1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,440 Speaker 1: In previous episodes, we've explored. 2 00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 2: Panning and pickling and chocolate, butter, bread tongues of other 3 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 2: food products that really underwent transformation due to industrialization, but 4 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:18,920 Speaker 2: we have really dived into the Industrial Revolution itself. 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:24,480 Speaker 1: My name is Evil Longoria and I am My de 6 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:25,640 Speaker 1: Gomezracon and. 7 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:30,320 Speaker 2: Welcome to Hungry for History, a podcast that explores our 8 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:31,720 Speaker 2: past and present through food. 9 00:00:31,960 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 3: On every episode, we'll talk about the history of some 10 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:37,440 Speaker 3: of our favorite dishes, ingredients, and beverages. 11 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:40,560 Speaker 1: From our culture. So make yourself at home, even brichell. 12 00:00:43,880 --> 00:00:46,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, the Industrial Revolution was in a revolution per se, 13 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:49,199 Speaker 3: like we did our Whole Revolution series. It was a 14 00:00:49,280 --> 00:00:52,440 Speaker 3: period roughly from the late eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries 15 00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:57,560 Speaker 3: when society shifted from handmade agrarian economies to machine based 16 00:00:57,640 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 3: industrial ones. 17 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:01,160 Speaker 2: And I'm so excited to Ay's episode. We're going to 18 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 2: explore how the Industrial Revolution sparked modern industry, transformed daily life, 19 00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 2: and really set the stage for the world that we 20 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,360 Speaker 2: live in today, which includes, you know, the current global 21 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:18,880 Speaker 2: climate crisis. I feel like we look at when you 22 00:01:18,959 --> 00:01:25,680 Speaker 2: say industrial revolution, you think that advancement, evolution, production, productivity, 23 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:27,320 Speaker 2: like endless growth. 24 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:31,280 Speaker 1: The Industrial Revolution really introduced this idea of consumption. 25 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:36,200 Speaker 2: You know, factories just churning out goods faster than ever before, 26 00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 2: cities expanding, jobs available, and then that went alongside this 27 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:42,959 Speaker 2: boom and population. 28 00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 3: Yeah totally. And you know, before this mass production, people 29 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:52,680 Speaker 3: ate what was grown, hunted, gathered. Most meals were made 30 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 3: from scratch. There were a few stores selling prepared foods 31 00:01:57,400 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 3: and people with salt and pick call and dry and 32 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:05,040 Speaker 3: all of this. But everything changed and then we see 33 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:09,280 Speaker 3: factories burning coal, leading to the release of carbon dioxide 34 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:14,079 Speaker 3: into the air, and you know, on this massive industrial scale, 35 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:17,800 Speaker 3: and then oil and gas followed coal, giving us cars 36 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 3: and airplanes and plastics, and you know, we're living with 37 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:25,280 Speaker 3: the repercussions of this chain reaction that began over three 38 00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 3: hundred years ago. You know, scientists can trace this raising 39 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:35,240 Speaker 3: carbon dioxide levels directly to the certain smoke of Victorian England, 40 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:38,080 Speaker 3: like these were the first warning signs. 41 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:42,639 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, And so it was England that kicked off 42 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 2: this transformation that that was in Europe and then came 43 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:47,720 Speaker 2: to North America. 44 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, England kicked it off in the late seventeen hundreds, 45 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:55,560 Speaker 3: and so this was you know, in England had in 46 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:58,520 Speaker 3: this time seventeen hundreds, late seventeen hundreds, they had a 47 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:02,200 Speaker 3: really large labor for limited land because it's you know, 48 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 3: it's a very small country and a very rigid class system, 49 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:09,840 Speaker 3: and so we start seeing factories and they drew workers 50 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:14,280 Speaker 3: including women and children into mills, mostly textile mills and 51 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:18,240 Speaker 3: coal mines and urban workshops, and. 52 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 2: Life really shifted and long hours, bad work conditions. 