1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Hey, everyone. Technically you're getting two days in history today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,800 Speaker 1: because we're running two episodes from the History vault. I 3 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:12,039 Speaker 1: hope you enjoy. Hello, Welcome to this day in History class, 4 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:14,800 Speaker 1: where we flipped through the book of history and bring 5 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:25,720 Speaker 1: you a new page every day. The day was made 6 00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:32,240 Speaker 1: third nineteen, the film Raja Harish Chandra, directed by Dadasa 7 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:37,960 Speaker 1: paulk was released theatrically at the Coronation Cinematograph and Variety 8 00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:44,400 Speaker 1: Hall in Mumbai, then called Bombay in India. The silent film, 9 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:46,880 Speaker 1: which is based on the legend of the Indian king 10 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:50,520 Speaker 1: Harish Chandra, is considered by many to be the first 11 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:54,960 Speaker 1: full length Indian feature film. Whether it can rightfully claim 12 00:00:55,000 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: that title is debated, but it stands that the film 13 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: was a box office success encouraged a proliferation of Indian productions. 14 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,320 Speaker 1: When Paulka was a teenager, he joined the Third j 15 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:12,679 Speaker 1: J School of Art, studying photography, architecture, lithography and other 16 00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:15,959 Speaker 1: art forms. He went on to work as a painter, 17 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:20,800 Speaker 1: set designer and a photographer. In the early nineteen hundreds, 18 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: he and a partner started a printing press that was successful, 19 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:29,440 Speaker 1: but difficulties between partners led paul k to cut ties 20 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:33,480 Speaker 1: with the business, but in April of nineteen eleven, he 21 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:36,480 Speaker 1: went to see the silent film The Life of Christ 22 00:01:36,720 --> 00:01:40,319 Speaker 1: by director Alice g. Blache at a theater in Mumbai. 23 00:01:41,760 --> 00:01:44,720 Speaker 1: That was the spark that ignited his interest in creating 24 00:01:44,720 --> 00:01:49,800 Speaker 1: a film. He began watching more movies and studying film. 25 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 1: In nineteen twelve, paul Ka went to London to learn 26 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:58,000 Speaker 1: filmmaking from British filmmaker Cecil Hepworth. He bought a Williamson camera, 27 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: ordered film and a perforator and went back to India 28 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: after only a couple of weeks in London. When he 29 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:08,840 Speaker 1: arrived in India, he founded paul Ka Films Company. The 30 00:02:08,880 --> 00:02:11,760 Speaker 1: initial capital he got for the company came from a 31 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,680 Speaker 1: loan he took out against his insurance policy. His family 32 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:18,800 Speaker 1: and friends staffed the company, and his wife took on 33 00:02:18,919 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: management and technical roles. That same year, paul Ka began 34 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:27,880 Speaker 1: the work of writing Raja Harish Chandra and casting the film. 35 00:02:27,919 --> 00:02:31,200 Speaker 1: He did the direction of production, design and editing while 36 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: trem bought the too long operated the camera. Filming took 37 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:39,680 Speaker 1: nearly seven months and the film was about four reels long. 38 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:43,680 Speaker 1: It was first screen in April nineteen thirteen to a 39 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:48,600 Speaker 1: special audience at the Olympia Theater in Mumbai. Weeks later, 40 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:53,520 Speaker 1: on May third, nineteen thirteen, rajaharis Chandra had his theatrical release. 41 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:57,119 Speaker 1: The film was shown as part of a program including 42 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:00,800 Speaker 1: Arene del mar In a duet and Danced Meber, a 43 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: comedy sketch by the McClements, Alexandro The Wonderful Foot Juggler, 44 00:03:05,919 --> 00:03:09,680 Speaker 1: and Tip Top Comics. It had an all male cast, 45 00:03:09,919 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: since working in film was not considered completely acceptable work 46 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,960 Speaker 1: for women at the time. Raja Harish Tanja ran for 47 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: twenty three days and had a rerun soon after. As 48 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: paul K promoted the film and news of it spread, 49 00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:28,639 Speaker 1: it proved a success. Paul K went on to produce 50 00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: and direct more films like Lanka Dihan and Shri Krishna Genma. 51 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:38,080 Speaker 1: In nineteen eighteen, paul K Films Company folded and paul 52 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:42,800 Speaker 1: Ka established the Hindu Stand Cinema Films Company with several partners. 