1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:17,279 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Way back 4 00:00:17,320 --> 00:00:22,119 Speaker 1: in our colleague Christopher Hassiotis sent Holly and meet a 5 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: note about the Lowry War as an episode suggestion. This 6 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:30,000 Speaker 1: isn't our first Christopher hassi otis episode suggestion that we've 7 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,360 Speaker 1: done on the show He's Got. He sends very good ideas, 8 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:36,879 Speaker 1: but it has taken me this long to do it 9 00:00:36,960 --> 00:00:39,280 Speaker 1: because my short list of topics that I keep talking 10 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:44,159 Speaker 1: about has about three years of episodes on it, and 11 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:46,879 Speaker 1: then in addition to having a quote short list of 12 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:50,760 Speaker 1: three years of episodes, I also just frequently get sidetracked 13 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: off of it into stuff that's not even on there. 14 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:57,440 Speaker 1: So the Lowry War is named for a group of 15 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 1: outlaws that was headed by Henry Barry Lowry, and there 16 00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:05,080 Speaker 1: are lots of different spellings for his name and consequently 17 00:01:05,160 --> 00:01:07,960 Speaker 1: different spellings for the war, so you'll see it l 18 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:11,720 Speaker 1: O w r Y, l O w r I E, 19 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,960 Speaker 1: l o w r e Y, and l O w 20 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:20,440 Speaker 1: e r Y A lot of potential options there. Henry 21 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,840 Speaker 1: Verry Lowry though was Lumby and the Lowry Gang, as 22 00:01:23,880 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: it became known, included other members of the Lumbi tribe 23 00:01:27,959 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: as well as black and white men, and they fought 24 00:01:30,480 --> 00:01:34,399 Speaker 1: against Confederate authorities in southeastern North Carolina during the U 25 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 1: s Civil War and then during reconstruction. They came to 26 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: be known or came to be viewed as either kind 27 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:46,319 Speaker 1: of Robin Hood esque folk heroes or dangerous murderers and thieves, 28 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: depending on who you were asking. The Lowry War took 29 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:54,080 Speaker 1: place in and around Robinson County, North Carolina. That's in 30 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: the southeastern part of the state, in a swampy region 31 00:01:57,040 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 1: around the Lumber River. Although Lumber is the river's official 32 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 1: name today, too many locals, including the Lumbi tribe, it's 33 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:08,160 Speaker 1: the Lumbi. The origins of that name are a little 34 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: bit hazy, but it's sometimes described as coming from the 35 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:14,800 Speaker 1: Algonquian term meaning dark water, and locals were using it 36 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:18,680 Speaker 1: for the river by the early nineteenth century. This part 37 00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:21,520 Speaker 1: of North Carolina has been home to indigenous peoples for 38 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:24,639 Speaker 1: nearly fifteen thousand years, and the Lumbi have lived there 39 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:29,120 Speaker 1: for centuries. The Lumbi traced their ancestry to indigenous tribes 40 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: and nations from at least three different language groups who 41 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:36,200 Speaker 1: have lived in what's now eastern North Carolina, southeastern Virginia, 42 00:02:36,320 --> 00:02:41,000 Speaker 1: and northeastern South Carolina. And her books on Lumby history, 43 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:45,520 Speaker 1: historian Melinda Maynor Lowry, who is Lumby, describes three hundred 44 00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:49,920 Speaker 1: years of migration and cultural exchange taking place within this region. 45 00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:54,920 Speaker 1: Indigenous people and people who had liberated themselves from slavery 46 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 1: and white indentured servants and others all eventually settled and 47 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:03,480 Speaker 1: what's now Robinson County for various reasons, including fleeing from 48 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,560 Speaker 1: wars and diseases and persecution, and then together they formed 49 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:11,440 Speaker 1: one tribe that is deeply connected to the ideas of 50 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 1: kinship and place. This tribe has been known by a 51 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: series of names over the years. During the period of 52 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,960 Speaker 1: the Lowry Wars, they were often just called Indians or 53 00:03:22,160 --> 00:03:26,360 Speaker 1: described as a combination of multiple races. The state of 54 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: North Carolina first recognized the tribe under the name croaton 55 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 1: in five Okay, if you're thinking, wait, isn't that a 56 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: lot like Croatoan? The word that was found carved into 57 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:40,000 Speaker 1: a tree at the former site of the lost colony 58 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 1: of Roanoke. Yes. Hamilton McMillan, who introduced the legislation for 59 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:48,040 Speaker 1: the state to recognize the tribe with this name, had 60 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:51,760 Speaker 1: concluded that they were descended from survivors of the Lost Colony, 61 00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:55,280 Speaker 1: and that was based on his own research. Two other 62 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: formal name changes followed this before members of the tribe 63 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: chose the name name Lumby in ninetift two, drawing that 64 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:06,960 Speaker 1: name from the place that the tribe calls home. There 65 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:10,480 Speaker 1: are also people within this group who trace their ancestry 66 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,520 Speaker 1: back to the Tuscarora and continue to use that name. 67 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:17,839 Speaker 1: The Tuscarora were living mainly in what's now North Carolina 68 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: when Europeans started arriving in North America, and many of 69 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: them moved northward to join the Hood and Ashawnee Confederacy 70 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,320 Speaker 1: in the eighteenth century. That was after the Tuscarora War. 71 00:04:29,080 --> 00:04:31,120 Speaker 1: In this episode, we're just going to stick to the 72 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:34,440 Speaker 1: name Lumby, even though we are mostly talking about a 73 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:38,440 Speaker 1: period before the tribe had chosen that name. This part 74 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:41,360 Speaker 1: of North Carolina is isolated, which made it a good 75 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: place for people who were fleeing from wars or disease outbreaks, 76 00:04:44,640 --> 00:04:47,920 Speaker 1: or enslavement, or any number of other things to take 77 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:52,080 Speaker 1: refuge and recover. It's also swampy, so it really wasn't 78 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: very appealing to European colonists. So during the Revolutionary War era, 79 00:04:56,680 --> 00:04:59,560 Speaker 1: a lot of Lumby ended up formally owning the land 80 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: that they are already living on and considered there's This 81 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:06,839 Speaker 1: included being granted land by either the crown or the 82 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,719 Speaker 1: State of North Carolina, sometimes in exchange for service to 83 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:14,520 Speaker 1: one or the other, or for military service. By their 84 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: early nineteenth century, many Lumby owned their land outright as individuals, 85 00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: rather than living on land that belonged to the tribe 86 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: collectively or was outlined in a treaty with the United States. 87 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:29,800 Speaker 1: From about the eighteen twenties through the eighteen fifties, the 88 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 1: US government systematically removed indigenous peoples from the eastern part 89 00:05:34,640 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: of the country to land west of the Mississippi River. 90 00:05:38,080 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 1: We have talked about this in some of our previous episodes, 91 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: including our twenty eighteen episode on the Georgia gold Rush 92 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: and our twenty nineteen two part on the occupation of Alcatraz. 93 00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: This process involved federal laws such as the Indian Removal 94 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:57,280 Speaker 1: Act of eighteen thirty and multiple Supreme Court cases and 95 00:05:57,480 --> 00:06:02,000 Speaker 1: exploitive treaties between the United States and indigenous nations, and 96 00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:07,560 Speaker 1: forced displacements. During this period, multiple indigenous nations that had 97 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 1: historically lived in what's now North Carolina were forced to move, 98 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:17,599 Speaker 1: sometimes literally at gunpoint. This included the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, 99 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,600 Speaker 1: and Seminole nations, who were forced to move more than 100 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: two thousand miles to what's now Oklahoma. Although some resisted 101 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:29,359 Speaker 1: and stayed behind. This removal was an active genocide, and 102 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 1: nearly a quarter of the people who were forced to 103 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:35,400 Speaker 1: move died as a result of it. The Lumby, however, 104 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:39,680 Speaker 1: were largely protected from this removal. Many of the nations 105 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:43,520 Speaker 1: that the federal government forcibly removed during this period were 106 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:46,680 Speaker 1: living on land that was valuable in some way, so 107 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:50,400 Speaker 1: there was gold there or timber or prime farming land. 108 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:53,839 Speaker 1: But the Lumby were mostly living among the swamps on 109 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:58,599 Speaker 1: land that wasn't considered particularly valuable, and as we've said, 110 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:02,839 Speaker 1: a lot of them owned that land outright as individuals 111 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: through documentation that the government recognized as legal. That didn't 112 00:07:08,480 --> 00:07:11,280 Speaker 1: make it impossible for anybody to take their land, but 113 00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:14,680 Speaker 1: it did make it more challenging to do so, and 114 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:18,040 Speaker 1: also from a legal perspective, at this point, the Lumbie 115 00:07:18,280 --> 00:07:23,960 Speaker 1: weren't legally classified as Indians. North Carolina revised its constitution 116 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:28,080 Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty five, and under that constitution and various laws, 117 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:31,960 Speaker 1: the Lumby were considered free persons of color. So even 118 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:34,520 Speaker 1: though they weren't forced off their land as many other 119 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: tribes were, they also were not treated as equal citizens 120 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:41,960 Speaker 1: of the state. For example, free people of color were 121 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: not allowed to vote in North Carolina, and although this 122 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: law didn't specifically mentioned the indigenous people of Robinson County, 123 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 1: a lot of people interpreted this provision as applying to them. 124 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,640 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty four, North Carolina also passed a law 125 00:07:57,760 --> 00:08:01,240 Speaker 1: that voided marriages between a white person and a free 126 00:08:01,240 --> 00:08:03,840 Speaker 1: person of color if that marriage had taken place since 127 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:08,000 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty nine. That applied to a lot of Lumby marriages. 128 00:08:08,880 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: These and other laws followed Nat Turner's Rebellion of eighteen 129 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:16,600 Speaker 1: thirty one, which was an uprising of enslaved people in Virginia. 130 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: Authorities were deeply fearful of a similar uprising taking place 131 00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 1: in other slave states, and so they passed a lot 132 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:28,480 Speaker 1: of laws to restrict any kind of rites that free 133 00:08:28,480 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: black people might have, and then more broadly free people 134 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:34,760 Speaker 1: of color. When the US Civil War started in eighteen 135 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:38,680 Speaker 1: sixty one, North Carolina was a slave state, but the 136 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,680 Speaker 1: state and the people living in it were divided over 137 00:08:41,679 --> 00:08:45,319 Speaker 1: whether to secede and support the Confederacy or to remain 138 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:48,560 Speaker 1: part of the United States, and this included the Lumby 139 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:53,160 Speaker 1: Although at least one Lumby family had historically owned slaves, 140 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:57,440 Speaker 1: most Lumbi supported the Union, even though free people of 141 00:08:57,480 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: color had to have a special permit to carry web 142 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,880 Speaker 1: in North Carolina. Lumby people served on both sides of 143 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:07,480 Speaker 1: the war. Some went to another state or passed for 144 00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:10,600 Speaker 1: white to enlist, and some may have just found a 145 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:13,920 Speaker 1: recruiter who didn't know or didn't care about that prohibition. 146 00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty two, the Confederate Army started fortifying Fort 147 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:21,679 Speaker 1: Fisher at the mouth of the Cape Pier River as 148 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:25,560 Speaker 1: protection for the nearby port of Wilmington's. This was an 149 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: earthen fortification, so it's construction and maintenance were both labor 150 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:33,560 Speaker 1: intensive and dangerous. At first. A lot of this work 151 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:39,559 Speaker 1: was done by Confederate soldiers and enslaved Africans. Diseases were rampant, 152 00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:45,600 Speaker 1: especially malaria, dysentery, and yellow fever, which could be deadly. Eventually, 153 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:49,959 Speaker 1: landowners started refusing to send their enslaved labor to work 154 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: on the fort because of all this, and at that 155 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: point the Confederates started conscripting indigenous people to do it, 156 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,560 Speaker 1: particularly the Lumbi. Although there were a few you lumby 157 00:10:00,679 --> 00:10:03,360 Speaker 1: who willingly went to work on the fort, most did 158 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: not want to be forced to travel to the coast 159 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:08,840 Speaker 1: to do difficult, dangerous work for a military they didn't 160 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:13,000 Speaker 1: even support, and possibly get sick or die in the process. 161 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:17,880 Speaker 1: So many responded by lying out in the swamps. As 162 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:20,400 Speaker 1: we said earlier, the swamps were easy to hide in, 163 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:22,680 Speaker 1: especially if you had lived there your whole life and 164 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:26,320 Speaker 1: had your own ancestral knowledge to help you navigate. But 165 00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,960 Speaker 1: this made life difficult for the men who were lying 166 00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:32,240 Speaker 1: out and for their families. Whether you usually worked your 167 00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:34,920 Speaker 1: on your own land or somewhere else, you couldn't if 168 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:38,600 Speaker 1: you were hiding out from the Confederates. All this fed 169 00:10:38,679 --> 00:10:41,560 Speaker 1: directly into the Lowry War, which people gets you after 170 00:10:41,559 --> 00:10:53,880 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. During the Civil War, Alan and Mary 171 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:57,080 Speaker 1: Lowry were two of the most affluent and prominent of 172 00:10:57,120 --> 00:11:01,120 Speaker 1: the Lumby people in Robinson County. Their family was large. 173 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:04,439 Speaker 1: They had twelve children, almost all of them were sons. 174 00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: Allan was a church leader and also ran a successful farm, 175 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:12,040 Speaker 1: but he was also under a lot of suspicion from 176 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:16,079 Speaker 1: the Home Guard. The North Carolina General Assembly had established 177 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 1: the Home Guard in eighteen sixty three, and it was 178 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:22,199 Speaker 1: made up of men who for whatever reason, were exempt 179 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,280 Speaker 1: from military service. The Home Guard was tasked with things 180 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: like finding deserters and guardings strategic points within the state, 181 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,239 Speaker 1: helping to protect the local people, but in some areas 182 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:37,359 Speaker 1: they really had a reputation for harassing or even terrorizing 183 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:40,520 Speaker 1: the local community. This is a big plot point in 184 00:11:40,559 --> 00:11:43,760 Speaker 1: the book and movie Cold Mountain if anyone is familiar 185 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:47,480 Speaker 1: with that. The Home Guard accused Alan Lowry and other 186 00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:52,240 Speaker 1: Lumby of harboring Union sympathizers and Confederate deserters and of 187 00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:55,559 Speaker 1: things like stealing, and some of this really was going on. 188 00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: For example, Lumby Territory wasn't far from a stockade in Florence, 189 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: South Carolina, and Union soldiers who escaped from there often 190 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:07,480 Speaker 1: wound up with the Lumby, including with the Lowry's. In 191 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:12,040 Speaker 1: December of eighteen sixty four, someone stole two pigs from 192 00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:15,200 Speaker 1: James P. Barnes, who was a wealthy landowner and a 193 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:19,960 Speaker 1: slaveholder and a Confederate official. Barnes didn't live far away 194 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 1: from Alan and Mary Lowry, and he thought one of 195 00:12:22,840 --> 00:12:25,600 Speaker 1: the Lowrys had done it. Basically they didn't have food 196 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:27,320 Speaker 1: because they were lying out in the swamp, and said 197 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: they stole his pigs. Possible culprit in Barnes's mind was 198 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: their son, Henry Barry Lowry, who at about eighteen, was 199 00:12:35,679 --> 00:12:39,880 Speaker 1: one of their youngest children. Barnes supported the Home Guard 200 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:43,000 Speaker 1: and trying to round up the Lowry's, many of whom 201 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: were lying out in the swamp. On December one, eighteen 202 00:12:46,679 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: sixty four, Barnes was shot in an ambush, and before 203 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,480 Speaker 1: he died he said that Henry Barry Lowry and two 204 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:57,360 Speaker 1: other men had done it. Not long after Barnes was killed, 205 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:02,160 Speaker 1: j Brantley Harris, known as Brandt, shot and killed Jarman Lowry, 206 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: who was one of Henry Barry Lowry's cousins. Harris was 207 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:08,960 Speaker 1: a conscription officer for the Home Guard, and while the 208 00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:11,600 Speaker 1: details on all of this are a little fuzzy. He 209 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: seems to have mistaken German for one of the other Lowry's. 210 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:19,320 Speaker 1: Two of Jarman's brothers, Wesley and the Lalon, had been 211 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:22,480 Speaker 1: working at Fort Fisher and they came home on furlough. 212 00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 1: Harris claimed that they were both deserters, and so when 213 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:29,960 Speaker 1: both of them were killed, most people thought Harris was 214 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,920 Speaker 1: the person responsible. Although a grand jury charged Harris and 215 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,359 Speaker 1: their deaths, he wasn't arrested for it, so the Lowry's 216 00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:40,920 Speaker 1: and a lot of the other lumby were outraged. Then 217 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:47,480 Speaker 1: on January sixty five, Brant Harris was killed, presumably Henry 218 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:50,600 Speaker 1: Barry Lowry or one of his brothers, in retaliation for 219 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: Harris having killed Jarman. Wesley, and little Allen Lowry had 220 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:57,480 Speaker 1: done it. In some accounts, this all circled back to 221 00:13:57,520 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: the pigs that had been stolen from James p Arns, 222 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:04,240 Speaker 1: and Harris had been investigating that theft when he was killed. 223 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: After this, Henry Barry Lowry and some of his brothers 224 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:11,199 Speaker 1: stole some guns and ammunition, and they turned their attention 225 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:15,040 Speaker 1: to the wealthy white farmers of the area, especially wealthy 226 00:14:15,040 --> 00:14:19,560 Speaker 1: white farmers who were clearly supporting the Confederacy. On February 227 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty five, a group of Flowers, along with some 228 00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: escape Union soldiers, raided one of the wealthiest farms in 229 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,600 Speaker 1: the area, which belonged to the McNair family. Some of 230 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:34,080 Speaker 1: that family were at home, along with several Confederate soldiers, 231 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,240 Speaker 1: and although there was an exchange of gunfire during all 232 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:40,600 Speaker 1: of this, it doesn't appear that anybody was killed. The 233 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: McNair's and their guests eventually surrendered, and then the gang 234 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:47,640 Speaker 1: stole things like food, blankets, and other supplies from the 235 00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: farm and then distributed them to the poorest people in 236 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: the area where they lived. At this point, that area 237 00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:58,240 Speaker 1: had been given the derisive nickname of Scuffletown, although the 238 00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: lumby usually called it the Settlement. On March three, the 239 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:05,000 Speaker 1: Home Guard rallied a mob of about one hundred people 240 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:08,760 Speaker 1: and went to Alan Lowry's home. The Home Guard claimed 241 00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:11,880 Speaker 1: to find stolen property there, and they put Alan Lowry 242 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:15,920 Speaker 1: on trial along with his sons, Calvin Sinclair and William, 243 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:19,720 Speaker 1: and one of their neighbors. The Home Guard held Allan's wife, 244 00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: Mary and some of the other women in the family 245 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:24,840 Speaker 1: captive in a smoke house. During and after the trial, 246 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 1: questioning them about the whereabouts of other Lowry's. After this 247 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 1: sham trial, everyone but Allen and William was allowed to go, 248 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:37,880 Speaker 1: but the Home Guard executed Allen and William by firing 249 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:43,440 Speaker 1: squad Henry Barry Lowry reportedly witnessed this execution from the bushes. 250 00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:47,400 Speaker 1: At this point, General William T. Sherman and the Union 251 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:50,720 Speaker 1: Army were moving north. This was after Sherman's march to 252 00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 1: the Sea at the end of eighteen sixty four and 253 00:15:53,440 --> 00:15:56,560 Speaker 1: his capture of the South Carolina capital of Columbia in 254 00:15:56,640 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: February of eighteen sixty five. Around Mark ninth, the army 255 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:04,560 Speaker 1: was near Lumby Territory, bogged down by heavy rain in 256 00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:08,720 Speaker 1: the swampy terrain, some of the Lumbi, including some of 257 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:11,920 Speaker 1: the Lowry gang, guided Sherman's troops through the swamp and 258 00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:15,440 Speaker 1: across the Lumber River. After the army had moved through, 259 00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 1: a Lumbie man named Hector Oxendine was murdered by White 260 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: planters for having helped them. General Robert E. Lee surrendered 261 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 1: on April ninth, eighteen sixty five, which is often marked 262 00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:29,120 Speaker 1: as the end of the Civil War, even though the 263 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: fighting continued for some time. After that, Henry Berry Lowry 264 00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:36,920 Speaker 1: and his gang continued to rob wealthy planters and raid 265 00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:41,520 Speaker 1: their farms, and they evaded capture for months. On December seven, 266 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:45,240 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty five, Lowry got married to Rhoda Strong, whose 267 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:48,240 Speaker 1: father was Scottish and whose mother was Lumby, and the 268 00:16:48,320 --> 00:16:51,600 Speaker 1: militia tried to take him into custody at his own wedding, 269 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:54,560 Speaker 1: falsely claiming that they had a warrant for his arrest. 270 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:57,760 Speaker 1: There were about two hundred guests at that wedding and 271 00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 1: a lot of people left after the militia five, but 272 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: this still turned into a standoff in front of a crowd. 273 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:06,560 Speaker 1: It ended when the Justice of the Peace, who was 274 00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:09,600 Speaker 1: officiating the wedding, that was a white man named Hector McLean, 275 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:13,600 Speaker 1: offered to be arrested along with Lowry, and both of 276 00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: them were escorted away. The militia did not think the 277 00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:20,520 Speaker 1: local jail was secure enough, so they took Lowry to 278 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:24,480 Speaker 1: nearby Whiteville. Turned out that jail was not secure enough either, 279 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:28,679 Speaker 1: because he escaped from it. According to some accounts, Rota 280 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:31,760 Speaker 1: brought him a cake with a file in it. At 281 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:34,560 Speaker 1: this point, the United States was moving into the post 282 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:38,520 Speaker 1: war reconstruction period with attempts to both recover and rebuild 283 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:42,440 Speaker 1: after the war and to rectify the inequities that resulted 284 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:47,240 Speaker 1: from the institution of slavery. Congress passed laws and constitutional 285 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:50,200 Speaker 1: amendments to try to protect the civil rights of previously 286 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:55,320 Speaker 1: enslaved people and others of African descent. Since North Carolina 287 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:58,480 Speaker 1: had seceded from the United States, it was required to 288 00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:01,680 Speaker 1: write a new state constant tuition and to ratify the 289 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:05,679 Speaker 1: Thirteenth and fourteenth Amendments to the U s Constitution before 290 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 1: it could be readmitted to the Union. A lot of 291 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:12,400 Speaker 1: the indigenous people living in and around Robinson County thought 292 00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:15,720 Speaker 1: their lives would get better during this process. A lot 293 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: of them, even most of them, had supported the Union 294 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,360 Speaker 1: even after North Carolina had succeeded. People in the tribe 295 00:18:22,359 --> 00:18:26,879 Speaker 1: had also sheltered escaped Union prisoners of war. They directly 296 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:30,640 Speaker 1: aided Sherman in his move through the area, and there 297 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:34,879 Speaker 1: were some changes. The Reconstruction Acts of eighteen sixty seven 298 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:40,080 Speaker 1: required the new state constitutions to include universal manhood suffrage, 299 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:45,120 Speaker 1: so North Carolina's eighteen sixty eight constitution restored voting rights 300 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:48,680 Speaker 1: for Lumbie men. There was a pause in the Lowry 301 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:52,359 Speaker 1: Gang's raids around this time. The general conclusion is that 302 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:55,399 Speaker 1: Lowry and others hope that by being able to vote, 303 00:18:55,680 --> 00:18:57,560 Speaker 1: they would be able to make the changes they wanted 304 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,240 Speaker 1: to see in the government and in their own line house. 305 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 1: But at the same time, the Lumbi were also largely 306 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:08,480 Speaker 1: excluded from the Reconstruction era policies, programs, and assistance that 307 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: were meant to help bring racial, economic, and political equality 308 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:16,760 Speaker 1: to the newly freed people. Overall, radical Republicans who were 309 00:19:16,840 --> 00:19:19,679 Speaker 1: driving these kinds of programs were focused on people of 310 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:24,200 Speaker 1: African descent rather than on indigenous people, and even though 311 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,360 Speaker 1: some of the Lumbi did have some African ancestry, and 312 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:29,679 Speaker 1: there were people living at the time who thought that 313 00:19:29,720 --> 00:19:32,320 Speaker 1: the tribe as a whole were mixed race or even black, 314 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:37,040 Speaker 1: they were largely overlooked. So by late eighteen sixty seven, 315 00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:40,600 Speaker 1: as North Carolina's new constitution was still being drafted, the 316 00:19:40,680 --> 00:19:44,680 Speaker 1: Lowry Gang, presumably frustrated by this lack of progress, went 317 00:19:44,720 --> 00:19:48,879 Speaker 1: back to rating. Or at least somebody started robbing stores 318 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:51,080 Speaker 1: and plantations in the area, and most people thought it 319 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: was the Lowry's. People started demanding that the Lowry Gang 320 00:19:55,040 --> 00:19:59,400 Speaker 1: be declared outlaws and brought to justice Henry Berry. Lowry 321 00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:03,120 Speaker 1: events we agreed to turn himself in after being promised 322 00:20:03,119 --> 00:20:06,600 Speaker 1: a fair trial, but soon there were rumors that he 323 00:20:06,680 --> 00:20:09,639 Speaker 1: was going to be killed, that basically a lynch mob 324 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:11,400 Speaker 1: was going to get him out of his cell and 325 00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:15,040 Speaker 1: drown him. Somehow he managed to get a knife and 326 00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:18,119 Speaker 1: a gun and he broke out of jail on December twelfth, 327 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:20,440 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty eight, when he was brought his evening meal. 328 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:26,159 Speaker 1: After Lowry's escape, the situation became increasingly violent after the 329 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:29,040 Speaker 1: deaths of James P. Barnes and Brant Harris in late 330 00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:32,400 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty four. In early eighteen sixty five, no one 331 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:36,040 Speaker 1: had been killed in the gang's raids, but between January 332 00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:39,160 Speaker 1: of eighteen sixty nine and June of eighteen seventy one, 333 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:43,560 Speaker 1: multiple prominent people in and around Robinson County were killed, 334 00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:47,280 Speaker 1: and those murders were pinned on the Lowry Gang. This 335 00:20:47,359 --> 00:20:50,919 Speaker 1: included Robinson County Sheriff Reuben King, who was killed in 336 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:54,400 Speaker 1: March of eighteen sixty nine, and Colonel Owen Normant who 337 00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:58,119 Speaker 1: was killed in March of eighteen seventy. At least twenty 338 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:01,840 Speaker 1: deaths are attributed to the regang during this period, the 339 00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:06,760 Speaker 1: vast majority of them Democrats or former Confederate officials, Although 340 00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:09,320 Speaker 1: many were believed to have been involved in the execution 341 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:12,320 Speaker 1: of Allen and William Lowry, or we're bounty hunters trying 342 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: to bring the Lowry's in, or were spies trying to 343 00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:20,080 Speaker 1: infiltrate the gang. A few were essentially bystanders. We get 344 00:21:20,119 --> 00:21:31,359 Speaker 1: to how the Lowry War ended after another sponsor break. 345 00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: By eighteen sixty nine, opinions about the Lowry Gang were divided. Too. 346 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,480 Speaker 1: Many of the poorest people in Robinson County they were 347 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:43,880 Speaker 1: Robin hood asked heroes, not only robbing from the rich 348 00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:47,520 Speaker 1: and giving to the poor, but also exacting vengeance from 349 00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:52,080 Speaker 1: people who had been oppressing them. Wealthy white landowners, on 350 00:21:52,119 --> 00:21:55,840 Speaker 1: the other hand, generally thought they were murderous thieves. The 351 00:21:55,880 --> 00:21:58,840 Speaker 1: Republican Party, which was in charge of the North Carolina 352 00:21:58,960 --> 00:22:03,719 Speaker 1: legislature at this point, was divided as well. Some vehemently 353 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:07,800 Speaker 1: denounced the violence and especially the killing, while others saw 354 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:11,360 Speaker 1: it more as the inevitable outcome of the long history 355 00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:13,960 Speaker 1: of oppression in the area, and even as something that 356 00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:17,240 Speaker 1: might be necessary for the lumby to reach their political goals. 357 00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: In the end, though, the Republican Party took a law 358 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:23,280 Speaker 1: and order approach, focusing on the need to end the 359 00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:26,800 Speaker 1: violence and to bring the Lowry Gang to justice, and 360 00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:30,679 Speaker 1: they made their arguments with some false equivalence, drawing parallels 361 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:34,320 Speaker 1: between the Lowry Gang and the Ku Klux Klan, equating 362 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:37,560 Speaker 1: the gang's targeting of former Confederate officials with the clan's 363 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:42,080 Speaker 1: campaign of intimidation and terror against the state's non white population. 364 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:46,960 Speaker 1: On March five, eight sixty nine, Judge Daniel L. Russell Jr. 365 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:51,680 Speaker 1: Issued a proclamation of outlawry. It declared that quote one 366 00:22:51,840 --> 00:22:56,920 Speaker 1: Henry Barry Lowry one, Andrew Strong one Boss Strong, one, 367 00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:01,720 Speaker 1: Shoemaker John one, John Dial one William Chavis of Robinson 368 00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:07,080 Speaker 1: County have committed sundry and diverse murders, burglaries, robberies and 369 00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:11,159 Speaker 1: other felonies. And that said Henry Berry, Lowry, Andrew Strong, 370 00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,760 Speaker 1: Boss Strong, Shoemaker, John John Dial and William Chavis do 371 00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:19,160 Speaker 1: conceal themselves and evade arrest and service of the usual 372 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:23,200 Speaker 1: process of law. Now Therefore, I the said Daniel L. 373 00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:27,280 Speaker 1: Russell Jr. Judge, as aforesaid, by virtue of the authority 374 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:30,120 Speaker 1: vested in me by an Act of the General Assembly 375 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,439 Speaker 1: in such case made and provided, do issue this my 376 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:38,399 Speaker 1: proclamation hereby requiring the said Henry Berry, Lowry, Andrew Strong, 377 00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:42,480 Speaker 1: Boss Strong, Shoemaker, John John Dial, and William Chavis, and 378 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 1: each and every one of them forthwith to surrender themselves 379 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:49,960 Speaker 1: to the Sheriff of Robinson County or to any other 380 00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:53,399 Speaker 1: sheriff or lawful officer of the state. And I do 381 00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:57,119 Speaker 1: also empower and require the Sheriff of Robinson County or 382 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: of any other county where the said felons are to 383 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: lurk and conceal themselves, to search for and pursue with 384 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:09,200 Speaker 1: all power of the county and effectually apprehend said fugitives 385 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,439 Speaker 1: from justice. It went on to say, quote, and I 386 00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:15,760 Speaker 1: do further declare that if the said fugitives, or any 387 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:20,280 Speaker 1: of them continue henceforth to stay out, lark, or conceal themselves, 388 00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 1: and do not immediately surrender themselves, any citizen of the 389 00:24:24,560 --> 00:24:28,680 Speaker 1: State may capture, arrest and bring them or him to justice, 390 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:32,359 Speaker 1: And in case of flight or resistance, after being called 391 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:36,639 Speaker 1: on and warned to surrender, may slay them or any 392 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:41,080 Speaker 1: one of them, without accusation or impeachment of any crime. 393 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,080 Speaker 1: Bounties were announced for the Lowry Gang, including one of 394 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,800 Speaker 1: twelve thousand dollars for Henry Barry Lowry, who was to 395 00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:51,880 Speaker 1: be brought in debt or alive. The Governor of North 396 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:55,080 Speaker 1: Carolina also asked for help from federal troops, and those 397 00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:58,960 Speaker 1: troops arrived in November of eighteen seventy A posse was 398 00:24:59,040 --> 00:25:01,320 Speaker 1: also formed hunt for the gang, and there was a 399 00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:06,159 Speaker 1: series of shootings, ambushes, and other violence. In February of 400 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:11,320 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy one, Henderson Oxendine was captured within the Lumbi community. 401 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:14,959 Speaker 1: He's believed to have intentionally allowed himself to be caught 402 00:25:15,320 --> 00:25:17,040 Speaker 1: with the hope that he could take the blame for 403 00:25:17,040 --> 00:25:21,480 Speaker 1: the gang's activities. He was tried, convicted, and executed for 404 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:24,480 Speaker 1: killing a man named Steve Davis, who had been killed 405 00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:28,480 Speaker 1: during a confrontation with the gang. Later in eighteen seventy one, 406 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,840 Speaker 1: Francis Marion Wishart captured the wives of several members of 407 00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:36,720 Speaker 1: the Lowry Gang, basically holding them hostage unless the gang 408 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,600 Speaker 1: surrendered themselves. Henry Berry Lowry and some of the other 409 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:44,440 Speaker 1: men replied to this threat with a note on July fourteenth, 410 00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 1: demanding that the women be released by that Monday morning, 411 00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: otherwise quote, the bloodiest times will be here than ever 412 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:57,480 Speaker 1: was before, the life of every man will be in jeopardy. 413 00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,239 Speaker 1: And the end the women were all let go, and 414 00:26:00,320 --> 00:26:03,320 Speaker 1: to like that attempt to arrest Henry Berry Lowry at 415 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,679 Speaker 1: his own wedding. This whole incident wound up bringing the 416 00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:11,679 Speaker 1: Lowry Gang even more popular appeal. On February sixteenth, eighteen 417 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:14,480 Speaker 1: seventy two, there was a raid on Pope in McLeod's 418 00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:18,399 Speaker 1: store in Lumberton, North Carolina, and thieves also stole a 419 00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: safe from the sheriff's office. Together they got away with 420 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:26,359 Speaker 1: about twenty thousand dollars and Henry Berry Lowry disappeared. Not 421 00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:30,560 Speaker 1: long after that, word spread that he had died, possibly 422 00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:34,480 Speaker 1: by an accidental self inflicted gunshot, but there were also 423 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:38,000 Speaker 1: a lot of stories about a possible escape and where 424 00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 1: he may have gone afterward. In one he went all 425 00:26:41,480 --> 00:26:43,520 Speaker 1: the way to the West coast, was part of the 426 00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:45,879 Speaker 1: Modoc War between the Modoc people in the U. S. 427 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:50,680 Speaker 1: Army in eighteen seventy two. In eighteen seventy three, regardless, 428 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,840 Speaker 1: he was never captured, and that twelve thousand dollar reward 429 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:59,080 Speaker 1: went unclaimed, although the violence continued in North Carolina after 430 00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: Henry berry Low's disappearance. Over time, most of the rest 431 00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,440 Speaker 1: of the gang either disappeared or were killed or captured. 432 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: Francis Wishart was killed in May of eighteen seventy two 433 00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:13,719 Speaker 1: after having agreed to a meeting with Stephen Lowry and 434 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: Andrew Strong. The end of the Lowry War is usually 435 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,840 Speaker 1: marked us sometime in February of eighteen seventy four, when 436 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:24,440 Speaker 1: Steve Lowry was killed by a bounty hunter. A year 437 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 1: after that, Mary C. Normant, who was the widow of 438 00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:32,359 Speaker 1: Colonel Owen Norman, who the gang had previously killed, she 439 00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:35,360 Speaker 1: published a history of the Lowry Band, which is both 440 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,720 Speaker 1: the earliest written account of all this uh and also 441 00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:43,440 Speaker 1: really unfavorable in the treatment of the Lowry's, unsurprisingly given 442 00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:47,480 Speaker 1: that they murdered her husband. Over these years, the Lowry 443 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:51,880 Speaker 1: Gang had become famous notorious outlaws. Frank and Jesse James 444 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:55,440 Speaker 1: claimed to be members. At some point their activities were 445 00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:58,280 Speaker 1: covered in national newspapers like The New York Times and 446 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:01,640 Speaker 1: Harper's Weekly published a write up on March thirtieth, eighteen 447 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:06,479 Speaker 1: seventy two. In more recent years, The musical drama Strike 448 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,719 Speaker 1: at the Wind made its debut on July one, nineteen 449 00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:13,040 Speaker 1: seventy six, after years of work on it. It was 450 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:15,480 Speaker 1: written by a white playwright, but it involved the work 451 00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:18,720 Speaker 1: of a tri racial organization and planning committee, and it 452 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:23,800 Speaker 1: was a mostly Indigenous production. There were other dramatic productions 453 00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:27,080 Speaker 1: before this point, but most of them were biographical treatments 454 00:28:27,080 --> 00:28:29,880 Speaker 1: focused on Henry Berry Lowry, and this was focused more 455 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:33,520 Speaker 1: generally on the Lowry War. The hope was that this 456 00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 1: play would provide a sense of cultural cohesion and pride 457 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:40,920 Speaker 1: among the Lumby and educate non Lumby about Lumby culture 458 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: and history, and there were hopes that it would become 459 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,040 Speaker 1: an ongoing tourist attraction, like some of North Carolina's other 460 00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 1: outdoor historical dramas. This includes The Lost Colony, which started 461 00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: in the thirties, and Unto These Hills, which is about 462 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: Cherokee history up through the removal, and that was first 463 00:28:56,960 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: performed in the fifties, although that didn't happen, and the 464 00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:03,520 Speaker 1: play was performed annually for about ten years, and then 465 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:07,600 Speaker 1: it returned in seventeen after a ten year hiatus. Yeah, 466 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:10,280 Speaker 1: I think if either is being performed or has been 467 00:29:10,280 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: performed for some showings this year. Um I do not 468 00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:17,520 Speaker 1: remember if that was before or after this episode will 469 00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 1: be out there. Some historians have concluded that the Lowry 470 00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:24,520 Speaker 1: Gang and the government's response to the gang had an 471 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: enormous impact on North Carolina politics towards the end of 472 00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:31,959 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, with the Republican Party's division over how 473 00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:34,480 Speaker 1: to handle it, and then the ultimate decision to take 474 00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:37,640 Speaker 1: a law and order approach, leading the Lumbi vote to 475 00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:41,280 Speaker 1: swing towards the Democrats and then hastening the Democrats returns 476 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:45,160 Speaker 1: to power in North Carolina, and the Lumbi tribe continues 477 00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: to be influential in North Carolina politics. North Carolina is 478 00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:51,959 Speaker 1: a swing state, and the tribe has been described as 479 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:56,080 Speaker 1: a group of swing voters within that state. In there 480 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:59,480 Speaker 1: were so many news reports about how Robinson County had 481 00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:03,400 Speaker 1: been quote a Democratic stronghold before voting for Donald Trump 482 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:06,880 Speaker 1: in and electing Trump by an even larger margin in 483 00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,760 Speaker 1: One of the factors that was cited in this Trump's 484 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:15,520 Speaker 1: announcement that he supported the Lumby Recognition Act. That's an 485 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:18,200 Speaker 1: act that would grant the tribe full recognition by the 486 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:23,280 Speaker 1: federal government. Because currently the Lumbi tribe is not fully 487 00:30:23,320 --> 00:30:28,240 Speaker 1: federally recognized. In ninety six, President Dwight Eisenhower signed a 488 00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:32,600 Speaker 1: law that recognized the Lumbi as an Indian tribe, but 489 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: quote nothing in this Act shall make such Indians eligible 490 00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:41,000 Speaker 1: for any services performed by the United States for Indians 491 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:44,160 Speaker 1: because of their status as Indians, and none of the 492 00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:47,600 Speaker 1: statutes of the United States which affect Indians because of 493 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:51,960 Speaker 1: their status as Indians shall be applicable to the Lumbi Indians. 494 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,400 Speaker 1: This makes the Lumbi the largest non federally recognized tribe 495 00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:01,480 Speaker 1: in the United States, with fifty five enrolled members and 496 00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:05,560 Speaker 1: seventy thousand people identifying as Lumby or part Lumby in 497 00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:10,120 Speaker 1: census records. Although many Lumbi live in and around Robinson 498 00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:14,280 Speaker 1: County today, there are also significant Lumby communities in other 499 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:19,440 Speaker 1: parts of the US, including Baltimore, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Although 500 00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:22,920 Speaker 1: that nineteen fifty six legislation barred the Lumby from most 501 00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:27,600 Speaker 1: federal programs, many took part in the Urban Relocation Program 502 00:31:27,680 --> 00:31:30,520 Speaker 1: that was a federal program to move indigenous people out 503 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:34,560 Speaker 1: of reservations and into cities. This was another attempt to 504 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:39,960 Speaker 1: get Indigenous people to assimilate with white society. Today, Baltimore 505 00:31:40,040 --> 00:31:42,640 Speaker 1: is home to the largest Lumbi community outside of North 506 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:46,520 Speaker 1: Carolina as a result of that program. The idea of 507 00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:51,600 Speaker 1: federal recognition for the Lumbi tribe has been controversial. Legislation 508 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:54,680 Speaker 1: has been reintroduced at the federal level a couple of 509 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:57,000 Speaker 1: times over the last few years, and each time there 510 00:31:57,040 --> 00:31:59,960 Speaker 1: have been vocal opponents to it, including in some cases 511 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: from the leaders of other indigenous nations. For example, in 512 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:07,400 Speaker 1: twenty Principal Chief Richard's Need of the Eastern Band of 513 00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:12,280 Speaker 1: Cherokee Indians argued against federal recognition for the Lumbi before 514 00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:16,920 Speaker 1: the House Subcommittee for Indigenous Peoples. Sneed cited a number 515 00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:20,160 Speaker 1: of reasons for this opposition. One of the tribes earlier 516 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:21,960 Speaker 1: names that we talked about in the top of the 517 00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:25,680 Speaker 1: show was the Cherokee Indians of Robinson County, a name 518 00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:28,760 Speaker 1: that was outlined in a law introduced by a white legislator, 519 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 1: but also had the support of some members of the tribe. 520 00:32:32,720 --> 00:32:37,000 Speaker 1: Another reason is that federal law generally recognizes indigenous nations 521 00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:40,720 Speaker 1: that have a governing body and political structure that predates 522 00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:44,080 Speaker 1: the establishment of the United States, but the Lumby have 523 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:48,120 Speaker 1: described themselves as an amalgamation of multiple tribes and language 524 00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:52,800 Speaker 1: groups that came together in one geographic area. Sneed's testimony 525 00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:55,320 Speaker 1: before the House also contends that the Lumby have no 526 00:32:55,600 --> 00:33:01,320 Speaker 1: indigenous ancestry. Obviously very complicated. Sneat is not the only 527 00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: person who has um spoken out against this recognition. That 528 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:08,560 Speaker 1: is just the congressional testimony that I had access to. 529 00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: Most recently, this legislation to recognize the Lumbie has passed 530 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,920 Speaker 1: the House. It was received in the Senate in November one. 531 00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:21,760 Speaker 1: This legislation would strike out section two of that act 532 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:24,400 Speaker 1: that had been signed into law in nineteen fifty six. 533 00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: That was the section that specified that the recognition didn't 534 00:33:28,280 --> 00:33:32,160 Speaker 1: extend to the tribe receiving any benefits as an indigenous nation. 535 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:35,920 Speaker 1: So this would extend federal recognition to the tribe and 536 00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: quote all laws and regulations of the United States of 537 00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:43,720 Speaker 1: general application to Indians and Indian Tribes shall apply to 538 00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 1: the tribe and its members. As a side note, something 539 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:49,880 Speaker 1: else that has been on Tracy's shortlist forever is the 540 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,840 Speaker 1: Battle of Hayes Pond. That is the name given to 541 00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:55,720 Speaker 1: a nine eight incident in which the ku Klux Klan 542 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:59,040 Speaker 1: was planning a rally in Maxed in, North Carolina, which 543 00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:03,080 Speaker 1: is partly local aided in Robinson County. Fifty or so 544 00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,560 Speaker 1: klansmen arrived for the rally, where they were vastly outnumbered 545 00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:10,400 Speaker 1: by hundreds of Lumbie, many of them armed. After someone 546 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:13,239 Speaker 1: shot out the one light bulb the clan had for illumination, 547 00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:16,960 Speaker 1: they fled and although other gunfire was exchanged, no one 548 00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:20,279 Speaker 1: was killed. Yeah. One of the reasons that's never made 549 00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,280 Speaker 1: it into a full episode is that, um that's without 550 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,759 Speaker 1: all the context that we just covered here. That is, uh, 551 00:34:28,840 --> 00:34:31,319 Speaker 1: that's most of the story. But it is one that 552 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:33,839 Speaker 1: the Lumby take a whole lot of bride in and 553 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,560 Speaker 1: is generally described as like the Lumby running the clan 554 00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,319 Speaker 1: out of North Carolina. So that is the Lowry War. 555 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,200 Speaker 1: Do you have a listener, Manil as well? I do. 556 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:46,960 Speaker 1: I have listener mail from a net. Annette wrote and said, Hi, 557 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:49,439 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, my husband and I have the good 558 00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:53,120 Speaker 1: fortune but to be traveling to Germany in Austria in September, 559 00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:55,760 Speaker 1: and I wondered if there are a past podcast related 560 00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:59,879 Speaker 1: to Munich Salzburg Halstat milk Abbey, the Habsburg's Vienna. It's 561 00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:02,879 Speaker 1: ra I missed the archive. I also wanted to share 562 00:35:02,920 --> 00:35:05,359 Speaker 1: a couple of things related to recent podcasts I think 563 00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:08,880 Speaker 1: you will find interesting. The first item relates to William 564 00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:12,440 Speaker 1: marsh Rice. My husband and I are both alumni of 565 00:35:12,560 --> 00:35:15,920 Speaker 1: Rice University and have been following with interest the work 566 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:20,120 Speaker 1: of Rice's Task Force on Slavery, Segregation and Racial Injustice. 567 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,719 Speaker 1: One of the co chairs, Alex Bird, is a friend 568 00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:26,200 Speaker 1: of ours. Among the task forces changes was what to 569 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,200 Speaker 1: do with the Founder's statue that is in the main 570 00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:32,240 Speaker 1: campus quadrangle. You can read more at the links below. 571 00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:36,520 Speaker 1: The second item is a sculpture that was inspired by 572 00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:40,280 Speaker 1: the Laocoon. The work is by the South African artist 573 00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:44,520 Speaker 1: when both the end is entitled Prism ten Dead Laocoon. 574 00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:47,240 Speaker 1: We've seen it a two different hotels. It's very powerful, 575 00:35:47,280 --> 00:35:50,120 Speaker 1: sea below and attached REALOK. Forward to another live show 576 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:51,920 Speaker 1: in Houston when you're touring again. I was the one 577 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:54,799 Speaker 1: who gave you a postcard from the Mutual Museum. This 578 00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:56,840 Speaker 1: is from Anette, so thank you so much. Annette. I 579 00:35:56,840 --> 00:35:59,840 Speaker 1: wanted to read this because number one I had missed 580 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:04,680 Speaker 1: that update. About Rice University's decision to move the statue 581 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:09,520 Speaker 1: of the founder William marsh Rice to another place. That 582 00:36:09,640 --> 00:36:12,000 Speaker 1: is something that we had talked about briefly in that episode, 583 00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:14,960 Speaker 1: and so that is a decision that was made earlier 584 00:36:14,960 --> 00:36:19,080 Speaker 1: this year to relocate that statue. Uh. The other thing 585 00:36:19,440 --> 00:36:24,719 Speaker 1: is I also missed the archive, even though our old 586 00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:30,319 Speaker 1: website went away at this point, I feel like three 587 00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: or four years ago. It was before the pandemic that 588 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:37,000 Speaker 1: the old website went away. We'll still occasionally get emails 589 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,799 Speaker 1: from folks saying something like, what happened to the old 590 00:36:38,840 --> 00:36:41,640 Speaker 1: website and we no longer have it? And it was 591 00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:45,200 Speaker 1: it was not within our ability to change. We also 592 00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:51,440 Speaker 1: missed the archive, but our archive wasn't quite granular enough 593 00:36:52,120 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 1: to have made it I think easy to find episode 594 00:36:55,600 --> 00:37:00,719 Speaker 1: podcasts related to these particular places related to German in Austria. 595 00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,560 Speaker 1: UM so I did dig up a few. We have 596 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:07,760 Speaker 1: stuff on Rudolph the second of Austria and Empress Cissy 597 00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:14,120 Speaker 1: Lola Montez tangentially related also a fun listen uh, and 598 00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:18,040 Speaker 1: then Maria Anna Mozart would be classified as related to that. Also. 599 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,400 Speaker 1: We've said this before on the show, but at this point, 600 00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:26,600 Speaker 1: the easiest way to find episodes on specific topics is 601 00:37:26,680 --> 00:37:29,719 Speaker 1: either to use a podcast player that's searchable, because our 602 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:32,799 Speaker 1: our website is not, or to google the topic that 603 00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:35,480 Speaker 1: you're looking for along with the words stuffy miss in 604 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:40,800 Speaker 1: history class. I have found that recently the Google algorithm 605 00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:43,160 Speaker 1: just as also wants me to have the word I 606 00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:49,400 Speaker 1: heart in there, because nothing can be easy. Um so 607 00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:53,040 Speaker 1: that would bring up things like Germany and Austria if 608 00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:55,759 Speaker 1: they were referenced in the episode description. The tags that 609 00:37:55,840 --> 00:37:57,920 Speaker 1: we used for the episodes were not ever something that 610 00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:00,920 Speaker 1: was part of the actual RSS feeds, So even though 611 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:02,640 Speaker 1: they were are part of the old website, it's not 612 00:38:02,719 --> 00:38:05,440 Speaker 1: a thing that is like facing users anymore. And it 613 00:38:05,560 --> 00:38:10,600 Speaker 1: also wasn't quite as granular as the topics that Annett 614 00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:14,719 Speaker 1: asked for suggestions related to. So thank you again, Annette 615 00:38:14,719 --> 00:38:19,400 Speaker 1: for this hope that folks are looking for old episodes 616 00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:21,960 Speaker 1: of the show, we're able to find them by something 617 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,880 Speaker 1: more searchable than our website, which is not searchable. If 618 00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:28,400 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us, we're a history 619 00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:31,200 Speaker 1: podcast that I heart radio dot com. We're all over 620 00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:33,560 Speaker 1: social media ad missed in History. That's where you will 621 00:38:33,560 --> 00:38:37,080 Speaker 1: find our Facebook Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, and you can 622 00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,839 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on the iHeart Radio app and 623 00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:48,560 Speaker 1: wherever else you'd like to get podcasts. Stuff you Missed 624 00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,040 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 625 00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:54,200 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from i Heeart Radio, visit the iHeart 626 00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:57,359 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 627 00:38:57,400 --> 00:38:58,080 Speaker 1: favorite shows.