53 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 3: No, bad work conditions, yeah, cramped housing, low wages, and 54 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:32,360 Speaker 3: there was this really sharp divide between the industrial capitalist 55 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 3: and the newly formed urban working class like overnight, right yeah. 56 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:40,440 Speaker 1: Yeah. And then also I would assume the railroads and 57 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:47,720 Speaker 1: steamships like transportation really collapsed distance between countries, continent and cities, 58 00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 1: because then all of a sudden, countries were connected and 59 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: were that connected easily. Then food became global. 60 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:03,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, factories started churning out food like flour, sugar, canned goods, 61 00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:06,880 Speaker 3: like everything was made at scale, everything was sold year round, 62 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 3: everything kind of tasted the same, so it's became this 63 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:14,720 Speaker 3: sort of standardization of taste, and it was the birth 64 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 3: of the modern industrial food economy. You know, everything moved 65 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:22,040 Speaker 3: from the out of the home and into the market. 66 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 3: And so we see these urban populations. They become dependent 67 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:30,520 Speaker 3: on butchers and bakeries and you know street vendors and 68 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 3: railroads and steam ships made it possible to ship meat 69 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:39,560 Speaker 3: and produce and also like exotic goods like bananas and 70 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 3: spices and sugar into these growing cities. 71 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,720 Speaker 2: But I would assume that like this new system, well 72 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 2: it was unregulated at the time in the seventeen hundred. 73 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:51,120 Speaker 2: It's like there was no regulation, which made it not 74 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 2: only dangerous but like war conditions and workers and women 75 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:58,920 Speaker 2: and children like it was just so not you know, nobody. 76 00:04:58,560 --> 00:05:00,600 Speaker 1: Was overseeing this. But it also. 77 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:06,040 Speaker 2: Reduced the quality of the food. You know, milk was 78 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:10,880 Speaker 2: diluted with water, flour was cut with chalk. Spoiled meat 79 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:13,839 Speaker 2: was like either chopped up and sold at something else 80 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:16,760 Speaker 2: or of course you know, they marketed you know, spoiled 81 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:20,520 Speaker 2: meat as brash. So this obviously led to public outrage 82 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:25,719 Speaker 2: because this was unsustainable, this kind of system that was unregulated. 83 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:28,320 Speaker 3: Totally totally, and this led governments to pass the first 84 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 3: food safety and also reform laws. And this is an 85 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 3: interesting one I think, is one that happened in the 86 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:39,120 Speaker 3: US actually around this in the eighteen hundreds. These women 87 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 3: called the Lowell girls that I didn't know about these women, 88 00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:47,719 Speaker 3: and they're not directly related to food, but this idea 89 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,559 Speaker 3: of reform and public outrage and public and the public 90 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:56,120 Speaker 3: getting together. These were mostly unmarried white women who worked 91 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 3: in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts in the eighteen hundreds, 92 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:01,840 Speaker 3: and these were among the first women in the US 93 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:05,920 Speaker 3: to earn rages outside of the home right. They were 94 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 3: recruited from New England farming families and they lived in 95 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:12,320 Speaker 3: these boarding houses. They worked fourteen hour days, six days 96 00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:15,680 Speaker 3: a week, under very strict rules, like they had a 97 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,600 Speaker 3: strict curfew. They were obligated to go to church. And 98 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:24,599 Speaker 3: these mill owners were promoting you know, education and independence. 99 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 3: It was like grueling work and they organized. These women 100 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:32,760 Speaker 3: organized strikes and reform groups, and they helped launch early 101 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:37,240 Speaker 3: labor activism and shaped debates about women's work rights and 102 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 3: industrial life in America. They formed the Female Labor Reform Association, 103 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:45,520 Speaker 3: one of the first women led organizations in the US. 104 00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:50,400 Speaker 2: Right. Well, and I would assume this had so many 105 00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 2: parallels to immigrant labor obviously, so because in the eighteen fifties, 106 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:59,400 Speaker 2: well this was what there is eighteen hundreds and then Yeah, 107 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:02,160 Speaker 2: so these were like white women. 108 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:03,159 Speaker 1: These are white women. 109 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 3: Yeah, these were white. 