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Speaker 1: Hey, Jor, I have a question for you about how

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Speaker 1: you use your microwave. It's about how I am prepared

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Speaker 1: my dinner on it or not. No, this is about

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Speaker 1: whether you wait for it to stop and ding, or

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Speaker 1: whether you impatiently yanked the door open before it's finished. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I think sometimes I opened it without waiting for it

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Speaker 1: to end. Is that bad? Am I going to get irradiated?

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Speaker 1: It's that dangerous. It's not dangerous to you. Is it

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Speaker 1: dangerous for my pets or my dinner? Everybody in your

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Speaker 1: house is perfectly safe, but you might be ruining the

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Speaker 1: life of some graduate students nearby if they're running a

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Speaker 1: particularly sensitive science experience. Well, they're welcome to come sharing

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Speaker 1: my popcorn. Hi am or hammy cartoonist and the creator

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Speaker 1: of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist,

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Speaker 1: and I always wait for the ding. Well, wait no more,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio in which we look

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Speaker 1: around the universe and try to explain it to you.

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Speaker 1: We find crazy, interesting, amazing, mind blowing stuff that scientists

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Speaker 1: hardly understand and try to bring you to that forefront

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Speaker 1: of misunderstanding. That's right, all the weird and unexplained phenomena

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Speaker 1: out there, and also safety tips for your microwave of

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Speaker 1: a usage. That's right. We dove into the details of

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Speaker 1: how microwaves work on a recent episode, but today we're

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Speaker 1: going to talk about how microwaves might ruin everything for science.

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Speaker 1: It is one of these um physics destroys the universe

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Speaker 1: kind of things, like little mic microwaves collapse the Higgs

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Speaker 1: field somehow. No, no, maybe Marcos will save the universe

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Speaker 1: by stymying physics. Right, what if with your microwave and

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Speaker 1: you could stop the LHC from operating? Is that a setting?

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Speaker 1: Maybe I missed that setting? Is it like reheat defrost

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Speaker 1: ruined science? You know? That brings up a good point

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Speaker 1: because microwaves have so many settings that I think probably

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Speaker 1: nobody ever uses, right, only people only ever use them,

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Speaker 1: like the popcorn button and like add one minute button. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I always wonder if there's like a secret code, you know,

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Speaker 1: like videos. You know how some video games have like

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Speaker 1: special sequence. You can unlock special up, down, down, left, right,

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Speaker 1: A A B B, and all of a sudden, you're

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Speaker 1: playing video games on your microwave. Yeah, there you go.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure, I'm sure, but no, microwaves don't hold secrets

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Speaker 1: to the universe, but they have been known to sty

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Speaker 1: me the progress of physics. And that's what we're gonna

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Speaker 1: be talking about today. Yeah, and it ties into how

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Speaker 1: sometimes you know, how sensitive sometimes science is. That's right.

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Speaker 1: If you want to listen to something which came all

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Speaker 1: the way from the other side of the universe, you

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Speaker 1: have to listen very carefully, and that means you're gonna

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Speaker 1: be listening to tiny little signals from space. And also

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Speaker 1: every signal from Earth nearby is going to be trying

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Speaker 1: to drown that out. So scientists have to get really

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Speaker 1: good at figuring out all the other things that could

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Speaker 1: mimic their signal, all the terrestrial sources of noise. You

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Speaker 1: have to get really good at telling everyone else to

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Speaker 1: turn other cell phones basically, that's right. Scientists are like

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Speaker 1: those grumpy neighbors telling you turn down your music, except

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Speaker 1: they want you to turn down everything. So to the

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Speaker 1: under program, we'll be talking about fast Radio berths or

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Speaker 1: Fast and Mysterious were your birth that's right. What's the

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Speaker 1: official title of these? I think they're called fast Radio bursts,

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Speaker 1: but they are definitely mysterious, and a bunch of listeners

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Speaker 1: have written in and said, please explain fast radio burse

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Speaker 1: to us, So here we are. Are they also furious?

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Speaker 1: That would be pretty pretty good branding Fast and Furious

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Speaker 1: radio berths. No, because then they money to Vin Diesel

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Speaker 1: every single time we mentioned it. That would be a movie, right,

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Speaker 1: that's what should do that. That would be like Fast

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Speaker 1: and the Furious seventeen. They go into a radio telescope

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Speaker 1: and drive it around the telescope. You know, I love

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Speaker 1: those movies because every single one they somehow managed to

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Speaker 1: like one up the previous one. You know, the last

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Speaker 1: one they had a submarine. Here they have like a

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Speaker 1: helicopter with a submarine attached to it, swinging around a

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Speaker 1: rocket ship. It's incredible. Do your physics sense is cringe

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Speaker 1: when you watch these movies? No, No, they usually get

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Speaker 1: the physics pretty pretty much accurate on those movies. You know,

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Speaker 1: there's no science fiction here. It's it's mostly just trajectories

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Speaker 1: and explosions. Yeah, it's pretty accurate. Yeah. So there's something

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Speaker 1: called fast radio waves and there are They are kind

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Speaker 1: of mysterious, right, Nobody knows where they come from. That's right.

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Speaker 1: Nobody knows where they come from, and they're sort of

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Speaker 1: a recent mystery. They were discovered only twelve years ago

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Speaker 1: by a summer student, like an undergrad. Have you ever

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Speaker 1: had this science experience to where you go to do

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Speaker 1: a summer undergraduate project and somebody just says, here, go

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Speaker 1: plow through all this data. Um, maybe as a way

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Speaker 1: to get rid of you, maybe as a way to

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Speaker 1: just keep you busy, um, And nobody ever expects to

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Speaker 1: accomplish anything. Well, this student did. Well. I can't say

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Speaker 1: I've had the experience of being an undergrad scientist. Um,

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Speaker 1: but it's pretty cool to think, yeah, that someone who

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Speaker 1: who's that young can discover something nobody else has done before. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And it's cool to think we've discovered something uh as

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Speaker 1: recently as two thousand and seven. Absolutely, And it's just

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Speaker 1: another example of how every time we look out into

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Speaker 1: the universe we find weird stuff. The universe is just

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Speaker 1: chock full of unexplained, really bizarre phenomena, and each of them,

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Speaker 1: each of them is a clue that there's something going

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Speaker 1: on out there that we don't understand, some new type

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Speaker 1: of objects, some new kind of physics, some new kind

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Speaker 1: of life. Who knows, But each one is the universe

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Speaker 1: sending us a message saying there's something here to learn.

