1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:17,360 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. It's time 4 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:21,479 Speaker 1: for our latest installment of Unearthed. If you're new to 5 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:24,959 Speaker 1: the show, this is when, four times a year now 6 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:29,080 Speaker 1: we look at things that have been literally or figuratively 7 00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:32,840 Speaker 1: unearthed over the last three months. Even though this episode 8 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: is coming out at the start of November, the period 9 00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:41,640 Speaker 1: of time that it is covering is July, August September. 10 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:49,239 Speaker 1: We're surprisingly several episodes ahead at this point, which does 11 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:54,160 Speaker 1: not happened that often on my first show. So today's episode, 12 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:57,680 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about some updates that have happened 13 00:00:57,680 --> 00:01:01,640 Speaker 1: over the last few months, some old ist things, books 14 00:01:01,640 --> 00:01:05,400 Speaker 1: and letters. We have a late entry into our Halloween 15 00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:08,000 Speaker 1: stuff because this was originally going to come out in October, 16 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: but as planned when we're recording, it's actually going to 17 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:13,039 Speaker 1: be November, and then in our second part of this 18 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:17,000 Speaker 1: two party will have some other things, including repatriations and artwork. 19 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:20,520 Speaker 1: We've got some edible and potable food and beverage stuff, 20 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: which is always a favorite of mine. A few other 21 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:26,880 Speaker 1: things also here, is my take on late Halloween entries. 22 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:31,319 Speaker 1: Every day is Halloween to be. Someone asked me recently 23 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:33,360 Speaker 1: when Halloween season starts for me, and I was like 24 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:38,280 Speaker 1: November one, because it never ends. So we are as 25 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,720 Speaker 1: Tracy said. Starting with some updates, including updates to previous 26 00:01:41,760 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: installments of Unearthed. Last time on Unearthed, we talked about 27 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:48,840 Speaker 1: a copy of Shakespeare's First Folio that was going up 28 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:51,920 Speaker 1: for auction. This was one of only about two d 29 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 1: twenty known copies of the First Folio that have survived 30 00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 1: until today. Most of those are in museums, so they 31 00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:01,960 Speaker 1: don't come up for auction very often. That auction took 32 00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:05,400 Speaker 1: place in July at Sotheby's in New York City and 33 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: that First Folio sold for almost two point five million dollars. 34 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: We have also had several updates on Unearthed about work 35 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:17,920 Speaker 1: at Colonial Williamsburg's First Baptist Church, which was one of 36 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:23,000 Speaker 1: the earliest black church congregations in the United States. Exclamations 37 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:25,360 Speaker 1: have started there at the former side of the church 38 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:29,280 Speaker 1: in July that followed the approval of the First Baptist 39 00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:33,720 Speaker 1: Church Descendant community. In addition to the exclamations themselves, there 40 00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 1: are plans for osteological and DNA analysis of the remains 41 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:42,520 Speaker 1: that they are exhuming, So, in addition to providing more 42 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:46,600 Speaker 1: information about who these people were, this research will hopefully 43 00:02:46,639 --> 00:02:51,320 Speaker 1: allow surviving descendants of these people to make decisions about 44 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:55,119 Speaker 1: what their final resting place should be. Back in one 45 00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:57,760 Speaker 1: of our twenty eighteen installments of On Earth, we talked 46 00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:01,440 Speaker 1: about research into how dice have evolved over history, which 47 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: noted that Roman dice tended to be visibly irregular at 48 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,800 Speaker 1: other points. We've also talked about how irregularly shaped dice 49 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:11,480 Speaker 1: in history may have been used to cheat at games 50 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:15,520 Speaker 1: because that irregular shape affects the probability of certain numbers 51 00:03:15,560 --> 00:03:19,840 Speaker 1: being rolled. Another idea is that Romans didn't care about that, 52 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:23,840 Speaker 1: either because they didn't thoroughly understand probability or because they 53 00:03:23,880 --> 00:03:27,320 Speaker 1: credited luck at dice as coming from the gods. But 54 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: research published in the journal Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences comes 55 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:36,080 Speaker 1: to a different conclusion that Roman dice are asymmetrical because 56 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:39,240 Speaker 1: it's easier to fit six pips on a bigger face. 57 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:45,920 Speaker 1: This whole study of delightful to me. To do this research. 58 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: They quote conducted an experiment with naive die producers to 59 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: see how they can figure pips on blank cubes with 60 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 1: different degrees of asymmetry. In other words, they gave asymmetrical 61 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:02,800 Speaker 1: dice to twenty three volunteer psychology majors and asked them 62 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:08,280 Speaker 1: to mark eight dice apiece. Twelve of the students were 63 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,000 Speaker 1: specifically asked to mark the dice so that the number 64 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: of dots on the two opposing faces added up to seven. 65 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:19,360 Speaker 1: Most of the time they marked one of the biggest 66 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:23,880 Speaker 1: faces on those dice with six dots, and for dice 67 00:04:23,960 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: that were intentionally marked to have one and six on 68 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:31,120 Speaker 1: opposite sides, nearly nine of those folks did put the 69 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:34,040 Speaker 1: six on one of the two bigger sides of that 70 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:39,160 Speaker 1: asymmetrical dice. Makes sense. Some of the students said they 71 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:41,760 Speaker 1: marked their dice this way because they started with the 72 00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:45,480 Speaker 1: one and put that on the largest side, but either way, 73 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: among this group of students, there was a clear preference 74 00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:51,520 Speaker 1: for putting the one and the six on the largest sides. 75 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:56,840 Speaker 1: Moving on to updates of actual past episodes rather than 76 00:04:57,240 --> 00:05:01,480 Speaker 1: installments of Unearthed. On a team, we did an episode 77 00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:04,760 Speaker 1: about the archaeological site known as Mahenjo Daro, which was 78 00:05:04,800 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: one of the most important cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. 79 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:12,479 Speaker 1: That city was built around b c E and it 80 00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:18,040 Speaker 1: was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in this site 81 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:23,160 Speaker 1: suffered significant damage and the extreme flooding that struck Pakistan 82 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:28,200 Speaker 1: in August that regions saw about fourteen hundred millimeters or 83 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: fifty five inches of rain during that month, and this 84 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:34,520 Speaker 1: is the most rainfall that has been reported in the 85 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:40,120 Speaker 1: area in the century since these ruins were rediscovered. Often 86 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,719 Speaker 1: when we talk about this kind of climate damage, the 87 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 1: issue is flooding, but the drainage systems in and around 88 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 1: Mahenjo Daro still function and there was far less standing 89 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:52,800 Speaker 1: water there than at other areas that were affected by 90 00:05:52,839 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 1: the same weather events. Instead, the issue here is that 91 00:05:56,640 --> 00:05:59,800 Speaker 1: the rain washed away sediments and outer coverings that were 92 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:04,320 Speaker 1: hecting the ruins. Repair work is ongoing and UNESCO is 93 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:07,839 Speaker 1: assisting with the effort. We mentioned this next one in 94 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:11,480 Speaker 1: a listener male segment, but today for a little more detail. 95 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:14,640 Speaker 1: Jim Thorpe, who we covered on the show over the 96 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:19,320 Speaker 1: course of three episodes in November, was stripped of his 97 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:22,760 Speaker 1: Olympic medals over claims that he was not really an 98 00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:26,480 Speaker 1: amateur athlete. That's something that we talked about in those episodes. 99 00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: On the one anniversary of Thorpe's gold medal win in 100 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:35,840 Speaker 1: the decathlon, the International Olympic Committee announced that his record 101 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: was being restored, so now he is recognized as the 102 00:06:39,560 --> 00:06:44,480 Speaker 1: sole gold medal winner of both the decathlon and the pentathlon. 103 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: The organization Bright Path Strong was heavily involved in advocacy 104 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: for this. The family of Hugo K. Vicelander, who had 105 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:57,320 Speaker 1: been named gold medalist in the decathlon when Thorpe was 106 00:06:57,360 --> 00:07:01,440 Speaker 1: stripped of his medals, was also involved in this advocacy. 107 00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:04,919 Speaker 1: They confirmed that Vicelander had never considered himself to be 108 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 1: the legitimate gold medalist. The National Galleries of Scotland announced 109 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:13,200 Speaker 1: the discovery of a self portrait by Vincent van Gogh 110 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:17,280 Speaker 1: behind one of Vango's other paintings. That other painting is 111 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:19,920 Speaker 1: head of a peasant woman, and it was discovered during 112 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:23,600 Speaker 1: an X ray in preparation for an exhibition. This find 113 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:28,560 Speaker 1: is not entirely surprising, as our episode on Vango discusses 114 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: he often flipped his canvases over to paint on the 115 00:07:31,720 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: other side to save money. We most recently aired our 116 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:38,280 Speaker 1: past episode on Vango as a Saturday Classic on June 117 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:41,600 Speaker 1: eighteenth of this year. Next up, we talked about the 118 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:45,920 Speaker 1: lynching of Emmett Till in our episode The Motherhood of 119 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 1: Mamie Sell Mobil. We also have a more recent episode. 120 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: We've talked about that a bit more. In recent installments 121 00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:55,800 Speaker 1: of Unearthed, we have talked about efforts to bring charges 122 00:07:55,920 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 1: against Caroline Bryant Donham, likely the last surviving person who 123 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:04,120 Speaker 1: was connected to the killing. Donham, who was then known 124 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 1: just as Caroline Bryant, alleged that Emmett had physically grabbed 125 00:08:08,840 --> 00:08:11,600 Speaker 1: her in a store in Money, Mississippi, and then at 126 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:14,960 Speaker 1: trial she testified that he had grabbed and threatened her. 127 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,680 Speaker 1: In seventeen, author Timothy Tyson published a book titled The 128 00:08:19,720 --> 00:08:22,800 Speaker 1: Blood of Emmett Till, in which he quoted Donham as 129 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:27,120 Speaker 1: saying that her testimony in court was not true. Most recently, 130 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:30,200 Speaker 1: we talked about the discovery of an unserved warrant for 131 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: Dunham's arrest and hopes that it might lead to legal action. 132 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: In August, a Lafleur County, Mississippi grand jury ruled that 133 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:42,000 Speaker 1: there was insufficient evidence to bring charges against Dunham for 134 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:47,120 Speaker 1: either kidnapping or manslaughter. Surviving family members of Emmett Till 135 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:51,880 Speaker 1: described this as disappointing but unsurprising. When we did an 136 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:55,720 Speaker 1: episode about sculptor Edmonia Lewis. On the show, we talked 137 00:08:55,760 --> 00:09:00,040 Speaker 1: about her time at Oberlin College, Louis wasn't allowed a 138 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:03,120 Speaker 1: register for her final term there. She had to leave 139 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: Oberlin in eighteen sixty three. Before being able to graduate. 140 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:11,199 Speaker 1: She had faced a series of accusations and rumors, including 141 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:14,400 Speaker 1: an allegation that she had poisoned her roommates. She was 142 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:18,719 Speaker 1: actually acquitted of that. As we talked about in those episodes, 143 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: Lewis was one of only a very few people of 144 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: color enrolled at Oberlin. She had both black and Indigenous ancestry, 145 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: and she was harassed by other students because of her race. 146 00:09:29,440 --> 00:09:34,560 Speaker 1: At its commencement, Oberlin awarded Edmonia Lewis with her degree. 147 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:37,560 Speaker 1: That was not an honorary degree. It was the degree 148 00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:40,360 Speaker 1: she would have earned had she been allowed to complete 149 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,920 Speaker 1: her studies. Bobby Reno, who had advocated for the late 150 00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:48,880 Speaker 1: Edmonia Lewis to be awarded her degree, spoke at commencement 151 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:52,560 Speaker 1: and read a quote that is attributed to Edmonia Lewis. Quote. 152 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:56,240 Speaker 1: Sometimes the times were dark, and the outlook was lonesome. 153 00:09:56,440 --> 00:09:58,200 Speaker 1: But where there is a will, there is a way. 154 00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:00,559 Speaker 1: I pitched in and dug it my work, and now 155 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:03,800 Speaker 1: I am what I am. It was hard work, though, 156 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:06,920 Speaker 1: but with color and sex against me, I have achieved success. 157 00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: That is what I tell my people whenever I meet them, 158 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 1: that they must not be discouraged, but work ahead until 159 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:15,480 Speaker 1: the world is found to respect them for what they 160 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,000 Speaker 1: may have accomplished. Our episode on and Money and Lewis 161 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:24,560 Speaker 1: was most recently a Saturday Classic on February two. Moving 162 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: on in March, we did an episode about Denmark's early 163 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:32,439 Speaker 1: royalty and the Yelling Stones, and one of the early 164 00:10:32,559 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 1: royals that we talked about was King Harold Gormson, also 165 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:41,080 Speaker 1: known as Bluetooth. At least one chronicle describes Bluetooths burial 166 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 1: place as Rescued Denmark. Two recent publications suggests he may 167 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: really have been buried in va Jakovo in what's now 168 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:55,640 Speaker 1: northwest Poland. Now these publications don't agree on where in Vjakoho, though, 169 00:10:56,160 --> 00:11:00,280 Speaker 1: according to maritkreta satellite imagery of a Roman Catholic church 170 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 1: that was built in the nineteenth century suggests there's a 171 00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:08,520 Speaker 1: Viking burial mound underneath, but Swedish archaeologists Van Rosbourne argues 172 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: that Bluetooth had converted to Christianity by the time of 173 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:14,360 Speaker 1: his death, so he would have been buried somewhere that 174 00:11:14,440 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: was already in use as a Christian burial site. In 175 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:21,720 Speaker 1: our year end Unearthed, for one, we talked about a 176 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:25,439 Speaker 1: canoe that had been found in Lake Mendota in Wisconsin. 177 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: The person who spotted it originally thought it was just 178 00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:30,400 Speaker 1: a log. It turned out to be a canoe that 179 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:35,200 Speaker 1: was about twelve hundred years old. Another even older canoe 180 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:40,440 Speaker 1: was found nearby in September, Although this is in pieces now, 181 00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: it was carved from a single piece of white oak 182 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:47,120 Speaker 1: about three thousand years ago. Members of the ho Chunk 183 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: Nation and the Bad River Tribe were both present for 184 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: the canoes retrieval. The Wisconsin Historical Society and tribal members 185 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:57,400 Speaker 1: are caring for both of these canoes until they can 186 00:11:57,440 --> 00:11:59,839 Speaker 1: be conserved. If you're wondering why I didn't have this 187 00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:03,040 Speaker 1: up with the other updates of previous episodes of Unearthed, 188 00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:08,800 Speaker 1: the answer is I forgot to move it. And lastly, 189 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:14,000 Speaker 1: the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has formally exonerated Elizabeth Johnson Jr. 190 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:17,960 Speaker 1: The last person convicted during the Salem witch Trials whose 191 00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:21,120 Speaker 1: name had not yet been cleared. Johnson was one of 192 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:25,400 Speaker 1: eleven people who were convicted of witchcraft but not ultimately executed. 193 00:12:25,640 --> 00:12:29,199 Speaker 1: She had been sentenced to death herself, but was then reprieved. 194 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:32,559 Speaker 1: Johnson was one of a small group of people convicted 195 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:36,160 Speaker 1: under a reformed court in sixteen nine three, and most 196 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: of the others were pardoned or had their names cleared 197 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:42,760 Speaker 1: in the seventeenth century. Johnson did not, though, even after 198 00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:47,880 Speaker 1: applying for restitution in seventeen twelve. Johnson's exoneration was part 199 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:51,280 Speaker 1: of a budget package that was passed in July. Prior. 200 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:53,880 Speaker 1: Hosts of the show talked about the Salem witch Trials 201 00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:58,520 Speaker 1: in June of two thousand eight and October of That 202 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:00,600 Speaker 1: was the last of our updates. Now we can take 203 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:12,680 Speaker 1: a real quick sponsor break. Next up, we had just 204 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:15,560 Speaker 1: a few things that are the oldest, or at least 205 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:19,920 Speaker 1: they're a lot older than we previously understood. First up, 206 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:25,319 Speaker 1: Zanzibar's Stone Town is a coastal trading town made primarily 207 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:28,599 Speaker 1: from mangrove timber and coraline rag stone, and it is 208 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was previously believed to 209 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:36,199 Speaker 1: have been built by Omani Arabs in the eighteenth century, 210 00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 1: and a lot of its surviving buildings due date back 211 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:43,400 Speaker 1: to that period, but an international team has found evidence 212 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:47,920 Speaker 1: that this area was originally settled hundreds of years before that, 213 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,360 Speaker 1: all the way back in the eleventh century. This means 214 00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:55,080 Speaker 1: that the town's origins trace back to local Swahili people. 215 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: Researchers have found evidence of homes, cooking sites, a lot 216 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:04,800 Speaker 1: of pottery, both locally made pottery and pottery that had 217 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,839 Speaker 1: been imported from Asia. A find in Borneo has pushed 218 00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:12,760 Speaker 1: back the timeline for the oldest known successful surgical amputation 219 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:16,320 Speaker 1: by roughly twenty thousand years thanks to bones that are 220 00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:20,520 Speaker 1: about thirty one thousand years old. According to research published 221 00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:25,240 Speaker 1: in the journal Nature, skeletal remains discovered in show evidence 222 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 1: of an intentional amputation of a person's lower left leg. 223 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 1: Researchers concluded that this was an intentional surgical amputation, not 224 00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:37,000 Speaker 1: a congenital limb difference or the result of something like 225 00:14:37,040 --> 00:14:40,240 Speaker 1: an animal attack, based on a lack of fractures and 226 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:44,160 Speaker 1: evidence of healing in the bone. This person was probably 227 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:48,240 Speaker 1: a child when the amputation was conducted, and in addition 228 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,320 Speaker 1: to surviving the surgery itself, they seem to have lived 229 00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:54,920 Speaker 1: for another six to nine years. They were part of 230 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: a hunter gatherer culture that lived in mountainous rainforests, so 231 00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:02,600 Speaker 1: this suggests that in addition to having enough medical knowledge 232 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:06,880 Speaker 1: to conduct a successful amputation, this is a community that 233 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:09,720 Speaker 1: had a strong sense of social or family ties to 234 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:14,240 Speaker 1: provide support for somebody whose mobility would have made survival 235 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:17,480 Speaker 1: in this kind of environment more of a challenge. This 236 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,720 Speaker 1: person's remains were found in a cave adorned with rock 237 00:15:20,840 --> 00:15:23,880 Speaker 1: art that dates back roughly forty thousand years, and as 238 00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:28,360 Speaker 1: they were working, archaeologists nicknamed the find Scully and Their 239 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:33,000 Speaker 1: Last Oldest Thing. An archaeological dig in Cardiff, Wales has 240 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:38,840 Speaker 1: unearthed what maybe the city's earliest house. Archaeologists initially believed 241 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:41,480 Speaker 1: that this structure might have been built sometime between the 242 00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:45,000 Speaker 1: Late Iron Age and the early Roman period, which is 243 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 1: a window of time that is really not well documented 244 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:52,600 Speaker 1: in the currently known archaeological record, but a clay pot 245 00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:55,920 Speaker 1: at the site suggests that this structure, known as the 246 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:59,120 Speaker 1: Trelli Enclosure, is really a lot older, dating back to 247 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: the Bronze age between fifteen hundred and eleven hundred b c. 248 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,760 Speaker 1: At this point, there are only a couple of settlements 249 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:10,280 Speaker 1: that old that have been documented in Wales, and now 250 00:16:10,280 --> 00:16:12,680 Speaker 1: it is time to move on to books and letters. 251 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:17,000 Speaker 1: An interdisciplinary team of researchers is trying to find out 252 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: whether Johannes Guttenberg was aware of movable type printing presses 253 00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:25,080 Speaker 1: that had already been developed in Eastern Asia centuries before 254 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:27,840 Speaker 1: he started working on a press of his own. To 255 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,440 Speaker 1: do this, they're using X ray fluorescence to study texts 256 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:34,440 Speaker 1: that were printed in Korea and ones that were printed 257 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: in Europe, including parts of a Gutenberg Bible and a 258 00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:41,320 Speaker 1: first edition copy of the Canterbury Tales. One of the 259 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,360 Speaker 1: things that's interesting about this work is that the researchers 260 00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:47,400 Speaker 1: involved with it aren't completely sure what they're looking for 261 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: or whether this work is going to lead them to 262 00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:54,400 Speaker 1: an answer. What they're essentially doing is analyzing every inch 263 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:57,600 Speaker 1: of these texts and creating maps of all the elements 264 00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 1: that are present, whether they are from the ink or 265 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,240 Speaker 1: the page, or say something that somebody spelled on their 266 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,240 Speaker 1: hundreds of years ago. It's well established at this point 267 00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:12,399 Speaker 1: that movable type existed in Eastern Asia long before Guttenberg 268 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:16,800 Speaker 1: was born. The earliest named person credited with developing movable 269 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,119 Speaker 1: type is be Shung sometime around the year ten forty, 270 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:23,679 Speaker 1: during the era of the Northern Song dynasty, but we 271 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:27,120 Speaker 1: don't really know whether Guttenberg knew about these earlier presses 272 00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:32,760 Speaker 1: in China and Korea, or whether he developed his press independently. Regardless, 273 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:36,480 Speaker 1: the influence of Guttenberg's press in Europe was different from 274 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:40,840 Speaker 1: these earlier presses in Asia. Overall, in Europe, movable type 275 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:43,760 Speaker 1: printing presses led to the mass production of materials that 276 00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:47,520 Speaker 1: became widely available to the general public, while in Asia 277 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:52,400 Speaker 1: many presses printed work only for the upper classes. Next up, 278 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:55,080 Speaker 1: a man shopping at an estate sale in Maine in 279 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 1: September bought a page from a medieval manuscript. He paid 280 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:03,240 Speaker 1: seven and five dollars for this. It was labeled as 281 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:06,919 Speaker 1: an illuminated manuscript on vellum dating to the year twelve 282 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,479 Speaker 1: eighty five, but when he took a picture of it 283 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:11,760 Speaker 1: and sent it to one of his old professors, with 284 00:18:11,840 --> 00:18:14,080 Speaker 1: some help, they ultimately figured out that it was a 285 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:17,919 Speaker 1: page from a Catholic prayer book called the Beauvai Missile. 286 00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:23,120 Speaker 1: This book previously belonged to William Randolph Hurst. I feel 287 00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:27,400 Speaker 1: like he's like the recurring character of our show sometimes. Yeah. 288 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:30,560 Speaker 1: Hurst sold this book in the nineteen forties and art 289 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:33,760 Speaker 1: dealers took it apart and sold pages individually. That was 290 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:36,800 Speaker 1: something that was really common at the time. The page 291 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:39,880 Speaker 1: has been valued at between five thousand and ten thousand 292 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:44,359 Speaker 1: dollars by coincidence. Lisa Fagan Davis, who helped identify the 293 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,200 Speaker 1: photo of the page, has been trying to reunite all 294 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:49,920 Speaker 1: of the pages of the book and so far has 295 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:52,360 Speaker 1: tracked down more than one hundred of the roughly three 296 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:56,640 Speaker 1: hundred pages it originally contained. And for our last thing, 297 00:18:56,720 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 1: under Books and Letters, a team in Istanbul has found 298 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:04,480 Speaker 1: the sixt hundred year old writing set. The set includes 299 00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:07,720 Speaker 1: a dip pin made of bone, an ink well that 300 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,320 Speaker 1: still has traces of red and black ink, and a 301 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,119 Speaker 1: small dish. This was found at an archaeological site west 302 00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:18,360 Speaker 1: of Istanbul and dates back to the Imperial Roman period. 303 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:22,280 Speaker 1: According to news coverage about this find, this is the 304 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: first time an intact writing set has been found dating 305 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:29,760 Speaker 1: back to this era was a time when literacy would 306 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:34,439 Speaker 1: not have been particularly common. Next up, we have several 307 00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:39,600 Speaker 1: fines related to tombs and burials. First, researchers and Argentinean 308 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 1: Patagonia have found an example of a woman who was 309 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:45,760 Speaker 1: buried in a ceremonial canoe, which dates back about one 310 00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:49,720 Speaker 1: thousand years. There's been some debate about this practice and 311 00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:53,560 Speaker 1: whether it was performed before Spanish colonization of South America, 312 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,399 Speaker 1: with some researchers arguing that the Spanish introduced these canoes 313 00:19:57,440 --> 00:20:00,640 Speaker 1: to the indigenous people of the area, but this research 314 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:05,200 Speaker 1: reaffirms ethnographic work and oral history suggesting that this practice 315 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:09,119 Speaker 1: was carried out for centuries before the Spanish arrived. In 316 00:20:09,160 --> 00:20:11,719 Speaker 1: spite of that centuries long history, this is the first 317 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:16,280 Speaker 1: physical evidence of a pre Hispanic canoe burial. In this 318 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,679 Speaker 1: particular era, the practice was likely widespread and it carried 319 00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:25,240 Speaker 1: symbolic and religious meaning, but it's challenging to find concrete 320 00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:28,280 Speaker 1: evidence of it because these are wooden canoes and in 321 00:20:28,280 --> 00:20:31,040 Speaker 1: this kind of environment they would rot apart really quickly. 322 00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:35,800 Speaker 1: The local Mapuche people continue to make and use these 323 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:39,040 Speaker 1: kind of canoes, and this research was carried out with 324 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:43,880 Speaker 1: the consent of the Mapuche curl Quinca community. Archaeologists studying 325 00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:46,199 Speaker 1: what they believed to be a woman's burial site in 326 00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:50,919 Speaker 1: Germany have found an animal bone, some jewelry, a spindle whorl, 327 00:20:51,160 --> 00:20:55,359 Speaker 1: a glass bead, and a medieval folding chair. The chair 328 00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:58,160 Speaker 1: is made of iron, one of only two such chairs 329 00:20:58,160 --> 00:21:01,600 Speaker 1: ever found in Germany and about thirty ever found in Europe. 330 00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:05,320 Speaker 1: Of those thirty total chairs, only six of them are 331 00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:08,920 Speaker 1: made of iron. This one was buried at the person's feet, 332 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:11,240 Speaker 1: and it's possible that this chair was meant as a 333 00:21:11,320 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 1: marker of both social status and some kind of political office. 334 00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:20,200 Speaker 1: I really like this one because folding chairs just seem 335 00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: like a more and maybe she was a medieval tailgater. 336 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:33,680 Speaker 1: Last October, archaeologists and Tussanenhausen in Germany found the burial 337 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 1: chamber of a child dating back about hundred years. This 338 00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:41,640 Speaker 1: is a stone burial chamber. It was in really good 339 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: condition because a lot of times and these kinds of fines, 340 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: water and sediment have penetrated into the chamber over time 341 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:54,399 Speaker 1: and then gradually filled it up with you know, soil 342 00:21:54,440 --> 00:22:00,639 Speaker 1: and sediment that protects what's inside. Uh. And when that happens, 343 00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:04,280 Speaker 1: researchers can sometimes cut out the whole block of soil 344 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:07,680 Speaker 1: and transport all of it back into a laborate can 345 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:11,240 Speaker 1: be studied and conserved. That was not possible in this 346 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 1: case since nothing had ever filled up the burial site 347 00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: in that way, so the team carefully filled the chamber 348 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,679 Speaker 1: with water to stabilize everything in it, flash frozen in 349 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:29,200 Speaker 1: nitrogen and removed that this is so cool. The block 350 00:22:29,359 --> 00:22:32,240 Speaker 1: was kept frozen in storage for several months before being 351 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:36,400 Speaker 1: thought out earlier this year. This involved a specially prepared 352 00:22:36,480 --> 00:22:40,600 Speaker 1: room with temperature and humidity controls, heat guns and soldering 353 00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: irons and suction devices to remove moisture and condensation. The 354 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:49,800 Speaker 1: sawing started in June and was expected to take several days, 355 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:53,800 Speaker 1: so the results of this study after the thawing remains 356 00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:57,600 Speaker 1: to be seen, but some things that we already know included. 357 00:22:57,680 --> 00:23:01,640 Speaker 1: This child, who was nicknamed the Ice Prince, was probably 358 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:04,160 Speaker 1: around ten years old and was buried with a dog, 359 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:07,720 Speaker 1: a sword, a weapon belt, and silver bracelets. There were 360 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:11,520 Speaker 1: also gold crosses and a bronze bowl in the burial chamber. 361 00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:15,439 Speaker 1: In July and archaeological work started at a site in 362 00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:18,240 Speaker 1: England known as arthur Stone, and it ran for about 363 00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: four weeks. Although King Arthur may have been a legendary 364 00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:25,400 Speaker 1: figure rather than a real historical monarch, the site has 365 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:30,120 Speaker 1: been associated with him since the thirteenth century. According to legend, 366 00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:33,239 Speaker 1: King Arthur killed a giant there whose elbow left an 367 00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:36,199 Speaker 1: impression in one of the stones. It is also the 368 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:39,600 Speaker 1: inspiration for the stone table in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, 369 00:23:39,680 --> 00:23:43,879 Speaker 1: the Witch and the Wardrobe. Details of this excavation haven't 370 00:23:43,880 --> 00:23:46,720 Speaker 1: been released yet as of when we're recording this, which 371 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:50,000 Speaker 1: again is October the fourth, so we don't have all 372 00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:52,879 Speaker 1: the details yet, but this site is home to a 373 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:57,320 Speaker 1: Neolithic tomb dating back about five thousand years that has 374 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: not been excavated before this point. Based on this in 375 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:05,200 Speaker 1: earlier work, archaeologists already believed that Arthur's Stone is connected 376 00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,280 Speaker 1: to at least two other sites in the area. This 377 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:11,479 Speaker 1: dig was also open to the public and thousands of 378 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:14,280 Speaker 1: visitors from around the UK and elsewhere came to have 379 00:24:14,359 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: a look at it. Also, just a mile south of 380 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:20,400 Speaker 1: this site, another team has found evidence of prehistoric use 381 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:25,159 Speaker 1: of transparent rock crystals to mark burial sites. These crystals 382 00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: had been shaped by napping, the same technique used to 383 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 1: shape flint into projectile points and deposited at burial sites 384 00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: for as long as three hundred years. And lastly, before 385 00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:39,000 Speaker 1: we take a break, research published in the journal Medieval 386 00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:43,720 Speaker 1: Archaeology in June examines the practice of bed burials in 387 00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: early medieval Europe. Just like it sounds, these were burials 388 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:51,080 Speaker 1: in which the person was buried in a bed, usually 389 00:24:51,119 --> 00:24:53,840 Speaker 1: a wooden bed, and there are examples of this from 390 00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:57,400 Speaker 1: the fifth through the tenth centuries scattered all around most 391 00:24:57,480 --> 00:25:02,520 Speaker 1: of Europe, including Britain. This search examined seventy two possible 392 00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:05,560 Speaker 1: or definite bed burials, and they found that while the 393 00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,480 Speaker 1: specifics of these burials varied from place to place and 394 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 1: through the centuries, the ones in England were overall different 395 00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,159 Speaker 1: from the rest. In England, the first bed burials appeared 396 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:18,440 Speaker 1: in the seventh century, and the known English bed burials 397 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,960 Speaker 1: involved women's graves. So this research concluded that in England 398 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:27,320 Speaker 1: bed burials were introduced from elsewhere in Europe, possibly brought 399 00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:30,480 Speaker 1: to England by women who traveled there for religious reasons. 400 00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:33,960 Speaker 1: They're going to take another quick sponsor break before we 401 00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:47,320 Speaker 1: have some belated Halloween stuff, Okay, So, as I alluded 402 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:49,920 Speaker 1: to earlier, originally this episode was going to come out 403 00:25:49,960 --> 00:25:52,600 Speaker 1: in October, and so I had made the selection of 404 00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:56,760 Speaker 1: Halloween e type stuff. This so things related to the 405 00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:59,879 Speaker 1: sorts of episodes we might spend more time talking about 406 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:04,120 Speaker 1: in October, and we had some schedule shuffling. This got 407 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,639 Speaker 1: pushed into November. But I had already come up with 408 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:11,560 Speaker 1: all this Halloween stuff, so I'm sticking to it. Why 409 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:17,800 Speaker 1: would you not? I don't. I don't understand this Halloween limitation. First, 410 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:23,320 Speaker 1: the embalved hearts of dom Pedro, the first first Emperor 411 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:27,960 Speaker 1: of Brazil, arrived in Brazil from Portugal in August. This 412 00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:30,919 Speaker 1: was part of the commemoration of the two anniversary of 413 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:34,679 Speaker 1: Brazil's independence. This heart is preserved in a jar of 414 00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:38,800 Speaker 1: amalde hyde, and it was returned back to Portugal after 415 00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:42,840 Speaker 1: the independence commemorations were over. I don't know that we 416 00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:46,639 Speaker 1: would have a whole episode's about preserved monarch's hearts in jars, 417 00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:51,280 Speaker 1: But boy did it feel Halloween e to me. Uh, 418 00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:54,480 Speaker 1: there are lots of good preserved hearts in history. One 419 00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:57,040 Speaker 1: of the big headlines over the last few months has 420 00:26:57,080 --> 00:27:00,920 Speaker 1: been the reported identification of the Somerton Man. That is 421 00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:03,760 Speaker 1: the name people use for a body found on Somerton 422 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:09,480 Speaker 1: Beach in Adelaide, Australia, on December one. This history mystery 423 00:27:09,560 --> 00:27:11,960 Speaker 1: is also known as the Tom and Should case because 424 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:15,479 Speaker 1: the contents of this person's pockets included a rolled up 425 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: piece of paper with the words tom and should written 426 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:21,320 Speaker 1: on it. That is a Persian phrase meaning the end 427 00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:24,200 Speaker 1: or finished, and it is also the last two words 428 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,320 Speaker 1: of the eleventh century Persian poem known as the Rubiatt. 429 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:30,280 Speaker 1: This later turned out to have been torn from a 430 00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,120 Speaker 1: copy of the book that had what looked like a 431 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:36,320 Speaker 1: code written inside, so people started to wonder if this 432 00:27:36,440 --> 00:27:40,919 Speaker 1: unidentified person had been a spy. It's this uh, something 433 00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:42,920 Speaker 1: that we've gotten a lot of request to talk about 434 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:45,919 Speaker 1: on the show, and I think at various points have 435 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:50,600 Speaker 1: considered it and not done it for various reasons. According 436 00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: to Derek Abbott from the University of Adelaide and American 437 00:27:54,640 --> 00:28:00,280 Speaker 1: genealogist Colleen Fitzpatrick, this body belonged to Carl Webb known 438 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:03,480 Speaker 1: as Charles, who was born in Melbourne in nineteen o five. 439 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:07,920 Speaker 1: They had previously built an extensive family tree for Webb. 440 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: As they were trying to solve this mystery, they compared 441 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:14,600 Speaker 1: DNA from strands of hair that had been caught in 442 00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:17,080 Speaker 1: a death mask made of these remains back in the 443 00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:20,919 Speaker 1: nineteen forties to DNA from a living relative who had 444 00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:24,560 Speaker 1: been documented on this family tree. There are still some 445 00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:29,240 Speaker 1: unanswered questions, though there are no known photographs of Charles 446 00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,480 Speaker 1: Webb to compare to photos of the remains, and officials 447 00:28:32,480 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 1: in Australia have not yet confirmed these reported results. If 448 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:40,840 Speaker 1: this is web, there may be some straightforward explanations for 449 00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:43,280 Speaker 1: some of the things that have always been interpreted as 450 00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:47,640 Speaker 1: particularly mysterious about the Summerton Man. Like there've always been 451 00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:50,360 Speaker 1: questions about why was this person in Adelaide in the 452 00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:54,120 Speaker 1: first place. Charles Webb, it turns out, had left his 453 00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,239 Speaker 1: wife the year before, so he may have just been 454 00:28:57,280 --> 00:29:00,959 Speaker 1: trying to get away. He also liked poetry and he 455 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:04,640 Speaker 1: liked betting on horses, so it's possible that that copy 456 00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:07,400 Speaker 1: of the rubiat was just something that he had because 457 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:11,240 Speaker 1: he liked it, and that the handwritten code inside was 458 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:15,720 Speaker 1: something about horse races, not a wartime spy code, as 459 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:20,280 Speaker 1: has long been theorized. Examination of the grave goods that 460 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:24,120 Speaker 1: were included in one seventy seven burials on an island 461 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:27,520 Speaker 1: in Lake Onego, Russia has found that a striking number 462 00:29:27,560 --> 00:29:30,400 Speaker 1: of bone and tooth pendants in these graves were made 463 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:34,400 Speaker 1: of human bones. These pendants were previously thought to have 464 00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:37,000 Speaker 1: been made from the teeth or bones of other animals. 465 00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:40,040 Speaker 1: While most of the rest of the pendants came from 466 00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:43,040 Speaker 1: elk or some type of cattle, nearly a third of 467 00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:49,160 Speaker 1: them were from humans. And Lastly, researchers from Nicolas Copernicus 468 00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:53,720 Speaker 1: University in Thorin have documented a grave site in Poland 469 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:59,160 Speaker 1: that shows evidence of anti vampire burial practices. This grave 470 00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:01,720 Speaker 1: is that of a young woman who was buried with 471 00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:05,400 Speaker 1: a triangular padlock around her left big toe and a 472 00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:08,840 Speaker 1: sickle pinning her neck to the ground. There were also 473 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,640 Speaker 1: greenish spots on the palette of her mouth, suggesting that 474 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:15,120 Speaker 1: something made of copper might have been put in there, 475 00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:19,720 Speaker 1: maybe a coin. Although media reports quickly framed this as 476 00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:23,920 Speaker 1: a vampire burial, researchers involved with the discovery stress that 477 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,440 Speaker 1: this was likely the grief of a woman who was 478 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:30,680 Speaker 1: being distrusted or mistreated by her community. She may have 479 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:33,840 Speaker 1: had a physical or mental disability or an illness that 480 00:30:34,080 --> 00:30:36,440 Speaker 1: caused her neighbors to believe that they needed to take 481 00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:40,680 Speaker 1: precautions to keep her from rising from the dead. One 482 00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:43,520 Speaker 1: of her upper teeth protrudes in front of the others, 483 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:47,320 Speaker 1: so her facial appearance may have been a factor. They 484 00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:50,840 Speaker 1: don't believe she was executed, though, apart from the padlock 485 00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: in the sickle, she seems to have been nicely dressed, 486 00:30:53,920 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: with a pillow under her head and a bonnet covering 487 00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:00,400 Speaker 1: her hair. This grave dates back to the seventeenth entry, 488 00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:11,120 Speaker 1: so various headlines describing this as medieval are not correct. Whoops, yeah, 489 00:31:11,440 --> 00:31:16,480 Speaker 1: uh and that was on my my little Halloween collection. 490 00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:20,360 Speaker 1: I love it all Halloween collection all the time. Let's 491 00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:24,360 Speaker 1: get more spooky things in our on earth. Uh. Do 492 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:26,800 Speaker 1: you have listener mail be at Halloween? You or no? 493 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,480 Speaker 1: I do. This is from Beth and bethroat High Holly 494 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,680 Speaker 1: and Tracy, longtime listener who has listened to the entire 495 00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:37,600 Speaker 1: back catalog. Loved the podcast. My husband and I were 496 00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:39,880 Speaker 1: listening to the episode on the Lowry War and you 497 00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:43,000 Speaker 1: mentioned in the Friday wrap up about outdoor dramas and 498 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:45,200 Speaker 1: not being sure if there were other places other than 499 00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:48,360 Speaker 1: North Carolina that have them. The answers yes, both my 500 00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:50,720 Speaker 1: husband and I have spent much of our adult lives 501 00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:54,120 Speaker 1: dabbling around the outer edges of the theatrical world, both 502 00:31:54,160 --> 00:31:57,720 Speaker 1: acting and doing technical work, not professionals. We have a 503 00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:00,400 Speaker 1: number of friends and colleagues who have worked for different 504 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:04,160 Speaker 1: outdoor dramas over the years. I know pre Pandemic that 505 00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,680 Speaker 1: the Institute of Outdoor Theater was based in Chapel Hill, 506 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:10,600 Speaker 1: North Carolina, and there used to be an annual gathering 507 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:14,720 Speaker 1: for actors and dancers to audition and technicians to find 508 00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 1: positions for the summer. Not sure if the institute or 509 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,520 Speaker 1: annual auditions are still a going concern. There are several 510 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,360 Speaker 1: outdoor dramas were aware of besides the ones you mentioned. 511 00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:27,560 Speaker 1: My husband was the props master for Theater West Virginia's 512 00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:31,000 Speaker 1: seven season, so we know about that one well. Theater 513 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:34,720 Speaker 1: West Virginia is based in Grand View National Park outside 514 00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:37,840 Speaker 1: of Beckley and presents a season of three musicals each summer. 515 00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:40,600 Speaker 1: Two are historical dramas about the area and one is 516 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:44,160 Speaker 1: a Broadway musical. Honey in the Rock is the story 517 00:32:44,280 --> 00:32:46,600 Speaker 1: of the founding of the state of West Virginia during 518 00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:50,120 Speaker 1: the Civil War and was recently replaced by Rocket Boys. 519 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:53,440 Speaker 1: The musical Hat Fields and McCoy's is based on the 520 00:32:53,480 --> 00:32:56,200 Speaker 1: story of the feud between the two families. I also 521 00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:59,480 Speaker 1: know of two in Ohio, two Comsa and Trumpet in 522 00:32:59,480 --> 00:33:02,200 Speaker 1: the land. Know there's at least one in Kentucky. Thanks 523 00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:04,080 Speaker 1: so much for the podcast, which I listened to you 524 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:07,320 Speaker 1: when walking and when traveling for work. Keep up the 525 00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:09,800 Speaker 1: great and important work of sharing stories and events so 526 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:12,160 Speaker 1: many of us knows a little about. While we don't 527 00:33:12,160 --> 00:33:15,400 Speaker 1: currently have pets, I do have a grand kitty, Lakshmi, 528 00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:19,480 Speaker 1: and have attached photos of her. She's a rescued street 529 00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:23,360 Speaker 1: cap my daughter adopted from a shelter two years ago. Beth, 530 00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:29,680 Speaker 1: so Beth sent just the cutest pictures that I accidentally 531 00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:34,560 Speaker 1: printed out with this email. Um and then this first one. 532 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,680 Speaker 1: I will see if I can just show it to Holly. Uh, 533 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:43,240 Speaker 1: look look at this like this kind of grump face. 534 00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:47,600 Speaker 1: I love a grumpy face kitty, and I love that 535 00:33:47,680 --> 00:33:50,120 Speaker 1: she calls him her grandkitties because that's what my mother 536 00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:53,520 Speaker 1: in law calls our cats. I don't know if this 537 00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,120 Speaker 1: kitty is really making a grumpy face, but there it's 538 00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:59,040 Speaker 1: a It's like an orange tabby orange, or like an 539 00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,400 Speaker 1: orange tabby ay with like a little slightly down turned 540 00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:05,600 Speaker 1: frowned mouth which looks a little grumpy to me. I 541 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:08,160 Speaker 1: love it, so thank you so much for that. I 542 00:34:08,200 --> 00:34:12,880 Speaker 1: think we've mentioned two kompsa in previous listener mails about 543 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,840 Speaker 1: the outdoor dramas, but not the other ones that were mentioned, 544 00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:19,560 Speaker 1: So thank you for that and for that. There used 545 00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:21,080 Speaker 1: to be a whole list too, where people would come 546 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:24,120 Speaker 1: together in audition and stuff. If you would like to 547 00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,400 Speaker 1: write to us about this or any other podcast or 548 00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,080 Speaker 1: a history podcast at I heart radio dot com and 549 00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:31,560 Speaker 1: we're all over social media ad Missed in History, which 550 00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:34,839 Speaker 1: is where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. 551 00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:37,400 Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on the I 552 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:39,600 Speaker 1: heart Radio app or wherever else you like to get 553 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:47,040 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 554 00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:50,279 Speaker 1: production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I 555 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:53,560 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 556 00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:55,720 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.