110 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:08,160 Speaker 2: And then in the eighteen fifties it was kind of 111 00:07:08,279 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 2: replaced with the Irish women who were paid less than 112 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 2: the Irish who were at the bottom of the wrong 113 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 2: during this time. But it really I think this moment 114 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:19,880 Speaker 2: really laid the groundwork for. 115 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:23,240 Speaker 1: The regulations that we have today, the. 116 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:28,640 Speaker 2: Definition of unions that right, you know, the labor struggles 117 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:29,840 Speaker 2: really didn't end. 118 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: This is where it started. 119 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 3: This is where it started exactly, This is where it started. 120 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:36,880 Speaker 3: And this is also around this time, the eighteen hundreds 121 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:40,680 Speaker 3: is when industrial civilization spread to the US. So it 122 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 3: started in England and it spread to the US. 123 00:07:43,640 --> 00:07:45,840 Speaker 2: I would imagine, of course it spread to the US 124 00:07:45,880 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 2: because we had far more land. 125 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:49,400 Speaker 1: Yes, I mean because we had. 126 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:51,720 Speaker 2: Eighteen hundreds It wasn't that not that many people, but 127 00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:53,600 Speaker 2: we had we had a lot of land and fewer 128 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 2: people than the concentration in England totally. 129 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,680 Speaker 3: And because of this it unfolded much more uneven in 130 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 3: the US. 131 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: Oh really, I thought we would be better at it. 132 00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:05,040 Speaker 3: No, we suck. 133 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: We always. 134 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 3: Moorland a lot less people. So in England, industrial labor 135 00:08:15,080 --> 00:08:18,440 Speaker 3: also often was like a lifelong reality, like you worked 136 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:20,160 Speaker 3: at a factory and this is what you were going 137 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 3: to do for the rest of your life. In the US, 138 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:24,920 Speaker 3: it was different. A lot of people saw this factory 139 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 3: work as temporary, something to do before moving west, before 140 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:34,160 Speaker 3: moving buying land, this idea of upward mobility. Sometimes it 141 00:08:34,280 --> 00:08:36,480 Speaker 3: was real, sometimes it was a myth. But this is 142 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:41,640 Speaker 3: how Americans understood labor. And so then when immigration increased 143 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 3: in the late nineteenth and early twenty centuries, factor we 144 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:48,359 Speaker 3: work in the US became more permanent, and working conditions 145 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,600 Speaker 3: mirrored those of Europe. But it was different, right, And 146 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:54,400 Speaker 3: also in the US, much of the industrial economy was 147 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 3: built on enslaved labor, so everything was just slightly you know, 148 00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:01,240 Speaker 3: different than it was in England. 149 00:09:09,880 --> 00:09:11,880 Speaker 2: I do think that because the US is so known 150 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:14,120 Speaker 2: for agriculture. I mean, this is it started because we 151 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:20,439 Speaker 2: have plan so that kind of mechanization of agriculture, meat 152 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:24,480 Speaker 2: packing plan that may be from pork and canned meat. 153 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:29,839 Speaker 2: You know, they made that widely available and industrial dairies 154 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:34,239 Speaker 2: allowed milk and cheese to travel far. So that transformed 155 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:38,640 Speaker 2: breakfast again, like in our Cereal episode, transforming breakfast tables 156 00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:41,440 Speaker 2: in particular, especially you know with pork and bacon and 157 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:45,360 Speaker 2: you know, pork chops and all that fun stuff. And 158 00:09:45,400 --> 00:09:49,320 Speaker 2: then transportation made made a difference too, made coffee and 159 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:52,679 Speaker 2: tea tropical foods part of everyday diet. So I love 160 00:09:52,679 --> 00:09:59,600 Speaker 2: how like in industrial advancements really affected how we how 161 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:02,959 Speaker 2: we ate, and what about convenience foods, you know, bread 162 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 2: and cookies. It just turned into these daily treats as 163 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:09,080 Speaker 2: opposed to like on Saturday, we'll go to the bakery. 164 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:10,920 Speaker 1: It's just you could have it in your house. 165 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 3: Yeah yeah, yeah, yeah totally. And we start seeing you know, 166 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:20,000 Speaker 3: additives all of this. It's sort of the beginning of 167 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:25,040 Speaker 3: this health crisis as well. So everything became more convenient. 168 00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 2: And one of my favorite sayings is the greatest things 169 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:30,240 Speaker 2: in slice bread. 170 00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:31,440 Speaker 1: I say that all the time. 171 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:34,839 Speaker 2: I'm like, I love that idea. That's the greatest thing 172 00:10:34,880 --> 00:10:37,880 Speaker 2: since slice bread. So that was like popularized the nineteen 173 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 2: fifties when they actually started to slice the bread and 174 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:42,880 Speaker 2: then you could just take sliced bread home. 175 00:10:43,320 --> 00:10:47,360 Speaker 3: Yeah, it was like, oh yeah, well in nineteen twenty. 176 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 3: In the nineteen twenties is when we start seeing slice spread. 177 00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:53,840 Speaker 3: But the slogan was popularized in the fifties. 178 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:59,480 Speaker 2: Wow yeo industrial I think industrial food made eating cheaper 179 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 2: and more convenient, but it also made production invisible, and 180 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 2: so you know, like just behind closed doors, but you'd 181 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:10,560 Speaker 2: get this beautiful bread that was sliced in packaged perfectly, 182 00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:12,440 Speaker 2: but you don't know really what happened behind the scenes 183 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,440 Speaker 2: of that journey. And so protests started to happen when 184 00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:21,640 Speaker 2: people realized there there was unsafe food, when people realized 185 00:11:21,679 --> 00:11:25,960 Speaker 2: that unsafe food was the symptom of unsafe labor. And 186 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,959 Speaker 2: so this fight for workers' rights and fight for food 187 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:30,959 Speaker 2: safety grew out of that. 188 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:34,600 Speaker 1: Samet beer that an industrial system that moves too fast 189 00:11:34,679 --> 00:11:39,680 Speaker 1: or too cheaply affects people and food. 190 00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:43,520 Speaker 3: Right, And this is interesting up to Saint Clair. Remember 191 00:11:43,559 --> 00:11:47,360 Speaker 3: this book The Jungle that was published in nineteen oh six. 192 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:51,599 Speaker 3: He was the first one to expose this the Chicago 193 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 3: meat packing industry. There were rats in the meat and 194 00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:59,960 Speaker 3: like diseased animals were processed anyways, like workers were falling 195 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:05,280 Speaker 3: into rendered vat's disgusting. And so he spent weeks uncovering 196 00:12:05,320 --> 00:12:08,679 Speaker 3: this this these practices at the stockyards and slaughter houses, 197 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:13,840 Speaker 3: and he he wanted to really focus on the people 198 00:12:13,920 --> 00:12:16,960 Speaker 3: and the treatment of the people. The workers. But the 199 00:12:17,120 --> 00:12:20,960 Speaker 3: readers were outraged of the by the food quality, and 200 00:12:21,040 --> 00:12:23,400 Speaker 3: so he was like a I aimed at people's hearts, 201 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,599 Speaker 3: and by accident, I hit the stomach. But this is 202 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:30,120 Speaker 3: when the public demanded reform, and President Roosevelt in nineteen 203 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:34,360 Speaker 3: oh sixty signed these two landmark laws, the Meat Inspection 204 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:39,040 Speaker 3: Act and the Food Drug the Pure Food and Drug Act, 205 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,520 Speaker 3: which eventually would become the FDA. Because of this, because 206 00:12:43,559 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 3: of this public outrage. 207 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:48,640 Speaker 2: Yeah, but you know, the laws didn't pick labor overnight, 208 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 2: because you know, if you target the consumer, which is 209 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 2: by default, that's what the jungle exposed was just like, 210 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:56,440 Speaker 2: oh this aurall meat? 211 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: Wait? Am I eating it? Am I buying that? You know? 212 00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:02,160 Speaker 1: But we didn't the labor and. 213 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:05,280 Speaker 3: So, and we haven't fixed the labor. 214 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:06,720 Speaker 1: We haven't fixed the labor. 215 00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:08,920 Speaker 2: But I always say this, because I'm obviously a big 216 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,880 Speaker 2: advocate for farm workers, is like, how things get to 217 00:13:11,920 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 2: your plate need to matter to you, because what happens 218 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 2: to workers and what ends up on. 219 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: Your plate are insceptable. 220 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:25,120 Speaker 2: And so I think the people producing cheap food, the 221 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 2: people who are doing this labor are underfed, injured, and 222 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 2: they're very disposable, you know, I remember, I remember I 223 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:37,400 Speaker 2: did a documentary on the tomato farmers in Florida, and 224 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:40,440 Speaker 2: they would have to they would get fifty cents a bucket, 225 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:43,440 Speaker 2: so they would pick all the tomatoes so fast, and 226 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:45,800 Speaker 2: they would turn a bucket in pick, turn a bucket in, 227 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:48,560 Speaker 2: turn a bucket in just to make fifty cents a bucket. 228 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 2: I mean, I mean these buckets full of tomatoes. And 229 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:55,520 Speaker 2: we followed this one woman tomato picker and she went 230 00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:58,360 Speaker 2: to the grocery store and she couldn't afford the tomato 231 00:13:59,040 --> 00:13:59,760 Speaker 2: that she picked. 232 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:03,240 Speaker 1: Such a crime, isn't that crazy? It's a crime. 233 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:06,599 Speaker 3: We'll link to that documentary. That is a really great documentary. 234 00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: Yeah it was. 235 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:11,880 Speaker 2: It's called blood Chains. Yeah, the oppression of labor. So 236 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:14,520 Speaker 2: how did the Industrial Revolution differ in Latin America? Though, 237 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:19,520 Speaker 2: because I feel living in Mexico and Spain. I lived 238 00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:22,160 Speaker 2: between Mexico and Spain. But living in Mexico, we still 239 00:14:22,320 --> 00:14:26,160 Speaker 2: go to the garent City, we still go to the Fanalia, 240 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:29,960 Speaker 2: we still do that. Obviously, there's industry and factories and 241 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:33,600 Speaker 2: manufacturing obviously because you know, Latin America has cheaper labor. 242 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,920 Speaker 2: But like, how did it on bold in Latin America. 243 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, it was really quite different. 244 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:42,400 Speaker 3: So in England and the US, the industrial vision centered 245 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:46,720 Speaker 3: on factories and manufactory and growing these domestic markets. But 246 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:51,040 Speaker 3: in Latin America it was kind of folded very unevenly 247 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,920 Speaker 3: and largely from foreign capital and interest. Right, So these 248 00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:58,120 Speaker 3: so this is you know, we're talking eighteen hundreds, a 249 00:14:58,120 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 3: lot of Latin America are now new independent from their 250 00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 3: you know, Spain or you know, Portugal. They became exporters 251 00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:11,800 Speaker 3: of raw materials like sugar or coffee or silver, and 252 00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:16,200 Speaker 3: importers of finished goods rather than as major industrial producers. 253 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:21,000 Speaker 3: And so railroads imports were built to facilitate export of 254 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 3: these commodities to foreign markets, but really often times without 255 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:31,640 Speaker 3: connecting to local economies. So the labor systems were super unequal, 256 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:36,920 Speaker 3: and they relied on indigenous and Afro descendant rural workers, 257 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:40,760 Speaker 3: and they worked in this really horrible conditions, you know, 258 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 3: exploitative conditions, and rather than breaking from these colonial era hierarchies, 259 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,720 Speaker 3: industrialization in Latin America kind of enforced it and created 260 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:56,360 Speaker 3: deeper economic divides. And this eventually fueled political movements that 261 00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 3: linked labor rights and to struggles over land and national 262 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:02,880 Speaker 3: control and this was a driving force behind the Mexican Revolution. 263 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:05,520 Speaker 3: So we talked about that, you know, with the foreign 264 00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:08,680 Speaker 3: investors and the railroads and all of this. So it 265 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:11,200 Speaker 3: was really really quite different in Latin America than it 266 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 3: was in the US and England. 267 00:16:13,080 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 2: In Europe speaking of like mechanization and preservation of food. 268 00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 2: You know, we did a canning episode. I love canning, 269 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:25,080 Speaker 2: let me tell you, but canning is a bride product 270 00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:27,120 Speaker 2: of the Industrial Revolution, right. 271 00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:30,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, it totally is. It totally is. 272 00:16:30,560 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 3: And we did a whole episode on it, and it 273 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:35,960 Speaker 3: was developed out of this contest in France, and it 274 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,440 Speaker 3: was like this whole it's like a whole thing. But 275 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:40,960 Speaker 3: of all of the foods you could find in a can, 276 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:44,400 Speaker 3: we have to talk about tuna. From tuna to sardines. 277 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:45,240 Speaker 1: Let's talk about this. 278 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 2: There's a long, long history that stretches back to to 279 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 2: the Industrial Revolution. When we talk about all the trendy fish, 280 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:55,960 Speaker 2: tinned fish today, which I'm on the trend, by the way. 281 00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 3: I'm so on the trend. 282 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:01,880 Speaker 1: I love holy you know, my favorite fish white. 283 00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:04,359 Speaker 2: But you know, there's a tined fish store here in 284 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:06,919 Speaker 2: la we got to go to it is in I 285 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 2: don't know. 286 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:09,040 Speaker 1: I don't know. I tagged it out. 287 00:17:09,080 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 2: I mean I saw it on Instagram and so I 288 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 2: saved it and I was like, I got to tell 289 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,680 Speaker 2: my thing because it has everything and there's a tin fish. 290 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:20,480 Speaker 2: Soamelia basically no, yes, and she's like, this is a 291 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:23,959 Speaker 2: little more briny, and this one's a little more this's 292 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:27,320 Speaker 2: a less you know, less ocean, and it's a whole. 293 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:28,880 Speaker 1: Thing and you can do a little do tastings there. 294 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:33,000 Speaker 3: I have to go. That's my dream, Like, oh my god, 295 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 3: I love sometimes going to a restaurant, like a Spanish 296 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:37,560 Speaker 3: restaurant and they'll open up the tent like they'll serve 297 00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 3: the tin just like they'll just open it off with 298 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:43,919 Speaker 3: bread and oh my gosh, I have tinfish at least 299 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:44,960 Speaker 3: once a week at home. 300 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: Oh so lease at Lea's. 301 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:49,199 Speaker 2: But it has to be a good quality. Yes, it 302 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:51,360 Speaker 2: has to be a good quality. And I will see, 303 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,320 Speaker 2: you know, if we talk about tinder fish. At the 304 00:17:54,359 --> 00:17:57,560 Speaker 2: start of the twentieth century, tuna was barely eaten in 305 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,200 Speaker 2: the US, Like that's crazy. In nineteen hundreds, we weren't 306 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:04,000 Speaker 2: really eating tuna, much less canned juna. 307 00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:06,920 Speaker 1: Oh my gosh. Yeah, even though tuna had a long 308 00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:07,880 Speaker 1: global history. 309 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:10,440 Speaker 2: It's been eaten for centuries in the Mediterranean and Latin 310 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:15,359 Speaker 2: America and of course Asia. And it's abundant off North America, 311 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:16,680 Speaker 2: off the shores of North America. 312 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:17,760 Speaker 1: But we didn't even consume it. 313 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:21,480 Speaker 2: Mexico Focal let me tell you, because that there's a 314 00:18:21,560 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 2: very popular restaurant. Godam yeah, our friend Gabby and what 315 00:18:27,880 --> 00:18:31,920 Speaker 2: do you call it, she's the one that popularized Oh 316 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:34,720 Speaker 2: really And this was like, by the way, twenty years ago, 317 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:37,439 Speaker 2: like they didn't even have it in Mexico City. They 318 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:40,800 Speaker 2: weren't really a fish kind of city because they felt 319 00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,440 Speaker 2: like they were landlocked, right, like why would tuna be here? 320 00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:51,040 Speaker 2: And she's like, we have the best fish in Mexico. 321 00:18:53,720 --> 00:18:56,760 Speaker 2: It was rarely consumed in the US, and so California 322 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:57,400 Speaker 2: changed it. 323 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:03,680 Speaker 3: Right California eighteen ninety tuna fishing took off around Catalina, Katalina, 324 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,399 Speaker 3: around Catalina, right here in our backyards. And around the 325 00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:10,680 Speaker 3: same time, can tuna from France and Italy began arriving 326 00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 3: in small quantities in the US. So people were like, hmm, 327 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:20,280 Speaker 3: what is this. But the American tuna industry begins around 328 00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,400 Speaker 3: you know, in the eighteen eighties, this man named Albert 329 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:28,120 Speaker 3: Halfel established the first US tuna cannery in la and 330 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,760 Speaker 3: in nineteen oh eight he began canning Albacortuna and this 331 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:36,840 Speaker 3: sparked rapid growth across the country. Oh and so then 332 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,040 Speaker 3: marketing tuna became mainstream. There were companies like. 333 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:42,240 Speaker 1: Wait a minute, is this where Chicken of the Sea 334 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:42,720 Speaker 1: come from? 335 00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:48,560 Speaker 3: The ns? Yes, this van camp Seafood. They were operating 336 00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:52,199 Speaker 3: under brands like Chicken of the Sea, and it was chicken. 337 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:53,959 Speaker 1: People thought it was chicken. 338 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:57,440 Speaker 3: Well, it helped people embrace this as like, oh okay, 339 00:19:57,440 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 3: this is familiar, this is mild, this familiar, I know 340 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:05,160 Speaker 3: what chicken is. And it became popular and by nineteen 341 00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:09,560 Speaker 3: twenty there were like thirty six tuna canneries lining the 342 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 3: West coast. 343 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:14,640 Speaker 2: Doesn't this make a problem because then then you overfish 344 00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 2: like it becomes so popular and then you end up 345 00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:21,160 Speaker 2: albercre ended up albal corn too in no specifically basically 346 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:22,840 Speaker 2: disappeared from California waters. 347 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, and it all collapsed the whole industry. 348 00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:29,280 Speaker 3: Just as it was becoming a staple, a national staple. Oops, 349 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:30,600 Speaker 3: the industry collapsed. 350 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,600 Speaker 1: Oh my god, So they power see how did the 351 00:20:33,640 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: industry agap. 352 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,720 Speaker 3: Well, they shifted to yellow fin, which has darker meat, 353 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:41,320 Speaker 3: but Americans were used to white alba core, so that 354 00:20:41,560 --> 00:20:44,160 Speaker 3: they were only using the lighter fish, and it drove 355 00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 3: waste and like further fishing pressure, and then yellow fin 356 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 3: stocks were soon overfished, and so boats had to go 357 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:57,760 Speaker 3: deeper into the Pacific or like further south, and it 358 00:20:57,880 --> 00:21:01,119 Speaker 3: just became you know, it just becomes a big problem. 359 00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 2: Yeah. 360 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:06,159 Speaker 1: Well then then the yellow stock was overfish. 361 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:11,320 Speaker 2: Yes, it's just like this this like what is it 362 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:15,400 Speaker 2: like a cycle? The cycle, but also like this, yeah, 363 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:18,199 Speaker 2: this cycle of like we just keep moving on to 364 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:21,159 Speaker 2: the next thing and exploiting it and creating a problem, 365 00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:22,320 Speaker 2: and then we go, okay, done with that. 366 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, but then literally love things to death, to. 367 00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:34,720 Speaker 2: Death literally, and then the Great Depression came, which really 368 00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:40,120 Speaker 2: feeled tuna's place because tuna was cheap and shelf stable, 369 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,280 Speaker 2: high in protein. So then you know, during the nineteen thirties, 370 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,280 Speaker 2: tuna became the most consumed fish in the US. And 371 00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:50,760 Speaker 2: that's where we get these recipes that were really practical 372 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:54,520 Speaker 2: and easy and healthy, tuna salad, tuna sandwiches, tuna noodle casserole. 373 00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 2: When I was in college, I had kansa tuna and 374 00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,679 Speaker 2: ramen that's the bags, and I buy ten per dollar, 375 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:04,240 Speaker 2: and I would have so many cans of tuna, and 376 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:07,399 Speaker 2: I would mix my ramen noodles with with with the 377 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 2: raman noodle forms so healthy, but the tuna. And I 378 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:12,120 Speaker 2: was like, I'm good, I'm good. I got I got 379 00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:13,160 Speaker 2: my meals for the week. 380 00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:15,879 Speaker 3: Oh my gosh. Yeah, I survived on tuna when I 381 00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:18,880 Speaker 3: was in college. I still love tuna, love tuna. 382 00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:20,720 Speaker 2: Love, but I you know, now I get now I'm 383 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 2: a bougie bitch with my tin fish. I get the 384 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:27,800 Speaker 2: fancy scanned tuna because I start, I make a mean 385 00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:31,439 Speaker 2: tuna salad sandwich, but then make it today. 386 00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:32,439 Speaker 1: Oh you gotta make it. 387 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,439 Speaker 2: Yeah, celery, get a little celery, and. 388 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:35,840 Speaker 1: It can get a little. 389 00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:43,040 Speaker 2: Red onion, little dijon, litt dill, yes, and anyway. But 390 00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 2: health concerns emerged because tuna was considered a health food. 391 00:22:47,840 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 2: But industrial pollution introduced mercury into our rivers and oceans. 392 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,480 Speaker 2: And so let's talk about this mercury because I feel 393 00:22:55,480 --> 00:22:56,600 Speaker 2: like a lot of people are like, don't eat so 394 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:59,879 Speaker 2: much fish, especially tuna, because you're gonna get mercury poisoning. 395 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 2: Tuna fishing can be very damaging to the environment, especially 396 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:05,359 Speaker 2: when you do it on an industrial scale. 397 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:10,440 Speaker 3: Right, yeah, yeah, totally overfishing is push species like blue 398 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,080 Speaker 3: fin and big eyed tuna towards collapse. 399 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:13,400 Speaker 1: Right. 400 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:17,719 Speaker 3: And also with these large fishing nets and these fish 401 00:23:17,840 --> 00:23:21,359 Speaker 3: aggregating devices, they killed dolphins and sharks and turtles and 402 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:25,439 Speaker 3: also little tiny fish as bycatch, and tuna takes a 403 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:28,960 Speaker 3: really long time to grow into adulthood as well, so 404 00:23:29,640 --> 00:23:34,320 Speaker 3: as local stocks decline, boats travel further, increase in fuel 405 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:35,720 Speaker 3: carbon meshes. 406 00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:36,760 Speaker 1: That's what I was going to say. 407 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:40,560 Speaker 2: In the pollution adds this whole nother layer of rists 408 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,760 Speaker 2: because then the tuna accumulates the toxins like mercury for 409 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:50,960 Speaker 2: this contaminated food chain. So I think the sustainable alternatives 410 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:54,720 Speaker 2: like pole and line fishing or well managed. 411 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: Kip jackfisheries, all of that exists. 412 00:23:57,280 --> 00:24:00,880 Speaker 2: But still most of the global tunas of I were 413 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:05,640 Speaker 2: like on practice is unfortunately that's still strain our ocean ecosystem. 414 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,879 Speaker 3: And though by the late nineteen eighties there was only 415 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 3: one tuna cannery in the continental United States, most of 416 00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,679 Speaker 3: them were processed in Puerto Rico, American Samoa. Of course, 417 00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:24,040 Speaker 3: we're labor custore cheaper and so most tuna now is important. 418 00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:27,040 Speaker 3: Sixty percent of the tua tuna consumed in the US 419 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:27,920 Speaker 3: comes from abroad. 420 00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:30,320 Speaker 1: It really shifted. 421 00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:32,760 Speaker 3: Totally shifted. Is that fascinating. 422 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 2: I'm not a chicken at the sea consumer, but I 423 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 2: know tin fish has gone gourmet, and I'm I'm a 424 00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:46,879 Speaker 2: consumer of gourmeting fish for. 425 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:50,200 Speaker 3: Sure, for sure, for sure. The Spanish, the Portuguese. 426 00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:54,760 Speaker 2: The Spanish from Galicia. You have muscle, canned muscle from 427 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:57,800 Speaker 2: Galicia for your living life. 428 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:00,920 Speaker 3: So good and and you know what I love about 429 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:04,040 Speaker 3: them too, other than the beauty the packaging. 430 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:05,040 Speaker 1: Yes, it's the aesthetic. 431 00:25:05,359 --> 00:25:07,760 Speaker 3: The esthetics are so gorgeous. 432 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:10,640 Speaker 2: And I do like that small fish or having their 433 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:13,600 Speaker 2: moment right now, the stardies and anchovies, because those, by 434 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:17,960 Speaker 2: the way, are super sustainable, Yes exactly, they don't require cooking, 435 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:20,439 Speaker 2: and I just love that. 436 00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:23,280 Speaker 1: The you know, this is like modern eating. 437 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:27,760 Speaker 2: Yes, even though the idea of preservation is rooted in 438 00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:31,959 Speaker 2: the Industrial Revolution, it's now been reimagined with this, you know, 439 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:36,879 Speaker 2: regional storytelling, chef driven brand, like you said, the packaging, 440 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:41,280 Speaker 2: and it's affordable and global and social. 441 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:42,800 Speaker 1: It's kind of casual. 442 00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:44,840 Speaker 3: You open it cannet to the table, you pair it 443 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:47,359 Speaker 3: with bread, goss of wine. It's just like this old 444 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,119 Speaker 3: and new at once. It's like, yeah, it's very practical, 445 00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:55,679 Speaker 3: but it's artisanal and it's just I love it. I 446 00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:58,280 Speaker 3: love it. We talked about the origins of Kenny last season, 447 00:25:58,359 --> 00:26:01,480 Speaker 3: so check out last season's can No You Can episode, 448 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:03,280 Speaker 3: which was a fun one. 449 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:07,400 Speaker 2: If you guys have any tuna fish tuna fish recipes, 450 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:10,680 Speaker 2: let us know. Don't forget to read us and leave 451 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:11,560 Speaker 2: us your messages. 452 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:14,040 Speaker 3: Thank you for listening, everyone. 453 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. 454 00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:19,080 Speaker 3: Bye. 455 00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:22,520 Speaker 2: Hungry for History is a hyphen Media production in partnership 456 00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:24,919 Speaker 2: with Iheart's Michael Fura podcast network. 457 00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:27,920 Speaker 3: For more of your favorite shows, visit the iHeartRadio app, 458 00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 3: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.