1 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:11,680 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, what happens if you break a law of physics? 2 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:15,480 Speaker 1: Is this a hypothetical question? Are you like looking for 3 00:00:15,560 --> 00:00:19,320 Speaker 1: physics legal advice? Well, I mean, I'm not saying I'm 4 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:22,080 Speaker 1: building a faster than like black hole machine in my backyard. 5 00:00:22,120 --> 00:00:25,800 Speaker 1: I'm just, you know, just hypothetically, what would happen to 6 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:29,880 Speaker 1: me legally if I broke a law physics? Well, speaking 7 00:00:30,120 --> 00:00:33,440 Speaker 1: for physics as a spokesperson for physics, physics tend to 8 00:00:33,479 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: be pretty unforgiven. You just can't break the laws. You mean, 9 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:42,080 Speaker 1: I can't go to physics jail or get a physics Fine, 10 00:00:42,280 --> 00:00:44,400 Speaker 1: we have a black hole we throw all those people into. 11 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:48,159 Speaker 1: I see that that is physics too. Yeah, as your 12 00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:50,920 Speaker 1: physics lawyer, I advise you not to break any laws 13 00:00:50,920 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: of physics. Hi am Korhamat, cartoonists and the creator of 14 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:14,520 Speaker 1: PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel Whitson. I'm a particle of physicist, 15 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:17,280 Speaker 1: and I'm always looking for ways to accomplish what we 16 00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:20,720 Speaker 1: need to without breaking the laws of physics. And together 17 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: with the authors of the book, we have No Idea. 18 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:26,199 Speaker 1: A Guide to the Unknown Universe, now translated to over 19 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: twenty three languages. I just finished the Ukrainian version. It's awesome. 20 00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:34,240 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, we're we're the jokes as funny in Ukrainian 21 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:38,120 Speaker 1: or may more funny. This sort of a dry sense 22 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:40,280 Speaker 1: of humor there, you know, in Ukrainian it's a it's 23 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:42,160 Speaker 1: a different culture or different language. Now, I have no 24 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:47,039 Speaker 1: idea really how somebody translates our sort of silly sense 25 00:01:47,080 --> 00:01:51,240 Speaker 1: of humor into Korean or Ukrainian. But hey, they've done. 26 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:53,520 Speaker 1: I'm sure there's a word for farts in all of 27 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 1: those languages. Yeah, well, that's a question which country has 28 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: the most words for farts? Something about culture? Right right, Twitter, 29 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: get on it, We challenge you. But that book tells 30 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: you not just about how to say farts in Korean 31 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:11,520 Speaker 1: and Polish, but also about the mysteries of the universe 32 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: and how so many of them are left unsolved, so 33 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:16,920 Speaker 1: many of them that maybe you, or your kids or 34 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:20,640 Speaker 1: your grandkids might be the one to reveal something fascinating 35 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:23,720 Speaker 1: and mind blowing and basic about the universe. We find 36 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:26,320 Speaker 1: ourselves in Yeah, Amazon questions, some of which we tackle 37 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,480 Speaker 1: here in our podcast, So welcome to Daniel and Jorge 38 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 1: Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio in 39 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: which we explore all the unknowns and the nons about 40 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 1: the universe, the known knowns, the unknown unknowns, the unknownns, 41 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:42,640 Speaker 1: and the known unknowns for the complete matrix of nonliness. 42 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:47,959 Speaker 1: I don't know about that, man, But um, yeah, we 43 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:51,079 Speaker 1: talk about how it all works, and specifically, I guess 44 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:54,480 Speaker 1: we talk about what you can and cannot do in 45 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:57,520 Speaker 1: the universe. Yeah, it's physics sort of works in both directions. 46 00:02:57,720 --> 00:02:59,840 Speaker 1: On one hand, we're looking around the universe and trying 47 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 1: to figure out what are the rules? You know, this 48 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:05,560 Speaker 1: happens and that doesn't happen. Why doesn't that ever happen? 49 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:08,079 Speaker 1: How can we never see anything break this rule? I 50 00:03:08,080 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 1: guess it's a fundamental rule the universe. But it also 51 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:14,320 Speaker 1: goes the other way, where we're like, well, given these rules, 52 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:16,520 Speaker 1: how do we accomplish what we want to? You know, 53 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 1: how do we get to alpha centaur? You know, reasonable 54 00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: amount of time? How do we get enough energy to 55 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:23,799 Speaker 1: fuel all the demands of humanity? So it sort of 56 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,799 Speaker 1: works in both directions. Yeah, where it's that warp drive. 57 00:03:26,919 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: I'm still winning for my flying car and the teleporter 58 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: the warp drive. Warp drives might actually come before flying cars. Really, Yeah, well, 59 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: warp drives you know, theoretically solved, and there's some practical 60 00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:42,240 Speaker 1: problems there. We talked about on our podcast, you know, like, 61 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 1: you know, do you eat the entire massive Jupiter in 62 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:47,480 Speaker 1: order to accomplish in one trip? But hey, it's just 63 00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:52,240 Speaker 1: an engineering problem. I see, I see. Theoretically we have 64 00:03:52,320 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: warp drives, we totally practically practically, we're not there yet. 65 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 1: We're not there yet. But I think flying cars are 66 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: harder because it's not just an engine earing problem. It's 67 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: like a sociological problem. Like you know, you turn left, 68 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:06,400 Speaker 1: you turn right, you turn up, you know, and I have. 69 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: Everybody has to learn how to drive those things. It's 70 00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:11,040 Speaker 1: going to be a nightmare. Who who wants flying cars? 71 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:14,360 Speaker 1: You know? Who wants to be stuck in three dimensional traffic? 72 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: Maybe we should only get flying cars after we get 73 00:04:16,960 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: self driving cars, so we can get self driving flying cars. 74 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:24,080 Speaker 1: I can't tell that's the best idea or the worst idea. Yeah, 75 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: we'll say it's a theoretically good idea and then leave 76 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 1: it to the engineers. Something I've always wanted to do 77 00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:32,320 Speaker 1: is visit their star systems and walk on the surface 78 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:35,040 Speaker 1: of other planets. But of course these planets are all 79 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:37,720 Speaker 1: so far away that, given the limitation of the speed 80 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:41,279 Speaker 1: of light, it would take you forever to get there. Right, Yeah, 81 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:44,279 Speaker 1: I mean it's a huge and amazing universe with probably 82 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:47,920 Speaker 1: incredible and mindloing things to see, but they're all they're 83 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:52,400 Speaker 1: all really far away. Right, The nearest star is at 84 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:56,640 Speaker 1: least what three light years away? And yeah, proximates Centauri 85 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:59,840 Speaker 1: is more than three light years away, and our galaxies 86 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:03,480 Speaker 1: hundreds thousand light years across, and the nearest galaxy is 87 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:06,560 Speaker 1: much much further away. So you might think that makes 88 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:10,920 Speaker 1: the universe inaccessible, but your physics lawyer will provide a 89 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:14,480 Speaker 1: physics loophole. Yeah, in the in the contract of the universe, 90 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:18,920 Speaker 1: is that where the loophole is, or in the laws written? Yeah, 91 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:21,200 Speaker 1: if you want to accomplish something and there's a law 92 00:05:21,279 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: that's sort of stopping you, you've got to think to yourself, 93 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:25,320 Speaker 1: do I really need to break this law or is 94 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:27,400 Speaker 1: there another way to get there? And so, in the 95 00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:30,279 Speaker 1: case of warp drives, it's a really elegant solution. It says, 96 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 1: you know, nothing can move through space faster than light, 97 00:05:34,279 --> 00:05:38,080 Speaker 1: All right, well, then don't move through space, just bend space. 