Oh?

577
00:31:23,480 --> 00:31:27,680
Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, the water needs electricity. You know, water is

578
00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:30,760
Speaker 1: H two Oh. And the hydrogen and the oxygen why

579
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,960
Speaker 1: do they stick together. It's the electrons around the hydrogen

580
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:37,120
Speaker 1: and the electrons around the oxygen that are doing that bonding.

581
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:40,840
Speaker 1: The electrons are like the glue in chemistry right. Without them,

582
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,440
Speaker 1: the protons in the nucleus would not want to hang

583
00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:47,520
Speaker 1: out together. So it's electronic bonds. It's electricity at the

584
00:31:47,560 --> 00:31:51,400
Speaker 1: particle level that builds water out of H too and oh.

585
00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:54,880
Speaker 1: And that's why they call it electrolysis, the opposite of

586
00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:57,920
Speaker 1: making water. Right, you break water down into H and

587
00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:01,600
Speaker 1: oh using electrolysis because it's in the end electricity that

588
00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:03,240
Speaker 1: is building our world.

589
00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:05,120
Speaker 7: Well, I just drink some of it and it tasted

590
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:05,800
Speaker 7: normal to me.

591
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:08,680
Speaker 1: So that's shocking.

592
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:13,600
Speaker 7: Eh. That is interesting that the thing that makes stuff possible,

593
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:18,760
Speaker 7: like physical stuff are bodies, biological processes, are these electronic

594
00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:21,440
Speaker 7: bonds and differences in charge, right.

595
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:25,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And the reason like some things are sticky

596
00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 1: and some things are shiny, and some things react and

597
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:30,920
Speaker 1: some things don't. All comes out of its chemical properties,

598
00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:34,560
Speaker 1: which are determined by the electrons in their orbitals and

599
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:36,800
Speaker 1: whether they like to interact with other stuff or not.

600
00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:40,480
Speaker 1: So like, really, in a very concrete, tactile way, it's

601
00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:44,880
Speaker 1: electricity that determines your experience of the world. The reason

602
00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:47,280
Speaker 1: you can't pass through the wall is because of the

603
00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:51,560
Speaker 1: electronic bonds linking those atoms together. The reason gelato tastes

604
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:55,160
Speaker 1: delicious is because the interaction of those molecules on your tongue,

605
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:59,760
Speaker 1: which are electromagnetic interactions, right, the electrons linking together or

606
00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:03,840
Speaker 1: not clicking together into those receptors or not. Our whole

607
00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:06,120
Speaker 1: world and our experience of it is electrical.

608
00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:09,200
Speaker 7: Yeah, just like I said earlier, our ability to think

609
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:13,160
Speaker 7: about it is also based on these differences in charges.

610
00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:17,440
Speaker 7: The ability for synapses to communicate with each other, but

611
00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:21,960
Speaker 7: also just for any cellular process, right, depends on different charges.

612
00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:25,560
Speaker 7: It's very interesting because there's like I mean, it's hard

613
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:27,800
Speaker 7: to call it a desire because these are particles, but

614
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,640
Speaker 7: it almost seems like particles kind of seek out this homeostasis,

615
00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:35,120
Speaker 7: like this neutrality that you describe, which is also very

616
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:39,440
Speaker 7: similar in biological processes. Like a cell is going to

617
00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:42,920
Speaker 7: try to The kind of osmosis of water through a

618
00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,440
Speaker 7: cell membrane is due to this kind of behavior and

619
00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:51,320
Speaker 7: physics of like you know, salt ions in water or

620
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,440
Speaker 7: the lack of salt ions. There's this need to become

621
00:33:54,640 --> 00:33:59,040
Speaker 7: stable where you have this homeostasis, and so all of that,

622
00:33:59,080 --> 00:34:02,200
Speaker 7: Like the nature of these particles is also reflected in

623
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:06,520
Speaker 7: the nature of these biological processes exactly.

624
00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:11,160
Speaker 1: But electrons and electronic bonds and electronic orbitals lead to

625
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:14,920
Speaker 1: all sorts of fascinating phenomena beyond just like why gelato

626
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,680
Speaker 1: is tasty and why water is transparent and all that stuff.

627
00:34:17,760 --> 00:34:22,880
Speaker 1: There's more, at least probably the most amazing and powerful concept.

628
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:25,120
Speaker 1: And electricity the one that people mostly think about, which

629
00:34:25,160 --> 00:34:27,920
Speaker 1: is electric current. Right. You know, when you plug your

630
00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:30,920
Speaker 1: thing into the wall, it's creating electric current. When you're

631
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,080
Speaker 1: charging your phone, it's using electric current. This is about

632
00:34:34,120 --> 00:34:36,719
Speaker 1: the motion of charges through.

633
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:42,600
Speaker 7: Materials, and I mean this exists outside of just human inventions, right,

634
00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:45,400
Speaker 7: Like there are currents that occur in nature.

635
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:48,440
Speaker 1: Oh, absolutely, currents flow in nature all the time. You

636
00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:51,160
Speaker 1: can have like streams of particles. You know, the sun

637
00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:55,040
Speaker 1: for example, generates all sorts of charged particles electrons and

638
00:34:55,120 --> 00:34:58,680
Speaker 1: protons and even some anti electrons, And when you get

639
00:34:58,719 --> 00:35:01,160
Speaker 1: down to it, like what is a electrical current, it's

640
00:35:01,360 --> 00:35:04,440
Speaker 1: just the movement of charge. So if you have like

641
00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:09,319
Speaker 1: a beam of electrons moving through a vacuum, that is current, right,

642
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,000
Speaker 1: charge in motion. That's all that current is. We'll talk

643
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:15,880
Speaker 1: in a minute about how that happens inside materials and

644
00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:18,920
Speaker 1: it turns out to be more complicated and really fascinating,

645
00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:21,920
Speaker 1: but its most basic level, electric current is just the

646
00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:24,840
Speaker 1: motion of charges. So you take a single electron and

647
00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:28,080
Speaker 1: you like throw it through space, boom, you have electric current.

648
00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:31,960
Speaker 7: So it's the electron moving So like the electron is

649
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:36,120
Speaker 7: equivalent to charge, so it's the movement of electrons, which

650
00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,240
Speaker 7: is the same as the movement of charge.

651
00:35:38,360 --> 00:35:40,920
Speaker 1: Well, electrons do have charge. You don't need electrons. Like

652
00:35:40,960 --> 00:35:43,080
Speaker 1: you could throw protons also and that would make an

653
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,839
Speaker 1: electric current. But anything that's charged and in motion, that's

654
00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:50,040
Speaker 1: what electric current is. That's like very literally the definition

655
00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:53,120
Speaker 1: of electric current, and that can come out in a

656
00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:55,960
Speaker 1: more complex way from the interplay of all sorts of

657
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,319
Speaker 1: complicated stuff inside metals, and it's a little bit more

658
00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:01,080
Speaker 1: subtle way and it's most pure form. The simplest kind

659
00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,600
Speaker 1: of electric charge is just electrons in motion.

660
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:07,640
Speaker 7: I understand that metals, I mean, depending on the type

661
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:11,160
Speaker 7: of metal, is conductive, So I would assume there's some

662
00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:16,520
Speaker 7: kind of structural property of metal that allows this, and

663
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,680
Speaker 7: I don't know what that is, probably to the horror

664
00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,600
Speaker 7: of my electrical engineering father.

665
00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:28,920
Speaker 1: The electricity in metals is super fascinating. And people sometimes

666
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:33,000
Speaker 1: try to describe electricity as like water flowing down a hose.

