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Speaker 1: This story contains adult content and language. Listener discretion is advised.

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Speaker 1: By the spring of eighteen seventy one, the gallows had

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Speaker 1: been built, the hood had been sown, and the people

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Speaker 1: of upstate New York were anxious to see Edward Ruloff

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Speaker 1: with a noose around his neck. The Civil War had

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Speaker 1: just ended six years earlier, but the nation was still

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Speaker 1: in mourning. Historian Gerald Smith says that many people in

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Speaker 1: Binghamton were angry at the war, at the South, and

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Speaker 1: at the man in their jail who had murdered at

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Speaker 1: least five people.

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Speaker 2: At least they just are beginning to acclimate back into

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Speaker 2: a peaceful coexistence with life and rule. Off comes along

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Speaker 2: and breaks it, And I think to them, it's sort

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Speaker 2: of like they couldn't go and kill all the Confederate

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Speaker 2: that killed their young, but they could get Ruloff.

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Speaker 1: Edward's execution day was two months away, but he just

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Speaker 1: seemed oblivious that he would soon die. Instead, he spent

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Speaker 1: every moment in that jail cell writing his manuscript. He

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Speaker 1: was determined to finish it before his death. It was

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Speaker 1: the only thing that mattered at this point. The news

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Speaker 1: didn't unnerve him, but he was terrified of dying before

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Speaker 1: cementing his academic legacy, and he knew he didn't have

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Speaker 1: much time left. Just days earlier, a jury had convicted

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Speaker 1: Edward of murdering Frederick Merrick, and his defense attorney immediately appealed.

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Speaker 1: Journalist Hamilton Freeman even helped. He was becoming more attached

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Speaker 1: to Edward each day. Ham was actually advocating for him.

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Speaker 3: Now.

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Speaker 1: The attorney argued that the two clerks had attacked Edward,

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Speaker 1: Jarvis and Dexter. As they tried to escape. They filed

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Speaker 1: one appeal out after another, each was denied. There were delays,

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Speaker 1: and March past without a hanging in Binghamton, and so

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Speaker 1: Edward Bruloff wrote by sunlight and candlelight. One day, a

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Speaker 1: reporter from the New York Sun newspaper in Manhattan stood

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Speaker 1: near his cell. The journalist understood linguistics, Edward smiled, and

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Speaker 1: the pair talked for hours about his complicated theory and

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Speaker 1: how it could help anyone learn a new language. And

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Speaker 1: soon the reporter started filing sympathetic stories, hinting that Edward

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Speaker 1: had been unfairly treated. He printed excerpts of Edward's manuscript,

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Speaker 1: alongside lengthy interviews with a killer, and eventually public opinions

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Speaker 1: seemed to sway Edward's direction, particularly in New York City.

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Speaker 1: Readers offered an opinion on Edward in the city's newspapers.

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Speaker 1: Some thought he was crazy and said executing him would

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Speaker 1: be wrong. Others believed that capital punishment didn't belong in

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Speaker 1: modern society. But the most interesting and controversial argument was

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Speaker 1: that Edward's linguistics work was valuable, and so was he.

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Speaker 1: He shouldn't be put to death because the world needed

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Speaker 1: his manuscript. Craig Scott says, the family was shocked and furious.

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Speaker 1: Once again.

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Speaker 4: They thought he was such a brilliant man that he

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Speaker 4: probably shouldn't be put to death.

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Speaker 1: It is putting the lives of two women and two

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Speaker 1: children below.

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Speaker 4: Put some of the level lower like under him. Yeah,

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Speaker 4: he did these awful things, but he's so brilliant we

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Speaker 4: shouldn't put him, shouldn't hold him accountable for it.

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Speaker 1: And that's exactly what some influencers in Manhattan thought. The

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Speaker 1: first prominent person to come to Edward's defense was Republican

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Speaker 1: presidential hopeful Horace Greeley. Historian Esther Crane says that he

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Speaker 1: was a savvy politician, but he had an even more

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Speaker 1: important position in Manhattan.

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Speaker 5: He was the owner of the one of the city's

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Speaker 5: biggest newspapers, so he had a big platform.

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Speaker 1: Greeley owned the New York Tribune, a powerful media company

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Speaker 1: that influenced culture and politics throughout the city, and Greeley's

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Speaker 1: editorial on April twenty fifth seemed to almost praise Edward Ruloff.

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Speaker 1: He wrote, in the prison at Binghamton, there is a

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Speaker 1: man awaiting death who is too curious an intellectual problem

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Speaker 1: to be wasted on the gallows. He is one of

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Speaker 1: the most industrious and devoted scholars our busy generation has

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Speaker 1: given birth to. And then the politician made an incredible statement.

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Speaker 1: He murdered the shopkeeper in the interest of philology. Philology

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Speaker 1: was a sub field of linguistics. Philologists studied the history

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Speaker 1: and adaptations of language, but it really isn't in use now,

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Speaker 1: So Greeley was saying that Frederick Merrick's murder was justified

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Speaker 1: because of Edward's academic research in philology. And then the

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Speaker 1: debate became even stranger when author Mark Twain submitted a

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Speaker 1: satirical piece to the Tribune requesting that someone else take

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Speaker 1: Edward's place on the gallows. He was too intelligent to kill.

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Speaker 1: Twain wrote, what miracles this murderer might have wrought and

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Speaker 1: what luster he might have shed upon his country if

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Speaker 1: he had not put a forfeit upon his life so foolishly.

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Speaker 1: But what if the law could be satisfied and the

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Speaker 1: gifted criminals still be saved. At the end of the piece,

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Speaker 1: Twain suggested that he himself would take Edward's place. While

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Speaker 1: the opinion piece was clearly tongue in cheek, Twain privately

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Speaker 1: felt that Edward's sentence should be commuted to life in prison.

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Speaker 1: The author believed that the killer could still contribute to society.

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Speaker 1: More people wrote in, including high ranking religious leaders. One said,

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Speaker 1: I still think that the lack of evidence of intent

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Speaker 1: to kill ought to weigh strongly on his behalf. Another

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Speaker 1: reader asked, have we so many learned men among us

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Speaker 1: that we will see this one hung up like a ham.

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Speaker 1: A linguistics expert in Washington, d c. Praised Edward for

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Speaker 1: his theory on the origin of languages and said it

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Speaker 1: would be a pity to hang rule off. Clearly the

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Speaker 1: press was helping Edward's case. Some very important people wanted

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Speaker 1: a convicted killer to live even for just a few

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Speaker 1: months longer, because of his discovery of a way to

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Speaker 1: effectively teach languages. History in hw Brands says that a

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Speaker 1: stay of execution might have actually been appropriate if Edward's

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Speaker 1: discovery really was remarkable.

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Speaker 6: That doesn't strike me as unreasonable, although if I remember

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Speaker 6: the family, I might feel that his work was being

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Speaker 6: placed above the lives of my kin. But on the

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Speaker 6: other hand, from the standpoint of if he is in

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Speaker 6: fact going to hang at the when he finishes his manuscript,

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Speaker 6: then what really does six months matter?

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Speaker 1: Of course, the Scuts would hear none of that. Edwards

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Speaker 1: should have no mercy, they insisted. Edward, for his part,

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Speaker 1: was desperate for more time, so he called in his attorney,

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Speaker 1: Ham Freeman, and Edward's lawyer drew up a petition to

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Speaker 1: delay his execution so he could finish the manuscript, and

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Speaker 1: then Ham invited scholars from across the country to Binghamton Jail.

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Speaker 1: The scholars would test Edward's depth of knowledge and his

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Speaker 1: theory on human language. It would prove the value of

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Speaker 1: Edward's work and of Edward himself once and for all.

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Speaker 1: More than a dozen academics arrived over the next few days,

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Speaker 1: including a professor of Greek and German from Amherst College.

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Speaker 1: Linguistics professor Michael Weiss says that Richard Henry Mather was

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Speaker 1: astounded by Edward's intelligence.

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Speaker 3: He said, let's discuss some passages. He started with Xenophon's

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Speaker 3: memorabilia and Ruloff was able to site large chunks of

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Speaker 3: it by heart, and then he went on to homer, En, Soophocles, etc.

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Speaker 3: He was able not only to have memorized these things,

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Speaker 3: but also to comment on their interpretation critically in a

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Speaker 3: way which math or professional classes thought was pretty pretty impressive.

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Speaker 1: Mather found that Edwards showed a depth of understanding that

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Speaker 1: was remarkable.

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Speaker 3: So he was hoping for validation from the authorities at

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Speaker 3: the time.

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Speaker 1: The scholars spent hours with Edward inside the Binghamton jail cell.

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Speaker 1: They quisdom on languages, philosophy, and history. They were in

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Speaker 1: awe of his intelligence and his incredible memory. Edward smiled

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Speaker 1: at each expert. The men read passages from his manuscript

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Speaker 1: that incredible theory of the origin of language, and as

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Speaker 1: they left his jail cell, Edward's defense attorney handed each

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Speaker 1: one the petition to save Edward Rulolph's life. All they

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Speaker 1: needed to do was sign. Each expert replied with the

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Speaker 1: same answer. Now they refused to sign. One remarked that

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Speaker 1: Edward was incredibly intelligent, brilliant, but his system of unlocking

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Speaker 1: human language was ludicrous. His theory was worthless according to

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Speaker 1: the real experts and linguistics. Michael Weiss explains exactly where

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Speaker 1: he went wrong.

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Speaker 3: Ruloff was working in a pre modern mode, so he

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Speaker 3: was just completely in a long, long tradition going all

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Speaker 3: the way back to Plato and beyond. But he hadn't

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Speaker 3: basically kept up with the nineteenth century.

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Speaker 1: The experts were bewildered by Edward's conclusions. Most of them

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Speaker 1: did believe there might have been something to his theories,

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Speaker 1: that perhaps they might have had some promise if only

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Speaker 1: he would be willing to collaborate with more experienced academics.

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Speaker 1: Too late for that. Now, Edward Rulof had spent decades

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Speaker 1: on that manuscript, an idea. Born inside one of the

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Speaker 1: countries worst prisons, he had created a crime ring just

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Speaker 1: to live near New York City's great libraries. He had

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Speaker 1: escaped the news numerous times, he had murdered people who

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Speaker 1: threatened to stop him, and ultimately it was all for nothing.

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Speaker 1: Edward Ruloff was an utter failure, a joke in the media.

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Speaker 3: It seems not coincidental to me that the guy's name

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Speaker 3: was Ruloff with an R and L. That R and

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Speaker 3: L in particular play a kind of key role in

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Speaker 3: his analysis. So I think it really comes back to

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Speaker 3: his kind of narcissism. I mean, he was nuts, which was.

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Speaker 1: A shame, says Weiss, because Edward did have a brilliant mind.

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Speaker 3: I think he could have actually had an impact. I

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Speaker 3: think he could have been a classicist, as someone who

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Speaker 3: studies Greek and Latin language and literature. He seems to

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Speaker 3: have been a very talented a choir of information. But

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Speaker 3: once he got that information, he didn't know what to

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Speaker 3: do with it.

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Speaker 1: When the committee of experts refused to sign the petition,

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Speaker 1: newspaper readers suddenly turned on Edward. They felt cheated, and

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Speaker 1: they were outraged because they had been duped. They called

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Speaker 1: him a fraud, a swindler. Esther Crane says that she's

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Speaker 1: not surprised by that reaction because people living in the

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Speaker 1: Gilded Age were quite easily fooled.

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Speaker 5: Hoaxes were huge at the time. I mean they were

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Speaker 5: always saying that, like, you know, all the lions got

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Speaker 5: out of Barnum's museum, Oh my god, run for your lives,

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Speaker 5: and it was all just a hoax. It would be

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Speaker 5: in the newspaper, the front page.

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Speaker 1: But Mark Twain and Horace Greeley weren't your average Americans.

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Speaker 1: They were literady in New York, two of the country's

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Speaker 1: most important people. It seems a little unlikely to me

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Speaker 1: that either would have fallen for a fraud.

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Speaker 3: If you think about someone like Mark Twain or Horace

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Speaker 3: Greeley living at that time, they wouldn't have known what

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Speaker 3: was cutting edge in linguistics, right. It basically was very

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Speaker 3: specialized knowledge, and mainly in German they simply can't tell

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Speaker 3: what's genuine versus what's not genuine.

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Speaker 1: And Esther Crane believes that Horace Greeley might have believed

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Speaker 1: in Edward's work, but there was also likely another motive.

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Speaker 5: It probably sold newspapers. I think that Greeley got taken in.

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Speaker 5: It sounds like.

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Speaker 1: The language committee was useless to him. So Hamilton and

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Speaker 1: the defense attorney begged the governor to assign a lunacy

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Speaker 1: committee without Edward's permission. His attorney, George Becker was hoping

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Speaker 1: to have his client declared insane, sparing him from the

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Speaker 1: gallows once again. A committee of experts reported to the

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Speaker 1: Binghamton Jail, but Edward's reaction to this group was quite

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Speaker 1: different from the previous committee. He ignored them. He later

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Speaker 1: berated his attorney for the decision. He didn't want to

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Speaker 1: be declared mentally ill. It would discredit his entire body

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Speaker 1: of research. Edwards still believed in his manuscript. No, He'd

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Speaker 1: rather die than be declared insane. Edward continued to furiously

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Speaker 1: write day and night. A New York Tribune editorial begged

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Speaker 1: the governor to delay the execution until Edward could finish

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Speaker 1: his work, but Governor Hoffmann refused. Edward's execution date was

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Speaker 1: set for May eighteenth, eighteen seventy one, but before he

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Speaker 1: walked onto the gallows, he was determined to finish his book,

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Speaker 1: to smooth out his theory, to leave a legacy for

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Speaker 1: future generations that he hoped would be a little more astute.

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Speaker 1: That would certainly happen, but it wasn't the legacy he

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Speaker 1: had hoped for. Three days before his execution date, Edward

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Speaker 1: reflected on his life, and he became extremely depressed. His

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Speaker 1: book was complete, but it had been ridiculed by the

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Speaker 1: same scholars he had hoped to impress throughout his career.

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Speaker 1: Edward argued that the experts spent too little time with

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Speaker 1: him and his theories. They were all wrong, he insisted

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Speaker 1: to him. He cursed constantly as he paced in his

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Speaker 1: small cell. He told dirty jokes that made even hardened

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Speaker 1: jailor's wins. He verbally abused his attorneys, and then something

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Speaker 1: made him scoff a request from a pair of familiar visitors.

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Speaker 1: His wife's brothers, William and Ephram Scutt, wanted to see him, Actually,

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Speaker 1: they demanded to see him. This seemed to be the

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Speaker 1: finale of a really long journey for the scut family,

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Speaker 1: and the brothers still had questions about the fate of

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Speaker 1: Edward's daughter.

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Speaker 4: I'm sure they wanted to know where she was. That's

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Speaker 4: why they wanted to talk to him. Wanted to know what,

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Speaker 4: you know, Is she in Cuba league, I'm sure that

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Speaker 4: would have been one of their questions. But he wouldn't

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Speaker 4: talk to him, so I'm sure that would have given

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Speaker 4: them even more closure if they at least could have

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Speaker 4: had an answer.

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Speaker 5: I tend to think there are multiple levels of closure.

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Speaker 2: Oh yeah, yeah, Edward.

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Speaker 1: Ruloff declined the scut's request not surprising, and he refused

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Speaker 1: to tell them anything about his wife, Harriet or Priscilla.

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Speaker 1: He never again mentioned his sister in law Amelia or

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Speaker 1: his niece Emil as far as he was concerned, they

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Speaker 1: could all go to hell. Three days before the execution,

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Speaker 1: Edward wrote one last letter to his distinguished pen pal

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Speaker 1: Julius Hawley Seely was now a professor at Amherst College

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Speaker 1: in Massachusetts. They had exchanged ideas for decades, ever since

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Speaker 1: Edward had been in Auburn State prison Edward's final letter

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Speaker 1: was pathetic and painful.

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Speaker 3: In the whole history of human race, no more remarkable

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Speaker 3: instance of blind and stupid malignity can anywhere be shown

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Speaker 3: than that which closes its eyes to the value of

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Speaker 3: my discovery and denies the time necessary to place it

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Speaker 3: in available form.

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Speaker 7: What does that mean?

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Speaker 3: I think he believed that his breakthrough is being suppressed

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Speaker 3: because no one is as brilliant as Ruloff can understand

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Speaker 3: you know what a great discovery this is.

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Speaker 1: Just days before his execution, Mark Twain penned a dedication

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Speaker 1: to Edward in his new manuscript, roughing it for the

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Speaker 1: late Cain, wrote Twain not because of his noble character,

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Speaker 1: but out of a mere humane commiseration for him, in

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Speaker 1: that it was his misfortune to live in a dark

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Speaker 1: age that knew not the beneficent insanity plea. It was

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Speaker 1: clear to some that Edward should not die. As his

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Speaker 1: execution day grew closer, Edward became sullen. His dream of

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Speaker 1: being a legitimate academic had vanished. There was nothing to

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Speaker 1: live for. Meantime, the townspeople in Binghamton and visitors from

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Speaker 1: Tompkins County were absolutely giddy. The press coverage locally and

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Speaker 1: internationally was enormous. Rule Off Swings tomorrow was one headline.

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Speaker 2: I mean, you got an engraved invitation to the execution

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Speaker 2: if you were invited, But that's almost like family fair day.

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Speaker 2: Let's let's have a picnic on the ground waiting for

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Speaker 2: the body to be dragged out. But you know, it's

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Speaker 2: almost it's that need to drive by the car accident.

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Speaker 1: Reporters chronicled Edwards. Every movement, men, women, children, everyone gathered

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Speaker 1: outside the gallows that afternoon. Even an escaped prisoner joined

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Speaker 1: the crowd. Journalists David Wrenn and historian Gerald Smith say,

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Speaker 1: public executions were massive events for small towns.

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Speaker 7: With such a tradition. I mean it was not just

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Speaker 7: here in New York State, but that was sort of

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Speaker 7: the general thing that was done. It was pack a

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Speaker 7: picnic basket and go out. And it actually didn't matter

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Speaker 7: the way. The execution went off rain or shine and

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Speaker 7: drew huge, huge crowds.

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Speaker 2: You've got the masses outside. First of all, they want

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Speaker 2: to be inside. They're noisy, the clamorous. This is not

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Speaker 2: the upper echellence of society huddled around that fenced in area.

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Speaker 2: These are the working classes. Is the lower to probably

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Speaker 2: lower middle class.

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Speaker 1: His lawyer suggested filing more appeals, but Edward was resolute.

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Speaker 1: His manuscript was finished, and he hoped one day that

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Speaker 1: scholars would validate his theory and prove his critics wrong.

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Speaker 1: He told his attorney, no letter rip. The sheriff arrived

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Speaker 1: and asked Edward what should be done with his corpse.

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Speaker 1: You can do what you damn please with it, was

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Speaker 1: his current response. Edward burned all of the papers in

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Speaker 1: his cell except the manuscript. A Tribune reporter visited, and

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Speaker 1: the killer left him with foreboding words, insisting that his

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Speaker 1: theory was valid, he said, if I could have had

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Speaker 1: more time. He then grabbed his neck and made choking sounds.

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Speaker 1: It was a horrid joke. He still insisted that more

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Speaker 1: time would have allowed him to prove that his theory

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Speaker 1: really wasn't bunk. Visitors looked at him with disgust. Hamilton

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00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:26,959
Speaker 1: Freeman was the only person whom Edward had confided in

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Speaker 1: over the past few months. As the two men sat

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Speaker 1: in Edward's jail cell, the details of his life had

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Speaker 1: spilled out. He had even confessed to killing his wife

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Speaker 1: Harriet in eighteen forty four. But now it was time

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Speaker 1: for Hamilton to help him. A few days earlier, Edward

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Speaker 1: had ordered him to do something. Now it was time

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Speaker 1: to see how compliant the journalist really was. As Edward

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Speaker 1: prepared to leave his cell for the last time, he

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Speaker 1: embraced the reporter with an intimate, open mouth kiss. Yes,

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Speaker 1: Edward had told him to hide a cyanide pill in

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Speaker 1: his mouth so he could take his own life death

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Speaker 1: on his own terms, but the journalist backed out. He

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Speaker 1: refused to help him die. Hamilton was enamored with Edward Ruloff,

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Speaker 1: but not totally seduced. When Edward found no pill. He

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Speaker 1: angrily pushed ham away, the final scene in their complicated relationship.

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Speaker 1: This would be the last time Hamilton Freeman would see

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Speaker 1: Edward Ruloff alive. The area outside the gallows was chaotic

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Speaker 1: as thousands cheered his arrival. Howard ordered the sheriff to

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Speaker 1: remove any clergyman who might pray for him. He had

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Speaker 1: dedicated his life solely to science. Religion would have no

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Speaker 1: role in his death. As he stepped onto the platform,

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Speaker 1: Edward looked across the crowd. William and Ephraim Scutt stood

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Speaker 1: just below him and peered up. They had been waiting

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Speaker 1: for more than two decades to watch this.

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Speaker 4: Why do you think that would be important to know

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Speaker 4: for sure that he was gone and he wasn't a

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Speaker 4: threat to them anymore. So, I'm sure it was. It

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Speaker 4: was for Harriet, but also and maybe was kind of

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Speaker 4: for their own peace of mind and their own families,

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Speaker 4: knowing that he was gone, and they wanted to see it,

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Speaker 4: you know, for themselves.

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Speaker 1: The hangman placed the white hood over his head. Edward

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Speaker 1: had his hands in his pockets, a habit he had

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Speaker 1: picked up as he strolled along the banks of the

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Speaker 1: river year earlier. There are many myths about Edward Ruloff's

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Speaker 1: final words. Historian Gerald Smith told me a few of them.

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Speaker 2: I mean, it's the whole thing about the marching up

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Speaker 2: and do you want a hood? Do you have any

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Speaker 2: last words? Now? The apocryphal words which we've all assured

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Speaker 2: you know, to the hangman to hurry up so I

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Speaker 2: can be hell in time for lunch or dinner, depending

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Speaker 2: which meal it was, which I wouldn't doubt he would

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Speaker 2: have said, just from his attitude.

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Speaker 1: But every reliable account says that Edward Ruloff's last words

348
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Speaker 1: were quite simple. I cannot stand still. The sheriff gave

349
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Speaker 1: the signal and a large weight dropped to the ground

350
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Speaker 1: and Edward was jerked three feet into the air. He

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Speaker 1: was being executed using an upright jerker, a contraption designed

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Speaker 1: to deliver a quick death by swiftly snapping the prisoner's neck,

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Speaker 1: but in this case it didn't work. Edward began to

354
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Speaker 1: gasp for breath and shrug his shoulders. The jerk forced

355
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Speaker 1: his hand from his pocket. The crowd watched horrified as

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Speaker 1: he shoved it back inside. His neck wasn't broken, only dislocated,

357
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Speaker 1: so he didn't die immediately. His neck was so thick

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Speaker 1: that he was essentially strangled over more than twenty minutes.

359
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Speaker 1: It was excruciating, and it even repulsed those townspeople who

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Speaker 1: had begged to see him die. Of course, they still

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Speaker 1: clamored to see his corpse.

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Speaker 2: Right afterward, after the execution, they take the body down

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Speaker 2: and lay it out for estimates of five to ten

364
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Speaker 2: thousand people to come by and look at the body.

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Speaker 2: I think the level of retribution needed here was like

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Speaker 2: closure for the Dryden people, closure for the people here.

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Speaker 1: Finally the Scott family could conclude that horrible chapter in

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Speaker 1: their history.

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Speaker 4: Her brothers would have felt some closure that worked on

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Speaker 4: that for like you said, so many years to finally

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Speaker 4: get him, and they went to the execution, so I

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Speaker 4: would only assume it had to give them some sort

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Speaker 4: of closure on it.

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Speaker 1: Edward Rulolf's hanging was the last public execution in New

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Speaker 1: York State. Some thought it was a fitting end to

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Speaker 1: a life filled with brutality. Others thought it was an

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Speaker 1: illustration of the inhumanity of capital punishment. But Edward wasn't

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Speaker 1: quite through with academia just yet. Thirty six hours after

379
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Speaker 1: Edward Rulolf's execution, Binghamton pathologist, doctor George Burr unceremoniously sought

380
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Speaker 1: off his head. He was going to study his brain,

381
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Speaker 1: and it was pretty difficult because the net cords were

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Speaker 1: so incredibly thick. Edward's skull wouldn't crack easily. It was

383
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Speaker 1: twice the thickness of ordinary skulls, about half an inch.

384
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Speaker 1: The surgeons struggled for almost an hour. Doctor Barbara Finley

385
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Speaker 1: is a psychology professor at Cornell University in Ithaca.

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Speaker 8: If you're charged with getting a brain out of a

387
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Speaker 8: very hard skull without hurting, it's it's not easy, so

388
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:20,040
Speaker 8: you haven't got much leverage because it's this nice circular

389
00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:22,760
Speaker 8: structure with a thing you don't want to damage inside.

390
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:26,879
Speaker 1: Doctor Burr was methodical as he examined Edward's brain. He

391
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,919
Speaker 1: measured the length and depth of every fissure and fold.

392
00:25:30,560 --> 00:25:34,359
Speaker 1: He searched for abnormalities like pools of blood or obvious damage.

393
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Speaker 1: The surgeon's final report was full of data, but it

394
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Speaker 1: was also peppered with odd statements about a warped mind.

395
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Speaker 1: Brain imaging analysis from the nineteenth century. The report read

396
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Speaker 1: an examination of Rulolph's brain showed the animal portion of it.

397
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Speaker 1: The cerebellum to be unusually large in proportion to the

398
00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:58,000
Speaker 1: upper portion the cerebrum, which is supposed to cause the

399
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,760
Speaker 1: moral and religious sentiments. Scientists now know there is no

400
00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:05,320
Speaker 1: moral section or animal section of the human brain. Burse

401
00:26:05,359 --> 00:26:09,199
Speaker 1: analysis was similar to phrenology, except instead of examining the

402
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:12,680
Speaker 1: bumps on a skull, the surgeon looked at the brain structure.

403
00:26:13,280 --> 00:26:16,679
Speaker 1: He concluded that the wiring of Edward's brain had doomed

404
00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:21,199
Speaker 1: him from birth. He wasn't responsible for his crimes, but

405
00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:26,880
Speaker 1: well regarded alienists disagreed. They believed Edward was brilliant and troubled,

406
00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:32,120
Speaker 1: but he was in sound physical health and entirely sane. Yes,

407
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:36,760
Speaker 1: his execution was morally just. Experts in eighteen seventy one

408
00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:41,720
Speaker 1: couldn't agree. Should his abnormal brain have saved him? If

409
00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:46,159
Speaker 1: alienists had just known about psychopathy, wouldn't an asylum have

410
00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:49,800
Speaker 1: been a more appropriate option to the news And actually

411
00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:53,639
Speaker 1: we still ask those questions For the past ten years.

412
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:57,160
Speaker 1: The brain scan has crept into American criminal courts through

413
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Speaker 1: a phenomenon called the brain defense. A Duke University study

414
00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:04,880
Speaker 1: found that between two thousand and five and twenty twelve,

415
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:10,119
Speaker 1: roughly twenty five percent of death penalty trials used neurobiological

416
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:14,320
Speaker 1: data to argue for life in prison. Doctor Frederica Coppola

417
00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:19,240
Speaker 1: teaches at Columbia University about the intersection between neuroscience and law.

418
00:27:19,320 --> 00:27:22,400
Speaker 1: Is this an area of frustration for the families of victims?

419
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:26,960
Speaker 9: Well, I am afraid that neuroscience has created a lot

420
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:31,800
Speaker 9: of meath of the brain. People really think that the

421
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:37,960
Speaker 9: brain can justify behavior, and this is totally mistaken. It's

422
00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:42,639
Speaker 9: worrisome that this kind of information is so overused in

423
00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 9: crimino trios.

424
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Speaker 1: In one example, a PET scan of a murder suspect's

425
00:27:48,560 --> 00:27:52,320
Speaker 1: brain showed abnormally low neuron activity in his frontal lobe.

426
00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:56,119
Speaker 1: Scientists say that often causes an increased risk of aggressive,

427
00:27:56,440 --> 00:28:00,560
Speaker 1: even violent behavior, but prosecutors argue that other differing from

428
00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:05,240
Speaker 1: that same condition haven't committed crimes. The brain defense is

429
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,880
Speaker 1: a dangerous precedent because the human brain is still a mystery.

430
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:14,400
Speaker 1: It's also incredibly controversial. Even the country's most well respected

431
00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:18,840
Speaker 1: neuropsychologists can't agree if the brain can predict criminal behavior.

432
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:23,240
Speaker 1: Doctor Valerie Renne researches brains and behavior at Cornell University.

433
00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:26,760
Speaker 10: It doesn't necessarily add anything good. It can just mislead

434
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,959
Speaker 10: people if they believe it. Just mentioning the word neuroscience

435
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:32,560
Speaker 10: in one study, for example, made people believe the same

436
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,919
Speaker 10: evidence more without even the pictures. The pictures didn't add anything.

437
00:28:35,960 --> 00:28:38,040
Speaker 10: It was just the mention of the word neuroscience because

438
00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:39,960
Speaker 10: people have you know, it's a kind of blind faith.

439
00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:43,960
Speaker 1: Coppola says, the use of neuroscience in courtrooms as evidence

440
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:48,320
Speaker 1: is unlikely to go away anytime soon, and that's troubling.

441
00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:53,880
Speaker 9: I foresee good things and bad things about neuroscience courtroom

442
00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:57,560
Speaker 9: at the solution, I don't know, actually didn't see good scenes.

443
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:03,640
Speaker 9: I didn't see any positive effect of using your science

444
00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 9: in a courtroom.

445
00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:11,640
Speaker 1: After his execution, Edward's brain was sold for fifteen dollars

446
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:15,720
Speaker 1: to one of the world's foremost brain anatomists, Bert Greenwilder,

447
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:20,719
Speaker 1: at Cornell University. It became, in fact, the very first

448
00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:25,200
Speaker 1: acquisition in the very first brain collection in America, one

449
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:29,280
Speaker 1: of the most important developments in medical science. Doctor Barbara

450
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:33,160
Speaker 1: Finley is the collection's curator. What is the brain collection?

451
00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:36,200
Speaker 1: Just in the grand scheme of things, it's more than

452
00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:38,880
Speaker 1: a cabinet of curiosities. What does it represent?

453
00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:45,680
Speaker 8: This is the first step in understanding cognition and experience

454
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:49,120
Speaker 8: in all the physical terms. This is just a world

455
00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:53,560
Speaker 8: changing difference in point of view about how we think

456
00:29:53,720 --> 00:30:01,280
Speaker 8: about about brains. This time in science was when these

457
00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:07,080
Speaker 8: things that seemed so disembodied became embodied. And I think

458
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:10,920
Speaker 8: it's right up there with understanding evolution in terms of

459
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:12,440
Speaker 8: its significance.

460
00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:17,560
Speaker 1: Doctor Wilder's brain collection had competition in America. Other anatomists

461
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:21,000
Speaker 1: wanted to dissect the brains of well regarded men like themselves,

462
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:24,440
Speaker 1: white and elite. They wanted to use the brain to

463
00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:28,840
Speaker 1: prove the superiority of civilized men. They had no interest

464
00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:33,160
Speaker 1: in researching intelligence. Surely their brains would be far bigger

465
00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:37,440
Speaker 1: and much heavier than those of criminals, or women or minorities.

466
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:42,760
Speaker 1: This was the racist and sexist ideology that dominated nineteenth

467
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:47,600
Speaker 1: century science. And Developmental neurology professor David Price says that

468
00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:50,920
Speaker 1: scientific racism still exists.

469
00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:54,880
Speaker 11: The danger as it feeds into people believing that there

470
00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:58,160
Speaker 11: are differences between different sets of people. You know, I

471
00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,200
Speaker 11: mean not so all being discredited because differences between race

472
00:31:01,240 --> 00:31:04,160
Speaker 11: and so minimal genetically anyway, now that we're sequenced the genome.

473
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,000
Speaker 11: But I think these ideas are still there, and they

474
00:31:07,040 --> 00:31:10,720
Speaker 11: still possessed. People are still believed these things.

475
00:31:11,120 --> 00:31:15,480
Speaker 1: These nineteenth century brain collections marked the beginning of neuroscience.

476
00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:20,040
Speaker 1: For the first time, neurologists could actually compare brains their

477
00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,760
Speaker 1: size and structure, and with Edward Ruloff's help, they came

478
00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:27,360
Speaker 1: to some shocking conclusions. So we can't say for sure

479
00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:31,080
Speaker 1: if any abnormality in Edward's brain caused him to kill,

480
00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:39,280
Speaker 1: we do know that it made history. In eighteen seventy one,

481
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,760
Speaker 1: doctor Burr looked at his lab scale and wrote weight

482
00:31:43,320 --> 00:31:48,600
Speaker 1: fifty nine ounces. Edward's brain was the heaviest and largest

483
00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,400
Speaker 1: Burr had ever seen, and it was devastating for some

484
00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:56,760
Speaker 1: of the nation's most respected neurologists. When doctor Wilder declared

485
00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:00,440
Speaker 1: it the second largest on record, more than thirty percent

486
00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:04,160
Speaker 1: bigger than the average man, it discredited all of those

487
00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:08,600
Speaker 1: prejudice theories. Modern scientists say Edward's brain now belongs in

488
00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:13,320
Speaker 1: the top one percent, still an incredible mark. But as

489
00:32:13,320 --> 00:32:17,160
Speaker 1: we now know, and as doctor Wilder soon learned, size

490
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:21,360
Speaker 1: doesn't matter. It's no indication of intellect or of belonging

491
00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:25,320
Speaker 1: to a privileged group with claims on superior intelligence. Wilder

492
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,560
Speaker 1: discovered that a criminal and a minister can have really

493
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:33,000
Speaker 1: similar brains. He was also the first person ever to

494
00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:36,120
Speaker 1: declare that the brains of people of color, the brains

495
00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:39,560
Speaker 1: of criminals, the brains of women, were not inferior in

496
00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:43,880
Speaker 1: size or quality to those of elite white men. Edward's

497
00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:47,480
Speaker 1: brain became one of Wylder's prize specimens, like one of

498
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:51,160
Speaker 1: Charles Darwin's Finch's the Birds, used to illustrate his theory

499
00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:54,800
Speaker 1: of natural selection. And then doctor Wilder drew even more

500
00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:59,080
Speaker 1: startling conclusions. He suggested that the structure of Edward's brain

501
00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:03,160
Speaker 1: was actually similar to that of a gifted white philosopher

502
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:06,760
Speaker 1: and mathematician. It was also similar to the brain of

503
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:11,560
Speaker 1: a person of mixed race. The three brains were almost identical.

504
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:15,480
Speaker 1: Wilder's critics tried to discredit his claims, but it was

505
00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:19,400
Speaker 1: too late. His findings were documented in medical history books.

506
00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:23,520
Speaker 1: A murderer had changed everything we knew about human brains.

507
00:33:28,120 --> 00:33:31,920
Speaker 1: Edward Ruloff was Wilder's first case study, the avatar for

508
00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:35,160
Speaker 1: all criminal brains in the eighteen hundreds, and the only

509
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:39,760
Speaker 1: one specifically mentioned in American medical journals for years. His

510
00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:44,880
Speaker 1: brain received a full course of phrenological, psychological, and neurological assessments,

511
00:33:45,280 --> 00:33:48,640
Speaker 1: a complete, first of its kind profile of a genius

512
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:52,920
Speaker 1: and a criminal. Doctor Wilder even carried Edward's thick skull

513
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:56,320
Speaker 1: to a conference in New York. Later that year, Edward

514
00:33:56,440 --> 00:33:59,760
Speaker 1: Ruloff's brain was scanned at least the eighteen hundreds version

515
00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:03,480
Speaker 1: of Skins. His was the very first criminal brain in

516
00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:09,040
Speaker 1: America to be officially analyzed, studied, and publicly presented. That's

517
00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:12,399
Speaker 1: what modern brains cans do today. Just a few years ago,

518
00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:16,000
Speaker 1: the Welcome Center in London declared Edward's brain the most

519
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:20,280
Speaker 1: notorious brain in US history, and it's still being referenced

520
00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,920
Speaker 1: by medical journals today, an exceptional example of genius poisoned

521
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:29,840
Speaker 1: by malevolence. If doctor Bert Wilder had been a modern

522
00:34:29,920 --> 00:34:33,919
Speaker 1: day neurologist, he might have spotted those same abnormalities within

523
00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:37,960
Speaker 1: an image of Edward Ruloff's brain, and those results might

524
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:41,239
Speaker 1: have been a mitigating factor in his death sentence. But

525
00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:45,200
Speaker 1: even today, scientists have so much more to discover about

526
00:34:45,200 --> 00:34:48,640
Speaker 1: our brains, and David Price says that we still wonder

527
00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:51,799
Speaker 1: why a man with so much potential decided to be

528
00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:52,320
Speaker 1: a killer.

529
00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:55,040
Speaker 11: I mean adapt of ignorance about how the brain works

530
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:56,040
Speaker 11: is staggering.

531
00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:59,759
Speaker 1: Journalist David Wrenn says that Edward Ruloff's story is a

532
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:03,319
Speaker 1: cationary tale and we still have things to learn from him.

533
00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:06,959
Speaker 7: I think that is one of those things where there's

534
00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:11,520
Speaker 7: more to be revealed. I can't imagine that we've discovered

535
00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:15,239
Speaker 7: all the lessons that we could learn from Ruloff, especially

536
00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:21,880
Speaker 7: when it comes to mental health and personality disorders, and

537
00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:23,719
Speaker 7: I think that that's one of the reasons that we

538
00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:33,840
Speaker 7: should invest in mental health in our country.

539
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:39,680
Speaker 1: Craig Scott and I have returned to the cemetery where

540
00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:43,440
Speaker 1: so many of his family members are buried, John, Hannah,

541
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:47,279
Speaker 1: William Ephraim. Of course Harriet's name is listed there too,

542
00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:51,200
Speaker 1: even though they never did find her body or Priscillas.

543
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:55,120
Speaker 1: Still it's a reminder of how much the Scuts valued

544
00:35:55,160 --> 00:35:55,960
Speaker 1: one another.

545
00:35:56,360 --> 00:35:59,480
Speaker 4: Just going to that grave site and seeing how much,

546
00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:02,560
Speaker 4: admit they all meant to each other. That all the

547
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:07,319
Speaker 4: names around that big headstone, all the children and you

548
00:36:07,320 --> 00:36:11,320
Speaker 4: know others buried right on the family plat there, But there.

549
00:36:11,239 --> 00:36:14,600
Speaker 1: Was still one gravestone missing, the one meant for William's

550
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:18,600
Speaker 1: wife and child, Emelia and Emil Craig thinks he might

551
00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:22,560
Speaker 1: know where it is. We walked down to an underground

552
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,840
Speaker 1: stone vault inside the hill of the cemetery. There's a

553
00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:32,040
Speaker 1: steel door with a broken lock. It feels like a

554
00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:36,480
Speaker 1: creepy catacomb from an Edgar Allan Poe novel. There are

555
00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:40,560
Speaker 1: broken headstones frozen to the ground. That's it.

556
00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:44,360
Speaker 4: What does it say, waif of Williams gut.

557
00:36:46,360 --> 00:36:48,359
Speaker 1: Died June fifth, eighteen forty five.

558
00:36:49,120 --> 00:36:50,000
Speaker 4: That's it right there.

559
00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:54,560
Speaker 1: So that's the gravestone, that's the top part of it,

560
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,600
Speaker 1: and I'm sure on the bottom part said something about

561
00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:58,880
Speaker 1: the child.

562
00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:01,360
Speaker 4: That's it. Yeah, because it's ten days old.

563
00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:04,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, I can't believe you found it.

564
00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:04,880
Speaker 4: That's amazing.

565
00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:11,000
Speaker 1: Well to me, it's sad because you know, now there's.

566
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:11,520
Speaker 7: Where are they?

567
00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:12,360
Speaker 5: There's no marker.

568
00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:12,919
Speaker 11: Yeah.

569
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:18,879
Speaker 1: When you read about Edward's victims, Amelia and Emil are

570
00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:22,640
Speaker 1: only briefly mentioned, and they've been lost in this cemetery

571
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,759
Speaker 1: for more than a century. It's such a sad ending.

572
00:37:27,080 --> 00:37:30,360
Speaker 1: Edward Rulolf's body had a similar fate. He was buried

573
00:37:30,360 --> 00:37:33,200
Speaker 1: in an unmarked grave, but without his head. Of course,

574
00:37:34,120 --> 00:37:37,399
Speaker 1: Craig Scutt believes that his ending was fitting this guy

575
00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:38,920
Speaker 1: thought he was so great, and look where.

576
00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:43,080
Speaker 4: He ended up. I mean, why wouldn't you feel that way? Yeah,

577
00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:47,400
Speaker 4: his brain ended up floating in a container at Cornell.

578
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:51,719
Speaker 4: And he was a failure, and he was everything he

579
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:57,040
Speaker 4: thought he knew has been proved really to be bogus.

580
00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:04,320
Speaker 1: Hamilton Freeman was forever haunted by his time with Edward Ruloff.

581
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,719
Speaker 1: He had been the closest person to Edward, perhaps the

582
00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:10,840
Speaker 1: one who knew him the best. I see him in

583
00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:15,080
Speaker 1: my dreams, wrote ham There was a magnetism about the

584
00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:19,320
Speaker 1: man that irresistibly drew me to him. But he was duped,

585
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:23,360
Speaker 1: taken in by a charming psychopath. And even after the

586
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:27,080
Speaker 1: genius killer dismissed him for not helping him, Hamilton was

587
00:38:27,120 --> 00:38:31,759
Speaker 1: conflicted in him. There was no repentance, ham wrote. He

588
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:35,040
Speaker 1: petitioned to be saved for the benefit of science. Like

589
00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:38,880
Speaker 1: Ponts de Leon, He chased a fleeting phantom to the grave.

590
00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:43,520
Speaker 1: Edward was fond of quoting poets. Right before his execution,

591
00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:48,319
Speaker 1: he quoted James Russell Lowell. Edward said, right forever on

592
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:52,440
Speaker 1: the scaffold, wrong forever on the throne. That means that

593
00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:55,080
Speaker 1: he could die knowing that he was an honorable man.

594
00:38:55,880 --> 00:39:00,000
Speaker 1: Edward's confidence bolstered him on the scaffold until his last breath.

595
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:04,399
Speaker 1: As Hamilton Freeman remembered the killer's final hours, he thought

596
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:10,080
Speaker 1: about what made Edward a murderer. Ham wrote, if not insane,

597
00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:16,440
Speaker 1: he was the incarnation of all that is wicked. But

598
00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:19,120
Speaker 1: Michael Weiss believes that Edward was just a man with

599
00:39:19,160 --> 00:39:22,480
Speaker 1: a misguided theory. And here's something that was surprising to me.

600
00:39:23,239 --> 00:39:25,560
Speaker 1: He thinks that Edward would have never succeeded at a

601
00:39:25,640 --> 00:39:30,040
Speaker 1: university because his fixation with the question of meaning led

602
00:39:30,120 --> 00:39:30,880
Speaker 1: him nowhere.

603
00:39:31,320 --> 00:39:34,000
Speaker 3: He was obsessed with the question of meaning, and that

604
00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:36,520
Speaker 3: was part of his character. I don't think any kind

605
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:39,240
Speaker 3: of formal training would have knocked that out of him.

606
00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:44,520
Speaker 1: Edward Rulolf represented an inherent contradiction in our country. How

607
00:39:44,520 --> 00:39:47,320
Speaker 1: could a man translate the original language of the Bible

608
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:51,399
Speaker 1: but not be swayed by its tenants. Why would God

609
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:55,800
Speaker 1: intertwine both evil and genius inside the mind of one man.

610
00:39:58,280 --> 00:40:01,279
Speaker 1: It was Edward Rulolf's brain that was the impetus so

611
00:40:01,560 --> 00:40:05,360
Speaker 1: long ago to explore the criminal mind, and even today

612
00:40:05,640 --> 00:40:09,520
Speaker 1: his story draws us into a fascinating, chilling world that

613
00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:13,840
Speaker 1: will likely never fully understand. His case was the first

614
00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:18,680
Speaker 1: to make neuroscientists look for biological reasons for why someone kills.

615
00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:22,480
Speaker 1: The mark of Satan was no longer a good enough excuse,

616
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:26,399
Speaker 1: and in a way, Edward Ruloff helped create the brain

617
00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:31,000
Speaker 1: defense for the Scuts. The terrible story of Edward Ruloff

618
00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:35,239
Speaker 1: now serves mostly as a grim reminder of why they're

619
00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:39,160
Speaker 1: so proud of their family. They never gave up.

620
00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:42,680
Speaker 4: That says a lot about their parents, how their parents,

621
00:40:42,719 --> 00:40:46,120
Speaker 4: They had been brought up with that kind of family

622
00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:48,680
Speaker 4: loyalty and commitments.

623
00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:51,399
Speaker 1: You know, just the strength and the perseverance of your

624
00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:53,200
Speaker 1: family is what I take away from it.

625
00:40:53,320 --> 00:40:56,719
Speaker 4: Oh yeah, I think so too. I mean, they kept

626
00:40:56,760 --> 00:41:02,239
Speaker 4: their values, they were persistent, and you know, they had losses,

627
00:41:02,719 --> 00:41:10,239
Speaker 4: but in the end they got him.

628
00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:13,320
Speaker 1: I hope you've enjoyed season one of tenfold More Wicked.

629
00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:17,400
Speaker 1: Season two starts on January twenty fifth. It's about a

630
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:21,000
Speaker 1: pair of serial killers in nineteenth century Scotland. If you

631
00:41:21,120 --> 00:41:23,680
Speaker 1: love historical true crime, be sure to order my book

632
00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:27,279
Speaker 1: American Sherlock. It's about a real life Sherlock Holmes who

633
00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:30,480
Speaker 1: solved some of the most gruesome murders in the nineteen twenties.

634
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,840
Speaker 1: This has been an exactly right and tenfold more media

635
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:38,760
Speaker 1: production producers Jason Whaling and Laura Soble, sound designer Eric Friend,

636
00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:44,640
Speaker 1: composer Curtis Heath, artwork Nick Toga. Executive producers Georgia Hardstark,

637
00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:49,120
Speaker 1: Karen Kilgarriff and Danielle Kramer. Follow us on Instagram and

638
00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:53,120
Speaker 1: Facebook at tenfold more Wicked and on Twitter at tenfold more.

639
00:41:53,560 --> 00:41:56,320
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640
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Speaker 1: go to midroll dot com slash ads, and if you

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Speaker 1: know of a historical crime that could use some attention,

642
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Speaker 1: email us at info at Tenfoldmoorwicked dot com. So please listen, subscribe,

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