98 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: So it's not actually so far away. It's a good 99 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:42,960 Speaker 1: it's a really it's a beautiful sort of example of 100 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 1: how do you think differently, so you're not breaking the rules, 101 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:48,160 Speaker 1: but you're getting what you wanted. If Mohammed camp come 102 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: to alpha centauri, have alpha centauri come to Mohowing. And 103 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:56,080 Speaker 1: so there are loopholes and in physics and the ways 104 00:05:56,120 --> 00:05:58,520 Speaker 1: in which there's sort of an unbreakable law, but if 105 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: you think about it a little bit, there are maybe 106 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:03,719 Speaker 1: ways that you can work around it, right, yeah, precisely, 107 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,880 Speaker 1: and this one nothing can travel faster than light. This 108 00:06:06,920 --> 00:06:11,680 Speaker 1: one's pretty susceptible to loopholes. Really, it's a fraud law. 109 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:14,880 Speaker 1: It's it's it's not well written. You have the guys 110 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:17,200 Speaker 1: who drafted it initially, they should have thought about all 111 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: the clauses and the addendums and the very scenarios. Clearly 112 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:26,040 Speaker 1: was written by physicists, not lawyers. And now it's physicists 113 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:30,040 Speaker 1: that are helping us get around it, and especially particle physics, 114 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:33,359 Speaker 1: because we've talked in the podcast before about particles that 115 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:36,880 Speaker 1: move faster than the speed of light, like tachyons. But 116 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,239 Speaker 1: there's another thing you can do. You can actually get 117 00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: normal everyday particles like electrons, and muanes going faster than light. 118 00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:48,719 Speaker 1: It feels like you're saying something profane or something heretical. Um, yeah, 119 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:50,600 Speaker 1: I sort of like that. I'm sort of like, you know, 120 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:53,120 Speaker 1: tossing a challenge in the face of the universe, Like 121 00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: you think you got this law, watch this, watch me 122 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,279 Speaker 1: go faster. Sorry, I'm gonna break this rule right in 123 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:01,400 Speaker 1: front of you. Yeah. So today on the program, we'll 124 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:11,160 Speaker 1: be tackling the topic how particles can go faster than light. 125 00:07:11,480 --> 00:07:14,080 Speaker 1: Today's topic is not a question for the first time. 126 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: Usually we have a question as a title of the episode, 127 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:19,720 Speaker 1: but today it's a statement. That's right. We are standing 128 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:22,360 Speaker 1: up for particles and say you can't tell them what 129 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: to do particles. Yeah, and it's it's a prescriptive title 130 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:29,520 Speaker 1: to right. I guess we're going to explain how particles 131 00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: can go faster than light. Yes, we certainly are. We're 132 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:34,560 Speaker 1: gonna explain how it happens and how it works. And 133 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:37,920 Speaker 1: also we're gonna answer some other lingering questions in your mind, 134 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:41,960 Speaker 1: like why are nuclear power plants always shown as glowing 135 00:07:42,080 --> 00:07:46,440 Speaker 1: blue in the movies because green means their ghosts. I 136 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:49,560 Speaker 1: guess I was I was wondering what you're gonna say, 137 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 1: there's artistic science point of view. You have different colors 138 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:57,960 Speaker 1: mean different things. Yeah, red is danger, right. I was 139 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:01,000 Speaker 1: seeing as green as ghost from those busters. I thought 140 00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: green was envy. But and I always thought blue was 141 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:06,200 Speaker 1: sort of like cold, and you know things are like 142 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 1: ice blue. But you know, power plants, these nuclear power plants, 143 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 1: they're always glowing blue. I've actually seen it myself in 144 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: real life. We have a nuclear power plant under the 145 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:19,000 Speaker 1: chemistry building here. You see irvine. Wait, they do glow blue. 146 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: You're not You're not kidding. I'm not kidding, man, this 147 00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:25,280 Speaker 1: is a sign podcast stuff up. Actually we're talking about movies. 148 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:28,560 Speaker 1: But you were thinking real life nuclear power plants globe blue. 149 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 1: In real life nuclear power plants glow blue. It's not 150 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 1: just Doctor Manhattan, it's real. I've seen it with my 151 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:38,920 Speaker 1: own eyeballs. Oh man, and you're still alive alive? Well, 152 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,440 Speaker 1: this AI simulation of me that does the podcast with you, 153 00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,719 Speaker 1: it's still alive. I uploaded myself to the cloud. It's 154 00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:50,120 Speaker 1: encase in radiation proof skin. I am Doctor Manhattan. It 155 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:56,600 Speaker 1: turns out that's all this time. Oh my goodness, you're good. 156 00:08:56,760 --> 00:09:00,520 Speaker 1: Just made everything all these episod. So it's a peer 157 00:09:00,559 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 1: out of nowhere. Oh wow, can Dr Manhattan have a 158 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:08,520 Speaker 1: podcast that that would be amazing, probably be a little disorienting. 159 00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:10,240 Speaker 1: But he doesn't seem to have a great sense of humor. 160 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:11,959 Speaker 1: You know. I figured he's all powerful. Why can't you 161 00:09:12,040 --> 00:09:14,040 Speaker 1: think of a joke because he already knows the answer? 162 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: Oh so an element of comedy. Surprised if you know 163 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:20,880 Speaker 1: the future, Yeah, doctormhand of course, because if you haven't 164 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:23,560 Speaker 1: seen it from the show Watchman and the of course 165 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:27,440 Speaker 1: graphic novel Watchman. But so, glowing blue is a thing 166 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:30,679 Speaker 1: related to physics and nuclear power plants. And so that's 167 00:09:30,679 --> 00:09:33,600 Speaker 1: what we'll get into today. That's right. And the technical 168 00:09:33,679 --> 00:09:35,800 Speaker 1: name for what what we're gonna explain today is called 169 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:40,640 Speaker 1: charnkof radiation, named for I guess Bob Charnkoff or Sam 170 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:45,000 Speaker 1: Durnkoff or Sally Churnkoff, whoever discovered it, probably your maybe 171 00:09:45,160 --> 00:09:51,120 Speaker 1: or likely it was like yes, um, And so I 172 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:53,280 Speaker 1: walked around campus here at you see Irvine, and I 173 00:09:53,360 --> 00:09:55,840 Speaker 1: asked people if they had heard of trunk off radiation 174 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: and if they thought particles could move faster than the 175 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 1: speed of light. So think about it for a second 176 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:04,120 Speaker 1: and ask yourself if someone asked you if you knew 177 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:06,920 Speaker 1: what sharinkof radiation was and if particles can go faster 178 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 1: than light, what would you answer. Here's what they had 179 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 1: to say. Have you heard of charinkof radiation? No? I haven't. 180 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:15,839 Speaker 1: Do you think any particles can travel faster than light? 