667
00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:35,520
Speaker 1: You know, think about like a tube of electrons flowing

668
00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:37,400
Speaker 1: down a hose, And that's almost right, but there are

669
00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:41,239
Speaker 1: important differences that will dig into. But essentially it is

670
00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:44,160
Speaker 1: the motion of electrons through a metal. And like, why

671
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:46,799
Speaker 1: can electrons move through a metal? If you imagine, like

672
00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:50,200
Speaker 1: your table, it's a bunch of atoms click together, and

673
00:36:50,239 --> 00:36:52,960
Speaker 1: you think, well, they're clicked together with those electrons, how

674
00:36:52,960 --> 00:36:56,239
Speaker 1: can those electrons jump around? Well, if you imagine your

675
00:36:56,239 --> 00:36:59,080
Speaker 1: basic picture of the atom, there's like energy levels, right,

676
00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:01,200
Speaker 1: you know, the electron can the lowest level or the

677
00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:03,920
Speaker 1: next level up, or the next level up. Our idea

678
00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:06,160
Speaker 1: of like the hydrogen or helium atom, there's all these

679
00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:09,640
Speaker 1: different orbitals. There's ladder, the electrons allowed to live in.

680
00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:12,680
Speaker 1: And that picture works for one atom, but when you

681
00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:15,040
Speaker 1: have like a bunch of atoms together in a lattice,

682
00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:18,840
Speaker 1: the energy levels become more complicated. Instead of having sharp

683
00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:24,160
Speaker 1: atomic orbitals for individual atoms, instead the interactions between the

684
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,400
Speaker 1: atoms make these bands of allowed energy levels for the electrons.

685
00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:32,400
Speaker 1: So there's like these clusters of energy levels the electrons

686
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:34,920
Speaker 1: are allowed to be in, rather than just these sharp

687
00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:36,200
Speaker 1: atomic hierarchies.

688
00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:41,840
Speaker 7: It's almost like creating a channel for this charge to

689
00:37:41,880 --> 00:37:46,920
Speaker 7: move through because the atoms are nested together. Is that

690
00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:48,640
Speaker 7: what you're saying, Yeah, exactly, And.

691
00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:52,840
Speaker 1: So electrons can sort of slide back and forth between atoms.

692
00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:55,600
Speaker 1: If an atom is totally isolated, the description of it

693
00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:59,200
Speaker 1: having these very precise energy levels is totally valid. But

694
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:01,880
Speaker 1: bring another atom nearby, and now the nucleus of that

695
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:03,759
Speaker 1: other atom is going to affect the electrons in the

696
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,120
Speaker 1: first one, And so the right way to think about

697
00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:09,120
Speaker 1: it is that the whole like cluster of atoms have

698
00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:12,120
Speaker 1: energy levels for all of the electrons, and they're not

699
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:16,160
Speaker 1: really individually assigned to one atom as much anymore, and

700
00:38:16,239 --> 00:38:17,880
Speaker 1: so you just think of them as like they have

701
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,920
Speaker 1: these bands of energy levels the electrons are allowed to

702
00:38:20,920 --> 00:38:23,719
Speaker 1: be in, and they're called the valiance band, which is

703
00:38:23,880 --> 00:38:27,920
Speaker 1: the lowest level of electrons, and then the conduction band.

704
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:31,000
Speaker 1: And the conduction band is where electrons can like hop around.

705
00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,480
Speaker 1: If there's empty energy levels in the conduction band, the

706
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:37,040
Speaker 1: electrons can easily just sort of like slide around the

707
00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:39,040
Speaker 1: material from atom to atom.

708
00:38:39,239 --> 00:38:41,839
Speaker 7: So essentially, these atoms are just behaving like a bunch

709
00:38:41,880 --> 00:38:46,919
Speaker 7: of hippies, sharing food and stuff and letting sort of

710
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:50,720
Speaker 7: the bruskis just flow freely, and you don't know who's

711
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,080
Speaker 7: bruski it is really at this point. It's just this

712
00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:59,400
Speaker 7: free flowing hippie experience with these atoms and their bands

713
00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:01,120
Speaker 7: of energy levels.

714
00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:05,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's like polyamory for electrons. You know, everybody

715
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:06,080
Speaker 1: just into sharing.

716
00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:09,680
Speaker 7: I don't think I've ever heard of an atomic structure

717
00:39:09,840 --> 00:39:12,880
Speaker 7: described as a polycule, but I'm here for it.

718
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:16,120
Speaker 1: They're just sharing the love. And of course, you know

719
00:39:16,160 --> 00:39:18,799
Speaker 1: there's different kinds of atoms, and those different kind of

720
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:22,080
Speaker 1: atoms have different energy levels because you know, the different

721
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:25,680
Speaker 1: number of protons different number of neutrons change those energy levels.

722
00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:28,200
Speaker 1: And so, for an example, in a metal, these lower

723
00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,440
Speaker 1: level bands, the valiance bands, which are filled with electrons,

724
00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:34,120
Speaker 1: are very close to the conduction bands, so it's very

725
00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:36,799
Speaker 1: easy for an electron to like get enough energy to

726
00:39:36,840 --> 00:39:39,480
Speaker 1: get up to the conduction band and like fly around

727
00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:43,600
Speaker 1: the material, whereas in an insulator like a ceramic, for example,

728
00:39:43,760 --> 00:39:46,279
Speaker 1: there's a big gap in those energy levels. So the

729
00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:49,680
Speaker 1: lower energy levels where all the cold electrons are really

730
00:39:49,719 --> 00:39:53,800
Speaker 1: really far below the super highway where electrons can move around,

731
00:39:53,840 --> 00:39:55,759
Speaker 1: so it takes a lot of energy to get the

732
00:39:55,760 --> 00:39:58,359
Speaker 1: electron up in there. So a conductor is one where

733
00:39:58,360 --> 00:40:00,799
Speaker 1: it's just easier for the electrons to get up to

734
00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:04,200
Speaker 1: this free flowing pathway where they can jump around.

735
00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:07,480
Speaker 7: So metal is like dense serb and planning like New

736
00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:11,200
Speaker 7: York City, and ceramic is like the boonies in the

737
00:40:11,239 --> 00:40:12,760
Speaker 7: most rural parts of America.

738
00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:17,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly right. And you might wonder, like, well, why

739
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:20,680
Speaker 1: can't those electrons at the lower energy levels also like

740
00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:23,560
Speaker 1: flow around the material. The reason is that they're like

741
00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:26,279
Speaker 1: densely packed in there. It's like the reason that it's

742
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:29,000
Speaker 1: hard to move through a crowd because it's so crowded,

743
00:40:29,040 --> 00:40:31,440
Speaker 1: you know, there's no room for anyone to slide around,

744
00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:33,560
Speaker 1: or it's like one of those puzzles, you know where

745
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:36,120
Speaker 1: you have to like get this piece over there and

746
00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:38,759
Speaker 1: there's only one hole. I hate those slide all these

747
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:39,719
Speaker 1: things around.

748
00:40:39,640 --> 00:40:40,560
Speaker 7: So bad at them.

749
00:40:40,719 --> 00:40:42,640
Speaker 1: It's a pain, right, It's a pain to get anything

750
00:40:42,719 --> 00:40:44,800
Speaker 1: from one side to the other because there's always something

751
00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:45,399
Speaker 1: in the way.

752
00:40:45,880 --> 00:40:48,960
Speaker 7: Yeah, i'd be a terrible conductor based on my performance

753
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:50,840
Speaker 7: with those puzzles. I'd be like ceramic.

754
00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:53,520
Speaker 1: Yeah. And so the valiance band is like that, it's

755
00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:56,279
Speaker 1: packed really really full. It's like, why it's so much

756
00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,680
Speaker 1: harder to get water to slosh in a full bottle

757
00:40:59,719 --> 00:41:02,600
Speaker 1: than half empty bottle. A full bottle is nowhere for

758
00:41:02,719 --> 00:41:05,040
Speaker 1: the water to move, but in a half empty bottle

759
00:41:05,239 --> 00:41:08,399
Speaker 1: it's easy to slash things around. So the conduction band

760
00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:10,880
Speaker 1: tends to be more empty, which means is room for

761
00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:13,600
Speaker 1: those electrons to zoom around, whereas the valiance band the

762
00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:17,680
Speaker 1: lower ones usually packed full. The conductor is a material

763
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:20,279
Speaker 1: where the electrons can jump up into this like free

764
00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:22,360
Speaker 1: roaming range where they can move around.

765
00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:25,600
Speaker 7: Okay, So it's like if you've got a clogged freeway

766
00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:28,040
Speaker 7: on ramp, you're not getting on, but if you can

767
00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:32,200
Speaker 7: move and you can merge, we got a zipper people.

