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Speaker 1: Now here's a highlight from Coast to coast AM on

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Speaker 1: iHeart Radio. George and Nori back with you. We will

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Speaker 1: take calls next hour with Sir Charles Schultz the third

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Speaker 1: as we're talking to about all things space, Sir Charles Mars.

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Speaker 1: What was it about Mars that caught your attention? Well,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's a very earthlike planet in a lot

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Speaker 1: of ways, and it appears to show changes of color

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Speaker 1: and season like a lot of people in the past

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Speaker 1: had seed, and a lot of things gave us hits

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Speaker 1: that it probably held some sort of life ahead. So

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Speaker 1: I mean the very fact that it's the planet next

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Speaker 1: door and it might hold life. Those two things together

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Speaker 1: make you ask a lot of questions, fun place to explore,

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Speaker 1: lots of things to learn that could tell us a

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Speaker 1: lot of things about the Earth itself. Speculate for us

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Speaker 1: pan us a picture. What do you think Mars looked

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Speaker 1: like several billion years ago? Well, very much like the Earth.

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Speaker 1: It started out the same, It was made of the

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Speaker 1: same Solar system for the same materials that had a

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Speaker 1: lot of the same history and chemistry. It is a terrestrial,

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Speaker 1: rocky planet and it had less gravity, so its atmosphere

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Speaker 1: leaked away into space very rapidly. It cooled off rapidly

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Speaker 1: because of its small size, so its volcanoes can't replenish

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Speaker 1: its atmosphere or its ocean. But it would have been

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Speaker 1: very much like the primitive Earth, a scubby ocean full

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Speaker 1: of early microbes and the same sort of competition and

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Speaker 1: evolution we see here. And what happened to the waters.

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Speaker 1: Did they evaporate up or did they sink down? Well,

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Speaker 1: a lot of it would have been lost to space,

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Speaker 1: but you know, just because of the low atmosphere pressure

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Speaker 1: and the solar wood. However, a lot of it is

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Speaker 1: still on the planet right now. The whole planet is

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Speaker 1: in an ice age and its oceans are still present.

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Speaker 1: But there there's glaciers, their fruit oil. Now most of

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Speaker 1: the water then that might have evaporated. Would they have

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Speaker 1: had a lot of rainy seasons because of that, as

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Speaker 1: all these ocean waters are floating off into space, Well,

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Speaker 1: that really wouldn't create a rady season. That's just a drying,

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Speaker 1: a desiccating effect. Nevertheless, there would have been a lot

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Speaker 1: of raid on the planet, and we could tell that

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Speaker 1: there had to have been some sort of biological activity

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Speaker 1: for the very fact that the planet is red. It's

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Speaker 1: the color of rust. So there had to be water

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Speaker 1: in oxygen present in a large about, just as we

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Speaker 1: had on the Earth. You know, there's a period of

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Speaker 1: the Earth's history called the Great Rusting and during that

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Speaker 1: period microbes that were producing oxygen for the first time

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Speaker 1: started weathering the planet. Well, the fact that we see

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Speaker 1: bars covered by the Great Rusting effects as well tells

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Speaker 1: us that there had to have been life there. What

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Speaker 1: about the possibility of intelligent life. I don't think so

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Speaker 1: at all, because the conditions were very harsh for what

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Speaker 1: I see. There was never an atmosphere of any great

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Speaker 1: thickness in the last billion years, and so it would

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Speaker 1: have been the oceans. Everything would have lived in the water.

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Speaker 1: It would have been the surcan atmosphere. So if there

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Speaker 1: was ever anything intelligent old Bars, it had to come

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Speaker 1: from somewhere else interesting, okay. And in terms of life,

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Speaker 1: what might e them been? It would have been mostly

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Speaker 1: marid life. There certainly would have been some things to

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Speaker 1: emerge of the land. But keep in mind there's one

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Speaker 1: very important factor that would keep most of its life

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Speaker 1: at its oceans, tho ozod layer. The life on Earth

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Speaker 1: didn't come out of its oceans until there was a

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Speaker 1: thick ozode layer that allowed things to get out. Water

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Speaker 1: will not be killed. Well, that's a good point. That's

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Speaker 1: a good point. Do you what about your ropa? What

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Speaker 1: do you think's going on there? One of Jupiter's monds, Now,

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Speaker 1: that is one of the most fascinating environments in our

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Speaker 1: whole solar system. Here we have a mood that's very small,

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Speaker 1: has you know, maybe five percent of the gravitational force

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Speaker 1: that the Earth does, and it has a shell of

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Speaker 1: ice and an ocean on the inside. When you look

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Speaker 1: at that little mood, you see an interesting brown color

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Speaker 1: mixed of the ice. Well, an analysis of that color

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Speaker 1: looking at its spectrum shows that it is precisely the

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Speaker 1: same color as bacteria that's been damaged by radiation. And

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Speaker 1: Jupiter's magnetic field traps an incredible magnetic load of radioactive

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Speaker 1: forces there like our vet Allen belts, so particles from

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Speaker 1: space and for the Sun have created an debense field

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Speaker 1: of radiation. It would basically take you about three feet

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Speaker 1: of lead to shield yourself from the effects. Organisms under

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Speaker 1: the ice in Europa, if any exist, would be quite

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Speaker 1: comfortable there, but it's a very likely target for finding

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Speaker 1: living things in our solar system right now? Do they

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Speaker 1: have liquid water under there? Yes, there are huge pockets

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Speaker 1: of liquid water basically the same as our oceans. And

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Speaker 1: the reason for that is because even though it's very

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Speaker 1: far from the Sun and very cold, Jupiter itself has

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Speaker 1: it events magnetic field at also a gravitational field, and

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Speaker 1: as these moods orbit the planet, they're being flexed, it deeded,

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Speaker 1: and it heats the interiors and creates these oceans, keeps

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Speaker 1: them for freezing. How deep do you think the ice

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Speaker 1: is on Europa? It appears the ice is roughly anywhere

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Speaker 1: from one to twenty kilometers based on where you look at.

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Speaker 1: A good average is about ten kilometers thick, so call

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Speaker 1: it six miles of ice. Wow, that's a lot of ice.

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Speaker 1: It is a lot of ice. But fortunately, if we

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Speaker 1: wanted to get samples and see it's inside, we could

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Speaker 1: go to one of the areas where there's a crack

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Speaker 1: of the ice. Now, that shell of ice is being

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Speaker 1: flexed just like the planet, and it fractures, and so

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Speaker 1: materials that are inside the oceans can ooze up through

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Speaker 1: those cracks and freeze on the surface. It would be

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Speaker 1: a very simple maneuver to land on the ice, scoop

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Speaker 1: up of the material and start searching for organic compheads

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Speaker 1: and possibly organisms. What is it about space or Charles

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Speaker 1: that caught your attention when you're a younger person. Well,

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Speaker 1: everything is in space when you think about it, we

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Speaker 1: are truly in space. We just have to be stuck

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Speaker 1: on a planet. If you look at the world around us,

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Speaker 1: and you look at all the places we explore, how

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Speaker 1: fascinated are their differences. You wonder what might be out

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Speaker 1: there the universe. And so space is a place where

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Speaker 1: everything is, and we're if we could reach orbit, we're

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Speaker 1: halfway anywhere in the universe. What are cube SATs? You

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Speaker 1: know when they said this next mission to the mood

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Speaker 1: in this new capsule, this Orion capsule, they will be

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Speaker 1: launching these cube sat and a cube sat is a

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Speaker 1: very small, standardized type of satellite. You could go online

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Speaker 1: to get the drawings, and many hobbyists and college groups

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Speaker 1: have built in float cube SATs. So it's a standard

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Speaker 1: that determines the dimensions, the mass, and the electronic interface

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Speaker 1: for these sorts of things. A lot of people build

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Speaker 1: them launch the piggybacking on other rocket launches it's a

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Speaker 1: very compact, manageable system. Imagine your old telephone in a

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Speaker 1: booth versus the cell phone in your pocket, or a

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Speaker 1: cube sat is that version of a satellite. It's a tidy,

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Speaker 1: compact satellite. When it happened to Russia then the Soviet Union,

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Speaker 1: they seem to have given up trying to go to

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Speaker 1: the Moon. Well, now that's very interesting. I think one

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Speaker 1: of the things it's very important is to recognize that

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Speaker 1: anything you invest money, it needs to have a yield,

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Speaker 1: has to have a payoff. Yes, you should expensive, and

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Speaker 1: there's no place to go there. There's certainly not a

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Speaker 1: McDonald's or a Starbucks. And so if you get there,

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Speaker 1: you really don't have to do except look at a

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Speaker 1: big rock. If you could monetize that, if you could

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Speaker 1: turn it into an opportunity to bind and find materials,

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Speaker 1: that's great. Russia has had a lot of plans as

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Speaker 1: to India and China to go to the Moon, specifically

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Speaker 1: for minerals or other valuable materials. I mean, early on

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Speaker 1: exploration was a big thing and it drove our technology growth.

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Speaker 1: Now today I don't think Russia is so much interested

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Speaker 1: at that as they are in getting something happening. That's

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Speaker 1: going to help them out as a country. Well, they

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Speaker 1: don't have that many resources in terms of money anymore,

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Speaker 1: you know that's true. I mean, when the Soviet Union

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Speaker 1: broke up, instead of having one monstrous, huge financial organization,

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Speaker 1: you had twenty twenty one little countries, each with their

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Speaker 1: own interests, and it makes it much more difficult to

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Speaker 1: have a coalition that can fund something as effective. In

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Speaker 1: our space program. Our last mission to the Moon was

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Speaker 1: Apollo seventeen, nineteen seventy two, right, so in theory we

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Speaker 1: haven't been back to the moon until then. That was

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Speaker 1: forty seven years ago. You know, we just celebrated our

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Speaker 1: fiftieth anniversary of the first moon landing. Why did we stop?

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Speaker 1: And again, it came down to economics. Once we had

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Speaker 1: achieved the goal of beating the rushans of getting there,

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Speaker 1: we really had so many new toys technically to play

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Speaker 1: with and so many things to do. But the buddy,

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Speaker 1: the backing for this sort of thing dried up very rapidly.

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Speaker 1: We were fighting with Congress all the time to get

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Speaker 1: funding for a lot of this stuff. And I understand

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Speaker 1: that spaceflight is not without a lot of politics. Think

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Speaker 1: about if you're a senator or you're representing a certain area,

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Speaker 1: you're going to fight to get funding into your state

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Speaker 1: if it pays your workers and gets you more votes.

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Speaker 1: It's not so much about the technology as it is

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Speaker 1: controlling the flow of buddy when really we should be

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Speaker 1: focused on the technical developments and how it could improve

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Speaker 1: our standard of living. Gear we just think about what

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Speaker 1: we can do cleaning up the environment using space technology.

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Speaker 1: There are some who say that we need to be

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Speaker 1: able to go into space to leave the planet one day.

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Speaker 1: Do you see that as a possibility. Yeah. Absolutely. You know,

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Speaker 1: we are in a position where we're basically poisoning the planet,

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Speaker 1: and while we do have the technology to clean it up,

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Speaker 1: none of it's being implemented. If we have the ability

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Speaker 1: to travel in space, if we have the ability to

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Speaker 1: terraform or make livable any other environment, but also proves

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Speaker 1: that we have the ability to clean up the earth.

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Speaker 1: I think in some respects, people always need the ability

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Speaker 1: to study, to plant, to move somewhere else, to explore

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Speaker 1: explorations that are blood and when we get off the planet,

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Speaker 1: we also have the advantage of not leaving all of

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Speaker 1: our eggs in one basket. As a lot of people

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Speaker 1: are pointed out, it's a very brilliant people. If we

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Speaker 1: were to have one natural disaster on Earth, or one

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Speaker 1: nuclear war or one biological catastrophe, we could wipe out

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Speaker 1: life on Earth. And if we have a number of

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Speaker 1: isolated qualities throughout our solar system, that's much less likely.

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Speaker 1: We have the ability to have a backup plan. We

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Speaker 1: have other places we can live at. A disaster would

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Speaker 1: bird itself out locally and we'd still have humanity. So

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Speaker 1: Charles Schultz with us, do you think it would be

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Speaker 1: worthwhile to prolong life even if you lived on another

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Speaker 1: planet with basically nothing to do. Let's say you're in

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Speaker 1: some bubble trying to grow your own food, for example,

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Speaker 1: because eventually you're going to run out. As opposed to

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Speaker 1: just staying on planet Earth and toughening it out until

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Speaker 1: it's the end, you know, prolonging life is basically the

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Speaker 1: only thing a lot of people are doing these days,

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Speaker 1: are doing their best to live as low as they can.

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Speaker 1: But the big issue here is we as a technical civilization,

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Speaker 1: are on the break of amazing developments. We've just recently

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Speaker 1: been able to upload the whole neural structure of small

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Speaker 1: organisms to do a computer, and people are pushing to

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Speaker 1: upload the human mind to do a computer. That would

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Speaker 1: effectively be that you're basically importal for vlogging your life.

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Speaker 1: You know, we always think of it from the organic perspective.

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Speaker 1: We're all organisms and we eat, we live, we die,

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Speaker 1: we age, or we spoil, just like a rotten fruit

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Speaker 1: in effect, and we are fighting to reverse that and

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Speaker 1: ed that so that we can't live forever. So would

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Speaker 1: you say, you know, extending your life on a planet,

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Speaker 1: living at a bubble somewhere, Stop and think for a

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Speaker 1: moment what we do everywhere we move. We always start

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Speaker 1: with a bit of ams. We tough it out, and

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Speaker 1: then we build a paradise. We build all of our tools.

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Speaker 1: We make life better. We wouldn't live at a bubble

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Speaker 1: forever at another planet. We would eventually make huge cities

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Speaker 1: of infrastructure. That's what we do. I saw a homeless

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Speaker 1: person last night leaving work, sleeping on the sidewalk with

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Speaker 1: a shopping card next to him. Yeah, full of stuff, junk,

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Speaker 1: but for him it was his possessions, his worldly possessions.

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Speaker 1: And I say, Joe past him. You know, I'm thinking

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Speaker 1: he's alive, he's existing, But is he living, and there's

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Speaker 1: there's a paradox there between how you really want to

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Speaker 1: live your life and just existing. Could you do what

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Speaker 1: he did? Could you live like that? I mean, that's

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Speaker 1: how you would live on Mars. You'd be like that,

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Speaker 1: well only up to a point. What are the problems

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Speaker 1: that we have in society? Hopelessness is a societal failure

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Speaker 1: in many cases, you know, it's I mean, years ago

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Speaker 1: we do how we could live. We could go out

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Speaker 1: there and cut a piece of land up and grows

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Speaker 1: some food and we could be a dependent. Not many

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Speaker 1: people can do that anymore. Exactly. We are now living

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Speaker 1: in a society where technology has put us in a

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Speaker 1: position where we almost all work for other people. But

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Speaker 1: that work isn't there, but we don't have the skills

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Speaker 1: to do otherwise the money to get started into business.

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Speaker 1: We basically are out of the street and there aren't

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Speaker 1: any options, there's no backup plan and what you know,

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Speaker 1: this is one of the causes of hopelessness. But then

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Speaker 1: other one is there are a lot of forms of

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Speaker 1: mental illness or economic problems, or medical bills or something

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Speaker 1: that put you on the street that it can be

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Speaker 1: very very difficult to recover. That well, I see, I

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Speaker 1: think that homeless person would be more apt to live

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Speaker 1: on Mars than you or I would be. And that's

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Speaker 1: also another thought. You see, if you're living at an

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Speaker 1: environment like that, there is a preview of getting you

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Speaker 1: to stay alive. You have to live well. If you're

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Speaker 1: putting up a colony on another planet, you depend on

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Speaker 1: the abilities and presence of other human beings to get

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Speaker 1: that job done. You work together as a community. We

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Speaker 1: need each other on the Earth. We've been marginalized in

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Speaker 1: a lot of ways. Space might provide a little bit

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Speaker 1: of what's necessary for people to see how much we

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Speaker 1: depend on other human beings. We're so isolated today. We

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Speaker 1: stand there with our eyes directed into our palms or

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Speaker 1: our hands on a cell phone. We have all the

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Speaker 1: information of humanity at our disposal, and we look at

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Speaker 1: cat video and share jokes. Six mile wide asteroid, if

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Speaker 1: it were coming this way and we had a year's notice,

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Speaker 1: would they tell us about it? Well, that's a great question.

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Speaker 1: You know. I can't get into the heads of these people.

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Speaker 1: It would make it's a planet killer. Oh, it's a

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Speaker 1: planet killer. Absolutely, It would make no sense to keep

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Speaker 1: it quiet. But all the other head not everybody would

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Speaker 1: keep it quiet. Some amateur would find it. Well, absolutely,

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Speaker 1: something that size, somebody would spot it. Here's the thing,

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Speaker 1: We actually do have technologies that would allow us to

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Speaker 1: move an asteroid like that if we had a year's

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Speaker 1: lead time, and it would be a monumental effort, but

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Speaker 1: we could do it. And I'll tell you something. It

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Speaker 1: doesn't take nuclear weapons or giant lasers or huge spacecrafts

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Speaker 1: to do. If you were to send up a thid

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Speaker 1: solar mirror made of like milar plastic at a number

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Speaker 1: of them and get them dear that asteroid and use

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Speaker 1: the sunlight to heat the asteroid to the point where

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Speaker 1: portions of its vapor eyes, they would act like bitty

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Speaker 1: rocket engines asteroid, they would push it. That's right. We

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Speaker 1: only need to change the course of that asteroid by

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Speaker 1: roughly seven minutes of arrival time. Nuking it might not

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Speaker 1: be a good idea because then you've created a zillion

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Speaker 1: little particles that come flying down on you. That's true.

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Speaker 1: The other thing is it's called transfer function. Would you

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Speaker 1: blow off a nuclear weapondex to an asteroid, how much

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Speaker 1: the energy actually gets deposited into moving the asteroid? Not much?

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Speaker 1: There is a strategy that was developed a while back

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Speaker 1: where you would take two dukes. The first would be

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Speaker 1: exploded right at the surface to produce a huge cloud

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Speaker 1: of plasma and vaporized material. The second would be exploded

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Speaker 1: shortly afterwards to make that plasma absorb the energy and

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Speaker 1: act as a thrusting agent. Would you want to know

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Speaker 1: that you had a year left? Or would you just

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Speaker 1: want to live your days like your libina? I would

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Speaker 1: rather other do because perhaps if a change the way

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Speaker 1: we think of the way we act with each other,

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Speaker 1: I mean, we need to be kinder and more human,

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Speaker 1: I think we'd be worse. Well, yes, that's because the

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Speaker 1: worst seems to emerge in people in times. There'd be panics.

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Speaker 1: It would be awful, awful. I mean, look what happens

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Speaker 1: with a snowstorm in the Midwest. When they announced that

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Speaker 1: there's going to be snow. People attack the stores, they push,

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Speaker 1: they fight, or on the day after Thanksgiving Black Friday,

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Speaker 1: the shopping season, people people literally duke get out in

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Speaker 1: a store over a sweater. Yeah, I mean, so you

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Speaker 1: can imagine if they say folks and asteroids coming this way,

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Speaker 1: we will all be wiped out. It's over. Well, here's

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Speaker 1: the thing. We would hope that the small fracts of

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Speaker 1: the people who have huge resources at their disposal would

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Speaker 1: recognize the necessity of pulling everybody together to get something done.

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Speaker 1: I'd want to be on the air, sir Charles, I

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Speaker 1: want to be interviewing you, for example, and then all

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Speaker 1: of a sudden, all we hear is, well, that's it.

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Speaker 1: I guess there's a number of ways to go out

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Speaker 1: that it might be considered honorable, but for me, going

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Speaker 1: out at all is not a good thing. I think

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Speaker 1: that if we could support each other and deflect the asteroid,

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Speaker 1: the things that we would learn in that effort would

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Speaker 1: be more than enough to help us make life share everywhere.

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Speaker 1: Listen to more Coast to Coast AM every weeknight at

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