181 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:17,960 Speaker 1: I don't know if this is accurate, but I think 182 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:21,120 Speaker 1: like Einstein or someone like said that it is impossible 183 00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:24,559 Speaker 1: to travel faster than light. No, I have no idea. 184 00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 1: Maybe I think it depends like how small they are, 185 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:29,880 Speaker 1: and like I don't really know too much about like 186 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:33,559 Speaker 1: the smallest particles or anything. So I think it could 187 00:10:33,559 --> 00:10:37,080 Speaker 1: be possible. No, I don't really sure. What's the name 188 00:10:37,120 --> 00:10:41,720 Speaker 1: of it? They says that is too PARTO, that's so small, 189 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:47,079 Speaker 1: But they can contact with each other and really partably distance, 190 00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:52,640 Speaker 1: maybe even faster than the light. Yeah, yeah, I think so. Yeah, 191 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:57,440 Speaker 1: I believe so. But I couldn't defend that answer. O. No, no, 192 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:02,000 Speaker 1: because isn't the spit of the fastest thing? Alright, A 193 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:06,720 Speaker 1: lot of pretty good law abiding citizens answering your question, 194 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: nobody thought you can break this law of physics. You know, 195 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,840 Speaker 1: some people did. Some people said, well, it depends how 196 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: small they are. That's my favorite one, Like to get 197 00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: small enough then the laws don't apply, or something like 198 00:11:18,440 --> 00:11:20,600 Speaker 1: I see if the light is small enough, like if 199 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:23,439 Speaker 1: the light if you're small enough, or if the light 200 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:25,800 Speaker 1: is smaller, if the particles are small enough. I'm thinking, 201 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 1: you know, there's a like some minimum size for things 202 00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:31,920 Speaker 1: that these rules apply for, Like you know, if you're 203 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: smaller than one femptometer then these rules apply. And that 204 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,320 Speaker 1: makes some sense because you know, if you're like half 205 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:44,800 Speaker 1: of a point particle in size, then maybe go faster. Yeah, 206 00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:47,480 Speaker 1: and other folks, you know, some in quantum mechanics, you know, 207 00:11:47,559 --> 00:11:51,000 Speaker 1: maybe it's quantum magic something something something, Oh I see 208 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: because because it doesn't even quantum physics, there are you 209 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:57,880 Speaker 1: guys do use sports like teleportation sometimes where you know, 210 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:01,920 Speaker 1: sort of like going across some barrier or right, or 211 00:12:01,960 --> 00:12:04,720 Speaker 1: information traveling faster than light. We do sort of do 212 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:08,319 Speaker 1: things that seem impossible using quantum mechanics that we never 213 00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:11,679 Speaker 1: send information faster than the speed of light um. And 214 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:13,760 Speaker 1: you know, we do attach quantum to things that don't 215 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:16,560 Speaker 1: really make sense, Like we talked about quantum cheetos on 216 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,200 Speaker 1: the podcast Last Time did we did we Was that 217 00:12:19,280 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: just a dream, flaming hot dream? Yeah, alright, let's not 218 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:26,160 Speaker 1: talk about Daniels flaming hot dreams. Yeah, so let's talk 219 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:28,440 Speaker 1: about how particles can go faster than lights. So are 220 00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:30,640 Speaker 1: you're saying it's kind of a loophole and the laws 221 00:12:30,640 --> 00:12:32,920 Speaker 1: of physics. Yeah, you have to be really careful about 222 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: how you read these rules so you know exactly what 223 00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: it applies to the law says nothing can go faster 224 00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:42,000 Speaker 1: than light in a vacuum. I feel like that's where 225 00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:45,280 Speaker 1: the maybe the caveat is in a vacuum. Yes, in 226 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,000 Speaker 1: a vacuum. And so the key thing to understand there 227 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,000 Speaker 1: is that it's not nothing can ever move faster than 228 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:54,000 Speaker 1: the photon moves, which is the common interpretation, right, like 229 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: light always wins a race. It's that there is a 230 00:12:56,960 --> 00:13:00,720 Speaker 1: maximum speed limit to the universe, and that aximum speed 231 00:13:00,720 --> 00:13:03,440 Speaker 1: limit is the speed that light travels when it's in 232 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: a vacuum, right, and a vacuum in this case, obviously 233 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:12,080 Speaker 1: it's not a carpet vacuum. You are talking about space. 234 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:17,760 Speaker 1: Are we talking about non space? Are we talking about emptiness? Oh? Man, 235 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:20,760 Speaker 1: As a whole forty five minute digression, there but yeah, 236 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:23,320 Speaker 1: we're sort of talking about empty space, as as empty 237 00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:26,840 Speaker 1: as space can get, right, space space nothing but space. 238 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:29,560 Speaker 1: Space always has quantum fields in it. Or a particle 239 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:32,520 Speaker 1: can't move through space if it didn't have quantum fields 240 00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:34,920 Speaker 1: in it, because the particle is just a ripple in 241 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:38,040 Speaker 1: the quantum fields. But as empty as space can get. 242 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: That's how light can travel the fastest. But it's not 243 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,959 Speaker 1: really about light. You know. We call it the speed 244 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,800 Speaker 1: of light because in a vacuum, that's how fast light goes. 245 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:48,560 Speaker 1: But it's really the speed of information in the universe, 246 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 1: the speed out which anything can travel, not just light 247 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:56,079 Speaker 1: but just anything in this in space. That's right, it's 248 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:59,600 Speaker 1: the top speed for information, which means it's the fastest 249 00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: that bolts can move through quantum fields, which mean that particles, 250 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:06,200 Speaker 1: which are ripples in those fields, can never move faster 251 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:08,720 Speaker 1: than that speed. Now, lots of particles move slower than 252 00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:12,079 Speaker 1: that speed, right, or massive particles can be at rest. 253 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:14,200 Speaker 1: But it's sort of more about the speed limit of 254 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: the universe and not about the photons themselves. And it's 255 00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:20,920 Speaker 1: it's sort of not just particles, right, Like gravity can't 256 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 1: travel faster than light either. That's just why that's why 257 00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: we have gravitational waves, that's right, gravitational information. Like if 258 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:31,360 Speaker 1: you deleted the Sun from the universe, not something I recommend, 259 00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,480 Speaker 1: then we would still feel its gravity for eight minutes. 260 00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:37,920 Speaker 1: Eight minutes later where we'd be, we would feel the 261 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,120 Speaker 1: lack of the Sun. Yeah, precisely. And so it's because 262 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:44,680 Speaker 1: information takes time to propagate through the universe. And that's 263 00:14:44,680 --> 00:14:47,120 Speaker 1: all about the fields, right. What happens if you delete 264 00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:50,200 Speaker 1: the Sun from the universe, while the gravitational field of 265 00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:54,080 Speaker 1: the Sun sort of snaps back into flatness, but that 266 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:57,440 Speaker 1: snapping takes time to propagate through the field. There's no 267 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:01,880 Speaker 1: instantaneous transmission of information, and so it's really about information 268 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:05,640 Speaker 1: as transmitted through quantum fields. That's the fundamental limitation, and 269 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: everything else just sort of falls out of that. So 270 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:10,440 Speaker 1: that's the law the lasses. Nothing can go faster than 271 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:14,440 Speaker 1: light in a vacuum. So then where's the loophole. Well, 272 00:15:14,440 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: the loophole is that if you could somehow slow down light, 273 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: then you could move faster than light as long as 274 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:24,680 Speaker 1: both of you are under the speed limit of the universe. 275 00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:27,680 Speaker 1: If you can slow down your opponent, then you can 276 00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: beat your opponent. You only have to run faster than 277 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:33,680 Speaker 1: your friend when the bear is chasing you kind of situation. No, 278 00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:36,760 Speaker 1: but if the goal is to move faster than light, 279 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: then yeah, all you need to do is somehow slow 280 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: down light. If your goal is to move faster than 281 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:45,480 Speaker 1: the speed of light does in a vacuum, yeah, that's impossible. Oh, 282 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:50,120 Speaker 1: I see, it's possible to go faster than light quote unquote, 283 00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:54,640 Speaker 1: but maybe it's not possible to go faster than the 284 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 1: fastest that light can go precisely. And so it's sort 285 00:15:57,360 --> 00:16:01,200 Speaker 1: of a legalistic answer, right, can you go past and light? Oh? Yeah, sure, 286 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,640 Speaker 1: I just slow light down and then I can easily 287 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:08,400 Speaker 1: stroll past photons. So it depends on what you wanted 288 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:10,480 Speaker 1: to do. If you wanted to move faster than light 289 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:12,120 Speaker 1: doesn't a vacuum, If you wanted to get to Alpha 290 00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:15,320 Speaker 1: Centauri in two seconds, that might not be possible if 291 00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:17,800 Speaker 1: you have to move through space. But if you want 292 00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:21,120 Speaker 1: to have the experience of having your particles beat photons 293 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:23,800 Speaker 1: in a race, that is possible. All right to me. 294 00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: That doesn't sound like it's super easy to do, but 295 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: it sounds like maybe it is pretty easy to do. 296 00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:31,120 Speaker 1: And so let's get into how we can slow the 297 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:33,480 Speaker 1: light down so we can beat it and what that 298 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:36,920 Speaker 1: means for nuclear reactors. But first, let's take a quick break, 299 00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:53,040 Speaker 1: all right, Daniel, So news flash. While we were on break, 300 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:57,280 Speaker 1: you liked Churinkov's first name. So what's his first name? Yes, 301 00:16:57,360 --> 00:16:59,480 Speaker 1: so it's not Eurie trink Off or Sally turnk Off, 302 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,400 Speaker 1: it's po Old drink Off. And he won the Nobel 303 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:07,880 Speaker 1: Prize in Night for explaining this amazing phenomena how how 304 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:11,199 Speaker 1: particles give off this crazy blue glow when they do 305 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,119 Speaker 1: beat photons in a race. Did he know why it was? 306 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:16,359 Speaker 1: I guess that's why he got the Nobel Prize, But 307 00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:18,640 Speaker 1: did he know sort of the implications of it. Yeah, 308 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:20,240 Speaker 1: I mean, this is the kind of thing that he 309 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:23,119 Speaker 1: predicted and understood and then it was observed, and so 310 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:25,719 Speaker 1: they give the Nobel Prize when you sort of understand 311 00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:28,800 Speaker 1: something that actually happens in the universe. Let's talk about 312 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,679 Speaker 1: how particles can go faster than light, which apparently they can. 313 00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:33,920 Speaker 1: So there's a loophole in the lots of physics that 314 00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:37,120 Speaker 1: say you can go faster than light, can beat light 315 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: under certain conditions. That's right, and those conditions are that 316 00:17:41,119 --> 00:17:44,160 Speaker 1: you make light go slower, and you're probably thinking, hold 317 00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:46,679 Speaker 1: on a second, how could light go slower? Light is 318 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,960 Speaker 1: made of photons, and photons have no mass, and everything 319 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:52,560 Speaker 1: that has no mass has to move at the speed 320 00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:55,399 Speaker 1: of light because otherwise you could like catch up to 321 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:58,200 Speaker 1: it and be hanging out with it. But like, photons 322 00:17:58,280 --> 00:18:00,359 Speaker 1: have no mass, so what happens if you catch up 323 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,600 Speaker 1: to them? Then they're nothing? Right. The light is also 324 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:06,120 Speaker 1: this funny thing because a lot of relativity, right depends 325 00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:08,600 Speaker 1: on this idea that light can always travels at the 326 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:11,760 Speaker 1: same speed no matter how fast you're going or how 327 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:14,879 Speaker 1: you're looking at it. Yeah, this is amazing principle in 328 00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: special relativity that says everybody who measures the speed of light, 329 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: even the same light, always gets the same answer, regardless 330 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,600 Speaker 1: of how fast they're moving relative to each other. So 331 00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:27,520 Speaker 1: if I'm shining a flashlight and I measure the speed 332 00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:29,720 Speaker 1: of those photons, that of course I get the speed 333 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:32,040 Speaker 1: of light. But if I'm standing on a train that's 334 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:34,280 Speaker 1: going half the speed of light, and you're on the 335 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,000 Speaker 1: ground and you measure the light coming out of my photons, 336 00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:39,920 Speaker 1: you don't get one point five times the speed of light. 337 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:42,479 Speaker 1: You still just get the speed of light and somebody 338 00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:45,160 Speaker 1: coming the other direction measures that still gets the speed 339 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:47,160 Speaker 1: of light, and that's where all the crazy effects come 340 00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:49,520 Speaker 1: from in relativity. But you're saying that it is possible 341 00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:53,440 Speaker 1: to slow light down, So so how does that happen? Well, 342 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:56,880 Speaker 1: it's gonna be another sort of legalistic answer, right. So 343 00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: it's true that photons always move at the speed of 344 00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:03,320 Speaker 1: light in a vacuum, but when they're in a material, 345 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:05,680 Speaker 1: a material you think of, it's sort of like a 346 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:09,680 Speaker 1: collection of atoms or molecules, like when it's moving through 347 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:13,120 Speaker 1: something not just empty space. Yeah, and those things slow 348 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:16,359 Speaker 1: it down. It's like walking across an empty room versus 349 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:18,920 Speaker 1: walking across a room with a bunch of your friends 350 00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,040 Speaker 1: in it. Every time you take a step, you're gonna 351 00:19:21,040 --> 00:19:23,240 Speaker 1: interact with one of those molecules. One of your friends 352 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:26,120 Speaker 1: can say, hey, horror, how's it going, And you're gonna 353 00:19:26,119 --> 00:19:27,800 Speaker 1: have to respond to them, and it's going to slow 354 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: you down. Right, That's why I don't have any friends. 355 00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:32,359 Speaker 1: I'd just like to get to where I'm going. I 356 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,480 Speaker 1: find that it's the most efficient way to live your life, 357 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:38,760 Speaker 1: so not interact with humanity. And then but it's it's 358 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: kind of like Ussein Bald on a track can go 359 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:44,200 Speaker 1: really fast, but Usain Bold going through a credit room 360 00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: full of Daniel's friends, it would take him as longer. Yeah, precisely. 361 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:51,440 Speaker 1: So the photon, you can imagine it moving through this material, 362 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:54,040 Speaker 1: and it interacts with those atoms, and so in some 363 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:56,919 Speaker 1: sense it's getting like absorbed and re emitted or at 364 00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:00,240 Speaker 1: the very least getting deflected by these electron and so 365 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:03,160 Speaker 1: it's not just moving through the material in a straight line. 366 00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:06,400 Speaker 1: Is either getting absorbed and re emitted or deflected sort 367 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:08,400 Speaker 1: of back and forth a little bit. And then it's 368 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,480 Speaker 1: effective speed is slower than the speed of light. So 369 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:14,240 Speaker 1: you can think that between its interaction with atoms, it's 370 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:16,600 Speaker 1: still moving at the speed of light in the vacuum, 371 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:18,960 Speaker 1: but you have to factor in the time it takes 372 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,800 Speaker 1: to get absorbed by the electron to get re emitted, 373 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:24,480 Speaker 1: or you have to think about this sort of effective 374 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:27,080 Speaker 1: path length. If you're going up and down because you're 375 00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:30,600 Speaker 1: getting um interacting with the electrons and the nuclear fields, 376 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:32,679 Speaker 1: then you're sort of getting pushed in the wrong direction 377 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:34,800 Speaker 1: a little bit, and so your effective speed is gonna 378 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:37,520 Speaker 1: be a little slower. It takes more time to get 379 00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:40,159 Speaker 1: through like a pane of glass, than it would to 380 00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:43,159 Speaker 1: get through the same distance In vacuum. Light takes longer 381 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,440 Speaker 1: to go through glass than it does through water or air. 382 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:50,080 Speaker 1: Light takes longer to go through water, air, or glass 383 00:20:50,119 --> 00:20:52,160 Speaker 1: than it does to get through a vacuum. And every 384 00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:54,679 Speaker 1: material has you know, some number we call this the 385 00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:57,680 Speaker 1: index of refraction that tells you sort of how much 386 00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:00,320 Speaker 1: light is slowed down. I guess my question is, if 387 00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:02,679 Speaker 1: it's getting absorbed and re emitted, is it's still the 388 00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:05,440 Speaker 1: same light? That is a question for the philosophy department, 389 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,879 Speaker 1: my friend. It mostly is the same photon. I mean 390 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,960 Speaker 1: it has the same roughly the same direction and carries 391 00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,680 Speaker 1: a lot of the same information um. But if a 392 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:17,160 Speaker 1: photon is absorbed we emitted, is it the same photon? 393 00:21:17,359 --> 00:21:19,480 Speaker 1: We talked about that on the podcast when we're talking 394 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:21,720 Speaker 1: about like the age of the electrons in your body. 395 00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 1: If they don't interact, then it's the same one. If 396 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,600 Speaker 1: they interact, is it really still the same one? Well, 397 00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:30,639 Speaker 1: you know, every particle is interacting with quantum virtual particles, 398 00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 1: even in the vacuum, and so from that point of view, 399 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:35,320 Speaker 1: like particle never lives from more than ten of the 400 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:38,359 Speaker 1: mine is twenty five seconds and so no particles, the 401 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:41,239 Speaker 1: same as as it was before, but effectively, I mean, 402 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:43,840 Speaker 1: if you shine a beam of light through glass, you're 403 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:46,160 Speaker 1: thinking about the same beam that's coming out the other side. 404 00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:48,600 Speaker 1: So really what you're interested in is measuring like the 405 00:21:48,680 --> 00:21:51,639 Speaker 1: velocity through the pane of glass. Okay, so then if 406 00:21:51,680 --> 00:21:56,040 Speaker 1: I shoot some light into glass, it's going to slow down. 407 00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:58,320 Speaker 1: And so that's one way that you can beat light. 408 00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: You can run outside of the glass, you could run 409 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,200 Speaker 1: on the side of glass. But some particles don't interact 410 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,439 Speaker 1: with the material. Like you send a muan through a 411 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,199 Speaker 1: block of ice, it doesn't interact with the material as 412 00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:12,639 Speaker 1: much as a photon does. So the photon gets slowed down. 413 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: But the muan is sort of stand offish. It's like 414 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,280 Speaker 1: walking through a room of your friends and ignoring all 415 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 1: of them. Particle, like the muon can go through glass 416 00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:22,800 Speaker 1: and it doesn't stop as much as a photon because 417 00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:26,359 Speaker 1: I guess the particles don't like it, or it all 418 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,400 Speaker 1: depends on the interactions. Yeah, the photon is slowed down 419 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:32,520 Speaker 1: because it interacts with those atoms. The photon is a photon, 420 00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:35,080 Speaker 1: it interacts with everything that has charge and that means 421 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:39,120 Speaker 1: atomic nuclei and atomic electrons, but a muon is heavier, 422 00:22:39,560 --> 00:22:43,359 Speaker 1: and that mass prevents it from interacting as much because 423 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:45,919 Speaker 1: the rate of interaction there is dependent on the mass, 424 00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:48,960 Speaker 1: and so it helps us sort of ignore those particles. 425 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:51,880 Speaker 1: And you know, other particles like neutrinos, they don't even 426 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:54,920 Speaker 1: feel electromagnetic interactions, so they fly through this stuff and 427 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:57,080 Speaker 1: they hardly even get slowed down at all. It's like 428 00:22:57,240 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: it just bulldozes through the crowd. Yeah, feels like it's 429 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:03,280 Speaker 1: not even really there. Yeah. And so your speed through 430 00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,200 Speaker 1: material depends on how much you interact with that material. 431 00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:10,159 Speaker 1: And if photons interact more than your particle does, then 432 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:12,760 Speaker 1: photons will get slowed down more than your particle does, 433 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:14,960 Speaker 1: and your particle will win. It will come down the 434 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,120 Speaker 1: other side of that material faster earlier than the other. 435 00:23:18,119 --> 00:23:21,359 Speaker 1: Photons always go at the speed of light. Muans cannot 436 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:23,359 Speaker 1: go to the speed of light now because no particle 437 00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:25,200 Speaker 1: that has masks can go at the speed of light. 438 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:27,640 Speaker 1: But they can go really fast. They can go point 439 00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:31,520 Speaker 1: or or something. I think if you accelerate a muan 440 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,600 Speaker 1: enough and then start getting a piece of glass with 441 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:38,159 Speaker 1: a photon, THEO would win. Yeah, if you shoot a 442 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:42,640 Speaker 1: muon a gun at and you have a laser next 443 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:44,360 Speaker 1: to it, then the muan is going to come outside 444 00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 1: the piece of glass faster than the laser would good 445 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:51,360 Speaker 1: for the muan. And electrons do this also. An electron 446 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: can go faster than light to electrons can go fast 447 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,320 Speaker 1: in the light as well, and that's actually what gives 448 00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: you the blue glow. And when particles do go faster 449 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,359 Speaker 1: than light, then they had this really crazy effect called 450 00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:05,639 Speaker 1: charnkof radiation and it was actually churnk Off. He saw 451 00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,439 Speaker 1: this blue glow and then he used this idea to 452 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,359 Speaker 1: explain it. Nobody understood like why is this stuff glowing 453 00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:14,479 Speaker 1: blue in these early nuclear experiments And he's the one 454 00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:17,120 Speaker 1: who came up with this explanation that maybe they're glowing 455 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:19,360 Speaker 1: blue because they're going faster than the speed of light. 456 00:24:19,359 --> 00:24:20,960 Speaker 1: And he worked out all the math and he and 457 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:22,960 Speaker 1: he showed why it happens. But wait, what did he 458 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:24,959 Speaker 1: actually see, Like what was in front of him was 459 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:29,920 Speaker 1: the radioactive material or was it just like going through glass? 460 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:32,800 Speaker 1: But what was the thing that he actually noticed? Well, 461 00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:35,159 Speaker 1: what they were doing is they had a bottle of 462 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:39,200 Speaker 1: water and they were shooting it with radiation right there. 