768
00:41:32,280 --> 00:41:34,319
Speaker 7: We all got a zipper. We got to learn from

769
00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:35,759
Speaker 7: the electrons and learn how.

770
00:41:35,680 --> 00:41:39,600
Speaker 1: To zipper exactly. And so when current flows through a wire,

771
00:41:40,160 --> 00:41:42,840
Speaker 1: what's happening is the electrons are moving and the charge

772
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,520
Speaker 1: is flowing. But it's not exactly right to think of

773
00:41:45,520 --> 00:41:48,440
Speaker 1: it like water flowing through a hose or remember that

774
00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:50,799
Speaker 1: picture we had a charge of like electrons in a

775
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:53,719
Speaker 1: beam in a vacuum, because the motion of the electrons

776
00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:57,000
Speaker 1: here is more complicated. The electrons are not moving through

777
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,680
Speaker 1: the wire at the speed of light. They're just sort

778
00:41:59,719 --> 00:42:03,400
Speaker 1: of generally like flying around everywhere, and the electric field

779
00:42:03,400 --> 00:42:05,960
Speaker 1: that you impose tends to move them in one direction,

780
00:42:06,560 --> 00:42:08,960
Speaker 1: but it's still a busy area, so they're bumping into

781
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:12,040
Speaker 1: each other and changing directions. So it's more like a

782
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:15,719
Speaker 1: wave is moving through the electrons, and that wave is

783
00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:18,239
Speaker 1: moving at the speed of light, even if an individual

784
00:42:18,280 --> 00:42:20,960
Speaker 1: electron is not. It's sort of like the way a

785
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,000
Speaker 1: wave can move through a crowd or like a mosh

786
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:26,560
Speaker 1: pit or something, even if an individual person is still

787
00:42:26,600 --> 00:42:28,440
Speaker 1: just sort of like bouncing around a little bit.

788
00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:31,480
Speaker 7: Okay, So, like this charge is moving even if the

789
00:42:31,560 --> 00:42:35,719
Speaker 7: electron itself is not just individually transporting it all the

790
00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:36,879
Speaker 7: way to its goal.

791
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:40,200
Speaker 1: Exactly, one individual electron is going to zigzag a bit,

792
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:42,760
Speaker 1: and it's going to pass that energy down to another electron,

793
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:45,600
Speaker 1: and another electron and another electron. So in effect, the

794
00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:48,840
Speaker 1: electric field and the charge is moving at the speed

795
00:42:48,840 --> 00:42:52,120
Speaker 1: of light, but no individual electron is like actually moving

796
00:42:52,160 --> 00:42:54,800
Speaker 1: through the wire at the speed of light. So this

797
00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:58,120
Speaker 1: is the difference between the speed of an individual electron

798
00:42:58,440 --> 00:43:02,040
Speaker 1: and the speed of the waves through the electrons, which

799
00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:03,680
Speaker 1: is what is moving at the speed of light.

800
00:43:04,120 --> 00:43:07,600
Speaker 7: That's really interesting. It's not as simple as like cars

801
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:10,719
Speaker 7: moving on a road. I mean, even in say like

802
00:43:10,760 --> 00:43:14,240
Speaker 7: you have crowd dynamics with people. Once you get people

803
00:43:14,360 --> 00:43:17,080
Speaker 7: squished in enough, which is not good, it's very dangerous,

804
00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:19,920
Speaker 7: but you do start to see people moving as like particles,

805
00:43:19,960 --> 00:43:23,680
Speaker 7: and you see this thing where energy transfers from person

806
00:43:23,719 --> 00:43:28,160
Speaker 7: to person. Even though the people themselves aren't pushing the

807
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:30,040
Speaker 7: people at the very front, the people at the very

808
00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:32,640
Speaker 7: front will start to get shoved just by this force,

809
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,040
Speaker 7: even if it was started by someone at the back.

810
00:43:35,440 --> 00:43:38,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, and the traffic analogy is really helpful. Also, if

811
00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:41,400
Speaker 1: somebody along the freeway slams on the brakes, then the

812
00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:44,960
Speaker 1: pattern brake lights moves backwards through traffic much much faster

813
00:43:45,040 --> 00:43:48,000
Speaker 1: than any of the cars are moving. Right, So there

814
00:43:48,040 --> 00:43:50,520
Speaker 1: you can see like the wave is moving faster than

815
00:43:50,520 --> 00:43:54,240
Speaker 1: any of the individual cars. And that's exactly what's happening

816
00:43:54,280 --> 00:43:58,840
Speaker 1: with electricity and electrons. In metals, an individual electron is

817
00:43:58,840 --> 00:44:02,239
Speaker 1: mostly flying around. You apply a field to sort of

818
00:44:02,239 --> 00:44:04,400
Speaker 1: like get the electrons to move in one direction to

819
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:07,840
Speaker 1: create a current, But the individual electrons are mostly just

820
00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:10,560
Speaker 1: zigzagging around. They're bouncing off each other, and the net

821
00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:13,839
Speaker 1: effect is to get some current down the wire, but

822
00:44:13,920 --> 00:44:17,239
Speaker 1: no individual electron is actually moving at the speed of light.

823
00:44:17,560 --> 00:44:19,759
Speaker 7: Is this why there are certain metals and certain things

824
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:24,200
Speaker 7: that are better conductors or worse because you've somehow optimized

825
00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:28,239
Speaker 7: the ability of the electrons to kind of zigzag in

826
00:44:28,320 --> 00:44:29,160
Speaker 7: the right direction.

827
00:44:29,520 --> 00:44:32,400
Speaker 1: Now, that has to do mostly with the difference between

828
00:44:32,520 --> 00:44:35,440
Speaker 1: the valance band and the conduction band. How easy it

829
00:44:35,560 --> 00:44:38,839
Speaker 1: is to get the electrons from the convalence band. It's

830
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:42,359
Speaker 1: like jam packed creative electrons up into the highway where

831
00:44:42,360 --> 00:44:44,720
Speaker 1: they can move more freely, where it's like less traffic.

832
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:47,080
Speaker 7: I see, Okay, the on ramp is very important.

833
00:44:47,160 --> 00:44:49,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, It's all about the on ramp.

834
00:44:49,360 --> 00:44:51,320
Speaker 7: Well, I'm going to come up with some more driving

835
00:44:51,360 --> 00:44:55,280
Speaker 7: metaphors during a quick break, and then when we get back,

836
00:44:55,719 --> 00:44:59,960
Speaker 7: let's learn more about electricity and how to drive safely.

837
00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:05,879
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

838
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:09,120
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

839
00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:13,240
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

840
00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:15,880
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

841
00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:20,200
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

842
00:45:20,239 --> 00:45:22,839
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

843
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:25,200
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

844
00:45:25,239 --> 00:45:29,479
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

845
00:45:29,520 --> 00:45:32,600
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

846
00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:36,120
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

847
00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:38,960
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

848
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:42,759
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

849
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:46,720
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

850
00:45:46,719 --> 00:45:48,800
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

851
00:45:48,840 --> 00:45:50,840
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

852
00:45:50,920 --> 00:45:53,600
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

853
00:45:53,640 --> 00:45:57,120
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

854
00:45:57,239 --> 00:45:59,919
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

855
00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:02,839
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

856
00:46:03,880 --> 00:46:07,400
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

857
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:09,839
Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

858
00:46:09,840 --> 00:46:12,040
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

859
00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:15,600
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

860
00:46:15,640 --> 00:46:17,960
Speaker 2: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

861
00:46:18,040 --> 00:46:21,680
Speaker 3: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeart

862
00:46:21,719 --> 00:46:24,480
Speaker 3: Radio Music Festival, preceded by Capitol On.

863
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864
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865
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:32,319
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866
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867
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868
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869
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870
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871
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872
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873
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,160
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874
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Speaker 10: That's why I spent my whole week composing a haikup

875
00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:00,600
Speaker 10: for the occasion. It's about my emotional journey and podcasting

876
00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:03,160
Speaker 10: over the last seven years, and it's called Earthquake House.

877
00:47:03,239 --> 00:47:03,880
Speaker 9: Mega Mengo.

878
00:47:04,160 --> 00:47:05,960
Speaker 1: I'm going to cut you off right there. Why don't

879
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:06,840
Speaker 1: we just tell people.

880
00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:07,680
Speaker 7: About our show instead?

881
00:47:07,800 --> 00:47:10,480
Speaker 10: Yeah, that's a better idea. So every week on Part

882
00:47:10,480 --> 00:47:13,320
Speaker 10: Time Genius, we feed our curiosity by answering the world's

883
00:47:13,440 --> 00:47:17,120
Speaker 10: most important questions, things like when did America start dialing

884
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:21,480
Speaker 10: nine one? One? Is William Shatner's best acting work in Esperanto?

885
00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:25,600
Speaker 10: Also what happened to Esperanto? Plus we cover questions like

886
00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:28,840
Speaker 10: how Chinese is your Chinese food? How do dollar stores

887
00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:31,920
Speaker 10: stay in business? And of course is there an Illuminati

888
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:35,440
Speaker 10: of cheese? There absolutely is, and we are risking our

889
00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:37,960
Speaker 10: lives by talking about it. But if you love mind

890
00:47:37,960 --> 00:47:41,440
Speaker 10: blowing facts, incredible history, and really bad jokes, make your

891
00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:44,520
Speaker 10: brains happy and tune into Part Time Genius. Listen to

892
00:47:44,560 --> 00:47:47,120
Speaker 10: Part Time Genius on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you

893
00:47:47,160 --> 00:47:48,080
Speaker 10: get your podcasts.

894
00:47:57,880 --> 00:48:03,160
Speaker 7: Okay, so we are back in an electron traffic school.

895
00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:07,200
Speaker 7: So I'm an electron and I'm part of this big

896
00:48:07,239 --> 00:48:12,200
Speaker 7: party moving through this wire, and I'm bonking into the

897
00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:15,399
Speaker 7: electron in front of me, and we're just kind of

898
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:20,960
Speaker 7: creating this wave of charge that's moving through whatever conductive

899
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,240
Speaker 7: material we are in, exactly.

900
00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:26,080
Speaker 1: And that motion happens because you have an electric field,

901
00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:29,719
Speaker 1: somebody's applied an external voltage, you have a battery or

902
00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:33,360
Speaker 1: something putting an electric field on all those charges to

903
00:48:33,640 --> 00:48:36,439
Speaker 1: move them along. And it's very easy to move things

904
00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:38,920
Speaker 1: along in a metal because there's all these electrons that

905
00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:41,239
Speaker 1: are free. But you could also try to do this

906
00:48:41,440 --> 00:48:44,160
Speaker 1: to something that's an insulator something where there aren't a

907
00:48:44,239 --> 00:48:47,920
Speaker 1: lot of electrons, very easy to move around, and then

908
00:48:47,960 --> 00:48:50,080
Speaker 1: it takes a lot more energy to create a current,

909
00:48:50,239 --> 00:48:53,040
Speaker 1: but it is possible if you have a very strong

910
00:48:53,120 --> 00:48:57,360
Speaker 1: electrical field between the clouds and the ground. Eventually it

911
00:48:57,440 --> 00:49:00,279
Speaker 1: will rip those electrons off of those atoms and they

912
00:49:00,280 --> 00:49:03,200
Speaker 1: will create a current between the cloud and the ground.

913
00:49:03,280 --> 00:49:04,880
Speaker 1: And that's what lightning.

914
00:49:04,560 --> 00:49:08,240
Speaker 7: Is, okay, And is that why there's just so much

915
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:09,760
Speaker 7: energy in lightning?

916
00:49:09,920 --> 00:49:13,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, because it takes a huge amount of electric

917
00:49:13,040 --> 00:49:17,000
Speaker 1: field to ionize the air, to rip those electrons off

918
00:49:17,040 --> 00:49:20,680
Speaker 1: of those atoms inside the air. To create basically a

919
00:49:20,760 --> 00:49:23,719
Speaker 1: channel where that current can flow, because air is not

920
00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:26,480
Speaker 1: that easy to ionize in a very strong electric field

921
00:49:26,520 --> 00:49:28,719
Speaker 1: to have to build up a lot of power and

922
00:49:28,760 --> 00:49:30,719
Speaker 1: then once it's released, it's very dramatic.

923
00:49:31,040 --> 00:49:35,200
Speaker 7: And is that all coming from these water particles that

924
00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:39,920
Speaker 7: are contained in these clouds that are all having a

925
00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:43,160
Speaker 7: bunch of activity, right, Like you know, the classic understanding

926
00:49:43,239 --> 00:49:46,480
Speaker 7: of lightning is it comes from clouds kind of rubbing

927
00:49:46,560 --> 00:49:49,560
Speaker 7: up against each other. But it seems like maybe at

928
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,799
Speaker 7: the sort of particle level that would be more complicated.

929
00:49:53,160 --> 00:49:56,120
Speaker 1: No, I think that's basically it. It's cloud friction. You know,

930
00:49:56,239 --> 00:49:59,560
Speaker 1: air molecules and suspended water drop like the collide as

931
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:03,200
Speaker 1: this around in these clouds, and then the warmer airs

932
00:50:03,239 --> 00:50:06,399
Speaker 1: and the water droplets rise, carrying those charges with them,

933
00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:08,840
Speaker 1: and so as a result, you get this excess of

934
00:50:08,960 --> 00:50:12,560
Speaker 1: positive charge near the cloud tops, an excess of negative

935
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:15,439
Speaker 1: charge in the bottom layers of the clouds. So that's

936
00:50:15,440 --> 00:50:18,680
Speaker 1: how you get like lightning within a cloud. So the

937
00:50:18,719 --> 00:50:22,440
Speaker 1: friction basically between these droplets is creating an electric field,

938
00:50:22,640 --> 00:50:25,359
Speaker 1: and eventually you need lightning to sort of smooth that out.

939
00:50:25,640 --> 00:50:28,120
Speaker 7: That's really interesting to me because I was not as

940
00:50:28,239 --> 00:50:32,240
Speaker 7: aware of like the lightning that just occurred within the clouds,

941
00:50:32,239 --> 00:50:35,280
Speaker 7: because when I lived in southern California, for some reason,

942
00:50:35,360 --> 00:50:38,600
Speaker 7: most of our lightning storms was the lightning where it's

943
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:41,200
Speaker 7: the difference in charge between the cloud and the ground,

944
00:50:41,640 --> 00:50:45,320
Speaker 7: where it actually hits the ground. But here in northern

945
00:50:45,360 --> 00:50:48,920
Speaker 7: Italy there's a ton of lightning storms where the lightning

946
00:50:48,960 --> 00:50:52,320
Speaker 7: never actually hits the ground. It's all happening in the clouds,

947
00:50:52,360 --> 00:50:55,600
Speaker 7: and it's happening a lot, like very rapidly, which is

948
00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:58,279
Speaker 7: new to me, where it's just this constant kind of

949
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:00,919
Speaker 7: one after the other, but none of it is hitting

950
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:01,520
Speaker 7: the ground.

951
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's really fascinating because the lightning inside the cloud

952
00:51:05,760 --> 00:51:08,960
Speaker 1: then helps build up and create lightning between the cloud

953
00:51:09,080 --> 00:51:11,920
Speaker 1: and the ground. So you have like the top of

954
00:51:11,960 --> 00:51:14,200
Speaker 1: the cloud becomes positively charged, and then bottom of the

955
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:18,320
Speaker 1: cloud becomes negatively charged, and the ground is positively charged.

956
00:51:18,840 --> 00:51:21,160
Speaker 1: And then when the negative charges on the bottom of

957
00:51:21,160 --> 00:51:24,520
Speaker 1: the cloud reach a level that's sufficient to overcome this

958
00:51:24,719 --> 00:51:28,520
Speaker 1: insulation of the air, then that's when the lightning strikes

959
00:51:28,920 --> 00:51:31,240
Speaker 1: from the bottom of the cloud to the ground.

960
00:51:31,520 --> 00:51:34,560
Speaker 7: Why is the ground positively charged? Is that just the

961
00:51:34,680 --> 00:51:38,200
Speaker 7: nature of most sort of physical objects or is it

962
00:51:38,239 --> 00:51:40,400
Speaker 7: something specific about the Earth's ground.

963
00:51:40,560 --> 00:51:43,160
Speaker 1: I think as these water droplets evaporate, they tend to

964
00:51:43,160 --> 00:51:46,400
Speaker 1: pull up the electric charges to the clouds, leaving the

965
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:47,840
Speaker 1: ground positively charged.

966
00:51:48,280 --> 00:51:48,560
Speaker 5: Oh.

967
00:51:48,760 --> 00:51:52,520
Speaker 7: Interesting. If you're about to be hit by lightning, right,

968
00:51:52,960 --> 00:51:55,800
Speaker 7: and you're a little human, what should you do? Should

969
00:51:55,840 --> 00:51:58,680
Speaker 7: you run around in a circle screaming? Should you get

970
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:03,160
Speaker 7: under a tall tree, should you curse at the heavens?

971
00:52:03,239 --> 00:52:06,160
Speaker 7: Or maybe like bow down to thor like, what's the

972
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:09,840
Speaker 7: game plan for me a human? If I am caught

973
00:52:09,840 --> 00:52:11,399
Speaker 7: in a thunderstorm, you.

974
00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:13,279
Speaker 1: Should take that last bite of toast and get your

975
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:14,120
Speaker 1: fears in order.

976
00:52:14,680 --> 00:52:17,120
Speaker 7: I'm gonna take a raw bread and like holt it

977
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:19,520
Speaker 7: up over my head, so if I get struck by lightning,

978
00:52:19,560 --> 00:52:20,680
Speaker 7: I'll have some toast.

979
00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:24,320
Speaker 1: You should hope that there's a lightning rod in nearby,

980
00:52:24,440 --> 00:52:28,160
Speaker 1: something that the lightning wants to zap instead of you, right,

981
00:52:28,160 --> 00:52:30,840
Speaker 1: because the lightning is going to choose the easiest path.

982
00:52:31,120 --> 00:52:33,560
Speaker 1: It's going to find the channel that's easiest to ionize.

983
00:52:33,960 --> 00:52:36,360
Speaker 1: If you watch a lightning strike in action, it's actually

984
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:38,920
Speaker 1: really fascinating. You have this image in your mind that

985
00:52:38,960 --> 00:52:40,719
Speaker 1: it's like a bolt from the heavens, right, it comes

986
00:52:40,760 --> 00:52:42,400
Speaker 1: from the top to the bottom.

987
00:52:42,640 --> 00:52:45,840
Speaker 7: Yeah, it's Zeus throwing a zigzag down at Earth.

988
00:52:45,960 --> 00:52:48,759
Speaker 1: Yeah. But if you watch it in super slow motion,

989
00:52:48,840 --> 00:52:52,759
Speaker 1: it's fascinating. You can see the bolt exploring different options,

990
00:52:53,040 --> 00:52:55,799
Speaker 1: like lightning coming down to the ground is splitting and

991
00:52:55,840 --> 00:52:58,480
Speaker 1: exploring lots of different ways to potentially find the ground.

992
00:52:58,840 --> 00:53:02,360
Speaker 1: And only when it makes connection does the energy actually

993
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:06,400
Speaker 1: pass up from the ground to the cloud. So in

994
00:53:06,440 --> 00:53:09,600
Speaker 1: solmotion it's kind of slow and explorational, like branches, and

995
00:53:09,640 --> 00:53:11,440
Speaker 1: then once it connects to the ground, you see this

996
00:53:11,640 --> 00:53:15,320
Speaker 1: huge bolt pass up from the ground to the cloud.

997
00:53:15,640 --> 00:53:17,880
Speaker 7: Yeah. No, I have actually seen video of that, and

998
00:53:17,920 --> 00:53:21,040
Speaker 7: that's so interesting because it's like this sort of almost

999
00:53:21,239 --> 00:53:25,440
Speaker 7: vein like structure of the lightning. Another interesting thing is

1000
00:53:25,480 --> 00:53:29,080
Speaker 7: that people who survive getting struck by lightning, which I

1001
00:53:29,080 --> 00:53:34,279
Speaker 7: don't recommend, they actually sometimes have these scars, not like

1002
00:53:34,320 --> 00:53:37,520
Speaker 7: Harry Potter with a zigzag. It's that same sort of

1003
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:42,480
Speaker 7: like reticulated, like vein like pattern. Because the way that

1004
00:53:42,640 --> 00:53:47,920
Speaker 7: the electricity is moving in you know, in the clouds

1005
00:53:48,080 --> 00:53:50,680
Speaker 7: or in the sky, is probably similar to the way

1006
00:53:50,680 --> 00:53:54,400
Speaker 7: that electricity is moving inside the human body.

1007
00:53:54,480 --> 00:53:57,720
Speaker 1: Creepy, that is creepy, isn't it.

1008
00:53:57,719 --> 00:53:59,759
Speaker 7: It's kind of cool though. I think that if I

1009
00:53:59,760 --> 00:54:03,760
Speaker 7: got struck by lightning, I would want a cool lightning scar.

1010
00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:07,439
Speaker 7: So people believe me, because if someone tells you I've

1011
00:54:07,440 --> 00:54:11,520
Speaker 7: been struck by lightning, I think, well, okay, I don't know,

1012
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:13,840
Speaker 7: because you would be you'd be toasted.

1013
00:54:13,960 --> 00:54:14,279
Speaker 4: M m.

1014
00:54:15,120 --> 00:54:15,239
Speaker 6: Well.

1015
00:54:15,239 --> 00:54:17,440
Speaker 1: It's also just cool to think about the microphysics of

1016
00:54:17,440 --> 00:54:20,680
Speaker 1: what's happening there. You know, these incredible electric field between

1017
00:54:20,719 --> 00:54:23,200
Speaker 1: the cloud and the ground are enough to pull the

1018
00:54:23,239 --> 00:54:27,320
Speaker 1: electrons off the atoms in the air, making them charged,

1019
00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:30,600
Speaker 1: turning this thing into a plasma. A plasma is just

1020
00:54:30,640 --> 00:54:32,600
Speaker 1: a gas where the electrons have been pulled off of

1021
00:54:32,600 --> 00:54:35,680
Speaker 1: their atoms and now those electrons are free to move

1022
00:54:35,800 --> 00:54:38,080
Speaker 1: because they're not bound to the atoms, and so now

1023
00:54:38,080 --> 00:54:41,960
Speaker 1: it's conducting. It's like a wire of air. And then

1024
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:44,360
Speaker 1: the electricity passes through that in the same way. You know,

1025
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:47,719
Speaker 1: the electrons get pulled by that field and the ions

1026
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:51,040
Speaker 1: move in the other direction, and that's how the charge passes.

1027
00:54:51,520 --> 00:54:53,600
Speaker 1: And it's an incredible amount of energy in one of

1028
00:54:53,640 --> 00:54:56,000
Speaker 1: these things. You know, a single lightning strike has a

1029
00:54:56,239 --> 00:55:00,640
Speaker 1: billion jewels of energy, which is a lot of energy.

1030
00:55:00,840 --> 00:55:03,720
Speaker 1: I mean, like just to calibrate the rock when he punches.

1031
00:55:03,760 --> 00:55:07,480
Speaker 1: Somebody has about four hundred jewels of energy. So getting

1032
00:55:07,560 --> 00:55:09,879
Speaker 1: hit by lightning is like getting punched by the rock

1033
00:55:10,160 --> 00:55:11,440
Speaker 1: two and a half million times.

1034
00:55:11,560 --> 00:55:12,960
Speaker 7: I think I could take that on the chin.

1035
00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:16,200
Speaker 1: You're pretty tough, kittie, but I'm gonna have to go

1036
00:55:16,239 --> 00:55:20,000
Speaker 1: with a rock on this one. But lightning is not

1037
00:55:20,080 --> 00:55:22,880
Speaker 1: something we even really fully understand because if you look

1038
00:55:22,960 --> 00:55:26,080
Speaker 1: at the field between the cloud and the ground, it's

1039
00:55:26,160 --> 00:55:29,760
Speaker 1: not actually enough. They can calculate how big an electric

1040
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:33,200
Speaker 1: field you need to make this ionization to create a

1041
00:55:33,239 --> 00:55:36,440
Speaker 1: tube of plasma, and then they measure the electric field

1042
00:55:36,480 --> 00:55:39,040
Speaker 1: and it's not big enough, so they don't actually understand

1043
00:55:39,080 --> 00:55:42,200
Speaker 1: like where all that energy is coming from. One theory

1044
00:55:42,360 --> 00:55:46,000
Speaker 1: is that maybe it's cosmic rays, like particles from space

1045
00:55:46,320 --> 00:55:49,000
Speaker 1: shooting through the cloud with incredible energy, are maybe like

1046
00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:52,960
Speaker 1: sparking this lightning and making it happen. It's a field

1047
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:55,520
Speaker 1: of open research right now, and people are doing things

1048
00:55:55,560 --> 00:55:58,439
Speaker 1: like trying to understand where in the world is there

1049
00:55:58,440 --> 00:56:01,320
Speaker 1: more lightning, because it turns out it varies a lot.

1050
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:04,239
Speaker 1: Like Europe, lightning is much more rare than it is

1051
00:56:04,280 --> 00:56:05,920
Speaker 1: in like Florida for example.

1052
00:56:06,360 --> 00:56:09,880
Speaker 7: M Yeah, that's interesting because there are and it seems

1053
00:56:09,920 --> 00:56:13,640
Speaker 7: like it depends on things like the environment, right, like

1054
00:56:13,680 --> 00:56:17,120
Speaker 7: the type of biome that you're in. And I've heard

1055
00:56:17,160 --> 00:56:20,919
Speaker 7: of things like ball lightning or something which I don't

1056
00:56:20,960 --> 00:56:25,760
Speaker 7: even know like if that's an actual thing that really exists,

1057
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:29,319
Speaker 7: because it's really hard to document, but you know, it's

1058
00:56:29,360 --> 00:56:32,520
Speaker 7: something that people say they've seen, and it's always in

1059
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:35,960
Speaker 7: like these very very humid areas. So it seems like

1060
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:40,480
Speaker 7: having like a very different area, very different region, might

1061
00:56:40,520 --> 00:56:45,279
Speaker 7: affect the way that these electric charge forces work.

1062
00:56:45,560 --> 00:56:48,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, we're gonna have a whole episode on ball lightning.

1063
00:56:48,160 --> 00:56:50,560
Speaker 1: That is a crazy bonker story with a lot of

1064
00:56:50,640 --> 00:56:51,680
Speaker 1: really fun history.

1065
00:56:51,880 --> 00:56:53,120
Speaker 7: Oh I'm excited to listen.

1066
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:56,760
Speaker 1: But next, let's talk about your dog and your blanket.

1067
00:56:56,880 --> 00:56:59,120
Speaker 7: Oh yeah, let's do that. I like my dog and

1068
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:02,080
Speaker 7: I like my blank I've got a photo of her

1069
00:57:02,120 --> 00:57:05,799
Speaker 7: hair standing on end. Maybe I'll share that with you

1070
00:57:05,840 --> 00:57:08,480
Speaker 7: all because it's very cute. She doesn't seem to be

1071
00:57:08,520 --> 00:57:11,360
Speaker 7: bothered by it, and like I said, she loves this blanket.

1072
00:57:11,640 --> 00:57:13,520
Speaker 1: So what's going on when you have like your hair

1073
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:16,640
Speaker 1: standing on end, or when you're wearing a blanket and

1074
00:57:16,720 --> 00:57:19,520
Speaker 1: you get a zap on the carpet or something like that.

1075
00:57:19,520 --> 00:57:23,680
Speaker 1: That's static electricity. It's basically a miniature form of lightning.

1076
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:26,440
Speaker 1: You know, lightning occurs when you have a strong electric

1077
00:57:26,480 --> 00:57:30,120
Speaker 1: field across an insulator. So the insulator there aren't usually

1078
00:57:30,160 --> 00:57:32,880
Speaker 1: electrons that want to move to create a current when

1079
00:57:32,880 --> 00:57:34,959
Speaker 1: you apply a field, But if you make a big

1080
00:57:35,120 --> 00:57:38,120
Speaker 1: enough field, it'll break down. It'll rip those electrons out

1081
00:57:38,120 --> 00:57:41,880
Speaker 1: of the atoms. That's lightning right. Well, static electricity is

1082
00:57:41,880 --> 00:57:45,360
Speaker 1: the same phenomenon, just over a much shorter distance. So

1083
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,880
Speaker 1: you don't need a huge cosmic electric field to create

1084
00:57:48,920 --> 00:57:52,200
Speaker 1: static between like your finger and the doorknob, or between

1085
00:57:52,240 --> 00:57:55,800
Speaker 1: like you and your dog. You need a much smaller field,

1086
00:57:55,920 --> 00:57:57,800
Speaker 1: and so you can get a bunch of electrons like

1087
00:57:57,920 --> 00:58:00,960
Speaker 1: from one thing to another. You can eat this imbalance,

1088
00:58:01,040 --> 00:58:03,440
Speaker 1: you can create this electric field and you can get

1089
00:58:03,480 --> 00:58:04,520
Speaker 1: static electricity.

1090
00:58:04,840 --> 00:58:07,720
Speaker 7: So I can understand the little zap I get from

1091
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:11,440
Speaker 7: like my fingertip to the doorknob. But why do things

1092
00:58:11,480 --> 00:58:14,320
Speaker 7: stick to me? Like if I rub my socks on

1093
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:17,280
Speaker 7: the floor, I can get a balloon to stick to me.

1094
00:58:17,760 --> 00:58:21,280
Speaker 7: You shared a picture of this cat covered in little

1095
00:58:21,280 --> 00:58:23,680
Speaker 7: pieces of styrofoam that are stuck to it, which I

1096
00:58:23,720 --> 00:58:27,600
Speaker 7: love this picture. Thank you for that. So why does

1097
00:58:27,640 --> 00:58:30,000
Speaker 7: static electricity make us sticky?

1098
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:33,480
Speaker 1: This picture is actually featured on the official Wikipedia page

1099
00:58:33,480 --> 00:58:38,040
Speaker 1: for static electricity. Well suggests everybody go to this famous

1100
00:58:38,080 --> 00:58:40,720
Speaker 1: cat that must must have had like the worst day ever,

1101
00:58:40,920 --> 00:58:43,320
Speaker 1: or maybe the best day diving around a bunch of

1102
00:58:43,360 --> 00:58:44,840
Speaker 1: styrophoaming nuts.

1103
00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:46,160
Speaker 7: Looks like he's having fun.

1104
00:58:46,440 --> 00:58:49,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, So this is static cling. If you move a

1105
00:58:49,560 --> 00:58:53,000
Speaker 1: bunch of electrons from one object to another, then there's

1106
00:58:53,040 --> 00:58:55,360
Speaker 1: going to be a force of attraction between them. And

1107
00:58:55,360 --> 00:58:58,120
Speaker 1: that's fundamentally what's happening here is that you're moving electrons

1108
00:58:58,120 --> 00:59:00,560
Speaker 1: from one thing to another. If you take a piece

1109
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:03,400
Speaker 1: of styrofoam and you rub it on your cat, right,

1110
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:05,720
Speaker 1: then the electron is going to move from one object

1111
00:59:05,720 --> 00:59:08,440
Speaker 1: to another. And now one of these things is positive

1112
00:59:08,480 --> 00:59:10,320
Speaker 1: and one of these things is negative, and so they're

1113
00:59:10,320 --> 00:59:12,800
Speaker 1: going to attract each other. So, now the styrofoam peanut

1114
00:59:12,920 --> 00:59:16,720
Speaker 1: is attracted to your cat because an electrical bond between them.