53 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,800 Speaker 1: But as the film industry got bigger and talkies became 54 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:51,960 Speaker 1: more popular, Paulk's work faded from the limelight. He retired 55 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: from the film industry in the nineteen thirties and he 56 00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: died in nineteen forty four. Paulk is now considered the 57 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,080 Speaker 1: father of Indian cinema, but many people say that the 58 00:04:03,160 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: silent film Shri Punda Leak, directed by Dadasaheb Tornay, deserves 59 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:13,200 Speaker 1: recognition as the first Indian film. The forty five minute 60 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: film was released on May eighth, nineteen twelve at the 61 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:22,839 Speaker 1: Coordination Cinematograph. Many people do not consider Shri Punda eligible 62 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: for the title because of a few technicalities. First, the 63 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:30,679 Speaker 1: film was a recording of a popular Murati play using 64 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:35,280 Speaker 1: a single fixed camera. Second, the cameraman who filmed the 65 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: play was British. Third, the film was processed in London, 66 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:42,280 Speaker 1: so the negatives of the film real stayed in the 67 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:46,120 Speaker 1: UK and Tornay could only get the positives to India. 68 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:51,080 Speaker 1: This reasoning for not giving Tornay recognition is controversial. Tornay 69 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:54,279 Speaker 1: sons have even filed a public interest litigation to claim 70 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:58,160 Speaker 1: Tornay is a pioneer of Indian cinema, to get negatives 71 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:00,960 Speaker 1: of the film from the UK and and to recognize 72 00:05:01,040 --> 00:05:04,600 Speaker 1: Shri Punda Leak as the first Indian film. But the 73 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:08,360 Speaker 1: Government of India still considers Raja Harish Chandra the first. 74 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:13,080 Speaker 1: In nineteen sixty nine, the Indian government created the Datas 75 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:17,160 Speaker 1: to Help Polk Award, which is awarded annually to recognize 76 00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: artist contributions to Indian cinema. I'm Eve Jeffko and hopefully 77 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:24,719 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 78 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And if you like to follow us on 79 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:31,680 Speaker 1: social media, you can find us at T D I 80 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 1: h C Podcast on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Thanks again 81 00:05:37,960 --> 00:05:40,760 Speaker 1: for listening and I hope you come back tomorrow for 82 00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:55,040 Speaker 1: more delicious morsels of history. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and 83 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:58,479 Speaker 1: welcome to this Dan History Class, a podcast that really 84 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:08,039 Speaker 1: believes in learning something new every day. The day was 85 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 1: made third, eight sixty eight. The Edo Period in Japan 86 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:17,120 Speaker 1: ended in the Meiji Restoration began. Before the Edo Period, 87 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: Japan went through a time known as the Seingoku Period 88 00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:24,279 Speaker 1: or Warring States Period. At the time, the Ashikaga shogun 89 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:28,839 Speaker 1: capital was at yang Kio or present day Kyoto. The 90 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:32,760 Speaker 1: Sengoku period was a turbulent one of political upheaval and 91 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:37,039 Speaker 1: civil war when a rival warlords or daimio, fought for 92 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:41,440 Speaker 1: control over Japan. The daimio led armies of thousands of 93 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:46,400 Speaker 1: samurai and others willing to defend their estates. Oda, Nobunaga, 94 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:51,640 Speaker 1: Toyo Tomi, Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Iyasu are remembered as Japan's 95 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:55,599 Speaker 1: three unifiers as they contributed to the unification of Japan 96 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:00,640 Speaker 1: after Yasu won the Battle of Sekigata in six teen hundred, 97 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:05,159 Speaker 1: the Tokugawa shogun it began. In sixteen o three, Emperor 98 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: go yoz gave Tokugawa Iyasu the title of shogun or 99 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:13,080 Speaker 1: military governor. He established the capital at Edo or modern 100 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:16,360 Speaker 1: day Tokyo. This marked the start of the Edo Period, 101 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:21,240 Speaker 1: also known as the Tokugawa Period in Japan. Iyeyasu set 102 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: to work on re establishing order and control in Japan 103 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:27,760 Speaker 1: and encouraged foreign trade. Daimio were allowed to keep their 104 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:32,600 Speaker 1: autonomy if they swore fealty to the Tokugawa house. They were, however, 105 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:36,720 Speaker 1: required to spend half their time in Edo. Land was 106 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:40,320 Speaker 1: redistributed among the daimyo, with more loyal vassals getting more 107 00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:46,120 Speaker 1: strategically important domains. The Tokugawa regime also enforced the suppression 108 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:50,360 Speaker 1: of Christianity in Japan. When Yasu stepped down from his 109 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: official position as shogun in sixteen o five, his son, 110 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: Tokugawa Hi Data, took his place. He retired to sun 111 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:00,960 Speaker 1: Put Castle in modern day Shizuoka, uh but he was 112 00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:07,160 Speaker 1: still involved in politics. Toyo Tommy Hideyoti, Toyo Tommy Hideyoshi's 113 00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 1: son remained as the last significant threat to Yasu's rule. 114 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:16,080 Speaker 1: In sixteen fifteen, Yasu captured Osaka Castle and brought it 115 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:20,040 Speaker 1: into the rival Toyo Tomi clan. The next two hundred 116 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:22,800 Speaker 1: and fifty years or so we're marked by relative peace, 117 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:27,360 Speaker 1: and the Edo period was characterized by stability, economic growth, 118 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: and population growth. But thus not to say the rest 119 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 1: of the Edo period was completely void of conflict. The 120 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:38,559 Speaker 1: Tokugawa regime also enforced the suppression of Christianity in Japan, 121 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: and some parts of Japan enjoyed more prosperity while others 122 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:45,839 Speaker 1: were hit with famines. But the Edo period paved the 123 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:51,400 Speaker 1: way for contemporary Japanese culture. Commercial and diplomatic relations remained 124 00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: open with Korea and the UK Kingdom, and trade with 125 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: the Chinese in the Dutch was allowed at the port 126 00:08:57,280 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: of Nagasaki, but the shogun it did restrict contact with Europe. 127 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: It also banned almost all travel abroad and foreign books 128 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 1: still Domestic trade, agricultural production, and the arts flourished, but 129 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: natural disasters, famine, the breakdown of the social hierarchy, corruption, 130 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:20,520 Speaker 1: financial crises, and social unrest led to the decline of 131 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:25,160 Speaker 1: the Tokugawa Shogunate. In the eighteen fifties, Japan began opening 132 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:29,400 Speaker 1: up ports to the West for limited international trade. Anti 133 00:09:29,440 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 1: government sentiment grew, and many people demanded the restoration of 134 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: direct imperial rule. The domains of Choshu and Satsuma worked 135 00:09:38,440 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: together to overthrow the last shogun. The power of the 136 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:45,680 Speaker 1: shogunate was handed over to a new emperor. On May third, 137 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:48,920 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty eight, ed O Castle fell to imperial forces. 138 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:53,920 Speaker 1: The Edo period ended, and Eda was renamed Tokyo. The 139 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:58,960 Speaker 1: Meiji Restoration, the period that restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji, began. 140 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:03,400 Speaker 1: The Meiji Era, which ended in nineteen twelve, saw rapid political, 141 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:08,720 Speaker 1: social and economic change. I'm Eve Jeff Co and hopefully 142 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:11,080 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 143 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:14,600 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And if you have any comments, our suggestions, 144 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:16,840 Speaker 1: or any ideas for the show, you can hit us 145 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: up on social media where at t d I h 146 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:23,079 Speaker 1: C Podcast. You can also send us an email at 147 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,520 Speaker 1: this day at i heart media dot com. Thanks again 148 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:28,480 Speaker 1: for listening to the show and we'll see you tomorrow. 149 00:10:40,559 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my heart Radio, vis the i 150 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:45,280 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 151 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:46,120 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.