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Speaker 1: There's something mysterious in your microwave. Open it, open it right.

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Speaker 1: If you've been cooking that popcorn since two thousand and seven,

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Speaker 1: then you're in trouble. I'm still waiting for it to

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Speaker 1: stop popping. You know, it's still pops every once in

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Speaker 1: a while. Yeah. And the the other lesson to be

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Speaker 1: learned here is that while this was discovered by an undergraduate,

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Speaker 1: his advisor got all the credit for it. The undergrad

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Speaker 1: got no credit. Well, you know, the professor sent him

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Speaker 1: off and said, hey, spend your summer looking through this

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Speaker 1: old data. Maybe you'll find something interesting. And then he

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Speaker 1: came back with this saying, like, look at this huge

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Speaker 1: weird pulse I found. What is that? And now it's

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Speaker 1: named after the professor. Well, he did direct the student

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Speaker 1: to look for it, so you know that's like, uh,

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Speaker 1: that's obviously fair. Yeah right, yeah, like Einstein's supervisor. Right,

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Speaker 1: go be smart. All right, Well, now I get credit

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Speaker 1: for all your discoveries. Well I had never heard of

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Speaker 1: these fast radio burs, much less any fast mysterious radio burs,

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Speaker 1: But we were wondering how many people out there had maybe,

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Speaker 1: may you something that was in the news or something.

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Speaker 1: Daniel went out and asked people on the street if

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Speaker 1: they knew what a fast radio burst was. That's right,

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Speaker 1: several of our listeners were curious about it. But I

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Speaker 1: was wondering, is this something that sort of seeped into

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Speaker 1: the common understanding? Is this a mystery that people think

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Speaker 1: about or have you even heard about? Yeah? So I

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Speaker 1: think for a second, if random scruffy physicists approach you

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Speaker 1: on the street and ask you, hey, what's a fast

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Speaker 1: radio burst? Well, would you say to a microphone. Here's

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Speaker 1: what people had to say. I have heard of it,

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Speaker 1: but I don't know what it is. I've heard of them.

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Speaker 1: I I couldn't tell you about them, but yes, I

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Speaker 1: have heard of them. Uh no, no, I have not.

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Speaker 1: All right, not a lot of people knew about these

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Speaker 1: fast radio birsts. Yeah, pretty much. Zero. I mean some

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Speaker 1: folks claimed have maybe heard of them, but I didn't

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Speaker 1: really quiz them on it. I was being generous, So

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Speaker 1: not a lot of I mean you think that maybe

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Speaker 1: they were lying, like maybe they were they hadn't really

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Speaker 1: heard of it, But they were just trying to sound smart. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: maybe a little bit. You know, somebody talks about some

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Speaker 1: brand new topic in science to you, you might not

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Speaker 1: have long be like, oh, I think I heard about that.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure. Or maybe it just tickles some memory

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Speaker 1: you had in your mind. Anyway, nobody, what do you

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Speaker 1: think this podcast? Every time? Daniel, I'm just nodding along. Well,

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Speaker 1: you're doing a great job of faking it. So and

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Speaker 1: then most people have never heard of a fast radio

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Speaker 1: burse exactly. And so I hope that those folks out

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Speaker 1: there who have never heard of fast radio burse will

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Speaker 1: be amazed at what they learned today about this crazy, mysterious,

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Speaker 1: amazing signal from the stars. All right, so let's break

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Speaker 1: it down now. So the name of it doesn't sound

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Speaker 1: very complicated. I mean, it's just fast radio bursts. So

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Speaker 1: I think I know what each of those words mean,

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Speaker 1: but together they form something mysterious. Well, you're assuming that

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Speaker 1: physicists have been clear in their naming and that you

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Speaker 1: can sort of you reverse engineer the concept from the

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Speaker 1: name of it. So I'm proud that you have such

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Speaker 1: confidence in our skill. Well, I'm just wondering how they

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Speaker 1: were able to get this through the trademark office, you know,

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Speaker 1: like it's such a generic name, fast radio burs you know,

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Speaker 1: you're right, it's like trademarking um brown table table cloths.

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Speaker 1: You know. I'm not sure it's been um copyrighted or

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Speaker 1: trademarked UM, but you know, for our upcoming movie starring

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Speaker 1: Vin Diesel, then we'll definitely want to get on that.

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Speaker 1: You call it the Fasten the birst tea. Yeah, exactly, No,

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Speaker 1: you're right, it's pretty straightforward. I mean, these are bursts

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Speaker 1: of emissions in the radio spectrum, right, and remember radio

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Speaker 1: waves are just one kind of electromagnetic radiation. You have

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Speaker 1: radio waves down at the long wavelength part of the spectrum,

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Speaker 1: and you've got visible light, you know, you know, hundreds

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Speaker 1: of nanometers, and then you get up to X rays

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Speaker 1: and gamma rays, the very high energies, very small frequencies.

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Speaker 1: So remember what you call it just depends on the

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Speaker 1: frequency of the electromagnetic radiation we're talking about. And radio

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Speaker 1: waves are down at the lower end, meaning that they

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Speaker 1: are low frequency relatively speaking. So these guys have really

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Speaker 1: long wavelengths so have lower frequency, and these kind of

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Speaker 1: radio waves that we're talking about, they're like four hundred megaherts,

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Speaker 1: so fourteen million times the second is the frequency of

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Speaker 1: these waves, yeah, exactly. And you know that's the same

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Speaker 1: kind of frequency as the electromagnetic radiation that's used to

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Speaker 1: send you radio into your car, right, which is why

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Speaker 1: we call them radio waves. All right. There are lots

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Speaker 1: of sources of radio waves in the universe, right, Like

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Speaker 1: black holes make radio waves, the center of galaxies make

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Speaker 1: radio waves, the Sun makes radio waves. You know, Jupiter

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Speaker 1: makes radio wave. Powers make radio waves exactly. Vin Diesel

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Speaker 1: I think has his own radio station now. But there's

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Speaker 1: lots of sources, and there's a huge field of radio astronomy, right,

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Speaker 1: and mostly these things are just sort of like pulsing

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Speaker 1: out continuous radiation. But in two thousand and seven they

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Speaker 1: heard for the first time this fast radio bursts. So

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Speaker 1: burst means like it's not continuous, it's just like it's

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Speaker 1: somebody screaming in space. Right. It's very short lived. That

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Speaker 1: sounds a little horrific. So it's just so fast. Radio

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Speaker 1: burst is just like a quick pulse, like a quick

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Speaker 1: burst of these low frequency light waves radio waves exactly.

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Speaker 1: And by burst we mean like order milliseconds, right, It's

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Speaker 1: not like gamma ray bursts that lasts you know, two

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Speaker 1: seconds or thirty seconds. These are milliseconds, so they're very

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Speaker 1: very brief, which is why they were originally overlooked. You know,

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Speaker 1: when this underground found him, he didn't like hear them

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Speaker 1: for the first time. He went back into old data.

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Speaker 1: He found this like it had already been recorded. The

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Speaker 1: data was just sitting there. Nobody had looked through it

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Speaker 1: and seen this before. It was very short lived, which

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Speaker 1: I guess why I didn't trigger any alarms or anything.

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Speaker 1: And it was just a once, one time event that

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Speaker 1: he discovered. You could listen to these on the radios.

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Speaker 1: I mean like if you had the radio tune to

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Speaker 1: the right frequency, you would hear a little every once

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Speaker 1: in a while. Yeah, you can. You can do radio

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Speaker 1: astronomy using your radio. Right, you can listen to that

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Speaker 1: kind of stuff. Um, you can hear. Some of the

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Speaker 1: static that you hear from radio is radio waves from

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Speaker 1: the Sun or from Jupiter or from the center of

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Speaker 1: the galaxy. Right. Space is filled with this, kidding, and

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Speaker 1: some of them get down to Earth. Yeah, so you

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Speaker 1: can listen to the universe. The sound of the universe

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Speaker 1: is s doesn't have great rhythm the universe is telling

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Speaker 1: you to shut up. You know, this is a burst

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Speaker 1: of energy and it's not that loud. Like, it's not

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Speaker 1: like this was a huge spike that that he noticed.

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Speaker 1: It was a little bit of a blip. You know. Um,

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Speaker 1: it's not not very loud, but it's above the general noise, right,

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Speaker 1: it was large enough to be seen above the just

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Speaker 1: sort of radio noise you get from the Sun or Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: from the center of the galaxy. And it was odd,

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Speaker 1: and so he asked his advisor. He said, you know,

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Speaker 1: what's this? What could make this? And the guy had

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Speaker 1: no idea. You know, we had never seen such a

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Speaker 1: short lived pulse of energy. So this Undergraund was combing

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Speaker 1: through some data and he saw these little blips like

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Speaker 1: all of a sudden, this, uh, the signal at that

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Speaker 1: frequency kind of jumped. Yeah, but just one blip, just

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Speaker 1: one blip, yeah, exactly, and you gotta wonder, like, what

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Speaker 1: is this summer project? You just like gave him a

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Speaker 1: pilot data and said, look through this, see if you

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Speaker 1: find anything. You've never done that, Daniel, I don't do

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Speaker 1: that to my students. No, I give them like supervision.

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Speaker 1: I tell I set them up, I tell them like

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Speaker 1: try this, try that, and just say like that's like saying,

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Speaker 1: go to the basement of the library, figure it out.

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Speaker 1: So if you find anything interesting, you know, you gotta

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Speaker 1: give them some more direction than that. But this kid

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Speaker 1: actually found something amazing. Yeah, maybe you should try it

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Speaker 1: all right, next summer, I'm sending all my students to

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Speaker 1: the basement the library. Just combed through random part of

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Speaker 1: physic data. You might find some new phenomenon named that

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Speaker 1: for you. I'm just gonna print out all the LEDC

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Speaker 1: data into a huge pile and tell them to comb

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Speaker 1: through it. No, so there was this short lived pulse, right,

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Speaker 1: and he didn't understand it. He never seen anything like

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Speaker 1: it before. They were very curious about it, but it

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Speaker 1: was the only one anybody had ever seen. So they

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Speaker 1: started going back and looking through old data to see

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Speaker 1: could they find more? And did they They did, But

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Speaker 1: then they ran into a bit of a snag. See,

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Speaker 1: a lot of people were wondering, like where does this

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Speaker 1: come from? How do you know that this actually comes

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Speaker 1: from space? Right? And it doesn't just come from like

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Speaker 1: some other source of noise, because there's huge numbers of

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Speaker 1: sources of radio waves, right, Like all the radio stations

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Speaker 1: on Earth. Right, so before you can conclude it something

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Speaker 1: it really is astronomical, you have to rule out everything else.

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Speaker 1: And there are maybe at the local radio station, the

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Speaker 1: DJ accidentally hit the bun and created these little yeah,

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Speaker 1: although you know in this frequency range, radio stations don't emit.

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Speaker 1: And you know, radio stations have a certain frequency range

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Speaker 1: that they're allowed to transmit on, and this one in

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Speaker 1: particular was reserved for radio astronomy. Right, so the night

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Speaker 1: the sky is supposed to be quiet in this frequency

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Speaker 1: so that we can listen to the universe. But you know,

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Speaker 1: there are known sources and interference here and there, and

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Speaker 1: nobody had ever seen this kind of thing, so they

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Speaker 1: had to try to sort of track it down. And

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Speaker 1: when they were looking through the old data, they found

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Speaker 1: a bunch of them from this one observatory in Australia,

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Speaker 1: the Park's observatory. What do you mean, like everybody started

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Speaker 1: looking through their old data, or this was done in Australia.

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Speaker 1: Everybody started looking through their old data. But the folks

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Speaker 1: in Australia looked through there and they found a whole

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Speaker 1: bunch of these little blips, and they thought, well, there's

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Speaker 1: no way that these are all astronomical, and because of

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Speaker 1: the way the antenna was pointed, they got a clue

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Speaker 1: that some of these blips might actually be from something nearby,

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Speaker 1: and this cast a huge shadow on the initial discovery.

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Speaker 1: People thought, well, if these blips they're seeing in Australia

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Speaker 1: are just something here on Earth, then one of the

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Speaker 1: chances that the two thousand seven discoveries actually some weird

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Speaker 1: signal from space. Yeah, let's talk about that a little

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Speaker 1: bit more. But first quick break, So what do you

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Speaker 1: mean the way that antenna was pointed, like it was

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Speaker 1: pointing downwards or you know, to my house or somebody's house,

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Speaker 1: or what you mean. The biggest clue to understanding where

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Speaker 1: something comes from is when do you see it? Right?

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Speaker 1: Do you see it when you're pointing at the sky?

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Speaker 1: Do you see it when you're pointing always the same

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Speaker 1: direction on Earth? Or do you see when you're like

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Speaker 1: always pointing at the same thing in the sky, Like

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Speaker 1: if you point your antenna at the same star and

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Speaker 1: then you always see a signal, you wonder or maybe

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Speaker 1: it comes from that star. But if your antenna is

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Speaker 1: if you always see the signal when you're pointed it,

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Speaker 1: like you know, some nearby building, then you wonder if

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Speaker 1: it comes from that building. And so in this case,

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Speaker 1: they had clues from when they saw these signals that

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Speaker 1: it might be coming from something nearby instead of from

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Speaker 1: something in space, because it didn't correlate to any particular

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Speaker 1: direction in space. Oh, I see. So it looks like

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Speaker 1: if you hear voices in your head, no matter which

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Speaker 1: way you're standing or who you're surrounded by, then maybe

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Speaker 1: the voices are not coming from outside of your head. No,

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Speaker 1: that's a perfect analogy. That's a perfect analogy. So they

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Speaker 1: started to worry that maybe some of these things were

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Speaker 1: coming from something nearby. I mean, the guys are not insane,

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Speaker 1: they're not coming from actually inside their head. But they

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Speaker 1: had to try to track this down, and it took

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Speaker 1: them years and years and years, but they finally figured

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Speaker 1: out that one of the sources of these things was

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Speaker 1: not actually astronomical crazy stuff happening out there in space,

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Speaker 1: but it was the staff at the observatory going on break.

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Speaker 1: They correlated the times. But here we're just talking about

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Speaker 1: that one observatory in Australia, right, but not the one

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Speaker 1: found by the undergrad that's right, the one in Australia

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Speaker 1: had a bunch of these, and so people thought, well,

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Speaker 1: you know, maybe none of these things are real. Then

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Speaker 1: they figured out that they would see a very similar

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Speaker 1: kind of pulse when the staff at this observatory in

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Speaker 1: Australia would heat up their food on break and open

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Speaker 1: the door to the microwave before it stopped cooking, and

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Speaker 1: it was this brief moment of interfering. RAN's like you

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Speaker 1: know when you open the door to the microwave. Of

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Speaker 1: course the microwave shuts off, but this is like a

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Speaker 1: little blip, little blip of radiation that comes out. It's

340
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Speaker 1: not dangerous levels, but it is enough to interfere with

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Speaker 1: the operation of a supersensitive ear. Right, that's what a

342
00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,720
Speaker 1: telescope is, it's a super sensitive ear. And so they

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Speaker 1: correlated this to when those guys were going on break

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Speaker 1: and they verified it, like went over to the marcro

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Speaker 1: wave and tried it, and they could tell that that's

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Speaker 1: what was creating some of those signatures. So it was

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Speaker 1: picking up the actual microwaves coming from the oven or

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Speaker 1: just like the act of shutting down the microwave emittor

349
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Speaker 1: in their oven when you open the door. That's somehow creates,

350
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Speaker 1: you know, amidst radiation in this weird frequency, there's a

351
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Speaker 1: little bit of microwave energy that actually escaped. Yeah, and

352
00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:50,280
Speaker 1: if you wait for the to ding in the microwave

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Speaker 1: turned off before you opened it, then none of it escaped.

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Speaker 1: But if you just yanked the door open before it

355
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Speaker 1: was finished, and this little blip would sneak out. Um,

356
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Speaker 1: and that's what caused some of these fake astronomical signals.

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Speaker 1: So my microwave operates at at the same radio frequency,

358
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Speaker 1: says radio, it's enough to interfere. Yeah, exactly. Um. The

359
00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:14,400
Speaker 1: frequency spectrums overlap a little bit. And it was hard

360
00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:17,240
Speaker 1: to pin down because you know, sometimes the staff would

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Speaker 1: let the microwave ding in other times they were a

362
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Speaker 1: little more impatient and they would yank it open. So

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Speaker 1: it wasn't like every single day at six pm, it

364
00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,920
Speaker 1: was like that one guy or the one woman just

365
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,040
Speaker 1: you know Bob or Sally, that just the impatient, impatient

366
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Speaker 1: one in the staff that just um was making all

367
00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:38,000
Speaker 1: this funs for everybody. Yeah, exactly. I remember when this

368
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Speaker 1: paper came out, it was like two thousand fifteen. The

369
00:19:40,520 --> 00:19:42,760
Speaker 1: paper came out when they identified the source of these

370
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Speaker 1: things as literally like microwave background. And you know, because

371
00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:49,400
Speaker 1: we have this other thing in physics called the cosmic

372
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Speaker 1: microwave background. There were a lot of jokes about Australian

373
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Speaker 1: microwave background versus cosmic microwave background, like this is literally

374
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Speaker 1: a background due to microwaves in Australia. They actually polished this.

375
00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:04,359
Speaker 1: They said, we had a bunch of signals, but it

376
00:20:04,359 --> 00:20:07,720
Speaker 1: turned out to be bob in with the microwave exactly. No,

377
00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:10,960
Speaker 1: it's a hilarious paper, um, and you know, it's a

378
00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:13,000
Speaker 1: nice piece of work. You know, you understand you've got

379
00:20:13,119 --> 00:20:16,159
Speaker 1: to really dig into your your signals sometime and understand

380
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:18,959
Speaker 1: where they come from. And the folks, for example, a ligo,

381
00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:21,800
Speaker 1: the ones looking for gravitational waves, they do similar sort

382
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:25,119
Speaker 1: of stuff. They have to understand like traffic paths, the

383
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,640
Speaker 1: microwave too early. Yeah, well, everything affects them. They're looking

384
00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:31,080
Speaker 1: for tiny little shakes, so they have to understand like, oh,

385
00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:33,240
Speaker 1: at this time of day, big trucks tend to roll

386
00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:35,399
Speaker 1: by and that shakes it in this certain way and

387
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:39,120
Speaker 1: blah blah slams the door nearby two miles away. They're

388
00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:42,360
Speaker 1: super sensitive, so they have to catalog all the sources

389
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:45,280
Speaker 1: of noise before they can identify something as a signal.

390
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:47,680
Speaker 1: So in the same way you see a weird signal

391
00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:49,320
Speaker 1: on your day that you gotta try to rule out,

392
00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,360
Speaker 1: you know, prosaic explanations, and this was one. And so

393
00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,879
Speaker 1: until they did that, people didn't really believe that fast

394
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:01,360
Speaker 1: radio bursts might actually be an astronomical thing because this explanation.

395
00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:04,720
Speaker 1: But once they isolated this explanation, they ought to remove those.

396
00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:07,679
Speaker 1: They could tell which ones came from microwave ovens and

397
00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:11,119
Speaker 1: which ones didn't. Then people started to believe, Okay, maybe

398
00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:15,640
Speaker 1: these other ones you know from other observatories, um, actually

399
00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,840
Speaker 1: are something astronomical. You mean the ones that were found

400
00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:22,119
Speaker 1: by the undergrad or do people find other ones? The

401
00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:25,560
Speaker 1: one found by the undergrad people now thinks is believable.

402
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,760
Speaker 1: And people have been combing through data and they found, um,

403
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:35,040
Speaker 1: just under a hundred other examples of mysterious fasts. Yeah, exactly.

404
00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:38,080
Speaker 1: And now that we've removed you know, Bob's microwave usage

405
00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:40,560
Speaker 1: is an explanation for some of them, Um, we can

406
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:42,960
Speaker 1: start to believe that these really do come from space.

407
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:48,479
Speaker 1: All right, So Bob's Bob did something good. Bob delayed

408
00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:51,160
Speaker 1: the understanding of radio bursts for at least five years,

409
00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:53,040
Speaker 1: so I'm not sure you can give them any positive

410
00:21:53,080 --> 00:21:56,000
Speaker 1: points for that. By creating an artifice, it kind of

411
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:59,440
Speaker 1: sharpened scientists ears, so now they can sort of tell

412
00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:02,480
Speaker 1: when something is artificial or not. And so now maybe

413
00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:05,040
Speaker 1: you have more confidence that the ones you've seen are

414
00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:09,159
Speaker 1: actually mysterious radio births from space. Yeah, I'm amazed at

415
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:11,920
Speaker 1: your ability to spin that into a positive story. Yes,

416
00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:16,720
Speaker 1: nicely done. Well, Bob, slip me a hundred. Put in

417
00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:20,040
Speaker 1: a good word for her. Bob or Bob's sister. Whoever

418
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:24,879
Speaker 1: did this needs a serious reputation rehabilitation program. No, but

419
00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:27,399
Speaker 1: since then, we've identified something on the order of a

420
00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:30,240
Speaker 1: hundred or just less of these examples in data from

421
00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:32,560
Speaker 1: around the world. All right, well, let's get into what

422
00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:37,159
Speaker 1: could be making these mysterious radio bursts and whether or

423
00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:39,880
Speaker 1: not you should wait for the ding in your microwave.

424
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:55,520
Speaker 1: But first, let's take a quick break. All right, Daniel,

425
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,520
Speaker 1: So what can make these mysterious fast radio burbs? We

426
00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:01,520
Speaker 1: were hearing them from space. We're pretty sure it's not

427
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:05,399
Speaker 1: Bob with the microwave accidentally causing this noise. Um, So

428
00:23:05,680 --> 00:23:09,639
Speaker 1: something must have caused these one hundred weird signals that

429
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:14,040
Speaker 1: we've seen something or someone. Right, that's always the question.

430
00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:17,399
Speaker 1: You know what you do in astronomy, I I guess

431
00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,560
Speaker 1: not being an astronomer. Is you like, you see some

432
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,200
Speaker 1: new weird signal and then you look through your category,

433
00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:24,639
Speaker 1: your you look through your catalog of stuff in the

434
00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:28,080
Speaker 1: universe and ask could this make that noise? Could this

435
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,399
Speaker 1: make that noise? And there's nothing out there that we

436
00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:33,640
Speaker 1: know of, And there's a lot of crazy stuff out

437
00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,399
Speaker 1: there making all sorts of strange signals, but none of

438
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:38,479
Speaker 1: the things that we are aware of can make this

439
00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:40,840
Speaker 1: kind of pulse. What do you mean nothing you're aware of?

440
00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:45,520
Speaker 1: Like doesn't the Sun make radiation and radaways? Or you

441
00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:46,680
Speaker 1: know what I mean, Like, how do you know that

442
00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:49,359
Speaker 1: the Sun isn't making these births? Yeah, well they're not

443
00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:52,200
Speaker 1: coming from the direction of the sun right there. Coming

444
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:54,680
Speaker 1: they come from all over the sky. And if you ask,

445
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,119
Speaker 1: like where do they come from? In general, they don't

446
00:23:57,160 --> 00:23:59,800
Speaker 1: even come in general from the direction of the Milky Way.

447
00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:02,840
Speaker 1: Like if there was something from our galaxy, then you

448
00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:05,800
Speaker 1: expected to come from something sort of in the plane

449
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:08,040
Speaker 1: of the Milky Way. You know that band of scot

450
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:11,440
Speaker 1: of stars you see like dribbled across the sky. If

451
00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:13,840
Speaker 1: it's something from our galaxy, some like weird kind of

452
00:24:13,840 --> 00:24:16,520
Speaker 1: star in our galaxy, you'd expect to see it more

453
00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:18,680
Speaker 1: in the direction in the Milky Way, but we don't.

454
00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:21,760
Speaker 1: We see in all sorts of directions, which means it's

455
00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:25,639
Speaker 1: most likely coming from outside our galaxy. They're definitely not

456
00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:27,719
Speaker 1: all coming from the Sun. That's be easy to figure out.

457
00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:29,760
Speaker 1: You know that they're not coming from our galaxies. So

458
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,360
Speaker 1: it must be something super far away, which means at

459
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,440
Speaker 1: the origin it must be like a super powerful burst

460
00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:38,440
Speaker 1: to be able to hear something. To be able to

461
00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:42,040
Speaker 1: see a signal from so far away means that it

462
00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:46,000
Speaker 1: has to be incredibly intense that its source. Remember these

463
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,720
Speaker 1: other galaxies, I mean, our galaxy is huge, rights a

464
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,960
Speaker 1: hundred thousand light years across, but these other galaxies there

465
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,000
Speaker 1: are millions of light years away. And you know, if

466
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,119
Speaker 1: we send a signal to those galaxies, even if we

467
00:24:57,240 --> 00:24:59,920
Speaker 1: directed it, it would be pretty pretty hard for any

468
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,000
Speaker 1: ready to hear it, because these signals dropped by one

469
00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:06,120
Speaker 1: over the distance squared, So you go twice as far

470
00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:09,080
Speaker 1: the signal is four times as quiet. You go a

471
00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:12,200
Speaker 1: thousand times as far right, and the signals a million

472
00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:14,960
Speaker 1: times quieter. So to be able to hear it from

473
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:17,480
Speaker 1: so far away exactly means that at the source that

474
00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:21,160
Speaker 1: has to be crazy intense, and we also just don't

475
00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:25,679
Speaker 1: know anything crazy intense and very brief sort of sad

476
00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:29,160
Speaker 1: trombone sounds. What do you mean is a sad trombone? Well,

477
00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:31,919
Speaker 1: if you look at the frequencies, the frequency sort of shift.

478
00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:34,359
Speaker 1: It's not like a single frequency. It starts off at

479
00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:37,119
Speaker 1: a higher frequency and then it drops quickly to a

480
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,000
Speaker 1: lower frequency. So it sort of sounds like a sad trombone,

481
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:46,040
Speaker 1: and you know, like a warm Oh I see. So

482
00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:48,680
Speaker 1: maybe it's just the universe providing a soundtrack to my

483
00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:53,040
Speaker 1: to my comedy. Every time you make a bad joke,

484
00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:56,879
Speaker 1: we hear a fast radio burst. We'd be hearing a

485
00:25:56,960 --> 00:25:59,320
Speaker 1: lot more of them, That's all I gotta say. Right,

486
00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:01,600
Speaker 1: every time I say a joke, you know, got up there,

487
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:08,679
Speaker 1: it hits the button and the audience gets a little world. Yeah. So,

488
00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:11,560
Speaker 1: so how powerful are these then? Well, we're not exactly sure.

489
00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:13,679
Speaker 1: Some of them we've located, like a few of them

490
00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:16,520
Speaker 1: have repeated, so we've been able to like spot exactly

491
00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:18,520
Speaker 1: where they're coming from because it came because we've heard

492
00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 1: them more than once. Um. But estimates are that they

493
00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:24,840
Speaker 1: have as much energy in just one of these pulses

494
00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:29,080
Speaker 1: as our sun puts out in eighty years of learning. Right,

495
00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:32,119
Speaker 1: So it's frying you, it's causing summer, it's you know,

496
00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:35,000
Speaker 1: toasting mercury. All that energy put out by the Sun

497
00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:40,000
Speaker 1: over eighty years. Concentrate that into a few milliseconds. That's

498
00:26:40,040 --> 00:26:42,240
Speaker 1: the amount of energy we're talking about. If what we're

499
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:46,240
Speaker 1: hearing is coming from another galaxy, then that's how powerful

500
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:49,159
Speaker 1: it must be. When it happens, it must be like

501
00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:52,000
Speaker 1: some kind of explosion or some big event. It's definitely

502
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:54,320
Speaker 1: some kind of big event. And you know, we don't

503
00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:55,879
Speaker 1: have a whole lot of data because we only have,

504
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,600
Speaker 1: like you know, less than a hundred examples, and each

505
00:26:58,640 --> 00:27:01,119
Speaker 1: one is really brief. You don't have a lot of

506
00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:04,200
Speaker 1: information on each one. It's not like you have a long,

507
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:06,880
Speaker 1: extended tail you can study. But we can do really

508
00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:09,880
Speaker 1: clever tricks. We can like ask, like, you know, what's

509
00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:13,159
Speaker 1: the arrival time and this frequency versus the other frequency,

510
00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:15,680
Speaker 1: and we can use that to think about like how

511
00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:19,600
Speaker 1: it propagates through the universe because different kinds of stuff

512
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:23,159
Speaker 1: in the universe allow different frequency signals to propagate at

513
00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:25,560
Speaker 1: different speeds or block them or whatever. So we have

514
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:27,840
Speaker 1: these things. It's called the dispersion measure that tells us

515
00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:30,760
Speaker 1: like how spread out is the signal. And all these

516
00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:35,200
Speaker 1: things are totally consistent with a really small source, really

517
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,959
Speaker 1: really really far away source, meaning that the thing that

518
00:27:39,040 --> 00:27:41,960
Speaker 1: makes these can't be really big. It's not like an

519
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:45,320
Speaker 1: entire galaxy is emitting this thing. It's something that's like

520
00:27:45,359 --> 00:27:48,600
Speaker 1: a few hundred kilometers across. Wait, how do we know this?

521
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:50,879
Speaker 1: Because of the way there's sort of the shape of

522
00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:53,840
Speaker 1: a pulse. Right. First of all, it's really really short, right,

523
00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,080
Speaker 1: So if you have some huge object that's creating a

524
00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,840
Speaker 1: signal and it's really enormous, then you're gonna hear a

525
00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:03,520
Speaker 1: longer signal just because if it comes from the back

526
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:05,920
Speaker 1: of it, you'll take longer to get to you, right.

527
00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:08,919
Speaker 1: But if it comes from a tiny little source like

528
00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:12,280
Speaker 1: a point or something like a meter across, then it's

529
00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:15,840
Speaker 1: possible to create a really really tight signal. And so

530
00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,080
Speaker 1: because this thing only lasts a millisecond, then you can

531
00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:21,680
Speaker 1: give us a sense like a rough and order magnitude

532
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:24,080
Speaker 1: estimate for the size of the object that's making it.

533
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:29,679
Speaker 1: Something really big makes a really big pulse, then you know,

534
00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:32,000
Speaker 1: just the physics of it wouldn't allow it to create

535
00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:36,399
Speaker 1: something so sharp. Yeah, exactly, you need something really small

536
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,440
Speaker 1: to create a really sharp signature. And you know, this

537
00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:40,880
Speaker 1: is the kind of thing we do in physics. Were like,

538
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,800
Speaker 1: let's squeeze as much information as we can out of

539
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:47,000
Speaker 1: this tiny little bit of data. And so that's what

540
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,440
Speaker 1: we know. It's something super far away, kind of small

541
00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 1: and really intense, and there's just nothing in our catalog

542
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: of knowledge that's capable of producing that. Let's jump right

543
00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:00,200
Speaker 1: into what could it be? Aliens? You know, aliens are

544
00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:05,560
Speaker 1: on the top of my list for I think you

545
00:29:05,560 --> 00:29:08,320
Speaker 1: always put any at the top of your list, Daniel. So, no,

546
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:11,960
Speaker 1: astrophysics are very creative bunch. And so what they do

547
00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:14,120
Speaker 1: when they're sitting in front of this kind of mystery

548
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:15,920
Speaker 1: is they try to get creative and they say, well,

549
00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:18,320
Speaker 1: but if we take something which is capable of creating

550
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:22,400
Speaker 1: radio waves and it's really intensely powerful, like a magnetar.

551
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:26,640
Speaker 1: Remember what a magnetar is. It's a super category of

552
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:31,760
Speaker 1: neutron star, right, A neutron star. That's different than a minotaur, right,

553
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,600
Speaker 1: that's right, it's it's at the center of the maze. No,

554
00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:39,120
Speaker 1: it's a pulsar that's super duper powerful and has a

555
00:29:39,120 --> 00:29:42,360
Speaker 1: crazy magnetic field. And they're looking at thinks that have

556
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,440
Speaker 1: a lot of magnetic fields because this is e M radiation.

557
00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,240
Speaker 1: So they're thinking maybe it's some like weird twist in

558
00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:51,840
Speaker 1: a magnetic field that the magnetic field buckles and shocks

559
00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:56,440
Speaker 1: or whatever, and that creates these pulses. And so one

560
00:29:56,720 --> 00:30:00,640
Speaker 1: category of ideas is like, maybe it's like a an

561
00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:04,080
Speaker 1: earthquake on the surface of a magnetar that creates like

562
00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:08,880
Speaker 1: a little burst of energy, a little shock wave of energy. Yeah.

563
00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:11,720
Speaker 1: And even that's not a quake on the surface of

564
00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:16,440
Speaker 1: a star, yeah, starquakes, right, that sounds like an awesome

565
00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:20,120
Speaker 1: science fiction novel starquake, Yeah. Yeah. And so they call

566
00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:23,440
Speaker 1: these things hyper flares when a magnetard just like bursts

567
00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:26,560
Speaker 1: out a big explosion of energy. But even those hyper

568
00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:31,000
Speaker 1: cracks somehow, yeah, you know, like a yeah, like it

569
00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:34,600
Speaker 1: cracks or like it it um. Yeah, We'll think about

570
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:37,720
Speaker 1: what happens in an earthquake exactly. These the plates rub

571
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:39,800
Speaker 1: up against each other and you get a release of energy.

572
00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:42,360
Speaker 1: So it's not an exact analogy to what's happening on

573
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,040
Speaker 1: the surface of this magnetard and another galaxy, but it's

574
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,719
Speaker 1: it's similar. And even that, the calculation suggest is not

575
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,720
Speaker 1: enough to power these things. So now they're thinking about,

576
00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:54,600
Speaker 1: like what happens and then maybe another one follows it,

577
00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:56,960
Speaker 1: and the two interfere in this way that gives this

578
00:30:57,120 --> 00:31:00,280
Speaker 1: first one a boost. I mean they're having a really,

579
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:02,400
Speaker 1: really reached to the bottom of the barrel here to

580
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:05,520
Speaker 1: come up with explanations for what might explain these things.

581
00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:08,120
Speaker 1: And there are other models as models, like maybe it's

582
00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:10,560
Speaker 1: some strange thing it happens when a black hole eats

583
00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:13,840
Speaker 1: a neutron star, although by now we've seen a few

584
00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:16,520
Speaker 1: of those with our gravitational wave detectors, and they don't

585
00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:19,040
Speaker 1: always come with fast radio bursts, so I think that

586
00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 1: explanation is is not as popular. But the signals from

587
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:26,160
Speaker 1: the gravitational waves are sort of similar, aren't they. And

588
00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:29,720
Speaker 1: aren't they also like a sad trombone and also really short? Yeah,

589
00:31:29,760 --> 00:31:31,800
Speaker 1: but they have a sort of a ringdown effect. They're

590
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:38,600
Speaker 1: like a wan wan wan wan wan wan wan um,

591
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:41,360
Speaker 1: And I think they're longer than just a few milliseconds.

592
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:44,800
Speaker 1: But actually I don't remember the details. Another explanation, which

593
00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,840
Speaker 1: I love only because the name is awesome, is that

594
00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:50,000
Speaker 1: people think it might be this kind of star called

595
00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:54,960
Speaker 1: a blitz Are. Blitz Are, Yeah, blitz Are is named

596
00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:59,320
Speaker 1: after Yeah, of course, you know you're in the situation

597
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:01,440
Speaker 1: room and you gotta come up with an explanation, and

598
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:03,480
Speaker 1: so you reach with the blitzer and and your beard

599
00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:07,360
Speaker 1: just radiates energy. And they called it the blitzer. That's right,

600
00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:09,320
Speaker 1: And that's going to be the plot for the next

601
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:13,200
Speaker 1: movie with Vin Diesel and Wolf Blitzer. Right there, you

602
00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:18,280
Speaker 1: go fasten the blitze part. Blitz Are is a special

603
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:21,680
Speaker 1: kind of pulse are that sometimes collapses and turns into

604
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:23,840
Speaker 1: a black hole. And I don't know why they called

605
00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:27,080
Speaker 1: it a blitz are, but they think that maybe when

606
00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:30,080
Speaker 1: that happens, perhaps it releases this kind of energy. But

607
00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:32,880
Speaker 1: you know, people are really stretching when it's becoming a

608
00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:36,480
Speaker 1: black hole. It cries out one less blitz yeah, exactly.

609
00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:38,320
Speaker 1: It's like it's maybe that's where it comes from. It's

610
00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:40,840
Speaker 1: the death rattle of a pulsar. Perhaps, all right, but

611
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:45,160
Speaker 1: that's just one possibility. Another possibility, and what else could

612
00:32:45,160 --> 00:32:47,800
Speaker 1: it be. Well, there are other crazy ideas, like maybe

613
00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:50,920
Speaker 1: it's some strange quantum mechanical effect. You know, there are

614
00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:54,160
Speaker 1: really weird quantum mechanical things that happen in every star,

615
00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:57,920
Speaker 1: Like you know, how does light get from the inside

616
00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,960
Speaker 1: of a star out into the universe? Right? That requires

617
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,640
Speaker 1: quantum mechanical things like tunneling, which we talked about in

618
00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:06,959
Speaker 1: another podcast episode. And so some people have come up

619
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,720
Speaker 1: with a strange quantum mechanical entanglement effect called super radiance

620
00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,560
Speaker 1: when a big blob of the star sort of gets

621
00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,920
Speaker 1: entangled and and this could happen like if you're really

622
00:33:16,920 --> 00:33:19,480
Speaker 1: close to the center of a galaxy, and when a

623
00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:22,520
Speaker 1: big blob of stuff becomes sort of quantum mechanical on

624
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:25,800
Speaker 1: a macroscopic scale, that they can do things that the

625
00:33:25,840 --> 00:33:29,760
Speaker 1: individual blob not can't necessarily. And one of the ideas

626
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:32,280
Speaker 1: is this super radiance that they can admit a huge

627
00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:35,200
Speaker 1: pulsive energy all at once. But this is really one

628
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:37,400
Speaker 1: of the more fringe theories. Wait, the idea is that

629
00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:42,520
Speaker 1: the whole sun, the whole star sort of becomes quantum

630
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,360
Speaker 1: synchronized or something. And the idea and not the whole

631
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:47,080
Speaker 1: star that that would be cool, but sort of a

632
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:50,040
Speaker 1: large blob of it um, you know, and the large

633
00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:53,000
Speaker 1: blob is a hundred kilometers or something, so that would

634
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:56,080
Speaker 1: be pretty awesome. We do sort of similar experiments on Earth.

635
00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:59,880
Speaker 1: It's related Bose Einstein condensates our materials, where a bud

636
00:34:00,080 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: just stuff has the same quantum state, and so that

637
00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:06,440
Speaker 1: has a macroscopy of properties. But that those are usually

638
00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:09,239
Speaker 1: super tiny, aren't they aren't they um like the size

639
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:12,719
Speaker 1: of a of a few atoms or something. Yeah, we've

640
00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:17,320
Speaker 1: never succeeded in building one that's you know, that's really macroscopic.

641
00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:20,160
Speaker 1: That's like, you know, meters wide for sure. No, we

642
00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:23,000
Speaker 1: never never achieved that. But there is a relationship between

643
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:26,120
Speaker 1: that kind of thing and these sort of super radiance effects.

644
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,920
Speaker 1: But it's all this is all just speculation. And the

645
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:32,880
Speaker 1: thing I love about this is we have the data. Right,

646
00:34:32,920 --> 00:34:35,680
Speaker 1: This is not just people sitting around thinking, maybe this

647
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,319
Speaker 1: happens inside of stars, maybe this thing, let's give this

648
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:43,319
Speaker 1: thing this funny name. Here, we're trying to explain something real, right.

649
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:46,279
Speaker 1: The universe is telling us there's this new weird thing

650
00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:50,279
Speaker 1: out there you do not know about. And it's a clue, right,

651
00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:52,400
Speaker 1: it's a clue that we have to unravel, and in

652
00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,759
Speaker 1: decades to come, somebody will understand what causes these things.

653
00:34:55,760 --> 00:34:58,440
Speaker 1: And it could be something new and amazing and crazy,

654
00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:01,040
Speaker 1: or it could just be like, oh, some new phase

655
00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:03,200
Speaker 1: of the life of a neutron star. And you're pretty

656
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,520
Speaker 1: sure it's not Bob with the microwave down in the kitchen. Look,

657
00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,239
Speaker 1: Bob has been fired, okay, so he's not creating a

658
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:11,080
Speaker 1: more problem with me. He went to work somewhere else,

659
00:35:11,160 --> 00:35:14,160
Speaker 1: or she went to work somewhere else. No, they're much

660
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:17,640
Speaker 1: more careful now with the microt waves at radio astronomy facilities.

661
00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:20,319
Speaker 1: But though that is one of the funnest papers I've

662
00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:23,560
Speaker 1: ever read. Now they've ruled out, But it could be

663
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:26,839
Speaker 1: it could be an alien, an alien Bob somewhere else

664
00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:33,000
Speaker 1: in the universe opening it's giant, super radiant Blitzer star

665
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:37,719
Speaker 1: early too early before the day, causing these things. You know,

666
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,480
Speaker 1: I've never heard that explanation. I think you might have

667
00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:43,759
Speaker 1: solved this right here live on the podcast. Or you're

668
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:48,440
Speaker 1: going Nobel prize plate please, Yeah, the Nobel prize for

669
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:50,320
Speaker 1: that one is just a bag of popcorn. Actually, what

670
00:35:50,520 --> 00:35:52,400
Speaker 1: it was my undergrad who came up with that explanation,

671
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,520
Speaker 1: but I am taking all the credit. At least share

672
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,000
Speaker 1: the popcorn with him, will you? All right? So that's uh,

673
00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:01,040
Speaker 1: yet another incredible mr you out there in the universe

674
00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,879
Speaker 1: that we are pretty sure is there, but we can't

675
00:36:03,880 --> 00:36:07,600
Speaker 1: explain what is causing you. That's right, The universe is

676
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:10,960
Speaker 1: telling us here's a clue, there's something weird. You don't understand,

677
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:14,040
Speaker 1: figure it out, and it's We're only a decade in

678
00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:17,080
Speaker 1: and we still basically have no idea what this thing is.

679
00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:20,000
Speaker 1: So the next time you reheat something in your microwave,

680
00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:23,000
Speaker 1: for the love of science, please wait for it to

681
00:36:23,120 --> 00:36:35,000
Speaker 1: ding all of science. Thanks you for your patients. If

682
00:36:35,080 --> 00:36:38,160
Speaker 1: you still have a question after listening to all these explanations,

683
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,160
Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you.

684
00:36:41,160 --> 00:36:44,000
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

685
00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:47,440
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at

686
00:36:47,719 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

687
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:54,160
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

688
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,719
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from

689
00:36:57,719 --> 00:37:01,440
Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio Apple Podcasts,

690
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:07,840
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows h