1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:14,120 Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with I Heart Radio 4 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:20,079 Speaker 1: and how the tech are you. It's time for a 5 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:22,720 Speaker 1: classic episode, and this one is going to be the 6 00:00:22,760 --> 00:00:26,079 Speaker 1: first of three because it was a topic that was 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:29,600 Speaker 1: so big I had to divide it up into three 8 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:35,160 Speaker 1: separate episodes. It is how the Industrial Revolution worked. This 9 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:41,480 Speaker 1: is part one, which originally published on November two thousand. Enjoy. 10 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: So typically we think of the Industrial Revolution as a 11 00:00:45,120 --> 00:00:49,960 Speaker 1: period in which automation, mass production, urbanization, all of these 12 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: things change the way that we humans live. And it's 13 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:56,960 Speaker 1: a time in which corporations came into being and we 14 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: started to see the delineation of work between laborers and management, 15 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 1: and the rise of unions and all sorts of stuff. 16 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,000 Speaker 1: But it's even more complex than that, and the story 17 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:11,640 Speaker 1: doesn't have a clear beginning, middle, and end, which is 18 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:14,840 Speaker 1: problematic because we humans like stories that have a clear narrative. 19 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:18,640 Speaker 1: But as you guys know, history rarely follows that pattern. 20 00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:23,240 Speaker 1: So before we can even talk about the Industrial Revolution, 21 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: we need to see why it was such a big deal, 22 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 1: which requires that we look way, way way back. And 23 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: when I say way back, I'm talking about the Neolithic Revolution. 24 00:01:34,959 --> 00:01:40,000 Speaker 1: There are two big revolutions of human behavior and uh 25 00:01:40,040 --> 00:01:43,800 Speaker 1: and and various things around that that have shaped the 26 00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:48,040 Speaker 1: way we human beings exist here on the planet. The 27 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: Neolithic Revolution was the first one, and this took place 28 00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:55,160 Speaker 1: thousands of years ago, like somewhere between nine thousand and 29 00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:58,320 Speaker 1: seven thousand BC. That was pretty much when this was 30 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:02,120 Speaker 1: taking place. That's when he Winds began to discover agricultural 31 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:07,120 Speaker 1: techniques and we began to transition from hunter gatherer lifestyles 32 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:10,600 Speaker 1: where you're very nomadic and you're depending upon finding the 33 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: food you need day to day, to an agrarian lifestyle 34 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 1: where you're actually cultivating food in both crops and livestock. 35 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:21,800 Speaker 1: People began to settle down, and the vast majority of 36 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:27,240 Speaker 1: people were farmers. So most people, in fact, the vast 37 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:30,280 Speaker 1: majority of people were spending their days out in fields, 38 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:34,919 Speaker 1: you know, tending to crops or livestock. Now, the term 39 00:02:34,919 --> 00:02:38,240 Speaker 1: revolution gives you a couple of implications, and they can 40 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:42,400 Speaker 1: be a little misleading. Actually, it implies that we're talking 41 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:45,480 Speaker 1: about a moment of abrupt change in history. But that's 42 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: not really the case with either the Neolithic or Industrial revolutions. 43 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:53,160 Speaker 1: These things took a lot of time. Now, the Neolithic 44 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:55,800 Speaker 1: Revolution took a great deal of time, we're talking about 45 00:02:55,800 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: a thousand years. But generally speaking, historians bracket the Industrial 46 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,040 Speaker 1: real Revolution as a period in history that began in 47 00:03:03,160 --> 00:03:08,640 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty and ended around eighteen fifty in Britain. Europe 48 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 1: and the United States and some other areas followed suit 49 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,919 Speaker 1: in timelines that kind of overlapped Britain's timeline, but Britain 50 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:17,800 Speaker 1: got the jump on everybody else. It really got started 51 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:21,440 Speaker 1: in Britain. Now, seventeen sixty to eighteen fifty, that is 52 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:24,920 Speaker 1: just one decade short of a full century, and the 53 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: seeds for the revolution were actually planted centuries before that. 54 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:32,600 Speaker 1: So we need to look at the sixteenth century, the 55 00:03:32,639 --> 00:03:35,600 Speaker 1: fifteen hundred's, the Late Renaissance to kind of get an 56 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: idea of the sort of things that led up to 57 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:44,440 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution. And that was a time when philosophy 58 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 1: was transforming into science. It's when people began to learn 59 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:51,920 Speaker 1: more about how the world works and how to make 60 00:03:51,960 --> 00:03:55,440 Speaker 1: practical use of the knowledge they gained. We had really 61 00:03:55,520 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: important thinkers like Francis Bacon, John Locke, Galileo Galilei, Aruke Spinoza, 62 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:05,640 Speaker 1: Renee des Cartes, and even earlier thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci, 63 00:04:05,880 --> 00:04:10,760 Speaker 1: all of whom made significant contributions to human knowledge and philosophy. Now, 64 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 1: these were the ideas that fueled the Renaissance and led 65 00:04:13,880 --> 00:04:17,320 Speaker 1: into the Age of Enlightenment. And it's also important to 66 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:21,279 Speaker 1: point out that the Industrial Revolution wasn't just about technology. 67 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: It was marked by changes in demographics and culture, in 68 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:30,360 Speaker 1: socioeconomic conditions, agriculture, manufacturing, and shrade. There were a lot 69 00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:33,360 Speaker 1: of conditions in place that allowed this transformation to happen 70 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,120 Speaker 1: in England specifically. In general, we're looking at the time 71 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: in history when people began to leave the pastoral farms 72 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: and head into cities to earn a living. Uh The 73 00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: term industrial revolution revolution was popularized by a nineteenth century 74 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:54,400 Speaker 1: English economic historian named Arnold Toynbee. He popularized the term 75 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:57,920 Speaker 1: industrial revolution, and he originally defined it as seventeen sixty 76 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:02,760 Speaker 1: to eighteen forty, but other historians would begin to expand 77 00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:07,680 Speaker 1: that outward, looking at a broader range of years to 78 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:10,960 Speaker 1: define the Industrial Revolution. They did identify a few trends 79 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:15,080 Speaker 1: as being fundamental for the Industrial Revolution to take place, 80 00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,080 Speaker 1: and one of those very important elements was that populations 81 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,400 Speaker 1: were growing throughout Europe. We were starting to see more 82 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:25,160 Speaker 1: and more people being born in Europe at the time, 83 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:27,840 Speaker 1: and it also meant that there were more people available 84 00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:30,640 Speaker 1: to do work, and also that there was an increasing 85 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:34,560 Speaker 1: need to produce more food and clothing for everybody. And 86 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,400 Speaker 1: as you have probably heard in your lifetimes, necessity is 87 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:42,799 Speaker 1: the mother of invention. If you need something, someone's eventually 88 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:44,359 Speaker 1: going to come up with an idea of how to 89 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: meet that need, or you go without. Now this challengement 90 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:51,720 Speaker 1: that many people worked hard on ways to overcome the 91 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: increase in need for clothing, food, that kind of stuff. 92 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:00,679 Speaker 1: And in Britain there were quite a few inventive people 93 00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:04,000 Speaker 1: who designed machinery and systems to really meet those needs. 94 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:06,280 Speaker 1: And it also didn't hurt that England had a really 95 00:06:06,279 --> 00:06:09,839 Speaker 1: healthy agricultural system with lots of farms spread throughout the country. 96 00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:12,360 Speaker 1: It was really the right place in the right time 97 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:17,000 Speaker 1: for change to happen. And before the Industrial Revolution, most 98 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:21,520 Speaker 1: people were making whatever they needed for themselves, or they 99 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:24,839 Speaker 1: would inherit some things from parents or other family members, 100 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: and only occasionally would they buy something from another person 101 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:33,960 Speaker 1: or trade for it. It was pretty rare. There are 102 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:39,880 Speaker 1: certain certain um occupations that lent themselves to working well 103 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:44,200 Speaker 1: in this environment, but generally speaking, we're still talking mostly farmers. 104 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:47,480 Speaker 1: There really wasn't much of a middle class to speak 105 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:51,080 Speaker 1: of before the Industrial Revolution. There were men and women 106 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:54,240 Speaker 1: who specialized in certain crafts like carpentry or stonework, but 107 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 1: most people just made do with what they had, and 108 00:06:57,720 --> 00:07:00,680 Speaker 1: that was partly because the cost of produce seeing goods 109 00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:03,480 Speaker 1: was quite high. It required a lot of labor, a 110 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:07,200 Speaker 1: lot of hard work by hand, and it also was 111 00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: not easy to get raw materials or to ship finished 112 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:13,480 Speaker 1: goods from one place to another. It was just pretty 113 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:18,240 Speaker 1: challenging to make something and deliberate. On top of that, 114 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: Europe was emerging from a socioeconomic system in which there 115 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:25,640 Speaker 1: were really three main classes of people. You had the nobility, 116 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 1: including the royalty. You had the clergy, so everyone involved 117 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 1: with the church and pretty much everybody else. Now. The 118 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: nobility and clergy wielded power in different contexts. Sometimes those 119 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: contexts overlapped. Sometimes certain branches of the clergy were in 120 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:47,000 Speaker 1: power or not in power, particularly in England, where you 121 00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 1: had Protestants and Catholics kind of shifting the balance of 122 00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: power throughout the several hundred years from uh the King 123 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:58,280 Speaker 1: Henry the eighth era up to the Industrial Revolution. But 124 00:07:58,320 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 1: by seventeen fifty things had changed a lot and a 125 00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 1: century earlier, around the sixteen fifties sixteen forties, really England 126 00:08:07,640 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 1: had gone through a civil war in which the monarchy 127 00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:14,560 Speaker 1: was originally abolished. Uh. Then England was a protectorate for 128 00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:18,040 Speaker 1: a little while, and then England reinstated the monarchy, but 129 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: with some big changes. So essentially what happened was you 130 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:25,720 Speaker 1: had Parliament originally saying, you know, we don't think kings 131 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: are such a great idea, and sorry, Charles, we're gonna 132 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:31,520 Speaker 1: get rid of you. We're gonna chuck you and your 133 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 1: head out, and we're gonna replace you with a parliament 134 00:08:36,679 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: that will govern the country, and we're gonna put Oliver 135 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 1: Cromwell as the Lord Protector of England sort of the 136 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 1: head of this parliamentary body. Then after a while, uh, 137 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 1: some shifting political conditions prompted Parliament to say, you know what, 138 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:57,680 Speaker 1: we kind of like it when we had a king 139 00:08:57,800 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 1: that was kind of awesome. We should we should do 140 00:08:59,679 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: that at in We'll be back with more about the 141 00:09:02,679 --> 00:09:06,560 Speaker 1: early years of the Industrial Revolution right after this break. 142 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:20,280 Speaker 1: So England reinstated the monarchy, but in the process Parliament 143 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:22,920 Speaker 1: also wanted to make sure the monarch didn't have as 144 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,959 Speaker 1: much power, so they underwent kind of another transformation, something 145 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,480 Speaker 1: similar to what had happened when King John had to 146 00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:33,120 Speaker 1: sign the Magna Carta back in the thirteenth century. The 147 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 1: monarch and the House of Lords saw much of their 148 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:39,320 Speaker 1: power stripped away, and Parliament's House of Commons had a 149 00:09:39,320 --> 00:09:42,440 Speaker 1: greater share of the power. The reason I even bring 150 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:43,959 Speaker 1: this up, and you might be saying, well, this is 151 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:47,319 Speaker 1: a technology podcast. This isn't stuff you missed in history class. 152 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:49,240 Speaker 1: Where are you talking about it? Well, the important part 153 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:53,000 Speaker 1: is that this was the decline of nobility in England. 154 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:58,160 Speaker 1: They were starting to see less and less power in 155 00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:00,560 Speaker 1: their grasp. They were no longer as a effective as 156 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:03,880 Speaker 1: they once were. There was instead a rise of a 157 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:08,040 Speaker 1: new class, a middle class emerging at the time, and 158 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 1: you had merchants who were making a great deal of 159 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 1: money and in many cases were much more powerful than 160 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:16,959 Speaker 1: nobles who might have a noble title, but not as 161 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:20,000 Speaker 1: much money as the merchants did, so we started to 162 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:23,600 Speaker 1: see a shift in power, and that condition was very 163 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:29,080 Speaker 1: important for the Industrial Revolution to take place too. Now, 164 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: among the merchants were some pretty interesting inventors, people who 165 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:37,160 Speaker 1: came up with new ways to make work more efficient. 166 00:10:37,559 --> 00:10:39,920 Speaker 1: And one inventor's work that we need to talk about 167 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:44,040 Speaker 1: pre dates the Industrial Revolution by a few decades, but 168 00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:48,560 Speaker 1: without his contributions nothing would be the same. So back 169 00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 1: in seventeen o nine, just a few decades before the 170 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: official Industrial Revolution, there was an iron master named Abraham Darby, 171 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:02,200 Speaker 1: and Darby sussed out how to smelt iron using coke 172 00:11:02,559 --> 00:11:05,560 Speaker 1: as a fuel. Coke in this case, by the way, 173 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:09,719 Speaker 1: doesn't refer to a tasty soft drink. I live in Atlanta, 174 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:12,240 Speaker 1: and here coke it means. It means Coca cola. But 175 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:15,040 Speaker 1: that's not what I'm talking about when you're looking at 176 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: smelting iron. Instead, I'm talking about a fuel that has 177 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 1: a very high carbon content. And there are a few 178 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:24,240 Speaker 1: different types of coke, but the one that concerns us 179 00:11:24,280 --> 00:11:29,120 Speaker 1: in the context of the Industrial Revolution was made from coal. Now, 180 00:11:29,160 --> 00:11:32,920 Speaker 1: to make coke, you would put coal in an airless 181 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,000 Speaker 1: furnace or an oven, and you would bake it at 182 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:40,480 Speaker 1: really high temperatures, and during that process there would be 183 00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: ash that would form and it would fuse with the 184 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 1: carbon inside the coal, and after you're done baking it, 185 00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:51,880 Speaker 1: you end up with this kind of porous gray fuel 186 00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:56,320 Speaker 1: solid fuel, and if you burn it, it creates no smoke, 187 00:11:56,679 --> 00:12:01,480 Speaker 1: but it does release carbon monoxide. So why was Darby's 188 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:04,560 Speaker 1: discovery such a big deal in the first place. Well 189 00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: before he had found a way to use coke as 190 00:12:07,559 --> 00:12:11,360 Speaker 1: a fuel to smelt iron ore into pig iron, everyone 191 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:15,840 Speaker 1: was using charcoal. Charcoal is made by burning wood, which 192 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:18,719 Speaker 1: meant that iron works had to be located near or 193 00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: inside forests, and it made it hard to access the 194 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 1: iron works, and it also led to deforestation. But England 195 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,040 Speaker 1: had a steady supply of coal and iron ore, which 196 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:31,760 Speaker 1: meant it was well poised to use this material in 197 00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: lots of new ways. In the eighteenth century, the region 198 00:12:34,679 --> 00:12:38,760 Speaker 1: northwest of Birmingham along the Southern River became the center 199 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:42,319 Speaker 1: for iron works in the early Industrial Revolution. Iron working 200 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:44,280 Speaker 1: would also become very important in other parts of the 201 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:49,160 Speaker 1: United Kingdom, such as Scotland. Now, in the next episode, 202 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,160 Speaker 1: i'll talk more about the iron industry and how that 203 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,440 Speaker 1: guided England's development. But the important thing to remember is 204 00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:59,199 Speaker 1: that iron was a vital material during the Industrial Revolution, 205 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:03,920 Speaker 1: and dar Rby's discovery would literally fuel it once it 206 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:08,000 Speaker 1: caught on. During Darby's own lifetime, however, most iron working 207 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: facilities continue to rely upon charcoal for fuel, so it's 208 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 1: only later that others recognize the value of adopting Darby's approach. 209 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:19,560 Speaker 1: And that's why, even though his his discovery predates the 210 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,920 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution, it took a few decades for it to 211 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 1: really play a major role in the iron working industry. 212 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 1: And that's kind of why we don't don't include that 213 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: in the Industrial Revolution itself. But as the iron and 214 00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:38,440 Speaker 1: coal industries grew, so too did the textile industry in England. 215 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:41,520 Speaker 1: And that's really kind of the first place we can 216 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:45,840 Speaker 1: look at, the first the first factor of the Industrial Revolution. 217 00:13:45,880 --> 00:13:50,080 Speaker 1: We can look at and see how um advances in 218 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:57,400 Speaker 1: technology dramatically changed the way industry worked in England. So 219 00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:00,840 Speaker 1: I'm going to focus on textiles or pretty much the 220 00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:04,320 Speaker 1: rest of this episode. The growth of the textile industry 221 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:07,280 Speaker 1: was helped by a couple of really important geographic features. 222 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:11,760 Speaker 1: One is that Britain is an island, and as an island, 223 00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 1: it's got a lot of coastline, which means that there's 224 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:17,400 Speaker 1: lots of opportunity for people to build large ports cities. 225 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,680 Speaker 1: One of them, Liverpool served as an important port for 226 00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 1: the textile trade. They would bring in cotton from the 227 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: American colonies and also from India, and they would end 228 00:14:29,840 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: up taking that cotton and moving it over to spinners 229 00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 1: and weavers, and then when textiles were done, they could 230 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:40,040 Speaker 1: ship the finished cloth off to other locations, whether that 231 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,560 Speaker 1: be in England or Europe, or even back to America. 232 00:14:43,720 --> 00:14:46,920 Speaker 1: This was one of those things where UH England would 233 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:50,560 Speaker 1: take in raw materials from the American colonies, turn it 234 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:52,720 Speaker 1: into a finished product and then sell it back to 235 00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: the American colonies. UH. The region of Lancashire became known 236 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:01,960 Speaker 1: for producing cotton goods in particular. So why was Lancashire 237 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: ideal for textiles? The main reason is that the climate 238 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 1: in Lancashire is wet and that makes it easier to 239 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:10,640 Speaker 1: work with cotton fibers because as cotton fibers dry out, 240 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:14,560 Speaker 1: they become brittle, and Lancashire was several had also has 241 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:17,600 Speaker 1: several fast flowing streams, which made it ideal for constructing 242 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:20,880 Speaker 1: water powered cotton mills a little bit later on in 243 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:24,400 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution. Now, some of the inventions that made 244 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,360 Speaker 1: the textile industry possible in England require a bit of explanation, 245 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,240 Speaker 1: So we're gonna do some tech stuff. How stuff works 246 00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:36,320 Speaker 1: classic descriptions here. So the first one we need to 247 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:39,000 Speaker 1: talk about is an invention created by a weaver named 248 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,720 Speaker 1: John k It's a device that he made in seventeen 249 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:46,440 Speaker 1: thirty three and it's called a flying shuttle, which made 250 00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:50,760 Speaker 1: weaving wide bands of cloth much more efficient for weavers, 251 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:53,520 Speaker 1: and it makes you wonder what the heck of flying 252 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:56,960 Speaker 1: shuttle is. So to do that, we have to start 253 00:15:56,960 --> 00:16:00,920 Speaker 1: off with talking about looms. A loop m is essentially 254 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 1: just a device for weaving and a weave. If you 255 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:08,440 Speaker 1: ever look very closely at woven cloth, you'll see there 256 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: are threads that are in vertical lines and threads that 257 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: are in horizontal lines, and they weave between one another. 258 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:18,320 Speaker 1: So to make a weave, you would use a loom 259 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:22,320 Speaker 1: to hold the threads of one direction. So let's say vertically. Uh, 260 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:25,000 Speaker 1: let's say that it's just a simple loom where you've 261 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:28,840 Speaker 1: got a frame and you have this this thread called 262 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:33,040 Speaker 1: the warp that is threaded up and down on the frame, 263 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:37,720 Speaker 1: so you've got odd and even numbered threads, and then 264 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:40,400 Speaker 1: you would take a second thread to go in a 265 00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: horizontal direction. This would be the weft, and you would 266 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:50,760 Speaker 1: weave that back and forth under and over alternating strings. So, 267 00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:53,840 Speaker 1: starting with the odd numbers, let's say that you do uh. 268 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: String number one you go over, and string number two 269 00:16:56,280 --> 00:16:58,280 Speaker 1: you go under, and string number three you go over. 270 00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 1: So for all the odd numbers you would go over, 271 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,200 Speaker 1: all the even numbers you would go under, and one 272 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:07,640 Speaker 1: full pass of that is called a pick. So if 273 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:09,680 Speaker 1: you were doing this on a very simple loom, where 274 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:12,840 Speaker 1: really you just have the strings there and you're doing 275 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:14,919 Speaker 1: all this by hand, it takes a while because you 276 00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:19,639 Speaker 1: have to weave the the the weft back and forth 277 00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,840 Speaker 1: through all the strings. But gradually, there were some looms 278 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:26,840 Speaker 1: that use some moving parts that made this a lot easier. 279 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:31,639 Speaker 1: One used warp frames, where you would you would actually 280 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:35,840 Speaker 1: put two different sets of warp thread on these warp frames. 281 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:40,200 Speaker 1: One set would be all the odd uh odd threads 282 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,920 Speaker 1: and one set would be all the even threads. So 283 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,640 Speaker 1: imagine that it's almost like a sandwich in a way. 284 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:52,520 Speaker 1: You've got one set of these threads. Let's say that's 285 00:17:52,520 --> 00:17:55,439 Speaker 1: the odd ones that are laying more or less flat 286 00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:59,119 Speaker 1: in respect to you, and then the other one is 287 00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:01,880 Speaker 1: actually vertic coal. Uh, these will be the even threads. 288 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:05,879 Speaker 1: If you just passed your weft the horizontal line of 289 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,560 Speaker 1: threads straight across, and then you would use pedals to 290 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:13,040 Speaker 1: swap the positions of those two frames, and you know, 291 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:16,679 Speaker 1: they just they just passed between each other, and then 292 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:19,440 Speaker 1: you pull the weft back across the other way. This 293 00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: would have at the same effect as weaving the thread 294 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: up and down across those uh, those those vertical threads, 295 00:18:29,080 --> 00:18:33,199 Speaker 1: but you're doing it much much faster. Um. However, if 296 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:36,840 Speaker 1: you are working by yourself, you pretty much were limited 297 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:40,800 Speaker 1: to doing of cloth about as wide as your arm. 298 00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:43,120 Speaker 1: Beyond that you would need a second weaver to help 299 00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:47,480 Speaker 1: you out. Until John k came up with this flying shuttle, 300 00:18:48,359 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: and uh, that ends up making a huge difference. It 301 00:18:52,119 --> 00:18:59,120 Speaker 1: speeds up the weaving process significantly. So, by the way, 302 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 1: the prod this of weaving is a little more complicated 303 00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:03,639 Speaker 1: than just that. After you do a pick, you know, 304 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: after you pass the weft through the warp, then you 305 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:08,760 Speaker 1: have to use a part of the loom called the 306 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:12,679 Speaker 1: red to batten the fabric. Now, a reed is like 307 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:16,359 Speaker 1: a comb and it is on the far side of 308 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: where you're bringing the weft through the warp, and you 309 00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:24,840 Speaker 1: use it to pull the new weft hard against the 310 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:29,400 Speaker 1: the previously woven cloth to pack it together to batten 311 00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: it down. And you have to batten that thread after 312 00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 1: each pass. And so this is pretty painstaking and obviously 313 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:39,680 Speaker 1: if you're doing it by hand, it's really slow work. 314 00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:42,200 Speaker 1: And if you're all by yourself, like I said, you're 315 00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:46,159 Speaker 1: limited to that arms width of of cloth because otherwise 316 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:48,680 Speaker 1: you would not be able to pass the shuttle that's 317 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:53,120 Speaker 1: the device that actually holds the weft thread from one 318 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:56,600 Speaker 1: side to the other. Now Kay's invention solved all that. 319 00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:00,320 Speaker 1: The flying shuttle reduced the number of weavers needed for 320 00:20:00,520 --> 00:20:04,400 Speaker 1: widecloth to just one. And here's how it worked. Imagine 321 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:08,640 Speaker 1: you've got these two frames of vertical lines of thread, uh, 322 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:10,920 Speaker 1: and all the odd lines of thread are on one frame, 323 00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:13,400 Speaker 1: all the even lines are on the second frame. Those 324 00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:15,640 Speaker 1: two frames can move so that the shuttle can pass 325 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:19,160 Speaker 1: easily between the two sets. Moving the shuttle from one 326 00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:21,480 Speaker 1: side to the other completes one line of the weave. 327 00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 1: Then you bring the frames together, pull the horizontal thread 328 00:20:24,560 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: and tightly using that red comb so it's packed against 329 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:30,639 Speaker 1: its processors. Then you switch which frame is up and 330 00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:32,719 Speaker 1: which frame is down, and you pass it again. Just 331 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,360 Speaker 1: like I said, but case shuttle had wheels on it, 332 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:40,040 Speaker 1: and it allowed it to roll quickly in a channel 333 00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:43,240 Speaker 1: between the two sets of of threads, the two sets 334 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,560 Speaker 1: of warp threads on the frames. You would pull a 335 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:50,520 Speaker 1: rope and this would make the shuttles quickly roll from 336 00:20:50,560 --> 00:20:52,639 Speaker 1: one side to the other, like left or right or 337 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: right to left. So you pull the rope, the shuttles 338 00:20:56,680 --> 00:20:59,920 Speaker 1: zooms across left or right. You swap the position of 339 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:03,959 Speaker 1: the frames and well, first you batten that weft uh 340 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: and swap the position of the frames, and you pull 341 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:09,280 Speaker 1: the rope and it zips across the other side, and 342 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:12,920 Speaker 1: you repeat this process. And it really sped things up. 343 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 1: And that was just the first of several inventions that 344 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:21,520 Speaker 1: made it easier and less expensive to produce cloth, particularly 345 00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: large amounts of cloth. We'll be talking about the industrial 346 00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:27,880 Speaker 1: revolution a bit more, but first let's take a quick 347 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:40,560 Speaker 1: break for these commercials. Alright, So the flying shuttle sped 348 00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:43,879 Speaker 1: up weaving significantly. But now there was a new bottleneck 349 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:48,680 Speaker 1: in the textile industry, which was making yarn. Weavers could 350 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:52,280 Speaker 1: go through yarn faster than yarn could be spun. Yarn 351 00:21:52,320 --> 00:21:55,560 Speaker 1: would be made by people called spinners. Traditionally, they would 352 00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,760 Speaker 1: use spinning wheels, and normally you would need up to 353 00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:02,080 Speaker 1: four spinners to port one weaver just to make yarn 354 00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:05,399 Speaker 1: fast enough for the weaver to be effective. But this 355 00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:09,639 Speaker 1: flying shuttle made the weavers even more efficient, so you 356 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:12,320 Speaker 1: needed more than four spinners just to be able to 357 00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:16,119 Speaker 1: produce enough yarn for the weaver to stay active, And 358 00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:19,680 Speaker 1: so the supply couldn't meet up with the weaving speeds, 359 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 1: and that was an issue. Meanwhile, let's let's talk about 360 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:27,639 Speaker 1: spinning wheels. It's another interesting technology. Spinning wheels twist fibers 361 00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:30,800 Speaker 1: into yarn, and I could do an entire episode on 362 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:33,600 Speaker 1: this process. I could probably get someone like Holly from 363 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:36,120 Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History class to talk about it too, 364 00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: But in general, here's how it works. You've got a 365 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:42,879 Speaker 1: large spinning wheel. You've probably seen pictures of these, But 366 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:46,760 Speaker 1: the large wheel provides the rotational force for a smaller 367 00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:50,320 Speaker 1: component called a flyer. So the flyers kind of like 368 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:53,760 Speaker 1: a cylinder. Imagine a cylinder on its side. It's in 369 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,760 Speaker 1: the same plane of rotation as the spinning wheel. But 370 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:02,040 Speaker 1: you then connect the two with a drive band. Um 371 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:04,879 Speaker 1: it looks a lot like any kind of belt you 372 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,920 Speaker 1: would imagine for connecting gears together. So in this case, 373 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:12,000 Speaker 1: the large wheel would be a big gear. The flyer 374 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:15,120 Speaker 1: is a smaller gear. So as the large wheel rotates, 375 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,119 Speaker 1: the band connecting it to the flyer makes the flyer 376 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:20,919 Speaker 1: rotate as well. But since the flyer is smaller than 377 00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:24,840 Speaker 1: the big wheel, it's making more rotations per minute than 378 00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:28,240 Speaker 1: the big wheel. Uh. And most flyers actually have a 379 00:23:28,280 --> 00:23:31,800 Speaker 1: section of different grooves the drive band can fit into, 380 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:35,359 Speaker 1: and each section is a different circumference, meaning you can 381 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:39,200 Speaker 1: adjust the speed of rotation or the ratio of rotation 382 00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:42,200 Speaker 1: I should say, of the flyer. So it may be 383 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: that one rotation of the big wheel is the same 384 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:48,040 Speaker 1: as five rotations of the flyer. But then you can 385 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:52,119 Speaker 1: swap the band to a different groove that would be 386 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,720 Speaker 1: slightly smaller, like it would be a smaller circumference around 387 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,200 Speaker 1: the flyer, and then one rotation of the big wheel 388 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,440 Speaker 1: might be seven, and rotations of the flyer and then 389 00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:05,879 Speaker 1: you could move to maybe an even smaller circumference groove 390 00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:08,320 Speaker 1: on the flyer, and one rotation of the big wheel 391 00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 1: would be the same as eleven rotations on the flyer. 392 00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:14,000 Speaker 1: If you're having trouble imagining this, it's a lot like 393 00:24:14,080 --> 00:24:19,000 Speaker 1: bike gears or even a transmission. That gear ratio is 394 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:24,920 Speaker 1: what determines the speed of rotation between two different rotating objects. 395 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:28,199 Speaker 1: So it's pretty interesting stuff that this was something that 396 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:33,520 Speaker 1: was important well before there wherever bicycles or cars um now. 397 00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:37,359 Speaker 1: The flyer also contains a device called a bobbin. Bobbin 398 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:40,639 Speaker 1: is the thing that yarn winds around during yarn making. 399 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:45,240 Speaker 1: The bobbing itself is perched on a spindle. This would 400 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:47,479 Speaker 1: be the thing that sleeping Beauty pokes her finger on 401 00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:51,159 Speaker 1: and goes unconscious due to that. So you put the 402 00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: bobbin on a spindle that allows usually allows the bobbin 403 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:57,399 Speaker 1: to rotate freely around the spindle, so the spindle is 404 00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:01,560 Speaker 1: almost like an axle and it allows yarn to wind 405 00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:06,639 Speaker 1: around it. The purpose for the rotation of this device, 406 00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: by the way, isn't just to pull on fiber or 407 00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:12,399 Speaker 1: to wind it around the bobbin. It also creates a 408 00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:15,480 Speaker 1: twist in the fibers themselves, and it's that twist that 409 00:25:15,560 --> 00:25:20,160 Speaker 1: turns the fibers into yarn. Traditional spinning wheels have both 410 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,520 Speaker 1: the drive wheel and the bobbin along that same plane, 411 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,400 Speaker 1: meaning that the rotation is uh is in the same 412 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:30,199 Speaker 1: direction for the two. And it also meant that you 413 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:33,359 Speaker 1: were limited to one bobbin and one strand of yarn 414 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:37,080 Speaker 1: in the original spinning wheels. But then along came a 415 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:41,520 Speaker 1: guy named James Hargreaves who invented something called the spinning 416 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,479 Speaker 1: Jenny in sevent sixty four. Spinning Jenny. So what happened was, 417 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,960 Speaker 1: according to Hargreaves, he came up with this idea when 418 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: one of his daughters accidentally tipped over a spinning wheel, 419 00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:55,200 Speaker 1: and so hard Greaves, when he looked at the spinning 420 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,919 Speaker 1: wheel that was now on its side, notice that the 421 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:00,919 Speaker 1: bobbin was continuing to turn even it was now ninety 422 00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:04,880 Speaker 1: degrees out of alignment of its usual plane. And then 423 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:07,480 Speaker 1: it occurred to him that if he were to change 424 00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:11,720 Speaker 1: the rotation of this where you use this vertical approach 425 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:15,600 Speaker 1: to bobbin's instead of a horizontal approach, you could end 426 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:21,119 Speaker 1: up driving multiple spindles with a single wheel. You could 427 00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:24,959 Speaker 1: do this and make lots of different yarns all at 428 00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:29,280 Speaker 1: the same time, different different strands of yarn. And uh, 429 00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:31,720 Speaker 1: he did make such a device. He created one and 430 00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:35,439 Speaker 1: it was able to feed yarn to eight spindles at 431 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,280 Speaker 1: a time, which meant that you could produce eight times 432 00:26:38,359 --> 00:26:40,320 Speaker 1: the yarn in the same amount of time it would 433 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:45,400 Speaker 1: normally take a spinner to do one. Uh. This is amazing. 434 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:49,400 Speaker 1: He's produced He's increased productivity by eight times. You keep 435 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,320 Speaker 1: in mind, remember I said a weaver typically would need 436 00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:57,320 Speaker 1: four spinners to support the weaver's abilities. Now you have 437 00:26:57,760 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: a possible, uh, a device that make a spinner create 438 00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:06,120 Speaker 1: eight spindles of yarn. So technically one spinner could support 439 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,919 Speaker 1: two weavers under that system. And it made quite a 440 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:13,560 Speaker 1: stir in his community, so much so that spinners who 441 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:17,240 Speaker 1: were worried about their jobs broke into his house and 442 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:22,080 Speaker 1: smashed the machine to pieces. But you can't stop progress. 443 00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:26,920 Speaker 1: Once something's invented, it's gonna pretty much stay invented. And 444 00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:30,280 Speaker 1: it became much easier to make yarn from either wool 445 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:34,640 Speaker 1: or cotton using the spinning jenny. So this this pulling 446 00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:38,400 Speaker 1: and twisting of fibers works with both wool and with cotton. 447 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,720 Speaker 1: You can do this to to create the yarn. By 448 00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:45,680 Speaker 1: the time of hargreaves death in seventy eight, there were 449 00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:48,119 Speaker 1: versions of the spinning Jenny that could feed up to 450 00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:54,080 Speaker 1: eighties spindles simultaneously, but these devices still required human power 451 00:27:54,119 --> 00:27:58,399 Speaker 1: to work, typically relying on a treadle system, So trundle 452 00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 1: being like a pedal that you use your foot to 453 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:03,359 Speaker 1: two power you. You'd rock your foot back and forth, 454 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,159 Speaker 1: kind of like old sewing machines too. In order to 455 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:10,080 Speaker 1: create this rotational uh force, There'd be a there'd be 456 00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:13,399 Speaker 1: a piston essentially, or or a stick really attached to 457 00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:16,840 Speaker 1: one end of the treadle and around the hub of 458 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:20,440 Speaker 1: one of the big wheel, and as you tilt the 459 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:24,600 Speaker 1: treadle back and forth, it would cause the wheel to rotate. Now, 460 00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,800 Speaker 1: because this required human power, it still meant that things 461 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,320 Speaker 1: were a little slow, and that you eventually would have 462 00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:33,199 Speaker 1: to take breaks because people need rest. But all that 463 00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:36,159 Speaker 1: began to change when Richard Arkwright patented a machine in 464 00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:39,440 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty nine that drew out cotton by passing the 465 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:43,480 Speaker 1: fibers through rollers before moving on to the yarn making process. 466 00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:47,400 Speaker 1: So he created a device where rollers would essentially squish 467 00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:52,440 Speaker 1: this fiber and make it faster to produce yarn. His 468 00:28:52,520 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: original machine used horses to provide the power, so it 469 00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:59,520 Speaker 1: literally ran on horse power. But in seventeen seventy one 470 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,640 Speaker 1: he yeared out how to upgrade the system using water power. 471 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,400 Speaker 1: Now that created the opportunity for textile mills to grow, 472 00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:13,000 Speaker 1: becoming mills water powered cotton mills and harnessing those stream 473 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:16,160 Speaker 1: powers of England to draw fiber from cotton and make 474 00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:19,320 Speaker 1: yarn and then weave it into cloth ar great was 475 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:24,040 Speaker 1: incredibly successful. You would eventually employ around five thousand people 476 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:28,160 Speaker 1: and he even received a knighthood in seventies six first 477 00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:32,960 Speaker 1: contributions to English industry. Now, Hargreaves approach was suitable for 478 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:37,240 Speaker 1: creating the weft for a weaver. That's that long thread 479 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:40,200 Speaker 1: that you use on the shuttle. So this is the 480 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: horizontal threads. If you think of the vertical threads as 481 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: the ones that are at touched to the frame. This 482 00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,480 Speaker 1: is the thread you pass back and forth over and 483 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:48,720 Speaker 1: over again. Has to be really long because each time 484 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 1: it passes, you know you still need to have more 485 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:55,120 Speaker 1: thread to complete the weaving. So our Great's invention was 486 00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:57,920 Speaker 1: was really good at creating the fiber for the warp, 487 00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,880 Speaker 1: and hargreaves His invention was really great eight for creating 488 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:03,680 Speaker 1: the fiber for the weft. These are two different types 489 00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:06,080 Speaker 1: of of yarn in this case like it just was 490 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:10,160 Speaker 1: more suitable for one application versus the other. Now that 491 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:14,280 Speaker 1: meant that by combining the spinning Jenny and Arkwright's machine, 492 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:18,720 Speaker 1: you could create both types of yarn, and it ended 493 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: up increasing the speed of yarn making. It was a 494 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:28,000 Speaker 1: huge jump ahead. So now the textile industry is really 495 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:35,000 Speaker 1: taking off. Another inventor named Samuel Crompton would improve upon 496 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:38,040 Speaker 1: the spinning Jenny. He invented a new spinning machine in 497 00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:42,880 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy nine. His machine was called the Crompton's Mule, 498 00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:46,840 Speaker 1: and it combined features of the inventions from Hargreaves and 499 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:50,520 Speaker 1: from Arkwright, which meant that you could create yarn that 500 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: would be that would work for both the warp and 501 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:55,600 Speaker 1: the left using this one device. And by the name, 502 00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: the Crompton's Mule is actually a pun. So the spinning 503 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,240 Speaker 1: Jenny got its name from Hargreaves's daughter who knocked over 504 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:07,000 Speaker 1: the spinning wheel and get which gave him the idea. 505 00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:12,240 Speaker 1: But a jenny is also the name for a female donkey, 506 00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:14,960 Speaker 1: and if a donkey mates with a horse, the product 507 00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:18,600 Speaker 1: is a mule. Thus Crumpton's mule is the descendant of 508 00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:22,680 Speaker 1: the spinning jenny, which is cute, right, I mean, I 509 00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:26,840 Speaker 1: appreciate it, but I like puns. At this point, spinners 510 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:31,200 Speaker 1: could finally outpace weavers, so the flying shuttle originally made 511 00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:34,600 Speaker 1: It made a demand on yarn that spinners were having 512 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:39,280 Speaker 1: trouble meeting. But now with the with Crompton's mule and 513 00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:43,160 Speaker 1: these other devices, there was a yarm production that was 514 00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:46,800 Speaker 1: outpacing the weaving. But the balance was restored when another 515 00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:51,200 Speaker 1: inventor came along named Edmund Cartwright, who created a water 516 00:31:51,360 --> 00:31:54,560 Speaker 1: driven loom and that's sped up the weaving process even more. 517 00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:57,840 Speaker 1: And Cartwright got the idea because he visited a water 518 00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:01,920 Speaker 1: powered mill that Arkwright had des mind. So with this invention, 519 00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:05,959 Speaker 1: there was now a new demand on cotton imports. So 520 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:09,480 Speaker 1: you see where the shifting demands have created the opportunity 521 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:13,360 Speaker 1: for people to invent machines to make things faster. First 522 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:16,200 Speaker 1: it was the need to speed up the weaving process. 523 00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:19,400 Speaker 1: Then the need to speed up the yarn making process 524 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:23,480 Speaker 1: to meet the weaver's needs. Then weaving was falling behind. 525 00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:28,200 Speaker 1: And now that they are both very fast compared to 526 00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:30,800 Speaker 1: the way the process was just a few decades earlier. 527 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:34,840 Speaker 1: There was a greater need for raw material, raw cotton, 528 00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:39,640 Speaker 1: and so the demand shifted from England to the places 529 00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:43,440 Speaker 1: where they were importing cotton from, which was largely the 530 00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:47,400 Speaker 1: American colonies. So I'm going to close out this particular 531 00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:51,160 Speaker 1: episode with another famous invention that kept the industrial revolution 532 00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:54,520 Speaker 1: rolling along strongly, and this one was an invention that 533 00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:58,960 Speaker 1: happened here in America. So keep in mind that the 534 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:02,480 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution and did affect the United States. The United 535 00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,440 Speaker 1: States did have an industrial revolution, it just started later 536 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:08,080 Speaker 1: in the US than it did in England. In fact, 537 00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:14,600 Speaker 1: England had instituted bands on the exportation of machinery and knowledge. 538 00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:19,480 Speaker 1: England government did not want the industrial knowledge to get 539 00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,480 Speaker 1: outside of the country because they wanted to have a 540 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:27,880 Speaker 1: competitive edge over other nations, particularly in Europe. But in America, 541 00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: there was a fellow named Eli Whitney who invented the 542 00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:36,240 Speaker 1: cotton gin and I think pretty much everyone in elementary 543 00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:38,920 Speaker 1: school at some point. Here's the story of Eli Whitney 544 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:42,120 Speaker 1: inventing the cotton gin. This was invented in the late 545 00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:46,280 Speaker 1: seventeen hundreds. Now what is the cotton gin. Well, first 546 00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: of all, cotton, when you pick cotton, you're actually picking 547 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:54,240 Speaker 1: a flower that looks like it's exploded everywhere. And cotton 548 00:33:54,280 --> 00:33:57,240 Speaker 1: has a lot of seeds in it, and in order 549 00:33:57,240 --> 00:33:59,600 Speaker 1: for you to turn cotton into yarn, you have to 550 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:04,600 Speaker 1: pick the seeds out, and that's very painstaking. It's a 551 00:34:04,680 --> 00:34:09,440 Speaker 1: very slow process. Typically you would hand comb cotton with 552 00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:12,239 Speaker 1: wire combs to get all the seeds out, and it 553 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,320 Speaker 1: takes time and a lot of effort. But the cotton 554 00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:19,520 Speaker 1: gin made the process much easier and faster. So what 555 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,680 Speaker 1: Eli Whitney did was he created essentially a spinning drum 556 00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:26,120 Speaker 1: that has a handle crank handle attached to it, so 557 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:29,400 Speaker 1: you turned the crank that makes the drums spin. On 558 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: the drum, he had a set of wire teeth all 559 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,240 Speaker 1: along the drum side and that would just comb straight 560 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:39,520 Speaker 1: through the cotton bowls cotton balls being the name of 561 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:42,640 Speaker 1: the the raw cotton that you've picked off the plant, 562 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:46,080 Speaker 1: and that would pull out the seeds, so the seeds 563 00:34:46,120 --> 00:34:49,359 Speaker 1: and and some strands of cotton would get dumped out 564 00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:52,240 Speaker 1: the bottom of this device, and on the other side 565 00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:55,040 Speaker 1: of it you would get cotton that had been cleaned, 566 00:34:55,120 --> 00:34:57,399 Speaker 1: had been the seeds had been picked out of it, 567 00:34:57,680 --> 00:34:59,280 Speaker 1: and all you had to do was turn the crank 568 00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:02,240 Speaker 1: and it was much faster and took way less work 569 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:06,920 Speaker 1: than having to use combs to hand pick the seeds 570 00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,960 Speaker 1: out of the cotton. So demand in England for cotton 571 00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:13,360 Speaker 1: was really high, and this was just one of the 572 00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:18,359 Speaker 1: ways the industrial Revolution was spreading beyond Britain itself, and 573 00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: of course, in the case of the United States, we 574 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:23,279 Speaker 1: have to mention this development is also connected to some 575 00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:28,400 Speaker 1: truly awful moments in history, including the displacement of Native 576 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:32,760 Speaker 1: American tribes. Because you had Southern farmers who needed access 577 00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:35,560 Speaker 1: to greater amounts of land, they wanted to grow more cotton. 578 00:35:35,719 --> 00:35:38,640 Speaker 1: There was a lot of money in cotton. It was 579 00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:42,560 Speaker 1: an incredibly valuable cash crop. Because the demand in England 580 00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:46,040 Speaker 1: was so high for the cotton. Uh so the farmers 581 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:48,960 Speaker 1: wanted to have more land, and the easiest way they 582 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:52,040 Speaker 1: saw to get more land was to displace Native American 583 00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:54,919 Speaker 1: tribes that had been living on that land for generations 584 00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:58,480 Speaker 1: and making them move to other places and then they 585 00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:02,120 Speaker 1: repurpose that land to grow cotton. That was one of 586 00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:04,839 Speaker 1: the really ugly things that was a result of this 587 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:11,200 Speaker 1: particular explosion of industry. The other was the reliance upon slavery, 588 00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:16,560 Speaker 1: a horrible institution that was very popular in the South 589 00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:20,840 Speaker 1: at this time in American history. So obviously both of 590 00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:24,200 Speaker 1: those things are terrible, but they also both made the 591 00:36:24,280 --> 00:36:29,799 Speaker 1: early Industrial Revolution possible. The way it it unfolded so 592 00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:33,480 Speaker 1: terrible thing, but we do have to acknowledge it. So 593 00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 1: we're just getting started with the Industrial Revolution. These are 594 00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:40,319 Speaker 1: still the early years of the Industrial Revolution, but the 595 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:44,319 Speaker 1: textiles really led the way. They showed that something that 596 00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:52,120 Speaker 1: originally took a very painstaking, slow handcrafted process could be 597 00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:56,880 Speaker 1: made easier through technology. And as it was made easier, 598 00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:00,399 Speaker 1: it could also be made more cheaply, which also that 599 00:37:00,440 --> 00:37:03,640 Speaker 1: there could be you could sell it to more people, 600 00:37:04,080 --> 00:37:07,200 Speaker 1: there could be a greater demand actually, and that that 601 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:11,239 Speaker 1: in turn created a demand for people to work in 602 00:37:11,239 --> 00:37:15,440 Speaker 1: this industry. It gave created jobs in this new emerging 603 00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:19,479 Speaker 1: middle class in England. Now, our next episode will look 604 00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:22,840 Speaker 1: more at the iron industry and how that developed during 605 00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:29,239 Speaker 1: the Revolution, including things like developing some pretty impressive architectural 606 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:32,640 Speaker 1: structures like bridges and canals, and will also talk about 607 00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:36,120 Speaker 1: the development of the steam engine. And the third installment, 608 00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:39,840 Speaker 1: I'm planning on talking more about how the Industrial Revolution 609 00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:43,000 Speaker 1: took place in other parts of the world, including America. 610 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:47,200 Speaker 1: Also that emergence of the working class and what conditions 611 00:37:47,239 --> 00:37:50,600 Speaker 1: were like for the working class during the Industrial Revolution, 612 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,719 Speaker 1: How the technology of the time influenced the world we 613 00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:57,400 Speaker 1: live in today, everything from just the way we think 614 00:37:57,440 --> 00:38:00,880 Speaker 1: about work, the nature of work itself has been shaped 615 00:38:00,920 --> 00:38:05,839 Speaker 1: by technology. Also the way that developing nations today are 616 00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:09,719 Speaker 1: having their own industrial revolutions and the problems that that 617 00:38:09,880 --> 00:38:13,480 Speaker 1: are that creates, as well as we try and factor 618 00:38:13,520 --> 00:38:18,040 Speaker 1: in things like how how can we encourage developing nations 619 00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:23,239 Speaker 1: to be environmentally conscious when in our own past, both 620 00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:26,840 Speaker 1: in in Europe and in the United States, we have 621 00:38:27,280 --> 00:38:30,640 Speaker 1: gone through this same process, you know, a hundred and 622 00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:35,880 Speaker 1: fifty to two hundred years earlier, but we didn't worry 623 00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:39,000 Speaker 1: about environmental concerns while we went through that process. That 624 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:43,200 Speaker 1: didn't that was not something that we thought about while 625 00:38:43,239 --> 00:38:46,440 Speaker 1: that was going on, And yet we're placing those sort 626 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:49,920 Speaker 1: of demands on other people today. I hope you enjoyed 627 00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:53,440 Speaker 1: that classic episode the first part of a three part series. 628 00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:56,520 Speaker 1: Next week we will continue with part two. If you 629 00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,720 Speaker 1: have suggestions for topics I should cover in future episodes 630 00:38:59,719 --> 00:39:01,799 Speaker 1: of tech Stuff, please reach out and let me know 631 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:04,280 Speaker 1: the best way to do that. Well, there's two ways. 632 00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:06,919 Speaker 1: One is to download the i Heart Radio app, which 633 00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:09,920 Speaker 1: is free to download and use. You can navigate over 634 00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:12,200 Speaker 1: to tech Stuff on the search bar and you can 635 00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:15,320 Speaker 1: use a little microphone icon there to leave a voice 636 00:39:15,360 --> 00:39:18,239 Speaker 1: message up to thirty seconds in length letting me know 637 00:39:18,280 --> 00:39:21,040 Speaker 1: what you would like in future episodes. Or you can 638 00:39:21,080 --> 00:39:23,000 Speaker 1: reach out to me on Twitter. The handle for the 639 00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:26,120 Speaker 1: show is text Stuff H s W and I'll talk 640 00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:34,879 Speaker 1: to you again really soon Y. Text Stuff is an 641 00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:38,560 Speaker 1: I heart Radio production. For more podcasts from my heart Radio, 642 00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:42,080 Speaker 1: visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 643 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:43,680 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.