1115
00:59:17,120 --> 00:59:19,440
Speaker 7: And it's got to be light enough, right, because the

1116
00:59:19,520 --> 00:59:22,640
Speaker 7: styrofoam and the balloon, these are both very light things.

1117
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:26,920
Speaker 7: If it's too heavy then gravity is actually enough to

1118
00:59:27,120 --> 00:59:29,880
Speaker 7: pull that away from you if you're in a space station.

1119
00:59:30,960 --> 00:59:34,880
Speaker 7: Is static electricity like more powerful than it is on Earth?

1120
00:59:35,040 --> 00:59:35,120
Speaker 1: Like?

1121
00:59:35,160 --> 00:59:38,400
Speaker 7: Could you get something heavier to stick to you?

1122
00:59:38,440 --> 00:59:40,840
Speaker 1: Can you get bowling balls to stick to your space cat?

1123
00:59:40,920 --> 00:59:41,840
Speaker 1: Is that what you're asking me?

1124
00:59:42,680 --> 00:59:44,280
Speaker 7: Yeah?

1125
00:59:44,360 --> 00:59:46,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, actually you could. That's true. I don't think anybody

1126
00:59:46,840 --> 00:59:48,480
Speaker 1: ever tried that. I'm going to try to get that

1127
00:59:48,520 --> 00:59:50,720
Speaker 1: listed on the official experiments we're going to do on

1128
00:59:50,760 --> 00:59:52,280
Speaker 1: then iss, that sounds great.

1129
00:59:52,280 --> 00:59:55,360
Speaker 7: We need a cat, some styrofoam, and some bowling balls.

1130
00:59:57,280 --> 00:59:59,920
Speaker 1: And so this is also revealing like the microscopic nature

1131
01:00:00,080 --> 01:00:03,800
Speaker 1: of charge, That charge is carried by these tiny, basically

1132
01:00:03,840 --> 01:00:07,120
Speaker 1: invisible little particles that can move from one thing to

1133
01:00:07,160 --> 01:00:10,840
Speaker 1: another but then have a visible effect. Right, it's this

1134
01:00:10,880 --> 01:00:13,240
Speaker 1: way the universe is like cracking open and giving you

1135
01:00:13,280 --> 01:00:16,440
Speaker 1: a clue that deep down there's something to learn about

1136
01:00:16,440 --> 01:00:19,720
Speaker 1: the tiny invisible world that makes up our visible world.

1137
01:00:20,120 --> 01:00:22,880
Speaker 1: So I love about this effect. And some living things,

1138
01:00:22,880 --> 01:00:25,200
Speaker 1: of course, have figured out how to use this to

1139
01:00:25,280 --> 01:00:28,520
Speaker 1: their advantage. They are, of course electrical eels, but they're

1140
01:00:28,520 --> 01:00:32,120
Speaker 1: also like fish that can like sense electric fields, aren't there?

1141
01:00:32,640 --> 01:00:38,080
Speaker 7: Yeah, so electric eels are actually not true eels. They

1142
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:43,160
Speaker 7: are knife fish, but there are multiple fish in the world,

1143
01:00:43,240 --> 01:00:47,240
Speaker 7: multiple like species in groups of fish that can sense

1144
01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:52,560
Speaker 7: and produce electricity. So one of these knife fish, which

1145
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:54,600
Speaker 7: is sort of eel like, so we call it an

1146
01:00:54,640 --> 01:00:59,520
Speaker 7: electric eel, produces its own sort of electric field, and

1147
01:00:59,560 --> 01:01:03,200
Speaker 7: it's this electrophorus electricus, and that's the most famous one

1148
01:01:03,240 --> 01:01:07,640
Speaker 7: because it can really zap you because it produces quite

1149
01:01:07,640 --> 01:01:09,480
Speaker 7: a strong electric field.

1150
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:12,240
Speaker 1: So it's got some organ inside it that can make

1151
01:01:12,280 --> 01:01:13,200
Speaker 1: electric fields.

1152
01:01:13,480 --> 01:01:16,600
Speaker 7: Yes, that's right. Which, so the way these organs work

1153
01:01:16,720 --> 01:01:19,600
Speaker 7: is it's similar to how our muscles work. So our

1154
01:01:19,680 --> 01:01:25,040
Speaker 7: muscles actually produce a little bit of electricity when they

1155
01:01:25,160 --> 01:01:30,680
Speaker 7: are activated. And so this is actually what enables electroreceptive

1156
01:01:30,840 --> 01:01:35,960
Speaker 7: animals like sharks and platypuses. Actually platypuses have electro receptors

1157
01:01:36,240 --> 01:01:40,320
Speaker 7: in their bills and so they can hunt down earthworms

1158
01:01:40,440 --> 01:01:43,840
Speaker 7: much like a shark can hunt down fish. Because both

1159
01:01:43,960 --> 01:01:48,320
Speaker 7: of these animals have electro receptors. Totally different species, totally

1160
01:01:48,320 --> 01:01:53,000
Speaker 7: different evolutionary path So in these electric eels, which are

1161
01:01:53,080 --> 01:01:58,560
Speaker 7: actually nine fish, they produce this electric field through an

1162
01:01:58,720 --> 01:02:02,920
Speaker 7: organ that is basically like a really kind of powerful

1163
01:02:03,080 --> 01:02:06,560
Speaker 7: muscle where it's the power is through the ability to

1164
01:02:06,840 --> 01:02:11,000
Speaker 7: produce this electrical charge, this electrical field, not in its

1165
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:14,040
Speaker 7: ability to say, like lift weights. And so this is

1166
01:02:14,040 --> 01:02:17,080
Speaker 7: the case for a lot of species that produce this

1167
01:02:17,680 --> 01:02:20,640
Speaker 7: electric field. So what's interesting is a lot of these

1168
01:02:21,320 --> 01:02:26,720
Speaker 7: animals that produce electric fields also have electro receptors, so

1169
01:02:27,280 --> 01:02:33,160
Speaker 7: they are using their electric field to see their world.

1170
01:02:33,240 --> 01:02:37,959
Speaker 7: You know how dolphins and bats will send something out

1171
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:41,800
Speaker 7: into the world and then receive information back in order

1172
01:02:41,880 --> 01:02:44,800
Speaker 7: to see so bats use sort of like a sonar

1173
01:02:44,840 --> 01:02:47,640
Speaker 7: where they send out a ping, a little squeak, and

1174
01:02:47,680 --> 01:02:50,320
Speaker 7: then they receive it back so that they can see

1175
01:02:50,560 --> 01:02:54,640
Speaker 7: dolphins the same thing. They're doing this with electricity, So

1176
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:58,800
Speaker 7: they are generating this electric field, and if things in

1177
01:02:58,840 --> 01:03:02,640
Speaker 7: their environment disrupt this electric field, they can sense that

1178
01:03:02,800 --> 01:03:07,280
Speaker 7: because they also have electro receptors. And it actually this

1179
01:03:07,360 --> 01:03:11,479
Speaker 7: is evolved in multiple types of fish. So like there's

1180
01:03:11,560 --> 01:03:14,320
Speaker 7: also a fun one which I think is less well

1181
01:03:14,360 --> 01:03:18,440
Speaker 7: known than the nine fish, which is the elephant nosed fish,

1182
01:03:18,920 --> 01:03:22,160
Speaker 7: which has a really long nose. It's very goofy looking

1183
01:03:22,920 --> 01:03:25,480
Speaker 7: and it's actually not a nose. It's a protrusion of

1184
01:03:25,520 --> 01:03:28,400
Speaker 7: the lower jaw and it's got the best name of

1185
01:03:28,480 --> 01:03:33,360
Speaker 7: any body part in all of evolutionary biology is called this.

1186
01:03:33,440 --> 01:03:34,360
Speaker 1: Is it safe for work?

1187
01:03:34,640 --> 01:03:38,280
Speaker 7: It is safe for work. Yes, it's called the Schnauzen organ,

1188
01:03:38,560 --> 01:03:41,000
Speaker 7: which I don't know. Maybe if you speak a German

1189
01:03:41,080 --> 01:03:43,120
Speaker 7: it's not safe for work, but it sounds fine to me.

1190
01:03:43,280 --> 01:03:44,360
Speaker 7: The Schnauzen organ.

1191
01:03:44,680 --> 01:03:47,320
Speaker 1: I'm sure it's very dignified. I'm sure it carries itself

1192
01:03:47,360 --> 01:03:48,240
Speaker 1: with great poise.

1193
01:03:48,720 --> 01:03:53,040
Speaker 7: It's very goofy looking. And yeah, that Schnauzen organ contains

1194
01:03:53,080 --> 01:03:55,840
Speaker 7: all of these electro receptors, and then it also has

1195
01:03:55,920 --> 01:04:01,840
Speaker 7: on its posterior that electric field generating. It's much weaker

1196
01:04:01,880 --> 01:04:05,320
Speaker 7: than in that electric eel that I mentioned, but again

1197
01:04:05,440 --> 01:04:08,040
Speaker 7: it uses the same sort of method where it generates

1198
01:04:08,080 --> 01:04:11,400
Speaker 7: that field, and if there's disruption in the field, then

1199
01:04:11,440 --> 01:04:15,000
Speaker 7: it can locate things. It's like human sonar that we

1200
01:04:15,120 --> 01:04:17,000
Speaker 7: use in terms of like sending out a ping and

1201
01:04:17,040 --> 01:04:19,760
Speaker 7: receiving it back just using that electric field.

1202
01:04:20,800 --> 01:04:24,200
Speaker 1: Wow, amazing, It's incredible to me. The humans have discovered

1203
01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:27,040
Speaker 1: this in the world, but the animals have been using

1204
01:04:27,080 --> 01:04:31,520
Speaker 1: this for millennia, right, It's something more natural intuitive. I

1205
01:04:31,560 --> 01:04:33,640
Speaker 1: wonder if it would have been easier for us to

1206
01:04:33,680 --> 01:04:37,120
Speaker 1: figure out how electricity worked if we had electrical organs,

1207
01:04:37,240 --> 01:04:40,080
Speaker 1: or if electricity played like a more tactile role in

1208
01:04:40,120 --> 01:04:42,840
Speaker 1: our experience, not just like within our nervous system and

1209
01:04:42,880 --> 01:04:44,040
Speaker 1: inside of our brains.

1210
01:04:44,440 --> 01:04:47,840
Speaker 7: Yeah, if we had electro reception, you know, there could

1211
01:04:47,840 --> 01:04:50,320
Speaker 7: be a whole different method of communication.

1212
01:04:50,480 --> 01:04:50,640
Speaker 2: Right.

1213
01:04:50,680 --> 01:04:53,360
Speaker 7: If we had both an ability to produce an electric

1214
01:04:53,440 --> 01:04:56,760
Speaker 7: field and electro reception, maybe we could have formed some

1215
01:04:56,880 --> 01:05:00,919
Speaker 7: kind of communication that is like similar to telepathy, where

1216
01:05:00,920 --> 01:05:02,880
Speaker 7: we don't need to say anything, we just sort of

1217
01:05:02,920 --> 01:05:05,760
Speaker 7: detect the waves in our electrical fields.

1218
01:05:05,800 --> 01:05:07,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, and then you could get phone calls without needing

1219
01:05:07,880 --> 01:05:10,960
Speaker 1: a phone, right, or here radio stations in your mind.

1220
01:05:12,880 --> 01:05:13,240
Speaker 7: Fun.

1221
01:05:13,800 --> 01:05:16,640
Speaker 1: I think the bigger picture here is that electricity really

1222
01:05:16,680 --> 01:05:20,680
Speaker 1: is a product of the quantum particle nature of our world.

1223
01:05:20,880 --> 01:05:23,760
Speaker 1: This is not just something particle physicists think about. This

1224
01:05:23,840 --> 01:05:26,720
Speaker 1: is something that we can experience day to day. The

1225
01:05:26,880 --> 01:05:30,120
Speaker 1: charge of particles, the forces between them, This is part

1226
01:05:30,160 --> 01:05:31,439
Speaker 1: of our experience too.

1227
01:05:31,680 --> 01:05:34,960
Speaker 7: I really like how these patterns of how particles work

1228
01:05:35,520 --> 01:05:38,520
Speaker 7: on this quantum level also seems to be kind of

1229
01:05:38,680 --> 01:05:42,080
Speaker 7: reiterated in the more bigger picture, like on the macro

1230
01:05:42,200 --> 01:05:45,439
Speaker 7: level in terms of cell processes and in terms of

1231
01:05:45,480 --> 01:05:49,240
Speaker 7: like say, how a herd moves or how people move.

1232
01:05:49,280 --> 01:05:52,880
Speaker 1: It's very interesting, it is fascinating, and of course huge

1233
01:05:52,960 --> 01:05:56,360
Speaker 1: questions remain. What is the charge of an electron? Why

1234
01:05:56,440 --> 01:05:58,959
Speaker 1: does it exist? Why do quarks have charges? Why don't

1235
01:05:58,960 --> 01:06:03,240
Speaker 1: neutrinos have Why does the universe respect to charge so

1236
01:06:03,240 --> 01:06:07,200
Speaker 1: so deeply when other symmetries and conservation laws are broken

1237
01:06:07,240 --> 01:06:10,240
Speaker 1: here and there and at the edges. These are mysteries.

1238
01:06:10,240 --> 01:06:12,880
Speaker 1: I hope one of our listeners will one day figure out,

1239
01:06:13,240 --> 01:06:15,440
Speaker 1: and then we'll invite them on the podcast to explain

1240
01:06:15,520 --> 01:06:16,080
Speaker 1: it all.

1241
01:06:16,000 --> 01:06:19,280
Speaker 7: To you, and you'll write a paper titled what is

1242
01:06:19,360 --> 01:06:19,760
Speaker 7: going on?

1243
01:06:23,520 --> 01:06:26,440
Speaker 1: Thank you Katie for coming along and for delivering the

1244
01:06:26,520 --> 01:06:29,080
Speaker 1: very best and the very last electricity.

1245
01:06:28,520 --> 01:06:31,200
Speaker 7: Puzzy of the episode. Thanks for having.

1246
01:06:31,080 --> 01:06:32,640
Speaker 1: Me tune in next time.

1247
01:06:32,680 --> 01:06:36,440
Speaker 10: Everyone.

1248
01:06:37,920 --> 01:06:40,800
Speaker 1: For more science and curiosity, come find us on social

1249
01:06:40,840 --> 01:06:45,840
Speaker 1: media where we answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, Discord, Instant,

1250
01:06:45,840 --> 01:06:49,560
Speaker 1: and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1251
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:53,000
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

1252
01:06:53,320 --> 01:06:58,480
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1253
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:05,440
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you

1254
01:07:05,480 --> 01:07:07,520
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

1255
01:07:07,560 --> 01:07:10,640
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in

1256
01:07:10,680 --> 01:07:13,800
Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every

1257
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Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

1258
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Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling

1259
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Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the

1260
01:07:25,080 --> 01:07:29,480
Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

1261
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Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's last

1262
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Speaker 1: sustainability to learn more.

1263
01:07:35,080 --> 01:07:37,560
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1264
01:07:37,640 --> 01:07:40,160
Speaker 11: Yorkers needed a drink that can do it all. Because

1265
01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:42,520
Speaker 11: we can do it all like walk thirty blocks in

1266
01:07:42,640 --> 01:07:45,040
Speaker 11: under an hour, follow four of the city's sports teams

1267
01:07:45,040 --> 01:07:47,760
Speaker 11: at once, and spend all day in the Chinatown Arcade,

1268
01:07:48,160 --> 01:07:50,000
Speaker 11: drink VitaminWater. It's from New York.

1269
01:07:51,120 --> 01:07:54,640
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

1270
01:07:54,640 --> 01:07:57,080
Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

1271
01:07:57,080 --> 01:07:57,880
Speaker 2: ones who need them to.

1272
01:07:57,800 --> 01:07:58,600
Speaker 1: Get home safely.

1273
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:02,200
Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and because they're people too, go safely.

1274
01:08:02,280 --> 01:08:05,120
Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans