1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Frye, 3 00:00:14,560 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Tracy Milton Bradley has been 4 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:20,320 Speaker 1: on my list for a little minute. I think that 5 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:22,759 Speaker 1: came up when we were talking about wig aboards. Maybe 6 00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: maybe I haven't revisited that that Outlinington to refresh, but 7 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:31,600 Speaker 1: he comes up periodic. He's just bumped up against a 8 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: lot of stuff that I have been looking at lately, 9 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:37,159 Speaker 1: and most recently, when I was looking at inventors, his 10 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: name kept popping up, even though he wasn't directly related 11 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:43,480 Speaker 1: to anything that we've talked about. And I like him 12 00:00:43,520 --> 00:00:46,520 Speaker 1: because he's a good one that does not spoiler alert 13 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:50,040 Speaker 1: appear to have been a monster, which is always a refresher, 14 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:52,599 Speaker 1: although he certainly could get obsessed with things that other 15 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:56,280 Speaker 1: people didn't agree with. But he did contribute to a 16 00:00:56,320 --> 00:00:59,960 Speaker 1: lot of fun, although he believed in very moral fun, 17 00:01:00,240 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 1: which kind of tickles me a little bit. So I 18 00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:05,520 Speaker 1: don't think it's an overreach to say that he has 19 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:08,600 Speaker 1: shaped not only the way people in the US and 20 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:13,160 Speaker 1: around the globe play, but also in surprising ways if 21 00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: you don't know his life story, he also shaped how 22 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:18,720 Speaker 1: a lot of us have been educated in our youngest years. 23 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:22,920 Speaker 1: And so I think that merits a little chat. Yeah, 24 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: seems like a good reason to me. Milton Bradley was 25 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:31,039 Speaker 1: born November eighth, eighteen thirty six, in Vienna, Maine. The 26 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: Bradleys were really not well off. Lewis Bradley, Milton's father 27 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:39,679 Speaker 1: was a craftsman. His mother was Fanny Leiford Bradley. Milton 28 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 1: was their only child. Lewis worked in a lot of 29 00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: different jobs as a farm hand, in carpentry, handyman work, 30 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:51,120 Speaker 1: odd jobs of just about any kind. In the mid 31 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: eighteen forties, he learned how to make starch from potatoes 32 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:58,120 Speaker 1: and started a company to sell this starch. But then 33 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 1: there was a potato blight which ruined that plan and 34 00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: left the Bradley family with almost nothing. Really, all their 35 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:08,840 Speaker 1: savings had been invested in equipment for the potato processing. 36 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:12,839 Speaker 1: A lack of income led to a change of locations, 37 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,960 Speaker 1: so when Milton was eleven, the family moved to Luwell, Massachusetts, 38 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:20,519 Speaker 1: where there was mill work. Yes, in an odd bit 39 00:02:20,560 --> 00:02:23,680 Speaker 1: of happenstance, this is yet another episode where a cotton 40 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:26,200 Speaker 1: mill is featured because that is where his father worked. 41 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:30,040 Speaker 1: Milton went to Lowell School, his primary school and his 42 00:02:30,160 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: high school, and he was particularly good at math and 43 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:36,560 Speaker 1: science as a student, but he was also very interested 44 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:40,680 Speaker 1: in and fairly skilled at art, specifically drawing, with no 45 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:44,680 Speaker 1: real outlet for that through the school system, So after 46 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:47,720 Speaker 1: he graduated, he got work in a draftsman's office, you know, 47 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:50,639 Speaker 1: as a very low level office boy essentially, and then 48 00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:54,359 Speaker 1: he also sold stationery to residents of boarding houses as 49 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:57,160 Speaker 1: a side job so that he could save up some money. 50 00:02:57,639 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: And the reason he was trying to sock away money 51 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 1: is because because he wanted tuition funds because in eighteen 52 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 1: fifty four he enrolled at Lawrence Scientific School. That school 53 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:12,400 Speaker 1: in Cambridge, Massachusetts, eventually became part of Harvard. Bradley lived 54 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:14,600 Speaker 1: at home while he was going to school so he 55 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:17,840 Speaker 1: could stretch his savings. Was just a few hundred dollars. 56 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:22,320 Speaker 1: That meant his commute was just under thirty miles each 57 00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: way to and from school. This would have been a 58 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 1: pretty arduous schedule of long days for any commuter. It 59 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: was really the only way that this was going to work, though. 60 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: Following work where Lewis Bradley could find it. Milton's parents 61 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: made another move, this time to Hartford, Connecticut, and that 62 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:43,840 Speaker 1: was two years into his college education, and this caused 63 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: a little problem because Milton could not afford to move 64 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: out on his own, so he had to move with 65 00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:52,720 Speaker 1: his parents just six months shy of finishing his studies. 66 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 1: But then at nineteen Milton decided he needed to earn 67 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: a living and make his own way, and so he 68 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:02,320 Speaker 1: moved not far away from there to Springfield, Massachusetts, and 69 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:05,040 Speaker 1: that is where he got his first job. The way 70 00:04:05,080 --> 00:04:08,080 Speaker 1: he got that job sounds a little unbelievable. You really 71 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: could not do this today. He marched into the offices 72 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: of the Wasson Locomotive car Works in Springfield and asked 73 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:17,640 Speaker 1: if they had a draftsman. The person he spoke to 74 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:21,080 Speaker 1: said that they did not, and Bradley offered himself as 75 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:24,080 Speaker 1: one and was hired on the spot at the rate 76 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:27,240 Speaker 1: of a dollar and twenty five cents a day. According 77 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:30,520 Speaker 1: to his diary recollection of the event, Bradley had been 78 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,800 Speaker 1: clear when he was asked he didn't have any practical 79 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:36,680 Speaker 1: experience in this, and when he was questioned as to 80 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:40,920 Speaker 1: whether he could draw a locomotive He said, I never have, 81 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,880 Speaker 1: but I think I could. I feel like just show 82 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:47,080 Speaker 1: up someplace and ask for a job. As like bad 83 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: job advice from yeah, I mean it's ongoing bad job advice, 84 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:55,400 Speaker 1: but like also having no experience whatsoever is it makes 85 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:58,640 Speaker 1: it a whole other level. Bradley left the office and 86 00:04:58,720 --> 00:05:02,200 Speaker 1: found himself a room at a house, and it probably 87 00:05:02,279 --> 00:05:04,839 Speaker 1: seemed like the start of great things for him. But 88 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:09,359 Speaker 1: Wasson had financial problems and just a year into Bradley's 89 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:14,000 Speaker 1: time there, this firm closed. I mean, to his credit, 90 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:16,280 Speaker 1: he was right, he could. He actually turned out to 91 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:19,200 Speaker 1: be a pretty good draftsman, and he had some experience 92 00:05:19,279 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: in an office, just not drawing trains. Bradley was, ever 93 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: trying to find ways to generate income. In eighteen fifty eight, 94 00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: after the closing of the Locomotive car Works, he started 95 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:34,159 Speaker 1: running ads in a variety of papers in the Massachusetts 96 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:38,960 Speaker 1: area that read Bradley's Mechanical and Mathematical Institute. The subscriber, 97 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:42,800 Speaker 1: formerly draftsman for the Springfield Locomotive Works, is now prepared 98 00:05:42,839 --> 00:05:46,479 Speaker 1: to give practical instruction in mechanical drawing in all its 99 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: branches viz. Detail working drawings, in plans, elevations and sections, 100 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: line and brushshading, coloring, geometrical projection, linear perspective, et cetera, 101 00:05:57,200 --> 00:06:02,839 Speaker 1: et cetera. Drawing instruments furnished at importers prices, Particular attention 102 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:07,160 Speaker 1: given to working drawings of new machinery, also to patent 103 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: office drawings and specifications. During this early phase of being 104 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:15,039 Speaker 1: in business for himself, Milton met a young woman named 105 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: by LOONA Eaton and they started a courtship, but Milton 106 00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:22,279 Speaker 1: knew he could not marry her unless he had money 107 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:25,200 Speaker 1: coming in, and he was really not drumming up any 108 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:29,280 Speaker 1: business at all at first, But then wast And Locomotive 109 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:33,040 Speaker 1: had a commission to start production of train cars again 110 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:37,800 Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty eight from a surprising client, which was Egypt. 111 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:42,640 Speaker 1: The Alexandria and Cairo Railroad needed cars and the plant 112 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:46,480 Speaker 1: was back up and running. Milton was contracted by Wasson 113 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: to draft drawings of the cars to be shipped along 114 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: with the cars themselves, so the workers who unpacked them 115 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: understood exactly how everything worked and should look. Bradley made 116 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 1: a nice sum of money from this commission, and he 117 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:03,080 Speaker 1: planned to use it by purchasing equipment for his new company. 118 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:06,600 Speaker 1: He also bought a desk for his mother and a 119 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: ring for Filona. As part of this. Bradley had developed 120 00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:14,520 Speaker 1: an interest in lithographs because they had sent him a 121 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: lithograph of one of his drawings of the train car, 122 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:20,840 Speaker 1: and he started to realize this was a potential business enterprise. 123 00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: There were not many lithograph presses around at this time. 124 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: The closest one to Springfield was in Boston that was 125 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: about ninety miles away. So Bradley thought that if he 126 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,600 Speaker 1: could offer lithograph printing, he'd be the only one for 127 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 1: quite a distance and he might be able to carve 128 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,400 Speaker 1: out kind of a niche industry for himself. And when 129 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 1: he reached out to an old friend from Lowell who 130 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:43,360 Speaker 1: was named George Tapley, who will come up a lot 131 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:46,640 Speaker 1: in his life story about buying a lithograph press from 132 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 1: the firm that Tapley worked at in Providence, Rhode Island, 133 00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:53,280 Speaker 1: Milton Bradley was invited to come and see one. He did, 134 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:55,520 Speaker 1: and he bought it, and over the course of a 135 00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:59,080 Speaker 1: two week stay he learned how it worked. He brought 136 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:01,560 Speaker 1: that press back to Field and set up his shop 137 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: as a lithographer and publisher, taking down the previous sign 138 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:09,400 Speaker 1: that touted his services as a mechanical draftsman and patent solicitor. 139 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: And his first commission was working on a design showcase 140 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: book for a monument maker, and then soon he stayed 141 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:19,960 Speaker 1: pretty constantly busy with orders. More bad fortune was on 142 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:22,840 Speaker 1: the way for Bradley, though, as the United States was 143 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: embroiled in the growing conflict that would eventually become the 144 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:30,560 Speaker 1: Civil War, he did not have any clients lining up 145 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: for the use of his printing services. But as the 146 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,880 Speaker 1: press sat unused, Milton Bradley brainstormed other ways to try 147 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: to bring in money, and he finally came up with 148 00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: something that would make him a household name. So that 149 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:47,719 Speaker 1: big turning moment in Milton Bradley's business life came when 150 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:51,480 Speaker 1: he produced a board game called The Checkered Game of Life. 151 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:56,119 Speaker 1: This game debuted in eighteen sixty, but it is unclear 152 00:08:56,280 --> 00:08:59,640 Speaker 1: where the idea for it came from. So there's a 153 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: book called The Milton Bradley Story, which is a print 154 00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 1: version of a nineteen seventy three lecture given by James J. 155 00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,480 Speaker 1: Shay Junior, who was president of the Milton Bradley Company 156 00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:12,720 Speaker 1: at the time, and in that lecture he describes this 157 00:09:12,840 --> 00:09:16,440 Speaker 1: moment this way quote, Milton Bradley's press stood idle and 158 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:19,960 Speaker 1: bankruptcy threatened. It was during this period that an inventor 159 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:22,840 Speaker 1: came to him with a game called the Checkered Game 160 00:09:22,880 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: of Life. Mister Bradley seized upon this opportunity and produced 161 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,600 Speaker 1: and sold forty five thousand copies of the game the 162 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:33,880 Speaker 1: first year. So that raised my eyebrow, because who is 163 00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:35,840 Speaker 1: this inventor who seems to have been cut out of 164 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 1: this whole thing. But it also seems like this account 165 00:09:39,080 --> 00:09:42,520 Speaker 1: might have been based on a misunderstanding of the actual events. 166 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: In a version written by James J. Shay Senior thirteen 167 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:50,560 Speaker 1: years before his son's speech, he stated that Milton's old 168 00:09:50,559 --> 00:09:54,720 Speaker 1: friend George Tapley, had visited Bradley when the young entrepreneur 169 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: was feeling dejected and stressed about money, and Tapley, who 170 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:03,080 Speaker 1: had his own problem but was overall and optimist, suggested 171 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:07,200 Speaker 1: that they play a game. And according to the older account, 172 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:11,160 Speaker 1: this evening of play of an unnamed but old English 173 00:10:11,200 --> 00:10:14,720 Speaker 1: board game inspired Milton Bradley to invent a game that 174 00:10:14,760 --> 00:10:19,720 Speaker 1: he could print himself on his lithograph press. Tapley, like Bradley, 175 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:22,120 Speaker 1: was out of work. But it's possible that because he 176 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:25,079 Speaker 1: had been an associate of Bradley's and had some business 177 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:28,040 Speaker 1: connections with him, this may have just been a case 178 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:33,400 Speaker 1: of sort of misspoken details. Yeah, how Tapley maybe got 179 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:38,080 Speaker 1: characterized as another inventor in that seventy three speech may 180 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 1: have been because of that. But it does appear that 181 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: Milton Bradley did not steal this idea from anyone. Coming up, 182 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:46,600 Speaker 1: we are going to talk about how that inspiration, though 183 00:10:46,640 --> 00:10:50,679 Speaker 1: wherever it came from, led to Milton Bradley very carefully 184 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:54,160 Speaker 1: and thoughtfully crafting his first game. But first we're going 185 00:10:54,240 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: to hear from the sponsors that support the show. Milton 186 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:09,520 Speaker 1: Bradley worked really hard to design this first game, and 187 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:12,400 Speaker 1: he play tested it with his friend George Tapley, and 188 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:14,839 Speaker 1: then he worked very hard to actually produce it because 189 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:16,839 Speaker 1: in addition to the printing that needed to be done 190 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:20,080 Speaker 1: to produce the board, there was also the need to 191 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 1: package it in a way that made sense and made 192 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:26,040 Speaker 1: it attractive to prospective buyers. This was, of course, well 193 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: before machinery that automated the cutting, labeling, or packing of 194 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:33,200 Speaker 1: game boxes, and what packaging machinery there was would have 195 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:36,439 Speaker 1: been way out of Milton Bradley's access. Those were all 196 00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:39,240 Speaker 1: things that Bradley had to do by hand, initially with 197 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:42,640 Speaker 1: one assistant to help him. And after they had assembled 198 00:11:42,679 --> 00:11:46,319 Speaker 1: several hundred units of the game, which apparently took many 199 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:48,839 Speaker 1: six day a week work weeks that were twelve plus 200 00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:51,920 Speaker 1: hours a day, Bradley packed all of these up and 201 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:54,640 Speaker 1: went with them to New York, planning to go store 202 00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:58,400 Speaker 1: to store on cold calls, just seeing if anyone wanted 203 00:11:58,440 --> 00:12:01,559 Speaker 1: to stock this new game that he had gone. He 204 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: asked for fifty cents per unit, but he wrote in 205 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: his diary that he honestly didn't have any idea what 206 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:08,760 Speaker 1: retailers might charge for them. It was kind of like, 207 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:11,240 Speaker 1: I don't know what my invention's worth, but here's where 208 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 1: I priced it, knowing a number of people who are 209 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:18,600 Speaker 1: board game developers and how much time it often takes 210 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,440 Speaker 1: to just like mock up one prototype of their game, 211 00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:24,360 Speaker 1: not even with a box to ship it in or 212 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:30,640 Speaker 1: any of that laborious. Yes, in two days, Milton was 213 00:12:30,679 --> 00:12:34,480 Speaker 1: out of stock. Stores had been pretty enthusiastic about stocking 214 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:37,400 Speaker 1: a game that seemed like a fun way to play 215 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 1: act through life and teach kids morality along the way, 216 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:45,600 Speaker 1: Because that was the intention of Bradley's design. The game 217 00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:52,480 Speaker 1: manual instructions expounded on its inherent morality quote. This game represents, 218 00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:55,959 Speaker 1: as indicated by the name, the Checkered Journey of Life, 219 00:12:56,360 --> 00:13:00,679 Speaker 1: and is intended to present the various vices and virtues 220 00:13:00,720 --> 00:13:04,319 Speaker 1: in their natural relation to each other, the whole being 221 00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:09,360 Speaker 1: embodied in an attractive and entertaining amusement well calculated to 222 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:13,880 Speaker 1: interest youth or adults. Each player, represented by his counter 223 00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:18,079 Speaker 1: or man, starts in the cradle or infancy and endeavors 224 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:21,360 Speaker 1: to reach happy old age by the best course he 225 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: can select, striving not gain on his journey that which 226 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:29,520 Speaker 1: shall make him the most prosperous, and to shun that 227 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:33,280 Speaker 1: which will retard him in his progress. The journey of 228 00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:36,520 Speaker 1: life is governed by a combination of chance and judgment, 229 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:40,240 Speaker 1: the chance representing the circumstance in life over which we 230 00:13:40,280 --> 00:13:44,600 Speaker 1: apparently have no control, but which are nevertheless governed to 231 00:13:44,679 --> 00:13:48,679 Speaker 1: a great extent by the voluntary actions of our past lives. 232 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: So in the game, the player oftentimes has choice of 233 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 1: a number of moves which he can make to more 234 00:13:55,679 --> 00:13:59,880 Speaker 1: or less apparent advantage, and at other times circumstances compel 235 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:03,840 Speaker 1: him to pursue a course greatly to his disadvantage. But 236 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,600 Speaker 1: any such necessity can generally be traced to some a 237 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,199 Speaker 1: false move made in the former part of the game, 238 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:14,960 Speaker 1: the effects of which could not be foreseen. You have 239 00:14:15,040 --> 00:14:17,160 Speaker 1: to live your life right or you will lose. You 240 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:23,480 Speaker 1: brought this on yourself, Holly. The success of Bradley's first 241 00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: trip to New York gave him the confidence to finally 242 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,480 Speaker 1: set a date and get married to his fiancee, and 243 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:32,680 Speaker 1: he and Viilona were wed on November eighth, eighteen sixty. 244 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:35,040 Speaker 1: That was the same day that Milton turned twenty four, 245 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:37,280 Speaker 1: so he was still a very young man as he 246 00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: was doing all of this. All of this happened alongside 247 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: another event from Bradley's life that seems like it would 248 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 1: lead to wealth, but then hit a stumbling block. His 249 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,240 Speaker 1: next business venture with the press was making mass market 250 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:55,480 Speaker 1: prints of a photograph of then Republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln. 251 00:14:56,440 --> 00:14:59,160 Speaker 1: This probably seemed like a sure fire away to make 252 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:03,000 Speaker 1: money Bradley, he seemed to think, so he printed several 253 00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:06,320 Speaker 1: hundred thousand of the photos, and they probably would have 254 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 1: been lucrative were it not for just a bad bit 255 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:13,280 Speaker 1: of luck. In the time between sitting for the photo 256 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:16,240 Speaker 1: that Milton Bradley used as the basis for the Prince 257 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:21,160 Speaker 1: and the time that the election was over, Lincoln's appearance changed. 258 00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: This is a little bit of a side story, but 259 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:26,520 Speaker 1: I wanted to do included because I found it so charming. 260 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 1: The decision on Lincoln's part to grow a beard came, 261 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:32,920 Speaker 1: it seems, from an exchange that he had with a 262 00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:35,360 Speaker 1: girl named Grace Bedell, who was an eleven year old 263 00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:39,080 Speaker 1: from New York. Grace wrote the candidate Lincoln a letter 264 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:41,960 Speaker 1: in which she said, quote, I have got four brothers, 265 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:44,240 Speaker 1: and a part of them will vote for you anyway, 266 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:46,640 Speaker 1: and if you will let your whiskers grow, I will 267 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:48,280 Speaker 1: try and get the rest of them to vote for 268 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,240 Speaker 1: you. You would look a great deal better, for your face 269 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: is so thin. All the ladies like whiskers, and they 270 00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,080 Speaker 1: would tease their husbands to vote for you, and then 271 00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:01,080 Speaker 1: you would be president. This is like so political logic. 272 00:16:03,640 --> 00:16:07,080 Speaker 1: Although the return letter that Lincoln wrote to Grace pondered 273 00:16:07,080 --> 00:16:09,880 Speaker 1: whether people might think his having a beard after he 274 00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:13,240 Speaker 1: did not would be a silly affectation, he did grow 275 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:16,840 Speaker 1: one in the months that followed. And then Lincoln met 276 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 1: Grace Biddell in early eighteen sixty one when he was 277 00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:22,000 Speaker 1: in New York, and he allegedly told her that he 278 00:16:22,040 --> 00:16:25,160 Speaker 1: had grown his whiskers just for her. Just probably not true, 279 00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:27,920 Speaker 1: but it is. He did tell her that it is 280 00:16:27,960 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 1: probably not the reason he did it, but it is 281 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:33,560 Speaker 1: a very sweet story. Yeah. Yeah, I like the part 282 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: of having an incredibly contentious and impactful election boiled down 283 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:45,120 Speaker 1: to whether he had a beard. Yeah, grow your whiskers. Yeah. 284 00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:48,120 Speaker 1: Once the president was headed to his inauguration, he was 285 00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:51,640 Speaker 1: no longer the clean shaven man in Bradley's souvenir photos 286 00:16:52,320 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: Bradley's remaining prince were worthless. Lincoln looked so different with 287 00:16:56,560 --> 00:16:59,040 Speaker 1: a beard than he did clean shaven that nobody wanted 288 00:16:59,080 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: to buy these. He wound up destroying the stock. There 289 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:06,639 Speaker 1: are you can find pictures of that original print, and 290 00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:08,760 Speaker 1: it is I mean, I think most of us at 291 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:11,080 Speaker 1: this point have probably seen pictures of Abraham Lincoln with 292 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:13,840 Speaker 1: and without beard, and he does look so very different. 293 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:15,439 Speaker 1: I could see why at the time you will be like, 294 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:19,360 Speaker 1: I don't know, is that him? I also, I am 295 00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:24,440 Speaker 1: not a person who would buy a picture of the president. No, 296 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:28,320 Speaker 1: me either, but you know, they didn't have streaming services. 297 00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:30,960 Speaker 1: Then they had to do whatever kept their lives entertained. 298 00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:35,159 Speaker 1: So Bradley had sort of put the checkered Game of 299 00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: Life aside while he focused on this souvenir Lincoln portrait project. 300 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:42,040 Speaker 1: He did get occasional orders for his board game, but 301 00:17:42,359 --> 00:17:46,720 Speaker 1: though they had initially been very, very exuberantly received, it 302 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: kind of slowed to a trickle, and then about the 303 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:53,080 Speaker 1: time he was feeling really anxious about money and his 304 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 1: tanked photoplan and his lack of continued interest in his game, 305 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:01,160 Speaker 1: the gaming business started to actually pick up. But then 306 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: the Civil War began and Bradley thought it was just 307 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:06,280 Speaker 1: not the time for fun amusements. It kind of seemed 308 00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:08,480 Speaker 1: in bad taste for him to be marketing a game, 309 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: and early on in the conflict, he was also asked 310 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:15,200 Speaker 1: by the superintendent of the Union Army armory to work 311 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,119 Speaker 1: once again as a draftsman, drawing up plans for a 312 00:18:18,119 --> 00:18:21,879 Speaker 1: new rifle, and Bradley also wanted to enlist with the Union, 313 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:24,080 Speaker 1: but he was told that his skills as a draftsman 314 00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:27,040 Speaker 1: were too valuable. The line that comes up in the 315 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:32,399 Speaker 1: biographies of him, is this superintendent saying a lot of 316 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:34,159 Speaker 1: men can shoot a gun and go to war, but 317 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:39,080 Speaker 1: they can't all draw. When Milton saw a battalion of 318 00:18:39,119 --> 00:18:43,600 Speaker 1: soldiers camped in Springfield, he was, per his account, struck 319 00:18:43,760 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 1: by the vacant looks on their faces as they stood 320 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:50,960 Speaker 1: or sat around campfires. He worried that their downtime had 321 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,400 Speaker 1: nothing to fill it, so they were stuck in a 322 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:58,520 Speaker 1: cycle of active conflict, training for conflict, or dread of conflict. 323 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:01,280 Speaker 1: And he got the idea that maybe his game invention 324 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,199 Speaker 1: would actually help the war effort. So in the hours 325 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: he wasn't working on drawings for the armory, he started 326 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 1: designing compact game kits. He knew they had to be 327 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:14,000 Speaker 1: small and light. They could not weigh down or hinder 328 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:17,119 Speaker 1: a soldier in any way. He started handing out the 329 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:20,200 Speaker 1: game kits once they were finished, and they included pasteboard 330 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: versions of Chess, Checkers, backgammon, several different dominoes games, and 331 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,359 Speaker 1: the Checkered Game of Life. And then he also started 332 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:31,200 Speaker 1: to offer these compact game kits for sale. They were 333 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:34,879 Speaker 1: one dollar per kit. He wasn't selling them to soldiers, 334 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:37,920 Speaker 1: he would sell them to stores and they could resell them, 335 00:19:38,040 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 1: or they could donate them to the army. And charity 336 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,320 Speaker 1: organizations also started buying them in bulk to give out 337 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: to soldiers, and soon they'll order rate really skyrocketed, and 338 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 1: this had the interesting secondary effect of also kickstarting a 339 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 1: new level of interest in the original Checkered Game of Life. 340 00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,040 Speaker 1: People felt good supporting a company that they saw as 341 00:19:59,119 --> 00:20:02,120 Speaker 1: helping the union, and they started to buy the full 342 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: size version of the game to play at home. This 343 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:07,880 Speaker 1: was also a way that they knew that the members 344 00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:10,879 Speaker 1: of their family who were engaged in combat were playing 345 00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:13,720 Speaker 1: the same game they were playing. It fostered this sense 346 00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:16,919 Speaker 1: of connectedness. So Milton Bradley had figured out how to 347 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:21,280 Speaker 1: reconcile his concerns over making amusements during wartime with the 348 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:25,240 Speaker 1: recognition of people actually needing such things just at those times, 349 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: and he had also managed to ensure the help of 350 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:31,240 Speaker 1: his business in the process. So it was a little 351 00:20:31,240 --> 00:20:33,720 Speaker 1: bit early in the structure of the episode, but in 352 00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:36,159 Speaker 1: the interest of keeping this last part of it all together, 353 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:39,440 Speaker 1: we are going to talk more about the Checkered Game 354 00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:42,159 Speaker 1: of Life and its legacy after we pause for a 355 00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:54,280 Speaker 1: sponsor break. So we promised we would talk about the 356 00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:56,800 Speaker 1: Checkered Game of Life because we haven't described it in 357 00:20:56,880 --> 00:20:59,760 Speaker 1: great detail yet. And the board for the Checkered Game 358 00:20:59,760 --> 00:21:03,320 Speaker 1: of Life is surprise. It looks like a checkerboard sort of, 359 00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:06,800 Speaker 1: but the boxes have things printed on them. So players 360 00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:09,200 Speaker 1: start at one corner of the board it's the lower 361 00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:11,640 Speaker 1: left if you're looking at the board with the printing 362 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:14,760 Speaker 1: oriented correctly for reading, and then they work their way 363 00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:17,479 Speaker 1: to the top right corner. Obviously, of multiple people are 364 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:19,159 Speaker 1: playing around aboard, they're not only going to have that 365 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,640 Speaker 1: same perspective this game. If you've ever played the Game 366 00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,320 Speaker 1: of Life as it exists today, this is far darker 367 00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:28,200 Speaker 1: than it's modern reimagining, which is just called the Game 368 00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:31,359 Speaker 1: of Life. In the eighteen sixty version, you could land 369 00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: on squares that were extremely dire sounding, including one that 370 00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:38,600 Speaker 1: read suicide that would end the game for you. Most 371 00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:40,879 Speaker 1: of the places you could land required some sort of 372 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:44,800 Speaker 1: moral decision, so you could get points from virtuous squares, 373 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:47,600 Speaker 1: and if you rack up enough points, you win, whether 374 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: or not you reach the end objective of a happy 375 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:52,840 Speaker 1: old age or not. It's not one where you get 376 00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:55,800 Speaker 1: cash or anything. You only get points, and it's also 377 00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:59,640 Speaker 1: interestingly enough to me almost impossible to win if you're 378 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:03,480 Speaker 1: playing this and you choose the path of politics. And 379 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:06,639 Speaker 1: it seems in some ways like Milton Bradley's own life 380 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 1: experience and often shifting fortunes, informed some of the ways 381 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: things could play out in this game. As explained in 382 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:16,760 Speaker 1: the rules quote, it will be seen that poverty lies 383 00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:19,960 Speaker 1: near the cradle. Now, in starting life, it is not 384 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:23,960 Speaker 1: necessarily a fact that poverty will be a disadvantage, so 385 00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:26,800 Speaker 1: in the game it causes the player no loss to 386 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:31,119 Speaker 1: pass through poverty. But if in more advanced age he 387 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:36,399 Speaker 1: falls into intemperance and so thus carried to poverty, it 388 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:39,720 Speaker 1: is only by constant and renewed exertion that the lost 389 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:44,399 Speaker 1: ground can be regained. The same of disgrace, a person 390 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:47,399 Speaker 1: may in early life be in disgrace for a time 391 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: through no fault of his own. But if, after having 392 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:54,760 Speaker 1: had the advantages of experience, he falls through idleness to disgrace, 393 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:57,960 Speaker 1: he will certainly need the helping hand of influence to 394 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:01,480 Speaker 1: give him a fat office in order to start him 395 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:06,000 Speaker 1: again in the world. This way, many ideas are suggested 396 00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:11,360 Speaker 1: by the peculiar arrangement of the several squares. Milton Bradley, 397 00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:14,359 Speaker 1: of course, patented the Checkered Game of Life, stating in 398 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:18,040 Speaker 1: his patent application quote, be it known that I, Milton Bradley, 399 00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:20,960 Speaker 1: of Springfield, in the County of Hampton and the Commonwealth 400 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,919 Speaker 1: of Massachusetts, have invented a new social game. And he 401 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:28,639 Speaker 1: goes on to describe the game's workings. The player having 402 00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: the first move twirls the teetotem, and the number remaining 403 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:35,280 Speaker 1: uppermost when the teetotem stops indicates what his move shall 404 00:23:35,320 --> 00:23:38,879 Speaker 1: be according to the description of moves on the record dials. 405 00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:42,840 Speaker 1: He accordingly enters his counter at infancy and from there 406 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,720 Speaker 1: makes his first move Immediately. This leaves the square called 407 00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:49,760 Speaker 1: infancy vacant for the next player to the left, who 408 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: now twirls the teetotem and entering at infancy, makes the 409 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: move designated. Thus, each player in turn twirls the teetotem 410 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,000 Speaker 1: and moves accordingly. When a counter moved to a square 411 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,960 Speaker 1: having a hand on it, directions will be found on 412 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,200 Speaker 1: that square, carrying it to another, the position of which 413 00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,080 Speaker 1: on the board is indicated by the index or hand 414 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: pointing to it. Thus, a counter can never stop on 415 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:16,159 Speaker 1: a square having a hand on it. The account of 416 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,280 Speaker 1: the game is very conveniently kept on the record dial 417 00:24:19,359 --> 00:24:22,639 Speaker 1: by the rotary brass pointer. Thus, when a player moves 418 00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:26,480 Speaker 1: onto a square containing five, turn the pointer to five, 419 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:31,080 Speaker 1: and if onto another containing ten, to fifteen, and so on. 420 00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:35,200 Speaker 1: Any player who reaches happy old age gains fifty, which 421 00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:37,920 Speaker 1: is added to his amount. But as the winner must 422 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:41,040 Speaker 1: gain one hundred, the game is not concluded until someone 423 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:44,640 Speaker 1: has obtained that amount. As happy old age is surrounded 424 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:48,800 Speaker 1: by many difficulties, fifty may oftentimes be gained as soon 425 00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:52,040 Speaker 1: by a succession of smaller numbers as by striving for 426 00:24:52,119 --> 00:24:55,879 Speaker 1: happy old age. And again he summed up with that 427 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,000 Speaker 1: line that we mentioned earlier, which I love enough that 428 00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:01,240 Speaker 1: I thought it bears repeating. The journey of life is 429 00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:05,160 Speaker 1: governed by a combination of chance and judgment. But though 430 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,000 Speaker 1: he didn't credit anyone else in the patents, the game 431 00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:11,359 Speaker 1: wasn't entirely original. It might be better to say it 432 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:13,560 Speaker 1: was a new version of a game type that had 433 00:25:13,560 --> 00:25:18,000 Speaker 1: been around for hundreds of years. Spiral race games, that's 434 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:22,440 Speaker 1: games in which players progress along a spiral path on 435 00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: a board as they race to complete the goal, have 436 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:27,720 Speaker 1: been around for a really long time. According to a 437 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:30,679 Speaker 1: New Yorker article by Jill Lapour written in two thousand 438 00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:35,120 Speaker 1: and seven, the oldest spiral game might be an Arabic 439 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:39,439 Speaker 1: one called the Hyena game. In it, pebbles represent the 440 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:42,440 Speaker 1: player's mothers, and they have to follow a spiral track 441 00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:45,639 Speaker 1: to a central point where a task is completed, and 442 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 1: then return home before they become victims of a hyaena. 443 00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:51,720 Speaker 1: That sounds kind of like a fun game. That one 444 00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: it sounds like, is like not obviously, it is old 445 00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 1: enough that it is not necessarily on a printed game board, 446 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:00,520 Speaker 1: but it's one where you can draw a by roll 447 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: in the sand and then use that as your game board. 448 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,760 Speaker 1: In seventeen ninety a board game appeared in London shops 449 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,159 Speaker 1: that was called The New Game of Human Life, and 450 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,800 Speaker 1: this was a map board that advanced players from being 451 00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:17,359 Speaker 1: an infant to status as immortal by taking them a 452 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:21,520 Speaker 1: long life's journey with possible pitfalls of temptation and options 453 00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:25,639 Speaker 1: to choose virtuous acts. So that sounds quite familiar. In 454 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,200 Speaker 1: less than a decade, the New Game of Human Life 455 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 1: had spread to North America and it was suggested to 456 00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:33,680 Speaker 1: parents on both sides of the Atlantic as a good 457 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 1: way to teach children about morality, and this was followed 458 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:40,320 Speaker 1: by other similar English games, the Mansion of Bliss and 459 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:44,159 Speaker 1: The Mansion of Happiness being two primary ones. Both of 460 00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,959 Speaker 1: those games end with a winner getting into heaven. The 461 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,600 Speaker 1: Mansion of Happiness was pretty popular in the US in 462 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:53,160 Speaker 1: the first half and early middle of the nineteenth century, 463 00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,880 Speaker 1: so not long at all before Milton Bradley's version popped up. 464 00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:00,480 Speaker 1: Whether or not he was familiar with these other specific 465 00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:03,760 Speaker 1: games is unclear, but here's what I love if he 466 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:06,360 Speaker 1: did know about them. What's really interesting is the way 467 00:27:06,359 --> 00:27:09,440 Speaker 1: that he shifted the theming of the game from their approach. 468 00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:13,320 Speaker 1: So The Mansion of Happiness is very obviously a game 469 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,080 Speaker 1: about Christian morality. The goal is to secure a place 470 00:27:17,119 --> 00:27:20,720 Speaker 1: in heaven through gameplay, but in Bradley's version, although the 471 00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:23,480 Speaker 1: morality of it is very similar and it's very much 472 00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: about doing what's right, the theming is secular. If you 473 00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:29,360 Speaker 1: live a good life you will get to happy old 474 00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:33,240 Speaker 1: age instead of any kind of religious immortality goal. As 475 00:27:33,320 --> 00:27:36,400 Speaker 1: Bradley had steered his company through the Civil War years, 476 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,919 Speaker 1: he'd also hired other people to run the lithograph press, 477 00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:42,560 Speaker 1: so his time was freed up to work on other 478 00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:45,360 Speaker 1: projects while the Checkered Game of Life kept a steady 479 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:49,000 Speaker 1: stream of revenue coming in. This resulted in a lot 480 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,080 Speaker 1: more games. One of his most popular was a croquet 481 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,399 Speaker 1: set that was small enough to be set up on 482 00:27:54,480 --> 00:27:57,760 Speaker 1: a tabletop. This came out just as the US was 483 00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:02,199 Speaker 1: embracing croquet, so unlike some of his earlier ventures, the 484 00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:05,400 Speaker 1: timing was just right. Yeah, there are some people who 485 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:09,199 Speaker 1: credit him with popularizing croquet. I found ads for his 486 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:12,880 Speaker 1: croquet set as early as eighteen sixty six, and somewhere 487 00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:15,960 Speaker 1: between eighteen sixty six and eighteen sixty eight is kind 488 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,120 Speaker 1: of designated as the time that the US got really 489 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:22,360 Speaker 1: excited about croquet, so certainly he may have been part 490 00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:25,800 Speaker 1: of making it making it available to everyone. On a 491 00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,760 Speaker 1: sadder note, in eighteen sixty six, Milton's wife, Violona, hosted 492 00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:33,679 Speaker 1: a birthday party for her husband, and while that party 493 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,080 Speaker 1: was going on, he noticed that she was less energetic 494 00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,240 Speaker 1: than usual, and she continued to have less of her 495 00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:41,840 Speaker 1: usual spirit over the next couple of weeks, and Milton 496 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,440 Speaker 1: became concerned and had a doctor come to the house, 497 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:48,000 Speaker 1: and Violona was deemed just to need rest and you know, 498 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:50,760 Speaker 1: to drink tonics, and she took it very easy, but 499 00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,240 Speaker 1: her symptoms got worse and she died on March thirteenth 500 00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 1: of eighteen sixty seven. They did not have kids, and 501 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: Milton did not want to live alone, so he asked 502 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,400 Speaker 1: his parents to move in with him after Violuna's passing, 503 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:05,640 Speaker 1: which they did. His father actually started working with him 504 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:08,880 Speaker 1: at the company, and during this time he threw himself 505 00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:11,400 Speaker 1: into work and developed a great number of things, including 506 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:15,800 Speaker 1: a zootrope. In August eighteen sixty eight, Milton met a 507 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:19,400 Speaker 1: young woman named Ellen Thayer, who went by Nelly through 508 00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:23,320 Speaker 1: his friend George and George's wife Mary Elizabeth. In the 509 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 1: year and a half since Bylona's death, Milton had seemed 510 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:29,400 Speaker 1: to avoid the company of women entirely, but when he 511 00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:32,960 Speaker 1: met Nelly, they talked late into the night. He really 512 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,560 Speaker 1: adored her, and so did his parents, and they were 513 00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,560 Speaker 1: engaged just a few months later. They married the following spring, 514 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:43,440 Speaker 1: on May twenty first, eighteen sixty nine. They had two daughters, 515 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:47,600 Speaker 1: Florence and Lillian Alice. In eighteen sixty nine, as the 516 00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:50,440 Speaker 1: newlywed Bradley was several years into what had become a 517 00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:54,360 Speaker 1: successful business, he went to a talk given by educator 518 00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: and transcendentalists Emily Palmer Peabody. And In this talk, Peabody, 519 00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: who today is known pri smarily as a person who 520 00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:04,959 Speaker 1: opened the first English language kindergarten in the US, talked 521 00:30:04,960 --> 00:30:08,520 Speaker 1: about early childhood education and the work of German education 522 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:13,440 Speaker 1: reformer Friedrich Froebel, and Milton Bradley was a very receptive 523 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: listener to all of this, and he found the ideas 524 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:19,400 Speaker 1: advocated by Froebel and in turn Peabody for children to 525 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:24,800 Speaker 1: learn through activity and play just very inspiring. Two actions 526 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:28,479 Speaker 1: on Bradley's part came out of this experience. One, he 527 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:33,120 Speaker 1: offered to publish a book that outlined all these educational ideas. Two, 528 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:36,760 Speaker 1: he decided that his company would manufacture and provide as 529 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:41,680 Speaker 1: gifts educational materials that would supplement classrooms that used the 530 00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:46,080 Speaker 1: educational concepts of play. This was a really important development 531 00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,880 Speaker 1: in education in the United States because the idea of 532 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:53,360 Speaker 1: an early educational classroom filled with brightly colored toys was 533 00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: just not something that really existed. So working with educators, 534 00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:02,000 Speaker 1: Milton Bradley helped usher in the populace of kindergarten. So 535 00:31:02,040 --> 00:31:06,200 Speaker 1: it's an unpopular endeavor with a lot of Bradley's business partners. 536 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:10,240 Speaker 1: The company was not experiencing the same robust sales that 537 00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:14,520 Speaker 1: it once had. Their margins were really thin. Their president 538 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:18,280 Speaker 1: was doing research and development on educational materials instead of 539 00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:22,040 Speaker 1: new social games. In eighteen seventy eight, two of his 540 00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:27,080 Speaker 1: partners left, and George Tapley bought out their interests. Bradley 541 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,600 Speaker 1: is said to have continued good relationships with everyone involved, 542 00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: even though they did not share his vision regarding the 543 00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:39,000 Speaker 1: importance of early education. From eighteen sixty nine on, Bradley 544 00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:43,800 Speaker 1: was focused almost exclusively on inventing and patenting educational tools. 545 00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:48,120 Speaker 1: He made crayons and school grade watercolor sets and construction 546 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,200 Speaker 1: paper packets, so a lot of the things that many 547 00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: of us associate with the playful and artistic parts of 548 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 1: our childhood classroom experiences were shaped in part by Milton 549 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:02,200 Speaker 1: Bradley's determination to give the kind movement solid footing. In 550 00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:05,840 Speaker 1: the United States. He invented a kindergarten table in the 551 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:10,080 Speaker 1: eighteen eighties, and one of Milton Bradley's designers, Cornelius Hastings, 552 00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:13,440 Speaker 1: was responsible for the invention of the one armed paper 553 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:16,320 Speaker 1: cutter that is so often used in classrooms and now 554 00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:18,880 Speaker 1: in crafting in other places, but I have such memories 555 00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:22,960 Speaker 1: of it in my elementary school classrooms. Those big, giant, 556 00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:26,880 Speaker 1: heavy Oh I love those things. They're very satisfying, also 557 00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:30,160 Speaker 1: a little scary sometimes. Yes, I don't know that they're 558 00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:34,280 Speaker 1: great for kindergarteners, but they're certainly efficient at cutting big 559 00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:37,880 Speaker 1: chunks of paper. One of the gift items that Bradley 560 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:41,280 Speaker 1: had made for Elizabeth Peabody's effort was a set of blocks. 561 00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:44,480 Speaker 1: So normally these kinds of blocks would just be bright, 562 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:49,480 Speaker 1: solid colors to encourage imaginative play. But Milton had decided 563 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: to put letters on the blocks, and this was something 564 00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:55,680 Speaker 1: that Elizabeth Peabotty was apparently really angry about, and they 565 00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:58,320 Speaker 1: were very good friends, but they got into quite a 566 00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:00,800 Speaker 1: big fight about it because she thought that directing the 567 00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:04,440 Speaker 1: kids too much. But Bradley made the blocks, so he 568 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:07,440 Speaker 1: got his way, and now we think of blocks with 569 00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:10,160 Speaker 1: letters on them as very standard from an early age. 570 00:33:10,840 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: And the thing was, as he was developing gifts for 571 00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: peabd he also started offering them at retail, and soon 572 00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:19,760 Speaker 1: other companies were also trying to get into the market 573 00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:23,640 Speaker 1: of learning toys and school supplies. To retain his standing 574 00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:26,880 Speaker 1: in the school market, Bradley acquired The Kindergarten News in 575 00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:30,440 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety three, and he started publishing it directly through 576 00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:34,120 Speaker 1: the company. In nineteen oh seven, Milton Bradley, having run 577 00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:37,960 Speaker 1: the Milton Bradley Company for forty seven years, retired. He 578 00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:42,959 Speaker 1: let the younger executives take the reins. Milton Bradley died 579 00:33:43,080 --> 00:33:45,960 Speaker 1: in May of nineteen eleven after a very brief and 580 00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:49,120 Speaker 1: sudden illness. Yeah, it was one of those things. In 581 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:51,360 Speaker 1: one biography I read it sounded like he went for 582 00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,560 Speaker 1: a car ride with his wife, they had a great time. 583 00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:56,280 Speaker 1: The next day he didn't feel good, and something like 584 00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:58,200 Speaker 1: forty eight hours later he had passed. It was very, 585 00:33:58,280 --> 00:34:02,920 Speaker 1: very quick. In nineteen sixty, the Milton Bradley Company celebrated 586 00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:06,680 Speaker 1: its one hundred year anniversary by developing a modernized version 587 00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:08,840 Speaker 1: of the Checkered Game of Life. And this one is 588 00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:11,600 Speaker 1: probably much more familiar to anyone listening. It is the 589 00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:14,360 Speaker 1: Game of Life, and it shifted to use that spiral 590 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:17,560 Speaker 1: path method that we're all familiar with now. But unlike 591 00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:20,759 Speaker 1: the eighteen sixty version, which focused so much on morality, 592 00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:25,319 Speaker 1: the mid twentieth century life was about financial prosperity. The 593 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:29,399 Speaker 1: Milton Bradley Company was acquired by Hasbro in nineteen ninety two. 594 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:33,840 Speaker 1: Many Milton Bradley games continue to be produced, including classics 595 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:38,840 Speaker 1: like Candyland, Access and Allies, Battleship, Connect for Operation and Twister. 596 00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:42,560 Speaker 1: In two thousand and seven, the Game of Life Twists 597 00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:45,919 Speaker 1: and Turns was introduced, and that offered players a much 598 00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,719 Speaker 1: more flexible approach to play. It was not so much 599 00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:52,000 Speaker 1: about a goal but racking up points and money. In 600 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,520 Speaker 1: twenty ten, the Game of Life was inducted into the 601 00:34:54,600 --> 00:35:01,279 Speaker 1: National Toy Hall of Fame. The Game of Life, Yeah, 602 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,719 Speaker 1: which we'll talk about on Friday, and I will make 603 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:09,480 Speaker 1: confessions that make me sound like a monster. Okay, So 604 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:13,839 Speaker 1: I have listener mail. This is one of those listener mails. 605 00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:19,719 Speaker 1: This one has everything. Our listener Sheila, who writes, Hi, 606 00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:22,440 Speaker 1: I discovered your podcast last year and I've been hooked 607 00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:25,120 Speaker 1: ever since. I shared it with my husband and now 608 00:35:25,120 --> 00:35:27,360 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is the only podcast 609 00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: my husband listens to. I am an artist and I 610 00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:33,160 Speaker 1: absolutely love when your podcasts relate to art history. Don't 611 00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:37,280 Speaker 1: be shy sharing that art. Sheila also makes a suggestion 612 00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:41,440 Speaker 1: for a podcast topic which is somebody I would like 613 00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:44,320 Speaker 1: to talk about, and also mentions that they're having a 614 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:46,480 Speaker 1: hard time figuring out how to search episodes. This is 615 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:48,360 Speaker 1: a problem we have run into for a long time. 616 00:35:49,120 --> 00:35:52,040 Speaker 1: We used to have a more searchable situation. I think 617 00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:57,560 Speaker 1: our usual advice if you do a search just online, 618 00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:00,359 Speaker 1: not on any of our players, for stuff you missed 619 00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:03,399 Speaker 1: in history class and a subject, you're more than likely 620 00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:06,560 Speaker 1: to find it, versus trying to look through a player 621 00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:09,000 Speaker 1: in search, which I always have trouble with. I would 622 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,359 Speaker 1: say even that is less. It's not as accurate as 623 00:36:12,360 --> 00:36:16,680 Speaker 1: it used to be. Yeah, and that is I use 624 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:20,680 Speaker 1: Google as my search engine, and that is changes to 625 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:24,320 Speaker 1: the Google algorithm, not anything that's really within our control, 626 00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:30,320 Speaker 1: I don't think. But yeah, some of the individual podcast apps, 627 00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:34,640 Speaker 1: various ones are kind of searchable by episodes. Ours, the 628 00:36:34,960 --> 00:36:39,319 Speaker 1: iHeart Radio app not really searchable by episode. Yeah, it's 629 00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:43,640 Speaker 1: kind of a it's a little bit tricky, so apologies. 630 00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:45,040 Speaker 1: There's not a ton we can do about it, but 631 00:36:45,080 --> 00:36:48,640 Speaker 1: we hear you and feel you. And then here's the 632 00:36:48,680 --> 00:36:53,000 Speaker 1: important part. Photos. Yeah, she listened a lot of good photos. 633 00:36:53,280 --> 00:36:57,080 Speaker 1: The two parakeets are Ren and Stimpy, which is endurable 634 00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:01,719 Speaker 1: and also like appeals to my love of animation. We 635 00:37:01,760 --> 00:37:04,600 Speaker 1: adopted them, Sheila says, from a bird rescue. And then 636 00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:09,520 Speaker 1: another dog of my dreams. Here is our Akita, Emma 637 00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:13,600 Speaker 1: with Santa. I love Akita's so desperately. I can't even 638 00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:15,400 Speaker 1: if you don't know what an aikita is. It's a 639 00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:22,520 Speaker 1: big Japanese, gorgeous, fluffy dog and I love them. Emma 640 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:24,799 Speaker 1: was adopted from a shelter last year, and she is, 641 00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:27,279 Speaker 1: according to Sheila, a gentle giant and then finally the 642 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:32,320 Speaker 1: one who rules it all. Their torty Jazzy and Sheila, 643 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:35,279 Speaker 1: because she is an artist, also shared one of her 644 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:38,160 Speaker 1: watercolor and ink paintings. It is of a bird and 645 00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:40,400 Speaker 1: it is beautiful. So this hits all of my stuff. 646 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:44,520 Speaker 1: We got dogs, we got birds, we got art. Sheila, 647 00:37:44,680 --> 00:37:48,880 Speaker 1: thank you, what a delay. And that Akita is with Santa, 648 00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:51,920 Speaker 1: who we also love, so thank you, thank you, thank you. 649 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:56,000 Speaker 1: And this Torty has what I call torty face. No, 650 00:37:56,800 --> 00:38:00,719 Speaker 1: she will sass you, I can tell. She will tell 651 00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:04,200 Speaker 1: you how to do the dishes, how to dress, and 652 00:38:04,239 --> 00:38:07,080 Speaker 1: how to touch her very specifically, and how much to 653 00:38:07,080 --> 00:38:10,800 Speaker 1: feed her every day. Listen, I know I love it Toordy. 654 00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:13,560 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Shela. This was such a delightful 655 00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:16,360 Speaker 1: email and so full of visual wonders that made me 656 00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:18,879 Speaker 1: smile over and over and over. So I really appreciate it. 657 00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:21,560 Speaker 1: Thank you for sharing your art with me. It's so beautiful. 658 00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,200 Speaker 1: I love it. I love birds. So we're all good. 659 00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:26,399 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us and share 660 00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:28,640 Speaker 1: a million pictures of things that will make us grin, 661 00:38:29,120 --> 00:38:31,319 Speaker 1: or just to talk about something on the show, or 662 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:33,920 Speaker 1: pictures so maybe it won't make us grin but are important, 663 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:37,640 Speaker 1: you can do that at History podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. 664 00:38:37,760 --> 00:38:40,240 Speaker 1: You can also find us on social media as missed 665 00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:42,879 Speaker 1: in History, and if you have not subscribed, you can 666 00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: do that on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you listen 667 00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:53,520 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. Stuff you Missed in History Class 668 00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:57,560 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 669 00:38:57,719 --> 00:39:01,320 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 670 00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:02,360 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.