Speaker 1: It's a hot summer day in August. A crowd of
Speaker 1: more than two hundred thousand people is gathered before the
Speaker 1: Lincoln Memorial in Washington, d C. You know the story,
Speaker 1: You definitely know the speech. I have a dream. But
Speaker 1: one day this nation will rise up, live out the
Speaker 1: true meaning of its screen. But do you know the
Speaker 1: man responsible for putting Martin Luther King Jr. Behind that podium,
Speaker 1: the man who organized the march on Washington. You can
Speaker 1: see him in video footage of the historic moment. He
Speaker 1: is standing on Dr King's right, and you can even
Speaker 1: hear him bellowing his approval when King reaches the end
Speaker 1: of his famous speech, Free at last, Free at last,
Speaker 1: Thank God a matter. The man next to Dr King
Speaker 1: is Byard rust As we learned an episode one, Rustin
Speaker 1: first came to King's aid during the Montgomery bus boycott.
Speaker 1: The Quaker activist was King's mentor, and it was Rustin,
Speaker 1: not King, who many fellow activists looked too early on
Speaker 1: at the potential father of the civil rights movement. Bayard
Speaker 1: Rustin was a master strategist, a tireless organizer, and an
Speaker 1: outright force of nature in the civil rights movement and
Speaker 1: more than any other person. He was responsible for injecting
Speaker 1: non violent protest into the black freedom struggle. So why
Speaker 1: have so many of us never heard of him? Well,
Speaker 1: Rustin was not only a black man, he was a
Speaker 1: gay man as well, and in twentieth century America, those
Speaker 1: two facts would prove too difficult for even a man
Speaker 1: as talented as Rustin to fully overcome. You don't off
Speaker 1: to ride Jim Kow. No, you don't have to ride
Speaker 1: Jim Kroll on June the Third High Court said when
Speaker 1: you ride in the state Jim Crow is dead. You
Speaker 1: don't have to ride Jim. I'm Sean braswell, and this
Speaker 1: is the thread. This season, we are pulling the thread
Speaker 1: on a powerful and revolutionary idea, non violent resistance. An
Speaker 1: episode one, we saw how a young Martin Luther King Jr.
Speaker 1: Elevated the U s Civil rights movement using non violence.
Speaker 1: In this episode, we pull back the curtain on Bayard Rustin,
Speaker 1: the man who helped King to take up the banner
Speaker 1: of non violence in the first place. Byrd, Rustin's life
Speaker 1: teaches us that sometimes it is the people that we
Speaker 1: don't learn about in history class that make the biggest
Speaker 1: impact on our lives. If you're joining us for the
Speaker 1: first time, we encourage you to go back and listen
Speaker 1: to episode one, when United Action turns the tide and
Speaker 1: black and white sit side by side. Oh, someday we
Speaker 1: will be. In nineteen fifty six, Martin Luther King Jr.
Speaker 1: With the help of Buyard Rustin, unveiled a new weapon
Speaker 1: to combat racial injustice in the United States. For several
Speaker 1: weeks now, were the nigrot citizens of Montgomery have been
Speaker 1: involved in a non violent protest against the injustices which
Speaker 1: we have experienced on the buses a number of years.
Speaker 1: Rust And discussed the effect of the Montgomery boycott in
Speaker 1: a nineteen seventy nine interview. Oh. I think if there
Speaker 1: had been any violence at all, they were prepared to
Speaker 1: deal with that. But they could not deal with were
Speaker 1: people who were not being violent, and there was a
Speaker 1: kind of moral geoujitsu going on, a moral rustling, and
Speaker 1: they didn't know how to put their hands on us
Speaker 1: because it was so intensely non violent. This is Rustin.
Speaker 1: Biographer John demilio I interviewed many of the pacifists who
Speaker 1: worked with Rustin in the nineteen forties and early fifties,
Speaker 1: and at some point. In almost every interview I did,
Speaker 1: each one of them would say some equivalent to we
Speaker 1: thought he would be the American Gandhi. Now think about that,
Speaker 1: Think about what that means about how powerful they perceived
Speaker 1: Rustin to be as a model of non violent activism.
Speaker 1: Every fiber in Rustin's being was dedicated to the principles
Speaker 1: of non violence, and more than any other person, he
Speaker 1: was the one responsible for launching King's famous dream. Still,
Speaker 1: Rustin makes no more than a cameo appearance in most
Speaker 1: history books about the time. This is civil rights leader
Speaker 1: Timothy Jenkins, who knew Rustin personally. No, I don't think
Speaker 1: that the that the virusors historically fully appreciated for his importance,
Speaker 1: and I don't think that he was appreciated fully at
Speaker 1: it when he was alive. Rustin actually had an experience
Speaker 1: similar to Rosa Parks on a segregated bus thirteen years
Speaker 1: before he joined King in Montgomery. John Damilo explains he's
Speaker 1: traveling to the South and on a bus in Tennessee.
Speaker 1: He refuses to go to the back and puts himself
Speaker 1: in the front of the bus, where he is sitting
Speaker 1: next to white passengers in rows reserved for Whites. The
Speaker 1: bus driver calls the police. Soon rest In here sirens.
Speaker 1: Four police officers board the bus and approach Rustin. He
Speaker 1: patiently explains to them that he has a right to
Speaker 1: sit there. He points to a young white child sitting
Speaker 1: nearby and says that if he moves to the back
Speaker 1: of the bus, he will be quote depriving that child
Speaker 1: of the knowledge that there is an injustice here. The
Speaker 1: officers dragged Rustin from the bus. The police start beating him.
Speaker 1: Rustin doesn't defend himself. Rustin, a tall, thirty year old
Speaker 1: black man, extends his arms parallel to the ground. As
Speaker 1: the officers begin to hit him with their clubs. He
Speaker 1: tells them there's no need to beat him. He is
Speaker 1: not resisting. When they take him to the police station,
Speaker 1: there is more physical assault. The hallway leading to the
Speaker 1: police captain's office is lined with officers on both sides.
Speaker 1: Rustin is tossed from one to another. He endures more blows.
Speaker 1: His clothes are ripped, and he doesn't resist. Rustin is
Speaker 1: then taken into the captain's office, where he calmly asks,
Speaker 1: what can I do for you? The angry captain leans
Speaker 1: in and yells at Rustin quote, You're supposed to be
Speaker 1: scared when you come in here, but buyared. Rustin wasn't scared.
Speaker 1: At times, he was utterly fearless. Rustin's commitment to non
Speaker 1: violence was total and complete. It wasn't simply a political
Speaker 1: tactic that he used in a dem instration. It was
Speaker 1: the way he intended to live his life, and he
Speaker 1: expected himself too. And there are many instances in Rustin's
Speaker 1: life where uh confronted with beatings by police or demonstrators.
Speaker 1: He never fought back. Take this incident at a demonstration
Speaker 1: in nineteen one, Rustin was attacked with a stick by
Speaker 1: an angry spectator. He picked up a stick of his own.
Speaker 1: Then he handed his attack or the second stick and
Speaker 1: asked him if he wanted to use both. The disoriented
Speaker 1: man threw the two sticks down and stormed away. Rustin
Speaker 1: explained the logic of his non violent approach in a
Speaker 1: later interview. There are three ways to deal with injustice.
Speaker 1: One is to accept it slavishly, or one can insisted
Speaker 1: with arms, or one can use non violence. The man
Speaker 1: who believes in non violence is prepared to be harmed,
Speaker 1: to be crushed, but he will never crush others Rustin
Speaker 1: grew up in Westchester, Pennsylvania, which was very much a
Speaker 1: Quaker town. It had been a stop on the underground
Speaker 1: railroad in the nineteenth century. His grandmother, Julia, who raised him,
Speaker 1: worked in the households of Quaker families, and so Quakerism
Speaker 1: was a part of his life. Rustin was a good
Speaker 1: athlete and a lover of the arts. He would often
Speaker 1: recite classical poems allowed at school, even while at football practice.
Speaker 1: In the late nineteen thirties, Rustin moved to New York.
Speaker 1: He attended City College and paid his bills by singing
Speaker 1: in Greenwich Village nightclubs. Then he landed his first real job.
Speaker 1: He actually starts working for an organization called the Fellowship
Speaker 1: of Reconciliation, which was um a pacifist organization whose membership
Speaker 1: was mostly ministers committed to the philosophy and practice of
Speaker 1: non islands. It's not a great time to be a
Speaker 1: pacifist in the United States. The attack on Pearl Harbor
Speaker 1: comes three months later. Most Americans rallied to support the
Speaker 1: war effort. Rustin did not. I'm a Quaker, and as
Speaker 1: everyone knows, Quakers for three years have on conscientious grounds
Speaker 1: being against participating in the rule, but participation was mandatory,
Speaker 1: so when he finally received the call uh to military service,
Speaker 1: Rustin had made the decision that he was not going
Speaker 1: to cooperate in any way with the military. Rustin was arrested.
Speaker 1: He waived his right to trial, pled guilty, and received
Speaker 1: a three year sentence. He was thirty one years old
Speaker 1: when he entered Ashland Prison in Kentucky. He's classified almost
Speaker 1: from the beginning as a notorious offender, which means that
Speaker 1: are watching his every move. He's also a black man
Speaker 1: in a primarily white movement going to a prison that
Speaker 1: is racially segregated, and so Rustin, ever, the activist, is
Speaker 1: now in federal prison, but is organizing prisoners to resist segregation.
Speaker 1: Thanks to Rustin, the prison athletic program was soon integrated
Speaker 1: and prisoners were allowed to move between the white and
Speaker 1: colored sections of the prison. But not all of the
Speaker 1: prisoners cared for Rustin's integration efforts. A number of the
Speaker 1: prisoners are white Southerners themselves, and at a certain point
Speaker 1: one of them is enraged at the way Rustin is
Speaker 1: challenging segregation and goes after him with a stick. And
Speaker 1: there are other people around and Rustin just puts his
Speaker 1: hands up to try to protect his face from injury,
Speaker 1: but doesn't resist in any way. When a fellow prisoners
Speaker 1: try to protect him, he tells them no. Rustin's attacker
Speaker 1: continued to rain violent blows on him, and again Rustin
Speaker 1: calmly responded, you can't hurt me. The other prisoner received
Speaker 1: no punishment for the incident. Rustin was disciplined by the warden.
Speaker 1: His activism had not made him popular with prison officials.
Speaker 1: They soon learned that the formidable organizer had an achilles heel,
Speaker 1: at least given the time in which he lived. Rustin
Speaker 1: is a gay man in an era where no one
Speaker 1: accepts being gay, and the prison officials realized that they
Speaker 1: can expose his sexuality, and they bring him up on
Speaker 1: charges of sexual misconduct. Rustin's integration efforts came to a halt.
Speaker 1: They put him in solid Harry confinement. It's a horrendous
Speaker 1: experience for him. There are I found in the archives
Speaker 1: two mug shots of Rustin. The first one, when he
Speaker 1: arrives in prison. He looks so serene, as if you
Speaker 1: can't do anything to me. The second one is taken
Speaker 1: after he's been in isolation. For several months, and the
Speaker 1: pain in his face is unmistakable. It was not the
Speaker 1: last time in Rustin's life that his sexual orientation would
Speaker 1: provoke such a response and derail his career. Buyard Rustin
Speaker 1: was released from prison in nine and at that time
Speaker 1: the U. S. Supreme Court handed down a decision holding
Speaker 1: that segregation and interstate transportation was unconstitutional. Here was a
Speaker 1: golden opportunity for Rustin to use non violence to test
Speaker 1: the enforcement of the new law, and they create an
Speaker 1: organization called CORE, the Congress of Racial Equality and so,
Speaker 1: nearly fifteen years before the famous Freedom Writers hit the
Speaker 1: road during the nineteen sixties, Rustin helped recruit a team
Speaker 1: of fourteen men, divided equally by race, to ride in
Speaker 1: pairs on buses throughout the South. Other black civil rights leaders,
Speaker 1: including the Inn Double A. C. P, wanted no part
Speaker 1: of the plan. The future Supreme Court Justice Third Good
Speaker 1: Marshall told Rustin, you are insane to try this, just dumb.
Speaker 1: Rustin knew the risks. His team endured twelve arrests and
Speaker 1: numerous threats of violence along the way. In North Carolina,
Speaker 1: four of the riders, including Rustin, were dragged from the
Speaker 1: bus and arrested. Rustin would later serve time on a
Speaker 1: chain gang as a result, but the organized acts of
Speaker 1: non cooperation that Rustin and his team engaged in helped
Speaker 1: lay the groundbook for future acts of non violent protests
Speaker 1: during the civil rights movement of the nineteen fifties and sixties.
Speaker 1: The journey was an important experiment um It also in
Speaker 1: a sense demonstrated in that the country wasn't yet ready
Speaker 1: or prepared to build a mass movement, and so it
Speaker 1: became an example, a model of what you could do,
Speaker 1: even if the impact wasn't dramatic. By the early nineteen fifties,
Speaker 1: buyired Rustin was a reformer to be reckoned with, but
Speaker 1: his sexual orientation continued to be a problem in the
Speaker 1: activist community. Rustin never pretended to be a straight man,
Speaker 1: but during the mid twentieth century in the United States,
Speaker 1: it was not safe to come out as a gay one.
Speaker 1: One never knows when the homosexual is about. He may
Speaker 1: appear normal, and it may be too late when you
Speaker 1: discover he is mentally ill. So keep with your group
Speaker 1: and don't go off alone with strangers unless you have
Speaker 1: the permission of your parents or teacher. Every state in
Speaker 1: the nation criminalized homosexual behavior at the time. This is
Speaker 1: civil rights leader Timothy Jenkins. Again. One of the things
Speaker 1: that he felt he suffered was the double burden, or
Speaker 1: as he sometimes so called it, the double cross of
Speaker 1: being black and also being gay, and he appreciated that
Speaker 1: the hostile forces on the question of race were also
Speaker 1: hostile on the forces of sexual orientation, and uh he
Speaker 1: felt that he was being discriminated against on both counts.
Speaker 1: Such discrimination made it very difficult to have a social life.
Speaker 1: John Damelio again also in those years, if you're gay
Speaker 1: and the gay world is hidden and you're looking to
Speaker 1: meet other gay men, you engage in what was called
Speaker 1: at that time street cruising. And rust In, both as
Speaker 1: a gay man and as a black man, was so
Speaker 1: susceptible to the police, and a number of times in
Speaker 1: the forties he was arrested for street cruising lewd conduct.
Speaker 1: Then another incident occurred that would turn Rustin's world upside down.
Speaker 1: In nine he's in California giving talks and meeting with
Speaker 1: Quaker and Pacifist groups, and in the middle of the night,
Speaker 1: the police in Pasadena find him in a parked car
Speaker 1: with two white men and arrest all three of them
Speaker 1: for performing lewd acts. Rustin's employers at the Fellowship of
Speaker 1: Reconciliation punished him, so Rustin has let go. This is
Speaker 1: not only a pacifist organization built on certain kinds of
Speaker 1: moral principles, but as an organization primarily of ministers, and
Speaker 1: here a key staff person has been arrested and convicted
Speaker 1: of a rals charge. Rust And lost almost everything he had.
Speaker 1: The man who had tried so hard to cast himself
Speaker 1: as a principled activist had been branded a sex offender.
Speaker 1: He has to suddenly start strategizing how to be an
Speaker 1: activist who remains invisible to the public. It would take
Speaker 1: rust In years to fight his way off the sidelines
Speaker 1: of the civil rights struggle. Then in n he saw
Speaker 1: an opportunity to get back in the game. That opportunity
Speaker 1: with the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, a young, dynamic
Speaker 1: preacher named Martin Luther King started to appear on the
Speaker 1: national news. It was clear to many of those in
Speaker 1: the civil rights struggle that the boycott represented a turning point.
Speaker 1: As word of the bus boycott travels north. For Rustin,
Speaker 1: this is his dream. He's been waiting half of a
Speaker 1: lifetime for something like the US to happen instead of
Speaker 1: an action that five people engage in and get arrested
Speaker 1: and that's it. A whole community is joining together to
Speaker 1: resist racial segregation. Rustin and other Northern Pacifists were worried
Speaker 1: that the black community in Montgomery might resort to violence.
Speaker 1: After King's house was bombed, Rustin decided to go to
Speaker 1: Montgomery to lend his support. This is King biographer David
Speaker 1: Garrow now in nineteen fifty six. Being an uncloseted homosexual,
Speaker 1: especially within Black America, made someone untouchable in many quarters,
Speaker 1: and so even though Byared hastens to Montgomery to advise King,
Speaker 1: others in New York are are worried whether those aspects
Speaker 1: of Bayard's history might be used a enst him. Rustin,
Speaker 1: who recognized these concerns, kept a low profile. He did
Speaker 1: not go out after dark alone. He often consulted with
Speaker 1: King over the phone. Rustin soon found himself at the
Speaker 1: heart of one of the most significant protests in American history.
Speaker 1: Rustin sees his key work as helping to develop doctor
Speaker 1: King as a nationally recognized leader. In the years following Montgomery,
Speaker 1: Rustin made himself indispensable to King and to the Civil
Speaker 1: rights movement. Rustin remained behind the scenes, but if you
Speaker 1: look closely, you could discern his hand almost everywhere. Rustin
Speaker 1: became an advisor to King. He also introduced King to
Speaker 1: Northern activists, labor leaders, and other prominent individuals who became
Speaker 1: major financial supporters of the movement. Timothy Jenkins again, I
Speaker 1: came to know by Rustin as a voice for passive
Speaker 1: resistance in a very important way, And of course he
Speaker 1: inspired much of the leadership that led to the political
Speaker 1: revolution of the South to pursue the course of of
Speaker 1: tactics as opposed to just the demonstrations. Rustin fought his
Speaker 1: way back from the margins to shape the principles and
Speaker 1: methods of the civil rights movement. Then came his biggest
Speaker 1: test yet. Up next, the eyes of America and the
Speaker 1: world turned to the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in
Speaker 1: the summer of nineteen sixty three. The March on Washington
Speaker 1: for Jobs and Freedom is the single most significant demonstration
Speaker 1: in US history, the event that launched Dr King's famous dream.
Speaker 1: The man who organized that march was by Ed Ruston,
Speaker 1: but only after he survived the efforts of some of
Speaker 1: the most powerful men in America to bring the march
Speaker 1: to its knees um. Because of his sexual orientation and
Speaker 1: criminal record, Buyard Rustin tried to coordinate the March on
Speaker 1: Washington under the radar. It wasn't easy, and by early August,
Speaker 1: just weeks before the march, his role became more public
Speaker 1: and at one point even the Washington Post, I think,
Speaker 1: actually describes him as Mr. March on Washington. And the
Speaker 1: FBI does an investigation. It gathers whatever material it can
Speaker 1: find on Rustin, including his arrest in Pasadena on sex charges,
Speaker 1: and provides that information to Strom Thurmond, who is a
Speaker 1: white segregationist senator from South Carolina. And Thurman gets up
Speaker 1: more than once on the floor of the Senate and
Speaker 1: reads into the Congressional record all of this condemning information
Speaker 1: about Rustin. The attack did not have its intended effect.
Speaker 1: Rustin's fellow civil rights leaders leaped to his defense. What's
Speaker 1: so important about three in Rustin's life and the history
Speaker 1: of non violence is that because the march was so
Speaker 1: visible and so important this time, when Rustin is attacked
Speaker 1: for his sexuality, all of the organizational leaders come together
Speaker 1: and explicitly stand by him and defend him so that
Speaker 1: he doesn't lose his role as organizer of the march
Speaker 1: on Washington. I remember about five thirty in the morning.
Speaker 1: I was out on the mall and the press was
Speaker 1: surrounding me, and I was saying, Mr Rust and Mr Rust,
Speaker 1: and what's happening. You said, we're going to be a
Speaker 1: quarter of a million people and are scarcely half doesn't here.
Speaker 1: I remember taking out of my pocket a blank sheet
Speaker 1: of paper and taking my watch out of the other pocket.
Speaker 1: I looked at my watching the blank sheet of paper,
Speaker 1: and I said, just when everything is going according to
Speaker 1: oil And I was terrified that people weren't going to
Speaker 1: show up, but they did. It was an event like
Speaker 1: the nation had never witnessed before. The crowd two fifty
Speaker 1: thousand people gathered on the mall, and they heard speeches
Speaker 1: that were inspiring and sometimes they were rousing speeches as well.
Speaker 1: Rusting himself addressed the massive crowd, magine that we have
Speaker 1: effective civil rights legislation, no compromise, no Philip Uxter, and
Speaker 1: that he didn't plude public accommodation. Din how it's a
Speaker 1: greater education f f A PC and the like to vote.
Speaker 1: What do you say but of course the main event
Speaker 1: in the final speaker, thanks to Ruston's own plan, was
Speaker 1: Martin Luther King. And it's just an astounding success. And
Speaker 1: of course it gives Dr King an even more visible
Speaker 1: platform to be a national leader. And there was not
Speaker 1: a hint of violence anywhere. Rusting himself later summarized it. Now,
Speaker 1: the single person was arrested in Washington that day. Now
Speaker 1: the single person was drunk that day or picked up
Speaker 1: for drunkenness. There were no major problems of any kind.
Speaker 1: The march ended for me when we had finally made
Speaker 1: sure we had not left one piece of paper, not
Speaker 1: a cup, nothing, and buy ed. Rustin continued to fight
Speaker 1: for justice in the decades ahead. In the nineteen eighties,
Speaker 1: at the end of his life, he turned his attention
Speaker 1: to gay rights through it all rest and consistently downplayed himself. Well,
Speaker 1: my role was a very simple role. It was a
Speaker 1: role of saying that Martin Luther King, I have certain skills.
Speaker 1: I have skills which are good at analyzing problems. I
Speaker 1: have skills of the wood and planning and executing. I
Speaker 1: do not consider myself a leader. I consider myself a
Speaker 1: spokesman for a given point of view. Barack Obama awarded
Speaker 1: Rustin the Presidential Medal of Freedom in fifty years after
Speaker 1: the historic March on Washington. The White House has announced
Speaker 1: it will posthumously award the highest civilian honor in the
Speaker 1: United States, a Presidential Medal of Freedom, to the trail
Speaker 1: blazing civil rights active astpired Rustin. It was a fitting
Speaker 1: honor for a man who gave so much to the
Speaker 1: cause of freedom, working in the background, away from the headlines,
Speaker 1: Rustin changed life for millions of people. Rustin's own outlook
Speaker 1: and life, however, were largely shaped by another man, one
Speaker 1: that he never met, but who also changed life for
Speaker 1: millions of people on the other side of the globe.
Speaker 1: During the nineteen twenties and thirties, the world grew captivated
Speaker 1: by a small man in a loincloth taking on an
Speaker 1: empire in India. It wasn't simply that Gandhi had a
Speaker 1: personal commitment to non violence, but Gandhi was showing, at
Speaker 1: least from a distance, that preaching and practicing non violence
Speaker 1: could be a route to massive social change. Gandhi's commitment
Speaker 1: and methods were a revelation for Rustin. He began a
Speaker 1: lifelong campaign to introduce Gandhi's non violent tactic into the
Speaker 1: struggle for racial justice in the United States. He finally
Speaker 1: made it to India UH late forty eight, the very
Speaker 1: beginning of forty nine, and unfortunately, when he finally did
Speaker 1: make the trip, UH Gandhi had already passed away. But
Speaker 1: it was a powerful trip for him, and if anything,
Speaker 1: it increased the attractiveness of non violence as a route
Speaker 1: to social change and political activism. Rustin traveled around India
Speaker 1: for almost two months. He returned to the United States
Speaker 1: and continued to preach Gandhian non violence to the black community.
Speaker 1: Rustin liked to tell audiences that fighting injustice required quote
Speaker 1: angelic troublemakers, Our power is in our ability to make
Speaker 1: things unworkable. The only weapon we have is our bodies,
Speaker 1: and we need to tuck them in places so wheels
Speaker 1: don't turn. Eight years later, Buyed Rustin, the Ultimate Angelic Troublemaker,
Speaker 1: put that principle into action, making sure that the wheels
Speaker 1: did not turn in Montgomery, Alabama. Together, Rustin and Martin
Speaker 1: Luther King Jr. Made things unworkable for those white leaders
Speaker 1: in the South who wished to preserve a segregated society,
Speaker 1: but the true ideological father of King and Rustin's nonviolent
Speaker 1: movement was not Black or even America. In the next episode,
Speaker 1: we journey to India and South Africa to explore the
Speaker 1: remarkable life of Mahandas Gandhi, the man who proved that
Speaker 1: non violence could achieve major political reforms and even take
Speaker 1: down an entire empire. You don't have to ride him call. No,
Speaker 1: you don't have to ride Jim Call on June the
Speaker 1: Third High Court said, when you ride in the state
Speaker 1: Jim who is dead? You don't know? The threat is
Speaker 1: produced by Libby Coleman, Robert Coulos, Sophia Perpetua, and me
Speaker 1: Sean braswell. Chris Hoff engineered our show. This episode features
Speaker 1: Bayard Rustin performing a song called you Don't have to
Speaker 1: Ride Jim Crow. To learn more about the Thread, visit
Speaker 1: AUSI dot com, slash the thread all one word, and
Speaker 1: make sure to subscribe to the Thread on Apple podcasts,
Speaker 1: follow us on I Heart Radio, or listen wherever you
Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Check us out at AUSI dot com
Speaker 1: or on Twitter and Facebook. If you love surprising, engaging
Speaker 1: stories from history, look no further than the flashback section
Speaker 1: of ausy dot com, that's o z y dot com. Free. Yes, someday,
Speaker 1: real love be free. When United Action turns the tide
Speaker 1: and black and white sit side by side. Oh Sunday,
Speaker 1: real Oh be free