WEBVTT - How Diamonds Work 0:00:00.320 --> 0:00:02.960 Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. 0:00:03.200 --> 0:00:07.560 It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you Should Know 0:00:08.200 --> 0:00:16.400 from House Stuff Works dot Com. Hey, I'm welcome to 0:00:16.400 --> 0:00:19.599 the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles t. W Chuck 0:00:19.680 --> 0:00:25.160 Bryant and uh where Stuff you Should Know Crew with 0:00:25.320 --> 0:00:29.160 the Juice Crew, Big Daddy Kane. I'm Big Daddy Kane. 0:00:29.240 --> 0:00:31.280 All right, I'm Biz Markie. I'll take it. You're red 0:00:31.360 --> 0:00:38.040 headed King Pim. Yes, okay, you don't remember that guy. No. Sorry, 0:00:38.080 --> 0:00:41.000 we're still talking about our music sampling podcast, which we 0:00:41.159 --> 0:00:46.000 just recorded. Instead, we're gonna talk about something else, something 0:00:46.400 --> 0:00:49.520 called diamonds. I kind of hate diamonds. Now, by the way, 0:00:50.000 --> 0:00:54.080 do you this is this article is? Yeah? Well I 0:00:54.080 --> 0:00:55.800 thought it was good, but after reading all this stuff, 0:00:55.800 --> 0:00:59.840 I'm just like, it's just a big false market. Well, 0:00:59.840 --> 0:01:02.440 i mean, they're still pretty, but yeah, they have a 0:01:02.440 --> 0:01:09.199 lot of they got a lot of problems, all right, Chuck. Yes, 0:01:09.560 --> 0:01:13.040 have you ever heard of a magazine called The Atlantic? Yeah? 0:01:13.080 --> 0:01:15.319 I used to get that. Have you ever heard of 0:01:15.360 --> 0:01:20.040 a year called nine eight two? Okay, well, in nineteen 0:01:20.080 --> 0:01:24.600 eighty two, in that magazine, The Atlantic didn't. I didn't either. 0:01:24.840 --> 0:01:28.200 I was six. I wasn't reading The Atlantic yet. I 0:01:28.240 --> 0:01:31.679 came when I was ten. Um. In nineteen two, a 0:01:31.680 --> 0:01:34.959 guy named ever j Epstein wrote an article for The 0:01:34.959 --> 0:01:37.680 Atlantic called have You ever Tried to Sell the Diamond? 0:01:37.800 --> 0:01:41.039 And I got this from Neto Rama by the way, um. 0:01:41.160 --> 0:01:44.240 And in the in the article he wrote about someone 0:01:44.280 --> 0:01:47.279 else who who conducted an experiment to try to find 0:01:47.280 --> 0:01:51.000 out what's going on with the aftermarket for diamonds. Right. 0:01:51.920 --> 0:01:56.880 So this guy for magazine called Money, which magazine I 0:01:56.880 --> 0:02:00.800 don't understand the name at all. Um. In nineteen seventy Uh, 0:02:00.920 --> 0:02:04.320 the guy bought a one point four two carrot diamond 0:02:04.440 --> 0:02:08.320 for seven five pounds. That's a pretty good deal these days, 0:02:08.360 --> 0:02:11.480 but back then I would say it was an average price. Right. 0:02:12.520 --> 0:02:16.200 So he waits for a year to allow it to appreciate, 0:02:16.240 --> 0:02:20.560 because supposedly diamonds appreciate in value, right, And then he 0:02:20.600 --> 0:02:23.200 takes it around to all of the gem dealers in 0:02:23.240 --> 0:02:26.120 London and the highest offer he got for what he 0:02:26.160 --> 0:02:29.519 paid the year before seven pounds was five d sixty 0:02:29.520 --> 0:02:33.160 eight pounds. So he's like, huh, I want to figure 0:02:33.200 --> 0:02:36.440 out what maybe if I let it appreciate a little longer, 0:02:36.440 --> 0:02:39.040 it will work. And this guy obviously had other freelance 0:02:39.080 --> 0:02:41.760 work in the meantime, because he waited until nineteen seventy 0:02:41.760 --> 0:02:44.800 four and did it again. This time he finds out 0:02:45.080 --> 0:02:49.560 that his diamond shrunk from one point four two carrots 0:02:49.600 --> 0:02:51.360 to one point oh four carets because one of the 0:02:51.400 --> 0:02:53.600 dealers switched the diamond out on him when he was 0:02:53.639 --> 0:02:57.840 having it a praise V one. That's not even the worst. 0:02:58.120 --> 0:03:01.240 The guy buys another diamond one point four carrots, right, 0:03:02.480 --> 0:03:06.799 takes it around. He buys it for two thousand pounds 0:03:07.120 --> 0:03:11.959 in four I think, Um, he waited a week, it 0:03:12.080 --> 0:03:14.519 took it around, and the highest offergot was a thousand 0:03:14.600 --> 0:03:22.079 pounds hemorrhaging money. Right. But the point is is the 0:03:22.160 --> 0:03:25.960 reason why these things are like cadillacs the moment you 0:03:26.040 --> 0:03:28.519 drive them off a lot and they never come back 0:03:28.560 --> 0:03:31.480 and value is because there is no aftermarket. And the 0:03:31.520 --> 0:03:35.000 reason that there is no aftermarket for for diamonds is 0:03:35.080 --> 0:03:39.600 because of one single diamond cartel and their advertising campaigns 0:03:39.960 --> 0:03:44.119 to beers um, which we'll talk about in this But 0:03:44.640 --> 0:03:46.680 there's a lot more to diamonds than just all the 0:03:46.680 --> 0:03:50.720 shady business. The monopolies and the cartels and the artificial 0:03:50.760 --> 0:03:54.520 markets created. There is billions of years of history. One 0:03:54.520 --> 0:03:57.920 of the cool things about a diamond is that when 0:03:57.920 --> 0:04:01.520 you're wearing this, when looking at a diamond holding it, 0:04:01.720 --> 0:04:06.160 you're beholding possibly a mineral that's that was created a 0:04:06.160 --> 0:04:09.400 billion years ago. That is cool, very cool. I love that, 0:04:09.640 --> 0:04:14.600 and I very much appreciate the craftsmanship what goes into 0:04:14.640 --> 0:04:18.560 making a diamond in its final form, because, as every 0:04:18.640 --> 0:04:21.400 kid knows, diamonds are as hard as it kids supposedly, 0:04:21.760 --> 0:04:24.320 and they're a girl's best friend. That's another thing too. 0:04:24.440 --> 0:04:28.080 There's a lot of slogans around diamonds, all created by 0:04:28.120 --> 0:04:31.080 the beers. Let's let's talk about diamonds. Where are they 0:04:31.120 --> 0:04:33.480 made of? Because they're so expensive, it must be made 0:04:33.560 --> 0:04:38.160 up of like kryptonite and um in diamond and yeah, 0:04:38.160 --> 0:04:42.440 in diamonds, no, Josh, you know you're benkoy. They are 0:04:42.480 --> 0:04:45.520 made of carbon. It is basically carbon, and it's most 0:04:45.520 --> 0:04:48.560 concentrated form. And carbon is a pretty common elements, one 0:04:48.560 --> 0:04:51.359 of the four essential ingredients to life. We breathe it. 0:04:51.400 --> 0:04:55.240 We're made up of carbon. Pencils are like at least 0:04:55.279 --> 0:04:59.320 sixty carbon uh, and diamonds if you want to get 0:04:59.360 --> 0:05:02.680 down to brass, acts are not rare at all. Um. 0:05:02.680 --> 0:05:06.200 There are many many more precious gems that are much 0:05:06.320 --> 0:05:12.400 rarer than diamonds, including some types of diamonds. Colored diamonds 0:05:13.320 --> 0:05:15.760 what we're mainly talking about, and this one is transparent 0:05:15.800 --> 0:05:20.760 diamonds typical like white diamonds. But yeah, colored diamond and 0:05:20.880 --> 0:05:25.600 naturally colored diamond is nice. So um ice, let's call 0:05:25.600 --> 0:05:29.120 it ice? Yeah? Or bling? Do you remember when bling 0:05:29.200 --> 0:05:31.960 used to be called bling bling? Like there were two 0:05:32.000 --> 0:05:35.120 blings bling bling? No? Did they just shorten it to 0:05:35.160 --> 0:05:37.560 one bling at some point? Who's they? Who decides the stuff? 0:05:37.720 --> 0:05:42.720 Mtvay Urban Dictionary. Yeah? Um, so you've got carbon. It's 0:05:42.760 --> 0:05:47.080 pretty uh, pretty ubiquitous, Yes, very abundant. It naturally occurs 0:05:47.080 --> 0:05:53.680 in three forms, right, graphite, diamond fairly soft, diamond, very hard, 0:05:53.960 --> 0:05:58.359 and then fullerite John fullerite, which is uh. It's a 0:05:58.480 --> 0:06:04.360 mineral made of per quickly spherical molecules of exactly sixty 0:06:04.360 --> 0:06:09.440 carbon atoms, and it was only recently discovered and supposedly 0:06:09.480 --> 0:06:15.920 diamonds are no longer the strongest um mineral. Somebody synthetically 0:06:16.000 --> 0:06:20.640 figured out how to um combine fuller right, into and 0:06:20.720 --> 0:06:24.600 know something else and it's like eleven harder than diamonds 0:06:24.880 --> 0:06:30.200 on the most depth scale. Sorry, by that that sampling 0:06:30.560 --> 0:06:33.160 episode really had an effect the rest of the day. 0:06:33.200 --> 0:06:38.560 Then it's carrying over UM diamonds. Uh So basically, if 0:06:38.560 --> 0:06:42.120 you have graphite, you have a misformed diamond. Is one 0:06:42.160 --> 0:06:44.799 way to look at it. Diamonds form under very specific 0:06:45.400 --> 0:06:48.720 conditions UM that are found typically about a hundred miles 0:06:48.920 --> 0:06:52.080 or a hundred and sixty one kilometers beneath the Earth's 0:06:52.080 --> 0:06:56.880 surface in the mantle. As long as temperatures are above 0:06:56.960 --> 0:07:00.679 four I'm sorry, as long as temperatures are seven hundred 0:07:00.680 --> 0:07:05.280 and fifty two degrees fahrenheit four hundred degrees saleseness UM, 0:07:05.400 --> 0:07:08.920 and there's at least four hundred and thirty five thousand, 0:07:09.160 --> 0:07:12.800 one hundred and thirteen pounds per square inch of pressure, 0:07:13.960 --> 0:07:18.960 you will form diamond when there's carbon, and carbon will 0:07:18.960 --> 0:07:21.120 make a diamond. If either of those two things are 0:07:21.160 --> 0:07:25.800 not met, you're gonna get graphite. Right. So these diamonds 0:07:25.800 --> 0:07:27.840 that we're looking at today, like we said, reformed like 0:07:28.000 --> 0:07:33.160 fifty million, hundred millions up to billions of years ago 0:07:33.840 --> 0:07:39.480 under these conditions, and UM more recently say I think 0:07:40.240 --> 0:07:44.360 twenty million, between twenty million and one point one billion 0:07:44.440 --> 0:07:50.040 years ago, heavy magma um eruptions that are about three 0:07:50.080 --> 0:07:53.800 times from depths, about three times that that blew up 0:07:53.840 --> 0:07:58.160 Mount St. Helen. Um pushed diamonds towards the surface and 0:07:58.240 --> 0:08:00.760 form what are called kimberlight pipes. Magma is one of 0:08:00.760 --> 0:08:03.320 my favorite works, by the way, I don't know why. 0:08:03.760 --> 0:08:06.480 Uh yeah, And basically they act as like an elevator 0:08:06.480 --> 0:08:08.680 and they pushed the diamonds and other stuff up through 0:08:08.680 --> 0:08:11.840 the mantle. Happened very quickly, over a matter of hours. 0:08:12.680 --> 0:08:15.720 And but it's all underground, so it's not like it 0:08:15.760 --> 0:08:18.720 wasn't like a mounta Saint Helens. It's still impressive. It's 0:08:18.760 --> 0:08:22.920 very impressive. Um. The magma cooled inside the pipes and 0:08:23.040 --> 0:08:26.440 left behind these veins of kimber light rock, and that's 0:08:26.480 --> 0:08:29.080 where the diamonds are, right, and kimber lights bluish and 0:08:29.120 --> 0:08:31.640 I guess the diamonds are inside the kimber light. Yeah. 0:08:31.640 --> 0:08:33.400 I looked up kimber light and that's what it looked like. 0:08:33.440 --> 0:08:37.040 It looked like a big bluish rock with spots of crystals, right, 0:08:37.080 --> 0:08:40.840 and you crack that open, you have raw diamonds. That's right. Uh, 0:08:40.880 --> 0:08:42.920 that's not the only place you can find diamonds, though. 0:08:42.960 --> 0:08:46.400 You can find them alluvial diamond sits or river beds 0:08:46.960 --> 0:08:50.440 that were originally they all came from from the mantle, 0:08:50.880 --> 0:08:53.520 but they get pushed around by things like glaciers and 0:08:53.559 --> 0:08:56.160 water and they can end up thousands of miles from 0:08:56.160 --> 0:09:01.320 where they started. Those are called alluvial diamond sights. That's yeah. 0:09:01.640 --> 0:09:03.760 Did you say that that did? Are you sure? I'm 0:09:03.760 --> 0:09:08.680 positive I don't think you did. Um. Diamonds, like you said, 0:09:08.679 --> 0:09:12.680 they're not as rare as they have been artificially made 0:09:12.720 --> 0:09:16.120 to be. They can be found all over the world. Um. 0:09:16.240 --> 0:09:27.040 Some of the major sites are in Russia, Borneo, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Venezuela, Canada. Yeah, 0:09:27.160 --> 0:09:30.040 I didn't know that, um. And they're often found in 0:09:30.080 --> 0:09:32.560 these things called archie and cratons in the center of 0:09:32.600 --> 0:09:36.120 a continent. Well, Africa too, we gotta say Africa. Oh yeah, 0:09:36.120 --> 0:09:39.000 it's Africa's huge. I think come from Africa for sure. 0:09:39.240 --> 0:09:41.560 I can't believe I left that out. And that's right, um. 0:09:41.600 --> 0:09:43.920 But if you you're more likely to find diamonds in 0:09:43.960 --> 0:09:46.760 the center of the continent, and these things called archaean cratons, 0:09:47.280 --> 0:09:52.280 cratons and archie and craton is basically a horizontal piece 0:09:53.040 --> 0:09:57.760 of earth that is kind of relatively immune to geological 0:09:57.760 --> 0:10:01.400 events like earthquakes and tech tonic movement and all that. 0:10:01.679 --> 0:10:05.600 And this is usually a pretty good site to find diamonds. Yeah, 0:10:05.600 --> 0:10:07.800 it says here they've they're found in the center of 0:10:07.840 --> 0:10:11.040 most of the seven continents, six of them. Yeah, Like, 0:10:11.040 --> 0:10:13.640 why don't they just say there's only seven things. I 0:10:13.720 --> 0:10:18.200 don't know, I don't know, I don't know. Okay, Um, 0:10:18.280 --> 0:10:20.280 when they find diamonds, Josh, they're rough. Have you ever 0:10:20.320 --> 0:10:24.720 seen a big rough diamond stone? It's crystal on TV? Yeah, 0:10:24.760 --> 0:10:27.440 it doesn't look like much. It looks like a crystal 0:10:27.559 --> 0:10:29.160 like that you would dig up from the earth. There's 0:10:29.240 --> 0:10:34.920 like yeah, um, but you have to process it, um 0:10:35.000 --> 0:10:40.400 obviously by by carbon the sucker up and then making 0:10:40.440 --> 0:10:43.439 it pretty and then making it shiny, right, which is 0:10:43.520 --> 0:10:46.679 quite get specifically into that, but that's that's the base basics. Well, 0:10:46.720 --> 0:10:49.120 you said, um, that's one of the things you like 0:10:49.160 --> 0:10:52.439 about diamonds is the cristmanship. Yeah, and it takes a while. 0:10:52.480 --> 0:10:55.719 You want to talk about it, all right, Cutting diamonds Josh, 0:10:55.720 --> 0:10:58.040 which again, this is not the easiest thing in the 0:10:58.040 --> 0:11:02.560 world to do, and it takes special tape nicks. Like cleaving. Yeah, 0:11:02.600 --> 0:11:06.280 this is my favorite cleaving is when they they take 0:11:06.679 --> 0:11:08.880 the diamond as it is weak, it's point, which is 0:11:08.920 --> 0:11:12.040 the tetrahedral plane. We'll talk about that in a second. 0:11:12.080 --> 0:11:13.560 Oh you know about that because I looked it up 0:11:13.600 --> 0:11:16.440 and I can only come to guesses about what that is. Oh, well, 0:11:16.480 --> 0:11:18.040 I don't know what the plane is, but I know, 0:11:19.080 --> 0:11:22.600 I just figured it was the point where the well, 0:11:22.600 --> 0:11:25.120 I guess, I don't know, so sort of assumed it 0:11:25.160 --> 0:11:28.520 was where that there were fewer links of the atoms. Yeah, 0:11:28.600 --> 0:11:33.240 I think like so the lattice, the lattice um connection 0:11:33.520 --> 0:11:36.000 between carbon atoms and the diamond is what makes it strong. 0:11:36.440 --> 0:11:39.959 So each carbon atom is connected to four others instead 0:11:40.000 --> 0:11:43.679 of just one. It's like the the five side of 0:11:43.840 --> 0:11:46.960 a dice of a die. Right, I connect all those 0:11:47.000 --> 0:11:49.280 and you have your You're on your way to forming 0:11:49.320 --> 0:11:53.400 a diamond. Whereas with carbon or graphite um, the five 0:11:53.559 --> 0:11:56.440 are connected in a ring, so one's only connected to 0:11:56.480 --> 0:11:59.320 one other one, which is why it's weaker. Right, But 0:11:59.360 --> 0:12:01.800 if you look, if you kind of plot out um 0:12:01.840 --> 0:12:06.960 a tetrahedral um lattice work of carbon atoms. If you 0:12:07.000 --> 0:12:10.120 go straight across, there's a point where each of them 0:12:10.240 --> 0:12:12.960 where you're only cutting through one atom at the time, 0:12:13.000 --> 0:12:15.160 there's only one connection. Yeah, that's gotta be it. Then, 0:12:15.280 --> 0:12:17.320 that's what I would think it is. That's my guess. 0:12:17.520 --> 0:12:20.680 I think you're right, Josh. So they find this tetrahedral 0:12:20.720 --> 0:12:24.200 plane where it's weakest, and they hold the diamond in 0:12:24.280 --> 0:12:27.480 like cement or wax or something. They cut a little 0:12:27.480 --> 0:12:29.880 groove and then they put a steel blade in that 0:12:29.920 --> 0:12:33.360 groove and in one big whack they cleave this sucker 0:12:33.480 --> 0:12:36.600 into two pieces. And I'll bet that is nerve wracking work. 0:12:36.679 --> 0:12:39.440 I couldn't find a video of it. Oh yeah, I 0:12:39.440 --> 0:12:42.320 could imagine it's probably pretty well guarded. I mean I 0:12:42.320 --> 0:12:44.840 saw an old video from like old black and white thing, 0:12:44.880 --> 0:12:46.440 but it was I don't know if there was a 0:12:46.440 --> 0:12:50.040 new method now or whatever. Uh. Then, Uh, sometimes you 0:12:50.080 --> 0:12:53.520 can't just cleave it. Sometimes there's no plane of weakness 0:12:54.120 --> 0:12:56.880 and you have to saw it. And there's probably always 0:12:56.880 --> 0:12:58.720 a plane of weakness in the diamond. But for the 0:12:58.800 --> 0:13:01.000 angle that you're trying to get too, I imagine that 0:13:01.080 --> 0:13:05.000 there's not necessarily going you you can't find that tetrahedral plane. Yeah, 0:13:05.000 --> 0:13:07.720 because you're cutting it in specific places for a reason. 0:13:07.760 --> 0:13:09.280 You're not just like, hey, let me cut the sucker 0:13:09.320 --> 0:13:12.839 in two. You're cutting it very specifically for what you 0:13:12.920 --> 0:13:15.320 want the end result to be, whether it's I want 0:13:15.320 --> 0:13:17.679 to get five different cut diamonds out of this single 0:13:17.760 --> 0:13:19.960 rock or whatever. Yeah, And you need to think like 0:13:20.000 --> 0:13:23.200 that many steps ahead. And for each diamond, you the 0:13:23.240 --> 0:13:25.120 first thing you do is figure out where the table is, 0:13:25.160 --> 0:13:26.959 which is the top of the diamond. It's the most 0:13:26.960 --> 0:13:29.760 exposed surface area. And then you figure out what the 0:13:29.800 --> 0:13:32.439 girdle is and that is the part of the diamond 0:13:32.640 --> 0:13:36.600 with the largest diameter. Um. And once you once you 0:13:36.679 --> 0:13:39.480 established those two things and everything else, it just makes 0:13:39.520 --> 0:13:42.400 sense because there's just a certain way to cut diamonds 0:13:42.559 --> 0:13:45.880 and can go crazy make like a squirrel. Diamonds are 0:13:45.920 --> 0:13:51.400 shaped like diamonds exactly. That interesting. Yeah. Um, So you've 0:13:51.440 --> 0:13:55.080 got you've got cleaving, you've got sawing and sawing. You're 0:13:55.280 --> 0:13:59.960 using a special tool called the phosphor bronze blade. That rope, 0:14:00.040 --> 0:14:03.760 it's a RPMs. I did see this online. That's crazy. 0:14:03.760 --> 0:14:06.120 It's pretty crazy. Um, you can also use a laser, 0:14:06.160 --> 0:14:08.880 but that takes forever. Um. Yeah, I got the feeling 0:14:08.960 --> 0:14:11.480 lasers aren't really the way to go, which is surprising. 0:14:11.480 --> 0:14:14.000 I thought it'd be like whoop, yeah exactly. You know, 0:14:14.320 --> 0:14:17.960 I've seen seen James Bond movies. Lasers can you all 0:14:17.960 --> 0:14:20.200 sorts of cool stuff? Uh, if you want to shape 0:14:20.200 --> 0:14:21.680 your diamond, which you will want to do if you 0:14:21.760 --> 0:14:23.880 ever want to sell it. Um, if it's one of 0:14:23.920 --> 0:14:27.680 the lucky of diamonds, because I think it's only that 0:14:27.680 --> 0:14:30.880 actually make it to market. Oh is it that? Yeah, 0:14:31.840 --> 0:14:37.880 used for like sol blades and other industrial uses, embraces, embraces, Yeah, 0:14:38.240 --> 0:14:45.880 diamond dust bowls, racis, pianos. Brooding or cutting gives the 0:14:45.920 --> 0:14:48.200 diamond the shape, and brooding is when you do it 0:14:48.240 --> 0:14:51.160 by hand, and cutting is when you use a machine. 0:14:51.320 --> 0:14:54.920 And I couldn't find out how many diamonds are hand cut, 0:14:55.280 --> 0:14:58.800 like percentage wise. I'm curious about that. I don't know 0:14:58.840 --> 0:15:00.480 if it's a lost art or if that just means 0:15:00.520 --> 0:15:04.240 it's a higher quality because it's handcut. Do you know, No, 0:15:04.400 --> 0:15:08.120 I don't. Both of them seem to use uh a 0:15:08.200 --> 0:15:11.240 lot of human intervention though. Brooding and cutting and other 0:15:11.280 --> 0:15:14.600 diamonds to brooding is kind of like taking two pipes, 0:15:15.440 --> 0:15:18.440 filling them with cement and then putting a diamond in 0:15:18.520 --> 0:15:20.560 it so that there's just a little bit sticking out 0:15:21.160 --> 0:15:23.360 and then rubbing him together using a diamond to cut 0:15:23.360 --> 0:15:25.560 of diamond, which is the only thing you can cut 0:15:25.560 --> 0:15:27.400 a diamond with. Do you want to talk about the 0:15:27.400 --> 0:15:31.080 most scale real quick? Yeah, because you can only cut 0:15:31.080 --> 0:15:34.240 a diamond the diamond because as we said, UM, it's 0:15:34.280 --> 0:15:37.560 pretty much the hardest substance on Earth, right, anything but 0:15:37.840 --> 0:15:40.440 beneath that is not going to scratch it. And there's 0:15:40.440 --> 0:15:45.120 actually um a scale to uh describe the strength of 0:15:45.440 --> 0:15:49.240 um minerals by a guy named Friedrich Mose. Yeah, the 0:15:49.320 --> 0:15:52.880 Mose Hardness scale. Yeah, and he was a German mineral 0:15:53.200 --> 0:15:57.520 mineral ologists, mineralogist jee man from the thirties. I think 0:15:57.520 --> 0:16:00.920 who created this scale goes from one to ten or 0:16:00.920 --> 0:16:04.480 although you said now eleven, I guess it goes to eleven. Well, 0:16:04.480 --> 0:16:06.720 it's eleven percent harder than diamond, so it's got to 0:16:06.760 --> 0:16:10.000 be above diamond, right, it's gotta be above diamond level. 0:16:10.240 --> 0:16:13.040 Platinum level. We start out with talc. You can scratch 0:16:13.080 --> 0:16:15.360 talk with your fingernail it's such a wimpy little thing. 0:16:16.920 --> 0:16:21.440 Gypsum you can scratch with your fingernail barely calcite. You 0:16:21.480 --> 0:16:25.480 can scratch it with a copper coin and it scratches 0:16:25.520 --> 0:16:28.320 a copper coin, okay, which is a measurement. And it's 0:16:28.360 --> 0:16:33.080 quite a duel. Yeah, I'll get you yoursite versus copper fluora. 0:16:33.440 --> 0:16:36.440 You cannot get scratched by copper coin. And it does 0:16:36.520 --> 0:16:39.840 not scratch glass. It just kind of sits there. Yeah, 0:16:39.920 --> 0:16:44.360 doing this thing. Um appetite. I think it is appetite. 0:16:44.400 --> 0:16:49.960 Appetite either way, I'm hungry. Um. It scratches glass sort of, 0:16:50.200 --> 0:16:54.400 or just scratches glass, and it's easily scratched by a knife. 0:16:55.880 --> 0:16:57.920 I remember when I was a kid, I didn't understand 0:16:57.960 --> 0:16:59.920 what the word barely meant. And I was playing kick 0:17:00.000 --> 0:17:02.200 ball in one of like the older kids. Is like, man, 0:17:02.240 --> 0:17:04.760 just go out there and just barely kicked the ball, 0:17:04.760 --> 0:17:07.040 and he's telling me to bunt. Basically he kicked it 0:17:07.160 --> 0:17:09.359 like a bear would. No, I thought, barely meant like 0:17:09.600 --> 0:17:13.040 to just just barely miss it, not just barely make 0:17:13.119 --> 0:17:15.399 contact with something. So I kept going out there and 0:17:15.440 --> 0:17:19.240 like just perfectly barely missing it, and the kid was 0:17:19.280 --> 0:17:21.520 going crazy. I'm like, I don't understand you. You're in 0:17:21.560 --> 0:17:24.840 my yard. Go home? Is that your excuse for why 0:17:24.840 --> 0:17:27.000 I struck out a kickball growing up? I struck out 0:17:27.000 --> 0:17:30.199 at t ball even Yeah, and like they give you 0:17:30.280 --> 0:17:34.400 like six strikes and they still would be like ghost, 0:17:34.440 --> 0:17:38.480 sit down, Josh. That makes me feel bad. Um Ortho 0:17:38.560 --> 0:17:41.919 Clays Josh is number six, um quartz is number seven. 0:17:42.359 --> 0:17:46.440 Then you got topaz, correndum, courrond, dumber is like sapphires 0:17:46.440 --> 0:17:48.760 and rubies, and then the diamond and that is the 0:17:48.800 --> 0:17:52.280 most hardness scale and um so as you can see, 0:17:52.280 --> 0:17:55.400 since diamonds the last because the most scale hasn't been updated. 0:17:55.720 --> 0:17:59.680 Uh the you have to use a diamond to cut 0:17:59.680 --> 0:18:03.119 a dime, which some of those the industrial uses of 0:18:03.160 --> 0:18:06.520 diamonds is diamond cutting tools. Yeah. I have a diamond 0:18:06.680 --> 0:18:12.520 sal blade, nuts be rolling in it. I'm loaded, dude. 0:18:13.040 --> 0:18:17.360 It also has diamonds just bedazzled all over the saw itself. 0:18:20.040 --> 0:18:24.960 Uh So, we talked about brooding and then cutting. You 0:18:24.960 --> 0:18:27.399 would use a lathe, which is something that spins it 0:18:27.440 --> 0:18:30.159 around very fast. That's one of my favorite words. Lathe. 0:18:30.480 --> 0:18:32.280 I used to work with the wood lathe back in 0:18:32.280 --> 0:18:34.720 the day, a lot of fun and then you want 0:18:34.720 --> 0:18:37.200 to polish it if you want to. By the way, 0:18:37.200 --> 0:18:41.199 there's only five major cutting centers in the world. Yeah, Like, 0:18:41.240 --> 0:18:43.760 if you're gonna get your diamonds cut, they get shipped 0:18:43.760 --> 0:18:49.520 to New York, Bombay, Israel, Antwerp, or Johannesburg generally Johannesburg 0:18:49.800 --> 0:18:51.959 either way. So, like I said, you want to polish 0:18:51.960 --> 0:18:55.119 it because you want it all shiny and pretty, and uh, 0:18:55.160 --> 0:18:59.280 it's a polishing wheel coated with once again diamond powder. 0:19:00.119 --> 0:19:04.840 Are you starting to see a pattern here? Diamonds cut diamonds. Um. So, 0:19:04.960 --> 0:19:07.320 once you once your diamonds cut and you say, hey, 0:19:07.359 --> 0:19:09.080 this is pretty good diamond, I'm going to try to 0:19:09.080 --> 0:19:13.080 sell it to somebody for you know, too much money, 0:19:13.200 --> 0:19:16.320 right exactly. Um. One of the things that you're going 0:19:16.359 --> 0:19:20.919 to use to describe this diamond and increase its value 0:19:21.200 --> 0:19:26.320 are the four seas. Right, You've got cut, clarity, carrot, 0:19:26.400 --> 0:19:30.720 and color. And we'll start with cut. So basically cut 0:19:30.800 --> 0:19:33.720 is how well the diamonds cut and what shape it's 0:19:33.760 --> 0:19:37.280 cut in. There's all sorts of different cuts, including the 0:19:37.280 --> 0:19:41.720 most confusing of all, the emerald cut diamond UM, and 0:19:41.760 --> 0:19:44.960 the one we're referring to initially was I think just 0:19:45.040 --> 0:19:50.399 the round cut. That's like the standard diamond shape. So 0:19:50.440 --> 0:19:55.040 you got cut right, you have clarity and that measures UM. 0:19:55.400 --> 0:20:02.719 The diamonds natural flaws, so um you have the flaws 0:20:02.720 --> 0:20:06.920 are also called inclusions, and you have a flawless down 0:20:06.960 --> 0:20:10.119 to slightly included in between you have very very slight, 0:20:10.400 --> 0:20:12.879 very slight and then slightly and then there's different degrees 0:20:12.880 --> 0:20:17.080 of that like vs one VVS two s I two, 0:20:17.640 --> 0:20:20.240 and it just keeps going until you're like you need 0:20:20.280 --> 0:20:22.639 to we'll use this as as a sol blade. I 0:20:22.720 --> 0:20:25.440 like a little flaw in my diamond. Well, that's nice, Chuck. 0:20:25.520 --> 0:20:27.160 That just shows what kind of guy I am. That's 0:20:27.200 --> 0:20:30.200 also a way that diamonds are catalog like a specific 0:20:30.240 --> 0:20:33.960 diamond is cataloged and tract is by its inclusions because 0:20:33.960 --> 0:20:39.040 they're frequently for for diamonds, they're solding as gem stones there. 0:20:39.040 --> 0:20:44.320 The flaws are so infrequent that they're almost like um birthmarks, right, 0:20:44.560 --> 0:20:48.040 They're they're birth marks for diamonds. Uh. Carrot Josh is 0:20:48.080 --> 0:20:50.399 the third scene, and that is the weight a carrot 0:20:50.440 --> 0:20:52.640 is about two d milligrams, right, and that actually came 0:20:52.640 --> 0:20:56.080 out of India. Um. The carib seed was used as 0:20:56.160 --> 0:21:00.080 a weight for um for diamonds, and that be and 0:21:00.240 --> 0:21:05.359 carrot instead of ca. And then you've got color, and 0:21:05.400 --> 0:21:08.480 we're talking about transparent diamonds. So basically what you've got 0:21:08.680 --> 0:21:12.600 is totally colorless, which means it's a carbon. There's no 0:21:12.960 --> 0:21:18.960 other mineral or element in this diamond um all the 0:21:19.000 --> 0:21:22.720 way to h a light yellow and that's ranked but 0:21:22.880 --> 0:21:26.199 from d diz so weird. I've never understood that. I 0:21:26.240 --> 0:21:28.760 don't know. There's a lot I don't understand about diamonds. 0:21:28.920 --> 0:21:34.919 And then you also have transparency, luster, and dispersion of light. Fire, yeah, fire, 0:21:35.000 --> 0:21:37.440 that's right, fire. I think brilliance and then the other 0:21:37.480 --> 0:21:40.680 word for it, probably and that's all dispersion of light. Yeah, 0:21:40.680 --> 0:21:43.520 I think virus, which is means you can see different 0:21:43.600 --> 0:21:44.680 you know, when you hold it up to light, you 0:21:44.720 --> 0:21:47.439 see different colors, and it's like the discobalt quality of 0:21:47.480 --> 0:21:52.920 the diamond exactly. Um. So we we also mentioned that 0:21:53.320 --> 0:21:57.640 the truly rare diamonds are colored ones and they come 0:21:57.640 --> 0:22:03.200 in like a rainbow of expense tons. Yeah, there's black diamonds, 0:22:03.480 --> 0:22:06.639 there's yellow diamonds. Even though transparent diamonds go down to 0:22:06.920 --> 0:22:10.399 light yellow. Those aren't yellow diamonds. Yellow diamonds, yellow diamond 0:22:10.440 --> 0:22:15.800 They're awesome. Um, you've got pale green, pink pinker popular 0:22:16.440 --> 0:22:20.879 with rich people. What I've seen they go with. I 0:22:20.880 --> 0:22:23.439 think j Lo had a big pink diamond from one 0:22:23.480 --> 0:22:28.200 of her husbands. Is that right? I think so? I don't. 0:22:28.280 --> 0:22:30.879 I don't know why I knew that. You benefit. You 0:22:30.960 --> 0:22:33.119 know how things get caught up in your brain that 0:22:33.160 --> 0:22:35.560 should not be there, and then you can't forget it 0:22:35.600 --> 0:22:39.359 no matter what. Now you'll always remember that. M hold on, 0:22:39.359 --> 0:22:42.080 I'm getting rid of it right now. Shoot, donkey eating 0:22:42.200 --> 0:22:45.960 grass and done. Okay. Um, so let's talk about the 0:22:46.000 --> 0:22:49.879 history and why diamonds are. I haven't always been so 0:22:49.920 --> 0:22:55.520 popular with the Americans. Um, they were not always a 0:22:55.520 --> 0:22:59.640 an engagement ring. No. Before that, it was like colored 0:22:59.720 --> 0:23:03.119 Joe stone, like a nice looking ruby. Yeah, well, why 0:23:03.160 --> 0:23:05.040 wouldn't you give that to somebody? You like to look 0:23:05.080 --> 0:23:08.080 at it? It's gorgeous. And then the Beers came about. 0:23:08.400 --> 0:23:10.640 That's right. De Beers is a cartel. If you don't 0:23:10.680 --> 0:23:13.360 know what, a cartel is founded by a Mr Rhodes, 0:23:13.400 --> 0:23:17.480 who um Rhodesia is named after, and the Rhodes scholarship, 0:23:17.840 --> 0:23:19.760 and the Beers is the family name of the people 0:23:19.800 --> 0:23:23.440 whose farm he bought initially in South Africa. If you 0:23:23.440 --> 0:23:26.640 don't know what a cartel is, it is a syndicate 0:23:26.680 --> 0:23:30.000 of competing firms that all gets together and says, hey, 0:23:30.080 --> 0:23:34.800 let's fix prices on all our stuff, create a monopoly 0:23:35.440 --> 0:23:38.560 and let's run the show. Yes, and that's what De 0:23:38.640 --> 0:23:42.760 Beers is. It is a consult De Beers Consolidated Minds 0:23:42.960 --> 0:23:46.440 Ltd pretty much says it all. It's the all the 0:23:46.800 --> 0:23:49.840 different uh well, not all. Up until like two thousand 0:23:49.920 --> 0:23:54.159 it was mostly all Yeah. I think that's something like 0:23:55.960 --> 0:23:58.360 of all the diamonds are controlled by them. They produced 0:23:59.480 --> 0:24:03.320 he used to be, but they also go around and 0:24:03.440 --> 0:24:07.360 buy up diamonds from the market and sit on them 0:24:07.440 --> 0:24:11.360