463 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:41,760 Speaker 1: This is in the early days, in the thirties, before 464 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:44,280 Speaker 1: we really understood nuclear physics as well as we do now, 465 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,399 Speaker 1: and they were just shooting it with particles and they 466 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:49,840 Speaker 1: saw this blue light come out, and you know, they 467 00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,800 Speaker 1: didn't understand what caused it. Now, of course, we understand 468 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:55,800 Speaker 1: that it was triggering other radioactive processes in the water 469 00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:59,119 Speaker 1: and some of those shootout electrons that moved through the 470 00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:02,000 Speaker 1: water fast, stir than the light can. And then it 471 00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:04,399 Speaker 1: gives off this blue glow, which is one of my 472 00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:08,479 Speaker 1: favorite things in physics. You mean a radiation, Well, radiation 473 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,159 Speaker 1: is pretty awesome, or just the color blue, No, and 474 00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:13,840 Speaker 1: it's a nice blue. But this blue glow comes from 475 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:16,159 Speaker 1: a special effect and it's sort of similar to a 476 00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:19,000 Speaker 1: sonic boom. All right, let's get into this sonic boom 477 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,760 Speaker 1: but with light, and let's get into what actually happens 478 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:25,200 Speaker 1: when you go faster than light. But first let's take 479 00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:40,240 Speaker 1: a quick break. All right, So it is possible to 480 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,400 Speaker 1: beat light and go faster than light, but only if 481 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:47,080 Speaker 1: you go through a material that slows light down, and 482 00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:49,639 Speaker 1: it only views something that doesn't get slowed down by 483 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:51,960 Speaker 1: the glass. So and you're saying that's where where this 484 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 1: sharankovation comes from. Yeah, I think about it like a 485 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: boat on a on a lake. If you just dropped 486 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,879 Speaker 1: a rock into a lake, then what happens. You get ripples, 487 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:03,479 Speaker 1: and the ripples move out from the rock. But if 488 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:05,800 Speaker 1: you drop a series of rocks, then you get a 489 00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:09,480 Speaker 1: series of ripples. Now imagine you're dropping a series of rocks, 490 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: but you're moving faster than the ripples. Then you end 491 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:15,400 Speaker 1: up with this wake like behind the boat for example. 492 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:17,720 Speaker 1: That's why if you drive a boat quickly, you get 493 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,680 Speaker 1: a wake behind the boat, because you're moving faster than 494 00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:22,679 Speaker 1: the waves that are being made by your boat, and 495 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:25,200 Speaker 1: they're building up. They're building up on top of each other. 496 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:29,040 Speaker 1: And you're saying that that happens with light. Yeah, And 497 00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:31,120 Speaker 1: the same thing happens in the air. If you move 498 00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,119 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of sound, you get a sonic boom. 499 00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:37,760 Speaker 1: It's like a wake in the air. All those sounds 500 00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:39,880 Speaker 1: are adding up together to make you this with this 501 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,040 Speaker 1: one big wave. So all the noise of the airplane 502 00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:45,320 Speaker 1: from one second ago, and two seconds ago, and five 503 00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:47,680 Speaker 1: seconds ago, it is all arriving at the same time 504 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:50,639 Speaker 1: because it's moving faster than the sound it's making like 505 00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: it's moving faster than the light can get out of 506 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:56,480 Speaker 1: your way, and so you sort of accumulate a whole 507 00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:58,639 Speaker 1: bunch of air in front of you. That's kind of 508 00:26:58,640 --> 00:27:00,760 Speaker 1: what the sonic boom is. That's a sonic boom is, 509 00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: and you hear it when that wake washes over you 510 00:27:03,359 --> 00:27:05,919 Speaker 1: if you're on the surface. Now, the cool thing is, 511 00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:08,959 Speaker 1: if you move faster than light, then you're moving faster 512 00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:11,520 Speaker 1: than the image that you make. Okay, so this is 513 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:14,520 Speaker 1: like an optic boom. Yeah, it's like a luminal bloom. 514 00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:16,000 Speaker 1: I don't know, you should come up with a name 515 00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:21,000 Speaker 1: for it, but it's it's about a light boom that 516 00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:23,040 Speaker 1: sounds like something you'd use while in the production of 517 00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:25,320 Speaker 1: a movie. So I guess paying me through this. So 518 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,399 Speaker 1: I'm a mun or some other radio active particle and 519 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:32,680 Speaker 1: I'm moving through glass and I'm moving faster than light. Yeah, 520 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,199 Speaker 1: So any light that you emit, you are leaving it behind. 521 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,600 Speaker 1: And then if in a second later you emit more light, 522 00:27:39,680 --> 00:27:41,960 Speaker 1: you're also leaving that behind. So now the light is 523 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,320 Speaker 1: sort of spreading out behind you, just the way a 524 00:27:44,359 --> 00:27:46,720 Speaker 1: boat would when it's moving across the surface of a lake. 525 00:27:47,080 --> 00:27:49,800 Speaker 1: But you're moving faster than the light you're making. And 526 00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:52,600 Speaker 1: so just the same way a boat makes awake or 527 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:55,240 Speaker 1: an airplane going fast in the speed of sound makes 528 00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:57,840 Speaker 1: a sonic boom, which is just a wake in the air, 529 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:01,000 Speaker 1: you are making a wake of light. Wait, I guess 530 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:04,320 Speaker 1: I'm not quite sure understanding. I'm understanding. So let's say 531 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,720 Speaker 1: I wasn't going faster than light. So I'm a muan. 532 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,720 Speaker 1: I'm going through glass slowly. I hid a piece of glass, 533 00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: and I emit photon right, that's kind of what happens, 534 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:17,520 Speaker 1: And so the photon um just flies up in front 535 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:20,360 Speaker 1: of me or what. Yeah, if you're moving slower than light, 536 00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:23,440 Speaker 1: like most of us do most days, then the any 537 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,360 Speaker 1: image you make, any light that you emit, leaves you 538 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:29,720 Speaker 1: and you don't catch up to it. Right, right, it's 539 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:31,720 Speaker 1: gone in front of me because its gone behind me. 540 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:34,320 Speaker 1: You emit light in all directions, right, You're not like 541 00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:37,119 Speaker 1: a black hole on one side. And so muans are similar. 542 00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:38,880 Speaker 1: They can emit light in any directions, and when they 543 00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:42,000 Speaker 1: moved to a medium, they tend to radiate a little bit, okay, 544 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:43,960 Speaker 1: and they emit light sort of in every direction. So 545 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:48,240 Speaker 1: imagine like circular wavefront leaving this muan. Those are photons 546 00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:51,240 Speaker 1: shot out in every direction from the muan. But now 547 00:28:51,320 --> 00:28:54,200 Speaker 1: the muan overtakes the ones that were going in the 548 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:58,080 Speaker 1: direction it was going, and it makes another wave front 549 00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 1: leaving it. So this is like dropping in another rock 550 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,320 Speaker 1: in the lake, and that one adds up to the 551 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:06,240 Speaker 1: photons that made previously, and but then it gets it 552 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:09,320 Speaker 1: catches up to those and passes those and makes another one, 553 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,600 Speaker 1: and so add these ripples get larger and larger they 554 00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:15,320 Speaker 1: add up to this wavefront. And that wavefront is the 555 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: luminal bloom or or whatever you wanna call it. Um 556 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:21,960 Speaker 1: this wake in light that it's making, and that is 557 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,520 Speaker 1: the blue glow. And because of the way they add up, 558 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,280 Speaker 1: and because the muon is going so fast, it tends 559 00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:31,240 Speaker 1: to happen more often at bluer frequencies, and so it 560 00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:35,120 Speaker 1: actually emits trink arf radiation and a whole spectrum of frequencies. 561 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:38,080 Speaker 1: You just mostly see the blue part because it happens 562 00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,440 Speaker 1: more often in the blue range. And so that's what 563 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,040 Speaker 1: drink arf radiation is. Drink or radiation is really like 564 00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:46,760 Speaker 1: the sonic boom for light, and that's what you're seeing 565 00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:49,520 Speaker 1: when you look at a nuclear reactor, you're seeing electrons 566 00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:52,040 Speaker 1: that are like kicked off from from radioactive decay or 567 00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,400 Speaker 1: from nuclear reactions, going faster than light can in that 568 00:29:55,480 --> 00:29:58,880 Speaker 1: water or in that material that they're sitting because they're 569 00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:01,480 Speaker 1: getting kicked out really fast. They're going to kick that 570 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,480 Speaker 1: really fast, faster than light can go through whatever material 571 00:30:04,520 --> 00:30:08,400 Speaker 1: they're sitting in. Oh, I see, but normal electrons, like 572 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:11,680 Speaker 1: if I just run a current roop some water not 573 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:15,520 Speaker 1: recommended in your bathtub. But if I just cause it 574 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:18,760 Speaker 1: short in like a body of water, I wouldn't get 575 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,160 Speaker 1: this blue globe, would I? Yeah, you need the electrons 576 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,400 Speaker 1: to be going really fast. And the same way, if 577 00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:26,120 Speaker 1: you took those same really fast electrons and you teleported 578 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,840 Speaker 1: them into space, you had that reaction happening space, you 579 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:31,400 Speaker 1: wouldn't get the blue glow because the blue glow only 580 00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:35,240 Speaker 1: comes from beating the speed of those photons in that material. 581 00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: And so in a vacuum, you can't beat the speed 582 00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,800 Speaker 1: of those materials. Because in these nuclear reactions, they usually 583 00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:43,959 Speaker 1: have these fuel rods embedded in some material to capture 584 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:47,680 Speaker 1: the energy, etcetera. To cool it. Then the electrons can 585 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,640 Speaker 1: go faster than the photons do through that cooling material, 586 00:30:50,680 --> 00:30:53,480 Speaker 1: which is usually some special kind of water, because in 587 00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:56,200 Speaker 1: that way, in the nuclear reactor, it's it's the electrons 588 00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:59,680 Speaker 1: start shooting off really really fast, which is causing them 589 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:02,600 Speaker 1: the In fact, that's what the water is for, right, 590 00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:06,240 Speaker 1: It's to slow down the electrons coming off. I think so. Yeah, 591 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:10,160 Speaker 1: it gathers the energy from the neutrons and the electrons 592 00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:11,880 Speaker 1: that fly off, and also I think it keeps the 593 00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:14,320 Speaker 1: fuel rods from getting too hot and going critical. You know, 594 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:17,760 Speaker 1: from my extensive research and watching to Drink In, watching Chernobyl, 595 00:31:19,360 --> 00:31:24,160 Speaker 1: from your extensive research watching Watchman and Dr Vanhan, you 596 00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:27,440 Speaker 1: can conclude that it is possible for God to fall 597 00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:29,320 Speaker 1: in love with the woman. That's right. And you know, 598 00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:32,680 Speaker 1: it really is true in real life that nuclear reactors 599 00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:35,640 Speaker 1: glow blue. And I think that's why people associate that 600 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:38,800 Speaker 1: color with nuclear reactions, and that's probably why the artist 601 00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,560 Speaker 1: for Watchman made Doctor Manhattan globe blue. Interesting. And you've 602 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:44,800 Speaker 1: you've seen this with your own eyes. You saw like 603 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,040 Speaker 1: the tub of water glowing blue. Yeah. You can go 604 00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:49,000 Speaker 1: down the basement of one of the chemistry buildings here 605 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:50,480 Speaker 1: at you see your behind where they have a working 606 00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:52,920 Speaker 1: nuclear reactor and you can just look at it and 607 00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:55,560 Speaker 1: it glows blue. Anyone from the street can just walk 608 00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:59,800 Speaker 1: into a nuclear reactor. Tell them Daniel whiteson SENSU the 609 00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,120 Speaker 1: dip their toes into the blue water. That's how it's 610 00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:05,560 Speaker 1: totally safe. No, you can't just go down. You have 611 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,920 Speaker 1: to arrange a tour and it's limited to I thinks 612 00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: students and this the sps here at u c I, 613 00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,640 Speaker 1: which is awesome. Arrange is a tour of the nuclear 614 00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:16,640 Speaker 1: reactor every year for the physics grad students and undergrads. 615 00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:18,920 Speaker 1: And so I tagged along one time. All right, so 616 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: that's pretty cool that we can beat light in a 617 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,800 Speaker 1: foot race. I guess if you're ever inside of a material, 618 00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,320 Speaker 1: And so that's pretty good bragging rights. And also it's 619 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,400 Speaker 1: nice to just flaunt the loss of physics. Right. Does 620 00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:32,920 Speaker 1: that feel good? It does? It does feel good to 621 00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:35,280 Speaker 1: say you thought you could limit us, you thought you 622 00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:37,440 Speaker 1: could crack down on us and keep us from getting 623 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:43,000 Speaker 1: what we want. Humanity can outlawyer you, Universe. We have 624 00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:45,440 Speaker 1: better lawyers than you. It's like when your parents said, 625 00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:47,280 Speaker 1: you know, no more than two cookies and then you 626 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:48,960 Speaker 1: eat ice cream instead, and you said, well, you didn't 627 00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:53,760 Speaker 1: say anything about ice cream. I'm sure that your parents 628 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,200 Speaker 1: love it, just like the universe hypothetical situation. All right, 629 00:32:57,240 --> 00:32:59,479 Speaker 1: so then what so what is it besides sort of 630 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,760 Speaker 1: a nice blue glow and sort of bragging rights. What 631 00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:05,840 Speaker 1: can we use this effect for? Is it useful for anything? Yeah, 632 00:33:05,840 --> 00:33:08,440 Speaker 1: there are experiments that are looking for really high energy 633 00:33:08,520 --> 00:33:12,560 Speaker 1: neutrinos coming from like other galaxies or who knows what. 634 00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:16,240 Speaker 1: And they passed through the Earth to use the entire 635 00:33:16,320 --> 00:33:19,400 Speaker 1: Earth as a detector, and as they're passing through the Earth, 636 00:33:19,680 --> 00:33:21,720 Speaker 1: they emit a mu on. They turned into a muon, 637 00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: And what we want to do is capture that muan. 638 00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:27,120 Speaker 1: And in order to do that, you need a really 639 00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:31,240 Speaker 1: large detector. You need like a cubic mile of detector 640 00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:33,880 Speaker 1: in order to measure the speed of these things. So 641 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:36,880 Speaker 1: what they do is they use a cubic mile of ice. 642 00:33:37,240 --> 00:33:39,600 Speaker 1: They go down to Antarctica where there's like miles and 643 00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:42,840 Speaker 1: miles of ice, and they embed camera. They drill these 644 00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:46,200 Speaker 1: crazy long mile long holes and they drop down a 645 00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:49,320 Speaker 1: string of cameras and then they just pour water over 646 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:52,040 Speaker 1: it and it freezes up and they never see them again. 647 00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,640 Speaker 1: But they have a one mile cube. It's like a 648 00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:58,760 Speaker 1: huge ice cube and they have all these strings of 649 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:02,760 Speaker 1: cameras drill down into it, and they see muans coming 650 00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,600 Speaker 1: up from inside the Earth and emitting tcharenk Off radiation 651 00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: inside the ice. What it's like does a flash? Does 652 00:34:10,680 --> 00:34:12,879 Speaker 1: see a flash? Or they'll see the ice glow. They 653 00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:15,319 Speaker 1: see this ring, right, because trink Off radiation is like 654 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:17,719 Speaker 1: a sonic boom. It comes off in this circle. So 655 00:34:17,760 --> 00:34:19,800 Speaker 1: you see this ring of blue come through the ice, 656 00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:22,080 Speaker 1: and you can use that to measure the direction to 657 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:24,960 Speaker 1: the muan and it's speed. You're saying, these come from 658 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:28,799 Speaker 1: neutrinos that create the muans. The neutrinos come from who 659 00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:31,360 Speaker 1: knows where, and then they pass through the Earth the 660 00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:34,200 Speaker 1: sort of like upwards, going through the Earth, and then 661 00:34:34,360 --> 00:34:36,440 Speaker 1: in the Earth they make these muans. And then we 662 00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,720 Speaker 1: see the muans in the ice through this Sharenkov radiation 663 00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:42,319 Speaker 1: because there these are going then faster than light. Yeah, 664 00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:44,839 Speaker 1: they're really high energy muans and they're going faster than 665 00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:47,600 Speaker 1: light does in the ice and they make these crazy 666 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:49,840 Speaker 1: blue glow. And so this is a technique we use 667 00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:52,600 Speaker 1: in particle physics all the time to spot really fast 668 00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:56,160 Speaker 1: particles because they make this special radiation and the angle 669 00:34:56,719 --> 00:34:58,680 Speaker 1: of the of the light that comes off them tells 670 00:34:58,719 --> 00:35:01,400 Speaker 1: you exactly the la city of the particle because you 671 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,640 Speaker 1: can tell how fast it's going by when it hits 672 00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:08,319 Speaker 1: different cameras, Like you actually see an image of it. Yeah, 673 00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:10,000 Speaker 1: you can see an image. You can see the circle 674 00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:12,040 Speaker 1: that it emits, and you know the particle was going 675 00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,680 Speaker 1: right through the center of the circle emits this cone 676 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,640 Speaker 1: of blue light and the angle of that cone tells 677 00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:19,840 Speaker 1: you the velocity of the particle, and of course the 678 00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:22,160 Speaker 1: particle went through the center, so you know the direction, 679 00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:25,040 Speaker 1: and so you get these awesome three D images. And 680 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,040 Speaker 1: I just love the idea of like droolling down a 681 00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:32,920 Speaker 1: mile into ice and dropping cameras into it. Makes it 682 00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:38,320 Speaker 1: feel better about dropping your iPhone in your toilet. Scientists 683 00:35:38,360 --> 00:35:43,560 Speaker 1: have done much much worse. Yeah, that's a pretty cool experience, 684 00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:46,400 Speaker 1: which you maybe get into Antarctic signs. It seems like 685 00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:48,760 Speaker 1: they do a lot down there, and you can actually 686 00:35:48,760 --> 00:35:51,759 Speaker 1: even see churnk of radiation with your own eyes. So 687 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:54,319 Speaker 1: I have to be a mile down into the Antarctic ice, 688 00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:56,920 Speaker 1: you don't. You can just have to get lucky because 689 00:35:57,040 --> 00:36:01,920 Speaker 1: the material in your eyeballs also the same property photons 690 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,440 Speaker 1: go through its slower than high energy particles. So if 691 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:09,839 Speaker 1: a muon passes through this vitreous humor, this goop that's 692 00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:12,560 Speaker 1: inside your eyeball, you will see a flash of blue. 693 00:36:12,760 --> 00:36:16,040 Speaker 1: Really if a muan, If a fast moving muon goes 694 00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:18,359 Speaker 1: into my eye. If I took a mu on gun 695 00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:20,760 Speaker 1: and I shot a beam of muans into your eyeballs, 696 00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,920 Speaker 1: which I will not do, but you would see a 697 00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:27,360 Speaker 1: blue glow in your eyes, you would be Dr Manhattan basically, 698 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:32,960 Speaker 1: or you you would look like Dr Benhanton. Please put 699 00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:36,799 Speaker 1: on some clothes, Daniel, But I'm definitely that cut. I mean, yeah, 700 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,400 Speaker 1: at least those black, nice black shorts that he speedoes 701 00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:45,640 Speaker 1: that he wears. Yeah, so you can see churnk rverdiation 702 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:47,799 Speaker 1: with your own eyes. Now, it's not very common, but 703 00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:50,600 Speaker 1: it can be done. Wow, I never thought about that. 704 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:53,400 Speaker 1: I guess the light that's hitting the back of my 705 00:36:53,480 --> 00:36:56,200 Speaker 1: eye is not going as fast as it could be. No, 706 00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:59,279 Speaker 1: it's slowed down by the goop in your eyeballs. If 707 00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:02,000 Speaker 1: your eyeballs had vacuums in them, that you'd see things 708 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:06,160 Speaker 1: are tying a bit sooner. Right, Yeah, I'm getting an 709 00:37:06,239 --> 00:37:09,359 Speaker 1: unnecessary delay in my information here. I feel like there's 710 00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:16,399 Speaker 1: a startup idea somewhere there. Bit faster, that's right. Now, 711 00:37:16,560 --> 00:37:19,680 Speaker 1: get your what's your Netflix shows? A little bit faster 712 00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:26,920 Speaker 1: technically by inserting this bag in your eye, phall, it's 713 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:29,799 Speaker 1: a good thing. This is not a medical advice show, right, 714 00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:34,279 Speaker 1: and everything will look less blue. Also, yeah, that's true. Yeah, 715 00:37:34,520 --> 00:37:37,680 Speaker 1: all right. Well that's a pretty interesting phenomenon. And it's 716 00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:41,839 Speaker 1: pretty interesting to know that the laws of physics have loopholes, 717 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:43,800 Speaker 1: like who knows what else can have a loop loophole? 718 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:46,920 Speaker 1: That's right. So come by to Daniel Whiteson, physics attorney 719 00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:49,799 Speaker 1: at law, and I will figure out how to accomplish 720 00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:52,440 Speaker 1: what it is you want to get done without breaking 721 00:37:52,480 --> 00:37:54,800 Speaker 1: any laws of physics. That's right. To go down to 722 00:37:54,880 --> 00:38:00,720 Speaker 1: whites and whiteson and whites and LP. That's right. Black 723 00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:06,000 Speaker 1: hole immigration attorneys, Light particle physicists. Do you have an 724 00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:08,520 Speaker 1: undocumented black hole in your backyard? We can help you. 725 00:38:09,160 --> 00:38:14,120 Speaker 1: Have you been in a physics accident, even if you 726 00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:18,600 Speaker 1: were at fault, we will we will speculate about the causality. 727 00:38:20,719 --> 00:38:22,759 Speaker 1: There was a delay that now the light got to 728 00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:26,760 Speaker 1: his eyeball, it's not his fault. It's a pre existing 729 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:30,479 Speaker 1: condition of the universe. All right. Well, it's pretty cool, 730 00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:33,239 Speaker 1: and who knows what other loopholes are will discover in 731 00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:35,560 Speaker 1: the future. That's right. This should inspire you because if 732 00:38:35,560 --> 00:38:37,320 Speaker 1: there's something you want to get done in the universe 733 00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,960 Speaker 1: and you thought it was impossible, there might be a 734 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,400 Speaker 1: way to work around the laws of physics. All right, 735 00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:44,880 Speaker 1: thank you very much for joining us, guys and gals 736 00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:47,439 Speaker 1: out there. We hope you enjoyed that. See you next time. 737 00:38:47,719 --> 00:38:50,040 Speaker 1: And if you're interested in asking us a question you'd 738 00:38:50,080 --> 00:38:52,480 Speaker 1: like to hear us answer on the podcast, please don't 739 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:54,800 Speaker 1: be shy. I send it to questions at Daniel and 740 00:38:55,000 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Before you still have a question after 741 00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:08,319 Speaker 1: listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 742 00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:10,520 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 743 00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:14,319 Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's 744 00:39:14,360 --> 00:39:17,759 Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 745 00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:21,320 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel 746 00:39:21,320 --> 00:39:23,840 Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I 747 00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:27,520 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. For more podcast from my Heart Radio, visit 748 00:39:27,560 --> 00:39:31,040 Speaker 1: the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 749 00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:32,640 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows,