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Speaker 1: Hey, or hey, I have a question about stars, and

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Speaker 1: you're asking me. Is it about cartoon stars? Close? Actually

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Speaker 1: it's about Hollywood stars, all right? Yeah, I live next

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Speaker 1: to Hollywood, so I might be able to answer it.

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Speaker 1: What's the question, all right? How many stars can you

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Speaker 1: have in a single family, like media stars. Let's see,

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Speaker 1: there's the two athlete brothers. I think there are three

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Speaker 1: hemps Worth brothers, and there are four Baldwin brothers. What

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Speaker 1: about the Jackson five? That just might be the peak

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Speaker 1: of stardom in a family. Any denser with stars and

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Speaker 1: it might collapse into what a Paparassi black hole? That

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Speaker 1: sounds dense and dangerous. Hi am or him and cartoonists

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Speaker 1: and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm

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Speaker 1: a particle physicist, and I was really disappointed the first

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Speaker 1: time I saw the walk of stars in Hollywood. Really

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Speaker 1: why it wasn't shiny enough for there were to those

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Speaker 1: chewing gum and cigarettes all over the place. Yeah, it

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Speaker 1: wasn't nearly as glamorous as I expected. And also I

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Speaker 1: didn't recognize the names of anybody I saw, So I

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Speaker 1: who are all these people? You mean? You're physicists and

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Speaker 1: you didn't know police making the movies or radio stars. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's always it's kind of weird to have your star

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Speaker 1: because it just makes people walk all over it all

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Speaker 1: the time. Put out their cigarette on your star on

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Speaker 1: the Walk of Fame. Think if they give you a

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Speaker 1: Nobel Prize and then they put the metal on the

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Speaker 1: floor in a busy intersection. Exactly. They don't pave the

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Speaker 1: streets with busts and Nobel Prize winners, right, but maybe

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Speaker 1: they should. They should. They need some more humility, for sure.

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Speaker 1: Would you take a Hollywood start they offered you one

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Speaker 1: for what? Maybe for a podcast? Sky's the limit for

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Speaker 1: this podcast. I would do anything for this podcast, even

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Speaker 1: except a Hollywood Walk of Fame star, But welcome to

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Speaker 1: that podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe aprilucent of

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Speaker 1: I Heart Radio, in which the universe is the star

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Speaker 1: and it's full of stars and we don't understand those stars,

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Speaker 1: but we'd like to, and so we apply our curiosity

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Speaker 1: and we serve on the waves of your curiosity to

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Speaker 1: ask the biggest, deepest questions about the universe, not just

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Speaker 1: about stars, about about where they come from and where

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Speaker 1: they end up, how they all work, and what it

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Speaker 1: all means. We don't shy away from anything in this podcast.

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Speaker 1: We ask all of it and we break it all

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Speaker 1: down to you in a way we hope makes sense

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Speaker 1: and maybe even makes you laugh. Yeah, because it is

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Speaker 1: a pretty famous universe. Although Daniel I thought we were

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Speaker 1: the stars of the podcast. Where are we the supporting

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Speaker 1: actors or the extras or are we like the catering service? Yes,

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Speaker 1: we are the service staff, the stars of the podcast.

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Speaker 1: Are you the listeners? Oh? Could save there? Yeah, we

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Speaker 1: like to talk about the amazing universe out there and

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Speaker 1: all of the famous stuff in it, especially the stars,

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Speaker 1: because I feel like the stars are the stars of

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Speaker 1: the universe. I'm just grateful that stars exist, that matter

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Speaker 1: forms these incredible clumbs that glow so brightly. Imagine if

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Speaker 1: most of the universe was dark, it wasn't glowing, it

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Speaker 1: would be so much harder to figure out what was

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Speaker 1: going on. So I'm grateful to these like lighthouses in

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Speaker 1: the universe that tell us what's going on and illuminated

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Speaker 1: for us. Like literally, Yeah, that's why. I mean, they're

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Speaker 1: like the stars of the universe, Like you know, they're

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Speaker 1: the main attraction. That's why people go to the universe.

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Speaker 1: That's why they stream it, that's why they down the

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Speaker 1: bootleg versions of it. That's right, And that's why people

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Speaker 1: like summer more than winter, right, because the Sun is

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Speaker 1: the star over closer to the star of our solar system. Yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: we feel closer to it, and we literally feel it's warmth.

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Speaker 1: I mean, it's incredible that this star, which is a

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Speaker 1: burning ball of plasma nine three million miles away, you

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Speaker 1: can still feel the heat of that with your bare hands.

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Speaker 1: You know, Like, have you ever been near a bond

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Speaker 1: fire that's so hot you can stand near it, take

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Speaker 1: a few steps back and it just dissipates. Right, Well, now,

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Speaker 1: imagine a bonfire so hot you can still feel its

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Speaker 1: heat ninety three million miles away. That's our star. It's

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Speaker 1: just it's mind boggling. Yeah, our star is it pretty

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Speaker 1: hot here. It's blowing up all the time. It should

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Speaker 1: get a star on the Walk of Fame. It's pretty famous.

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Speaker 1: It's the biggest star out there. We I like it,

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Speaker 1: you know, I mean I can't look at it directly,

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Speaker 1: but till its pressence half a half of the time.

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Speaker 1: It's been in a lot of movies, right, It's IMDb

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Speaker 1: page is amazing as a long list of credits. Yes,

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Speaker 1: every living human being, an animal, and plant and insect

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Speaker 1: is credited to our son exactly. It should at least

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Speaker 1: get acknowledgements in like every paper. Scientists should be acknowledging

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Speaker 1: it and thank you to the Sun for providing all

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Speaker 1: the energy we use. I'm gonna do that next time. Seriously,

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Speaker 1: it should get a Hollywood star on the Walk of Fame.

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Speaker 1: But it is pretty unique in our solar system. It

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Speaker 1: is basically the main thing in our solar system us right,

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Speaker 1: and our solar system, for the longest time, was the

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Speaker 1: only way we had to learn about this basic unit

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Speaker 1: of the universe, how solar systems and planetary systems work.

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Speaker 1: So for a long time we thought this was it,

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Speaker 1: that this was the way it happened, and we imagine

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Speaker 1: that maybe every other solar system looked like this. But

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Speaker 1: the more we look out in the universe, the more

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Speaker 1: we discover that things out there are weird, or that

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Speaker 1: we are weird, that we are unusual compared to what's

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Speaker 1: out there in the universe. So you gotta ask basic,

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Speaker 1: simple questions about how the universe works, because you might

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Speaker 1: be surprised by the answers. Yeah, well, I think we're

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Speaker 1: definitely weird that regardless of our son. What we do

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Speaker 1: you mean that you mean me? And you do you

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Speaker 1: mean the whole human race? You mean podcast listeners? I

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Speaker 1: mean like the royal We like the royal family, especially us,

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Speaker 1: the kings of this podcast. Do we have a dual

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Speaker 1: king monarchy in this podcast or is one of those

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Speaker 1: we're cokings. I think we're cokings. That's why we do

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Speaker 1: in this podcast. We coke up on the universe. We

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Speaker 1: sniff up the deliciousness of the universe. Oh man, I

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Speaker 1: was thinking coca cola, but dark the universe is my drug. Man,

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Speaker 1: the universe. It does get you high. But anyways, it

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Speaker 1: is a pretty special star. And I wonder, Daniel, when

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Speaker 1: you mentioned like other stars in other parts of the universe.

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Speaker 1: I wonder when in human history we realized that our

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Speaker 1: sun was a star, just like those little pin points

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Speaker 1: you see in the night sky. Like, was that a

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Speaker 1: big revelation for people? It was a big revelation, absolutely,

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Speaker 1: And you know that kind of revelation is a few

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Speaker 1: hundred years old. But there was this moment, like a

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Speaker 1: few hundred years ago when Newton and others realized that

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Speaker 1: there was probably one set of laws of physics, and

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Speaker 1: those laws applied equally to like things here on Earth

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Speaker 1: and motion of things in the sky, including the Sun,

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Speaker 1: and including all those stars, and so understanding that the

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Speaker 1: Sun was a star suggested that all those other pin

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Speaker 1: pricks in the sky were also probably solar systems that

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Speaker 1: might have planets on them. And you write that realization

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Speaker 1: is just a few hundred years old. But what a

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Speaker 1: mind blowing idea to realize, you know, that we are

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Speaker 1: one of billions and billions and billions. That really must

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Speaker 1: shake the whole foundation of what you think it means

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Speaker 1: to be human. Makes it a little less unique, like

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Speaker 1: less of a star of the universe, to think that,

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Speaker 1: you know, there's zillions of suns out there. Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: it immediately begs lots of other questions, like what are

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Speaker 1: those stars? Like? What are those solar systems? Like? Are

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Speaker 1: their planets in life around those solar systems? While it

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Speaker 1: suggests that there might be, because we know that our

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Speaker 1: sun is not rare or weird or interesting, that it's

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Speaker 1: just one of billions, we don't actually know and until

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Speaker 1: recently we hadn't seen planets around any other star. Until

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Speaker 1: like twenty thirty years ago, we'd never observed a planet

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Speaker 1: around a star other than our own. It could have

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Speaker 1: been that our Solar system was the only one with planets, right,

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Speaker 1: How weird would that have been, right? Yeah, although you

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Speaker 1: have to assume that their movies are in a different language.

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Speaker 1: So maybe you know there's like a local star. Maybe

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Speaker 1: everyone's famous in that in Poland? Isn't that the same throughout?

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Speaker 1: I'm world famous in Poland? That's a classic mel Brooks joke. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but we didn't know, like maybe the planetary formation was

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Speaker 1: really unusual, and most stars just form as stars, right,

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Speaker 1: They gather up all the stuff and that's it. You

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Speaker 1: just have stars, and having planets is weird and results

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Speaker 1: of some strange fluctuation. Now, of course we know the

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Speaker 1: opposite is true, that planets are totally normal, and that

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Speaker 1: most solar systems have planets, that their planets everywhere. There's

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Speaker 1: billions and trillions of planets out there, right, And I

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Speaker 1: think something interesting is that I think by now maybe

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Speaker 1: most people know that all stars out there are suns,

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Speaker 1: but I think most people assume them. When you look

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Speaker 1: at a star in the night sky, it's like one star,

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Speaker 1: like one sun that you're looking at, like each pinpoint

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Speaker 1: is this this one specific sun that's shining. But that's

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Speaker 1: not necessarily true, right, that's right, it's not necessarily true.

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Speaker 1: It turns out that sometimes stars formed together, and then

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Speaker 1: you can have more than one star in a solar system.

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Speaker 1: And if they're really far away, basically every other star is,

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Speaker 1: it's not always easy to make them out by I. So,

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Speaker 1: so some things that you see in the sky might

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Speaker 1: be binary or triinary or even crazier star systems. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but they're so far away they they look like one

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Speaker 1: pin point, right, Yeah, unless you have a really powerful

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Speaker 1: telescope or use some cool techniques we're gonna talk about today,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty hard to tell if it's one star or several.

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Speaker 1: And so today on the podcast, we'll be asking the

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Speaker 1: question how many stars can a solar system have? Now, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: are these like still our stars? Are these like YELP

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Speaker 1: review stars? There's no limit on how many stars you

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Speaker 1: can give on YELL. I think you can be like,

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Speaker 1: I think five is the most? Can you give ten stars?

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Speaker 1: And yell? Isn't there some premium subscription version we can

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Speaker 1: give as many stars that you want and if not, yelp,

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Speaker 1: I totally suggest you offer that to people. Yeah, let

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Speaker 1: people be effusive, right, because I would give our solar

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Speaker 1: system totally t out of five stars only ten, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: Come on, I mean that's double the maximum and being

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Speaker 1: generous here, like, like, are you looking at other solar

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Speaker 1: systems thinking maybe they have better boba ti or pizza.

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Speaker 1: I don't need to have options. I can go to

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Speaker 1: a restaurant and I can rate it just on its food.

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Speaker 1: I don't need to compare it to the other restaurants

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Speaker 1: in town. I can say five out of five would

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Speaker 1: have that falafel again, and in the same way, I

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Speaker 1: can say ten out of five. I would totally evolve here. Again,

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Speaker 1: it seems really unscientific of you, Daniel. I would have

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Speaker 1: expected something more systematic, you know, like, are you assuming

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Speaker 1: you've tasted every pizza in the universe? Sometimes my belly

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Speaker 1: feels like I have. But no, I it's purely subjective.

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Speaker 1: I totally agree. I have no scientific system for rating

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Speaker 1: solar systems. Well, I would give our solars some I

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Speaker 1: guess infinity stars because you know I'm here because of it,

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Speaker 1: and that's worth an infinite amount of a value to me. Well,

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Speaker 1: I'm glad that you don't forget the little stars that

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Speaker 1: helped you along the way. Our star is a little underdog,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, it's it's kind of an interesting question. How

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Speaker 1: many stars can a solar system have? Like we know

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Speaker 1: our solar system has one, and we know that their

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Speaker 1: binary star systems out there, but like how many can

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Speaker 1: you fit into one place? Like ten twenty? And these

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Speaker 1: are my favorite kinds of questions, the one that are

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Speaker 1: very simple and just sort of like blow up basic

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Speaker 1: assumptions you maybe never thought to ask about. Like people

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Speaker 1: are now cool with wondering how many planets could there

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Speaker 1: be in imagining solar systems with like twenty planets or

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Speaker 1: just two planets or like really big weird planets or

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Speaker 1: fluffy planets or something. People are like sort of stretch

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Speaker 1: their mind that way. But I think a lot of

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Speaker 1: people haven't really bent their minds in the other direction.

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Speaker 1: I think most people think of a solar system is

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Speaker 1: like a star with stuff around it, And so I

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Speaker 1: think it's really good to like remind ourselves that the

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Speaker 1: example we see, what we sort of define our existence around,

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Speaker 1: isn't necessarily representative. That we've got to keep our minds

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Speaker 1: open to other kinds of stellar families. Yeah, and it

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Speaker 1: made me think of Star Wars, you know, and that

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Speaker 1: famous scene in that first movie where Luke Skywalker is

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Speaker 1: looking out into the horizon and he see there are

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Speaker 1: two stars in the sky. I know that's crazy and

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Speaker 1: it would make for a crazy like pattern of day

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Speaker 1: and night. I don't know how you could be a

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Speaker 1: farmer on a planet with two sons. You'd have two ships.

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Speaker 1: Maybe you have some crazy almanac. You're like, Okay, it's summer, now,

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Speaker 1: it's double summer. Now, it's half summer. Now it's sort

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Speaker 1: of winter. You know, like if the seasons it would

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Speaker 1: just be nuts, right right, Well, let's get into it, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: how many stars can a solar system have? And so,

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Speaker 1: as usually, we were wondering how many people out there

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Speaker 1: have thought about this question or even knew that you

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Speaker 1: could have more than one or two stars in a

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Speaker 1: solar system. So Daniel went out there into the wild

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Speaker 1: for the internet to ask people how many stars can

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Speaker 1: a solar system have? So thank you very much to

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Speaker 1: everybody who participated. If you are out there and been

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Speaker 1: listening to the podcast and never have lent your voice

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Speaker 1: to these questions. Please write to us two questions at

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com. No pressure, but I think

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Speaker 1: you'll love it. Here's what people had to say. I

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Speaker 1: hadn't really considered that, but I know that, Um, a

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Speaker 1: large number of solar systems. Do you have at least

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Speaker 1: two stars? There might be somewhere three, but I'm not

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Speaker 1: actually sure the maximum. So yeah, I think a solar

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Speaker 1: system can have more than one star. I remember seeing

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Speaker 1: something on the television about a binary star system, so

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Speaker 1: I think it can have more than one star. I

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Speaker 1: think a solar system can have one or two stars. Um,

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Speaker 1: we have one star that is our sun, and then

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Speaker 1: there are binary systems, which consists of two stars orbiting

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Speaker 1: around each other, and I think it is possible for

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Speaker 1: there to be like planetary objects orbiting them. You have

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Speaker 1: binary stars and triple star systems. Whether there's any limit

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Speaker 1: onto it, I doubt it. As long as it's contentionally locked.

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Speaker 1: I don't think they se limit. But at some point

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Speaker 1: it will stop being a solar system become a galaxy. Well,

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Speaker 1: I know that there are binary systems, which would mean

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Speaker 1: two stars. I don't see why they couldn't be three stars.

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Speaker 1: I in a solar system, and I think I saw

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Speaker 1: a science fiction program where they mentioned as seven star

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Speaker 1: solar system, but that was science fiction, probably not based

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Speaker 1: in fact. But I really don't know what the upper

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Speaker 1: limit would be, probably something between three and seven. I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure of a physical limit. A solar system can

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Speaker 1: certainly have multiple stars. I know binary stars are very common.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure if there's anything to say that you

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Speaker 1: couldn't have ten stars or in some amazing orbit around

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Speaker 1: each other. I suspect in nurse stellar nursery, whether they're

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Speaker 1: all quite compact. You have a lot of stars in

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Speaker 1: close proximity that have a gravitational impact on each other. Well,

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Speaker 1: a solar system, you can probably have a bunch of

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Speaker 1: stars I know are obviously our solar system has one,

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Speaker 1: and I know that many of the stars solar systems

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Speaker 1: out there have two stars. And I'm sure you can

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Speaker 1: have like a trinary system. I feel like I've seen

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Speaker 1: a couple of movies with that. I don't know if

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Speaker 1: there's a fundamental limit, but I know it gets a

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Speaker 1: little harder to get all the equations to balance out

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Speaker 1: if you have more and more stars. Things get a

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Speaker 1: little chaotic when you have a bunch of things orbiting

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Speaker 1: each other. So I'm gonna go with maybe three might

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Speaker 1: be sort of like the practical limit, but maybe there's

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Speaker 1: some more, all right, A lot of guessing. Most people

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Speaker 1: start to like one or two. I guess you don't

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Speaker 1: hear about like a three or more than two star system, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: I feel like binary star is a common phrase. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: people are being conservative here. They're not, like, you know,

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Speaker 1: reaching out and imagining solar systems with like fifties stars

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Speaker 1: and of and stuff like that. I think it just

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Speaker 1: goes to show you that people think of solar systems

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Speaker 1: as dominated by a star or maybe two and then

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Speaker 1: planets around it. Right. I guess it's hard to wrap

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Speaker 1: your head a right, it might just be like chaos,

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Speaker 1: like who would win or who would be the dominant star?

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Speaker 1: Or why wouldn't they just crash into each other? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you feel like a solar system has to have somebody

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Speaker 1: in charge. Well, it could be like a committee run

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Speaker 1: solar system, you know, majority rules or you know, I'm

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Speaker 1: sure they use the Robert's rule to make decisions about

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Speaker 1: orbits and things like that. So you're in favor of

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Speaker 1: socialism when it comes to organisms, sellar Sylar semi favorite

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Speaker 1: solar socialism. Yes, the s S s S cosmic social

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Speaker 1: Society of Socialist Solar Systems and communistic cosmologists. Nice. Nice,

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Speaker 1: but then it gets all eaten up by a democratic

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Speaker 1: dark matter. Unfortunately, dark matter will totally win the vote,

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Speaker 1: actually because it totally would out vote us. Right, we

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Speaker 1: do not want there, you go, it's more autocratic, I think,

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Speaker 1: astronomically autocratic. Yeah, it's just like an some countries they

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Speaker 1: have more animals than people, like Denmark has more pigs

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Speaker 1: than people, and so if they give pigs the vote,

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Speaker 1: the people will probably get voted out of office. Well,

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Speaker 1: let's not make any politician jokes here with pigs. You

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Speaker 1: just did, No, I didn't. But I like this person

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Speaker 1: who said that they've seen a star system with seven

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Speaker 1: stars in science fiction. Yeah. Yeah, that means that authors

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Speaker 1: out there have been creative in imagining the in stellar systems.

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Speaker 1: So again, kudos to science fiction authors, right, or like

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Speaker 1: Avengers movies. I feel like those Avengers movies have like,

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Speaker 1: you know, twenty stars in them, and did you give

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Speaker 1: them all five stars? On yell IMDb? Daniel? Are you

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Speaker 1: reviewing movies on yelled? But Anyways, let's get into Daniel.

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Speaker 1: I guess most people seem to know about binary stars,

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Speaker 1: and I'm sure that just means that has two stars.

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Speaker 1: So let's talk about for binary star system how common

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Speaker 1: are they and how can they come to be? Like

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Speaker 1: how do you get a star system with two stars

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Speaker 1: in it? Yeah, most of them are binary star systems,

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Speaker 1: but we'll talk later about solar systems with even more stars.

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Speaker 1: But it's not rare at all. So it's a third

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Speaker 1: of the stars in the solar system are in a

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Speaker 1: binary star system. So like when I look at the

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Speaker 1: night sky, a third of the stars that I'm looking

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Speaker 1: at are actually two stars. Yeah, exactly. Wow, So if

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Speaker 1: I look out and I'm seeing double it's I'm about

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Speaker 1: a third, right, Like it's not in my eyesight necessarily, yeah,

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Speaker 1: or you know, stop having drinks or whatever, but yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: There are lots and lots and lots of double star

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Speaker 1: systems out there, something we really didn't imagine until recently.

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Speaker 1: It turns out to be really pretty common. So I

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Speaker 1: guess maybe a question is how do they form? Like

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Speaker 1: why didn't they just form as one star? How did

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Speaker 1: they come to have two stars? Right? Well, you have

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Speaker 1: to imagine how solar systems form. Right, you have this

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Speaker 1: big cloud of gas and dust initial building blocks of

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Speaker 1: the solar system. What makes that collapse? Right? What makes

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Speaker 1: that collapse into a star? Sometimes you get like a

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Speaker 1: shock wave that comes through from like a supernova or

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Speaker 1: something that triggers this collapse. But often you have a

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Speaker 1: really big cloud that's too big for just one star

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Speaker 1: to form. So we call these like stellar nurseries. You

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Speaker 1: get like bunches and bunches of stars all forming at

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Speaker 1: the same time. And so sometimes those stars formed close

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Speaker 1: enough that they start to tug on each other, and

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Speaker 1: they pull on each other, and then they become a

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Speaker 1: binary star system. So like you could have formed a

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Speaker 1: larger star right in the middle, But where the stars

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Speaker 1: actually form depends a little bit on like what happens

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Speaker 1: to be a little bit denser, because remember this is

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Speaker 1: a gravitational process, and so the dense spot pulls on

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Speaker 1: other stuff and accumulates. It's a runaway process, and so

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Speaker 1: you just happen to have like two spots that are

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Speaker 1: a little denser, a little closer to each other. You

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Speaker 1: can get stars forming close enough to form a binary

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Speaker 1: star system. I guess they each are sort of dominant

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Speaker 1: in their little region. But it just so happens that

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Speaker 1: the two reunions are sort of close enough together that

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Speaker 1: they form a system together. Yeah, and you can imagine

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Speaker 1: it's not that different from our Sun and Jupiter. If

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Speaker 1: Jupiter was a little bit bigger. You know, it has

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Speaker 1: like only one percent of the mass of the Solar system.

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Speaker 1: If it had like a little bit more, you could

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Speaker 1: call that thing a star. So why didn't Jupiter get

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Speaker 1: more mass? Well, you know, if it's been a little

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Speaker 1: bit further away, or the dynamics of how things have

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Speaker 1: been distributed had been different, you might have had a

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Speaker 1: more balanced distribution between the Sun and Jupiter. Interesting, like

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Speaker 1: we could have had a binary system. Like if Jupiter

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Speaker 1: had turned on or eating more of that infinite pizza,

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Speaker 1: we would have like a second star in our sky. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So it's just an example of how out of basically

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Speaker 1: a single cloud of stuff, you can have two foulside, right,

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Speaker 1: you can have two places where things start to accumulate

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Speaker 1: and doesn't always just collapse down to one. So that's

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Speaker 1: a good example, and you know a little bit different,

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Speaker 1: and yeah, we could have had a binary star system.

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Speaker 1: We could have been tattooeding basically right, although it wouldn't

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Speaker 1: They wouldn't look that big, right, Like the Sun would

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Speaker 1: look really big in our sky, but Jupiter would just

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Speaker 1: look like a pinpoint, wouldn't it. Well, Jupiter is much

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Speaker 1: further away than the Sun, and so it does look

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Speaker 1: a lot less bright for that reason. But it depends,

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Speaker 1: you know, on how things work. If Jupiter had been bigger,

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Speaker 1: it probably would have ended up in a different spot

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Speaker 1: in the Solar system. We had this whole fun podcast

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Speaker 1: episode how Jupiter ended up where it is, and it

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Speaker 1: sort of drifted towards the center of the Solar system

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Speaker 1: and then Saturn wrangled it and pulled it back out.

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Speaker 1: But if Jupiter had been bigger, it might have just

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Speaker 1: drifted towards the inner part of the Solar system and

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Speaker 1: formed a very tight binary spiral with our son, or

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Speaker 1: they might have even merged. I guess the question for

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Speaker 1: me is that if you have these two big things

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Speaker 1: in the Solar system, why don't they just crash into

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Speaker 1: each other? I think that's one question, And the other

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Speaker 1: question is what is it like to have two stars

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Speaker 1: in your Solar system? And so let's get into that

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Speaker 1: and maybe more star systems, but more stars in them

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Speaker 1: than two. But first, let's take a quick break. We're

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Speaker 1: talking about two star systems, systems with multiple stars in them,

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Speaker 1: and we started with two. Daniel, what is it like

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Speaker 1: to have a two stars in your system? Like, well,

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Speaker 1: wouldn't the two stars just crash into each other or

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Speaker 1: suck each other up? Well, things can be in stable orbits. Right,

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Speaker 1: It's like asking the question why doesn't the Earth get

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Speaker 1: sucked into the Sun For the same reason, it has

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Speaker 1: the right velocity and the right direction to be in

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Speaker 1: a stable orbit. As two objects approach each other, it's

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Speaker 1: possible for them to crash and do each other and

429
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:19,200
Speaker 1: you know, suck each other up. It's also possible for

430
00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:21,000
Speaker 1: them to be in a stable orbit. So if you

431
00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:23,119
Speaker 1: had two stars in a system, you would have the

432
00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:26,360
Speaker 1: two stars circling each other forever kind of right, Yeah,

433
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,760
Speaker 1: they could be stably circling their common center of mass.

434
00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:32,200
Speaker 1: And so instead of thinking about it like as a

435
00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:34,480
Speaker 1: solar system with a star at the center and everything

436
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,439
Speaker 1: moving around it, think about it like two stars at

437
00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:40,640
Speaker 1: the center orbiting some point in between them, and then

438
00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:43,159
Speaker 1: probably there are other things in the solar system and

439
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,480
Speaker 1: they're orbiting that also that common center of mass, the

440
00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:49,399
Speaker 1: point between the two stars. Like if you're a planet,

441
00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:52,520
Speaker 1: you would orbit the center that like the middle point

442
00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:54,760
Speaker 1: between them. Yeah, if your planet, it doesn't matter to

443
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,040
Speaker 1: you if you have two stars orbiting each other, or

444
00:22:57,080 --> 00:22:59,680
Speaker 1: if you replace those two stars with a big star

445
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:02,040
Speaker 1: right at the center of mass, it looks the same

446
00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,159
Speaker 1: to you from a Newtonian dynamics, and so yeah, you

447
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,560
Speaker 1: could just orbit the center of mass of those two stars.

448
00:23:07,840 --> 00:23:09,960
Speaker 1: So if you were far enough away from these two stars,

449
00:23:10,280 --> 00:23:13,280
Speaker 1: like life wouldn't be that different from what we have now, right, Like,

450
00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:16,320
Speaker 1: it's not like we would you know, sometimes see one

451
00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:18,560
Speaker 1: star to the right and another one to the left,

452
00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:20,920
Speaker 1: or sometimes you know, you would only see one star,

453
00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:23,400
Speaker 1: like usually you would probably only see you would see

454
00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:25,080
Speaker 1: the two stars at the same time in the sky.

455
00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:27,520
Speaker 1: That's right. Probably the two stars would be closest to

456
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:29,560
Speaker 1: each other at the center of the system, and then

457
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,440
Speaker 1: you'll be orbiting both of them. And so like having

458
00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:35,080
Speaker 1: a crazy system like we were talking about before, where

459
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:38,680
Speaker 1: you like passed between the stars is less likely, And

460
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:40,639
Speaker 1: if you had a system like that, it wouldn't be

461
00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:44,000
Speaker 1: very stable, Like that's a three body system. Those systems

462
00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:46,960
Speaker 1: are very very chaotic, and so a system like that

463
00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:49,639
Speaker 1: would likely just eject or lose its planets. And so

464
00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:51,600
Speaker 1: it's be very unlikely to have a planet in a

465
00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:54,679
Speaker 1: system where like the planet is passing between the two stars,

466
00:23:54,920 --> 00:23:57,520
Speaker 1: most likely to be doing an orbit around the two

467
00:23:57,560 --> 00:23:59,920
Speaker 1: star system. I see, So instead of seeing like one

468
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,560
Speaker 1: bright circle in the sky, you would just see two

469
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:05,280
Speaker 1: of them. Yeah, but they mostly be moving together, right,

470
00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:07,879
Speaker 1: but they might change in size relatively chick to each other, right,

471
00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:10,400
Speaker 1: Like as I'm going around, sometimes I'm closer to one

472
00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:13,000
Speaker 1: and sometimes I'm closer to the other one. So maybe

473
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,399
Speaker 1: the weather would be really weird, right, Yeah, And they

474
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:18,480
Speaker 1: can eclipse each other, right, one can pass in front

475
00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:21,800
Speaker 1: of the other, so you could have a son's sun eclipse, right,

476
00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:24,560
Speaker 1: because they could be different brightnesses and different colors. You

477
00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:26,639
Speaker 1: have like a red star and a yellow star, and

478
00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:29,760
Speaker 1: so like the color in the sky could change as

479
00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:31,760
Speaker 1: they pass in front of each other. That'd be pretty cool.

480
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,520
Speaker 1: Would they change, like with the sky change color? Probably right,

481
00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:36,480
Speaker 1: like the light would get mixed up. Yeah, I'd be

482
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:39,720
Speaker 1: awesome for artists. You know that golden hour the photographers

483
00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:41,159
Speaker 1: like to use at the beach trying to be like

484
00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:45,080
Speaker 1: lots of different kinds of colored hours cool. Alright, So

485
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:47,280
Speaker 1: then and and these systems are stable. You say these

486
00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:50,080
Speaker 1: systems are stable. The two body system can be stable.

487
00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:53,200
Speaker 1: Three body system is very complicated, and we're gonna have

488
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,880
Speaker 1: a old podcast episode about that very soon. The three

489
00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,800
Speaker 1: body problem is famously difficult to solve. But a two

490
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:00,920
Speaker 1: star system can be stable, and then you can have

491
00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,879
Speaker 1: a planet orbiting around that two star system. That's the

492
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,000
Speaker 1: key to stability is to really take a three body

493
00:25:07,119 --> 00:25:09,840
Speaker 1: system and make it into effectively two body by putting

494
00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:11,720
Speaker 1: two of them close to each other, so you can

495
00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:14,160
Speaker 1: sort of treat them as one. Right, And you're saying

496
00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:17,200
Speaker 1: those are more stable, which means that they're you know,

497
00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:19,960
Speaker 1: more likely like the ones that are chaotic probably crash

498
00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:22,639
Speaker 1: into each other or something else happened. Yeah, exactly. And

499
00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:25,840
Speaker 1: there may have been a lot of triinary star systems formed.

500
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,840
Speaker 1: We have three stars all forming together, but that's a

501
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,800
Speaker 1: very unstable situation. And so that's why we have a

502
00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,440
Speaker 1: lot more binary star systems than triinary star systems because

503
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:38,159
Speaker 1: probably when there were three, two of them got together

504
00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:41,359
Speaker 1: and ejected the third. Kind of like human relationships a

505
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:43,960
Speaker 1: little bit kind of like the Hemsworth Brothers. You know,

506
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:48,960
Speaker 1: I don't think they've injected anyway. Well, I guess the

507
00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:51,720
Speaker 1: third one is not as famous. Yeah, exactly. But you

508
00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:53,560
Speaker 1: kind of blew my mind when you said about a

509
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:56,520
Speaker 1: third of stars out there are binary systems. And I

510
00:25:56,560 --> 00:25:58,159
Speaker 1: guess maybe a question is like, how do we know,

511
00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:00,520
Speaker 1: Like in the nice sky, they just look like pinpoints.

512
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,520
Speaker 1: How do we know that there are two in each

513
00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:05,760
Speaker 1: of those pinpoints? So we can study these things and

514
00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:08,560
Speaker 1: we can tell sometimes when they're binary star systems. There's

515
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,399
Speaker 1: two ways to do it. One is just visually, like

516
00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:14,760
Speaker 1: you get a really powerful telescope. You can actually see

517
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:17,879
Speaker 1: that a star is not spherical in your telescope. You

518
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:19,240
Speaker 1: don't even have to be able to see like the

519
00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:21,880
Speaker 1: gap between them. You can just tell that it looks

520
00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:24,200
Speaker 1: more like a peanut, or it's all along, or that

521
00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:26,440
Speaker 1: its shape seems to be changing in a way that's

522
00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:29,680
Speaker 1: consistent with two stars near each other. Oh, I see

523
00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:31,639
Speaker 1: like as they rotate it maybe it looks like a

524
00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:34,720
Speaker 1: blob kind of changing shape. It looks like a blob.

525
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,320
Speaker 1: So that's number one. That's the easiest way. That was

526
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,399
Speaker 1: the first way we've ever done it. The second is

527
00:26:39,440 --> 00:26:42,320
Speaker 1: that we can use Doppler effects. So you have two

528
00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:44,879
Speaker 1: stars orbiting each other. Now, so now they have a

529
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,919
Speaker 1: velocity relative to each other. And so the same way

530
00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:50,520
Speaker 1: that we measure the velocity of a star relative to

531
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:53,560
Speaker 1: the Earth by looking at how it shifts the wavelength

532
00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:55,880
Speaker 1: of the light that's getting to us, because if it's

533
00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:59,200
Speaker 1: moving away from us, it stretches out the wavelength. That

534
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:02,320
Speaker 1: makes the wavelengths longer and redder. That's called red shift.

535
00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:04,479
Speaker 1: But if two stars are orbiting each other, then their

536
00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:07,480
Speaker 1: velocity relative to the Earth is constantly changing. They're like

537
00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:10,280
Speaker 1: faster slow or faster slower, faster, slower, And so we

538
00:27:10,359 --> 00:27:13,880
Speaker 1: can measure this changing red shift, and we can deduce

539
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:17,040
Speaker 1: that a star that looks just like one actually has

540
00:27:17,119 --> 00:27:19,399
Speaker 1: this pattern of two stars moving back and forth. We

541
00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:22,240
Speaker 1: can tell which light is coming from which star based

542
00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:24,880
Speaker 1: on the red shift pattern I see, because I guess

543
00:27:24,920 --> 00:27:27,040
Speaker 1: if if it's only one star in that system, that

544
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:30,960
Speaker 1: star is not really jiggling, right, it's probably just sitting

545
00:27:31,320 --> 00:27:34,520
Speaker 1: pretty solidly in the center of its system, not wriggling

546
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:38,040
Speaker 1: around or moving around something close by. That's right, unless

547
00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:40,399
Speaker 1: there's a big planet there. And so now we have

548
00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:43,440
Speaker 1: like really really sensitive techniques to measure the lights from

549
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,399
Speaker 1: these stars to see if there are planets tugging on

550
00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,399
Speaker 1: those stars. And so in the same way we detect

551
00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:52,600
Speaker 1: exo planets by seeing that they're tugging on the stars

552
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:55,280
Speaker 1: and causing these weird Doppler patterns in the stars, you

553
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,920
Speaker 1: can see exo stars, right. You can see that this

554
00:27:59,080 --> 00:28:01,720
Speaker 1: star is not just one, but it's actually two based

555
00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:05,120
Speaker 1: on the light that comes from It's exactly the same technique. Wow,

556
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:07,359
Speaker 1: So I guess we've been able to see them now

557
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:09,320
Speaker 1: for a while, and we actually know a lot about

558
00:28:09,359 --> 00:28:11,720
Speaker 1: these binary systems, right, That's right. And there's a third

559
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,840
Speaker 1: way that we see these binary systems, and that's also

560
00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:18,480
Speaker 1: borrowed from exoplanets, and that's this eclipse technique that we

561
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:21,000
Speaker 1: were talking about. Having two stars line up in front

562
00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:22,840
Speaker 1: of each other in the same way that we see

563
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:26,120
Speaker 1: exo planets by seeing like how they eclipse their star.

564
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:28,280
Speaker 1: In that case, the planet is passing in front of

565
00:28:28,359 --> 00:28:30,560
Speaker 1: the stars, so it dims the light just a little bit.

566
00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:33,080
Speaker 1: But we are really precise telescopes to measure that if

567
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:35,600
Speaker 1: one of the stars is brighter than the other, then

568
00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:37,720
Speaker 1: as it passes in front of the other star, it

569
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,320
Speaker 1: can eclipse it, it will change how much light we

570
00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:42,760
Speaker 1: are seeing. You get a regular pattern of that, you

571
00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:45,120
Speaker 1: can deduce it. It's a binary star system. So a

572
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,160
Speaker 1: lot of these techniques really come from sort of extrapolating

573
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:51,880
Speaker 1: from exoplanet techniques, and I imagine if they're very different stars,

574
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:54,400
Speaker 1: then you could even tell it to apart, right, because

575
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:58,080
Speaker 1: stars have kind of like a fingerprint depending on their material,

576
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:00,840
Speaker 1: and so you can be have like a very unique nature. Exactly.

577
00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:03,040
Speaker 1: They have a fingerprint just as you said, based on

578
00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:06,760
Speaker 1: what they're burning, because different elements have different quantum levels

579
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:10,160
Speaker 1: and so they give off photons at different energies. And

580
00:29:10,280 --> 00:29:12,800
Speaker 1: that's also we rely on that for the Doppler pattern. Right.

581
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:14,640
Speaker 1: You might ask, like, how do you know if the

582
00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:16,560
Speaker 1: light from a star is red shifted or not. You

583
00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:19,000
Speaker 1: can't tell what it's like over there. What you can

584
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,840
Speaker 1: because you know exactly what energy level hydrogen gives off

585
00:29:22,840 --> 00:29:25,080
Speaker 1: when it's hot, and we know that energy level, so

586
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,720
Speaker 1: we can compare what we measure to what we see.

587
00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:30,440
Speaker 1: And so you're right, if one star is heavier, has

588
00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:32,280
Speaker 1: more metals than it, it's going to glow with a

589
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,720
Speaker 1: different set of spikes in the spectrum, and as one

590
00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:37,520
Speaker 1: passes in front of the other, you'll see like the

591
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:40,640
Speaker 1: color that light literally change as they eclipse each other.

592
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:42,680
Speaker 1: It's pretty cool. Yeah, it's pretty cool because I guess

593
00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:44,680
Speaker 1: when you look at the sky, I mean, everything just

594
00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:47,960
Speaker 1: looks like white pinpoints, but there's a ton of information,

595
00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:49,880
Speaker 1: like if you look at the different frequencies. Right. Yeah,

596
00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:53,200
Speaker 1: it's another great example of how much information about incredible

597
00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:56,360
Speaker 1: mind blowing stuff is out there, like literally washing over

598
00:29:56,480 --> 00:29:59,840
Speaker 1: us every day, that we're mostly ignoring. I wouldn't say mostly,

599
00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:05,440
Speaker 1: I largely. Except for a few scientists paying attention to

600
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 1: a few corners in the universe, most of what the

601
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:09,920
Speaker 1: universe is telling us and gets ignored. Yeah, it's not.

602
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:13,520
Speaker 1: But we have done this with lots and lots of stars,

603
00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:15,920
Speaker 1: Like we have looked out there and we have identified

604
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:20,400
Speaker 1: more than a hundred thousand binary stars just looking here

605
00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:23,040
Speaker 1: from Earth. Right. Yeah, but you're saying that even though

606
00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:27,440
Speaker 1: they're more stable binary system, that they're still not super stable,

607
00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:30,880
Speaker 1: meaning that they are less likely to have planets. Yeah,

608
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,800
Speaker 1: because you had a third body now becomes chaotic, right,

609
00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:36,920
Speaker 1: A two body system very stable, happy to orbit around

610
00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:39,600
Speaker 1: each other for the rest of time at a third body,

611
00:30:39,680 --> 00:30:43,080
Speaker 1: like a planet, and it gets complicated because as those

612
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:45,840
Speaker 1: two stars orbit each other, sometimes one gets a little

613
00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: closer to the planet and one gets a little further away,

614
00:30:48,360 --> 00:30:50,600
Speaker 1: and that adjust the orbit of the planet. It can

615
00:30:50,680 --> 00:30:53,600
Speaker 1: knock it off. Its orbit and orbits are a little

616
00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:56,040
Speaker 1: bit fragile. You get a push in the wrong moment

617
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,000
Speaker 1: in the wrong direction and boom you're rocketing out into

618
00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:02,480
Speaker 1: space or your arashing into the Sun. And so these

619
00:31:02,560 --> 00:31:05,280
Speaker 1: systems are not as likely to have planets as single

620
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:09,240
Speaker 1: star systems like ours. But our Solar system is pretty stable.

621
00:31:09,320 --> 00:31:10,960
Speaker 1: But we have like a ton of objects in it.

622
00:31:11,440 --> 00:31:13,800
Speaker 1: Why isn't it chaotic? We do have a ton of objects,

623
00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:16,360
Speaker 1: but mostly they're very small and very far from each other,

624
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:18,760
Speaker 1: like the two biggest objects in the Solar System, the

625
00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:23,040
Speaker 1: Sun and Jupiter. The Sun dominates the gravity by huge amount.

626
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:27,400
Speaker 1: It's like twenty five thousand times more powerful gravitationally than Jupiter.

627
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:29,920
Speaker 1: So it's almost like we have a two body system.

628
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,640
Speaker 1: We can mostly ignore Jupiter, and the other planets are

629
00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:35,000
Speaker 1: so small that they don't really affect us. If they

630
00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:37,200
Speaker 1: were closer, like they were in the early part of

631
00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:39,280
Speaker 1: the Solar System, you would have a lot more chaos,

632
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:41,880
Speaker 1: and we had a lot more chaos. Well we're looking

633
00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:44,320
Speaker 1: at is sort of like the stable remnant of four

634
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:47,440
Speaker 1: billion years of craziness. Well, I think it's also interesting

635
00:31:47,480 --> 00:31:49,760
Speaker 1: you were telling me that you can also have like

636
00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:53,360
Speaker 1: a star and a black hole system, Like you could

637
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:55,400
Speaker 1: have a solar system with a star and a black

638
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:58,840
Speaker 1: hole in it, exactly because sometimes stars become black holes.

639
00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:01,600
Speaker 1: So what happens if you have two stars and one

640
00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:03,640
Speaker 1: of them is big enough to collapse eventually into a

641
00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:05,360
Speaker 1: black hole and the other one isn't, then you get

642
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:08,840
Speaker 1: a star orbiting a black hole. And that's super cool.

643
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:12,080
Speaker 1: And that's actually the first way that we discovered black holes.

644
00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:16,360
Speaker 1: We saw this star orbiting something nothing, nothing that we

645
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: could see at least, and that was great evidence of

646
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,600
Speaker 1: the existence of a black hole. So we did a

647
00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:25,000
Speaker 1: whole fun podcast episode about Sickness X one this discovery

648
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,000
Speaker 1: of a black hole. It's pretty nice because the star

649
00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:29,520
Speaker 1: that you can see tells you a lot about how

650
00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:32,640
Speaker 1: much mass is there. From its orbital radius and its velocity,

651
00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:35,200
Speaker 1: you can deduce its mass and the mass of the

652
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:37,640
Speaker 1: black hole. So it's pretty cool, right, And you can

653
00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:42,400
Speaker 1: even have like planets orbiting this binary star black hole system.

654
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:44,760
Speaker 1: Like you could maybe be on a planet and look

655
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:46,640
Speaker 1: up at the sky and there be a sun and

656
00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:49,040
Speaker 1: a black circle right and a black hole and you're

657
00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:50,760
Speaker 1: in the night sky, Like you could have an anti

658
00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:55,120
Speaker 1: sunset where the black hole, you know, it's below the horizon. Yeah,

659
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,160
Speaker 1: what would that be like? That would be an awesome eclipse,

660
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,040
Speaker 1: a black hole passing in front of the star. That

661
00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,280
Speaker 1: would be pretty super cool to see. It would also

662
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:04,160
Speaker 1: make me feel a little nervous, you know, to be

663
00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:07,520
Speaker 1: that close to a black hole. It's a nerve wrecking

664
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:09,920
Speaker 1: enough to be close to it a giant exploding star,

665
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:14,520
Speaker 1: but now now you're orbiting also a black hole. Yeah, exactly.

666
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:17,080
Speaker 1: That would be pretty crazy. And sometimes a binary star

667
00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:20,040
Speaker 1: system is a little fuzzy, like sometimes the two stars

668
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,240
Speaker 1: can help each other out, or like they can steal

669
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:25,560
Speaker 1: material from each other. For example, of this famous kind

670
00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:29,480
Speaker 1: of supernova type one, a supernova comes from a binary

671
00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:33,000
Speaker 1: star system. It only happens under very special conditions. When

672
00:33:33,040 --> 00:33:35,800
Speaker 1: you have one star that becomes a white dwarf, which

673
00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:38,320
Speaker 1: means that it's blown out most of its fuel and

674
00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:40,720
Speaker 1: what's left is just like a hot mass of stuff.

675
00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,560
Speaker 1: It's not fusing anymore. It's just like glowing because it's

676
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:46,480
Speaker 1: hot like hot metal does. And it's not massive enough

677
00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:48,920
Speaker 1: to collapse into a black hole or go supernova, So

678
00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:52,000
Speaker 1: otherwise it would just sit there forever, cooling for trillions

679
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:54,880
Speaker 1: of years. But if it's got a partner near it,

680
00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:58,120
Speaker 1: like a really big star orbiting right around it, it's

681
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:00,840
Speaker 1: gravity can suck in some of the mater curial from

682
00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:03,959
Speaker 1: that other star and that can trigger a supernova. Now

683
00:34:04,080 --> 00:34:07,240
Speaker 1: it has enough gravity to collapse, and Type one A

684
00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:09,560
Speaker 1: supernova is the one that tell us about dark energy

685
00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:12,279
Speaker 1: and expansion of the universe. Those are the conditions needed

686
00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:14,920
Speaker 1: for a type one A supernova. Every single one is

687
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:18,400
Speaker 1: exactly that scenario. Really, all of the type one and

688
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:20,160
Speaker 1: those are the ones we used to like map out

689
00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:22,840
Speaker 1: the universe, right, those are really important for us. Yeah, exactly,

690
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:25,600
Speaker 1: a star that goes supernova by itself, that's called a

691
00:34:25,640 --> 00:34:28,520
Speaker 1: type two supernova. So Type one A are these very

692
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,359
Speaker 1: special conditions from a binary star system with a white

693
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,840
Speaker 1: dwarf that gobbles energy and mass from its partner to

694
00:34:34,960 --> 00:34:37,720
Speaker 1: trigger the supernova. So we wouldn't have those without binary

695
00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:40,280
Speaker 1: star systems, so we wouldn't have learned so much about

696
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:43,920
Speaker 1: the universe. Interesting. So that's a binary system that's not stable, right,

697
00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:46,560
Speaker 1: because one of them is getting sucked into the other. Yeah, exactly.

698
00:34:46,560 --> 00:34:48,600
Speaker 1: And then when it goes supernova, you can like blow

699
00:34:48,719 --> 00:34:50,960
Speaker 1: up the other star like that goes totally crazy. You

700
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:54,400
Speaker 1: wouldn't want to be a planet on that system. You

701
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:56,759
Speaker 1: wouldn't want to be a star in that family. Like

702
00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:59,160
Speaker 1: when one of the hands with brothers blows up, sorry

703
00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:01,680
Speaker 1: giving a ra in public and people ful filled it

704
00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:03,440
Speaker 1: with the cell phone, then it's all over for the

705
00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:05,920
Speaker 1: whole family. I just meant their career blows up, you know,

706
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:07,759
Speaker 1: like one of them becomes Thor and the other ones,

707
00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:11,680
Speaker 1: you know, whatever they're doing, they're not Thor, they're not Thor.

708
00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:14,239
Speaker 1: I think that's how their parents now call them. This

709
00:35:14,360 --> 00:35:16,879
Speaker 1: is my son Thor, which is my other son, not Thor.

710
00:35:17,719 --> 00:35:20,040
Speaker 1: And this is my other son Awsome, not Thor. Hey,

711
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:22,280
Speaker 1: if one of my siblings was a god on screen,

712
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:24,920
Speaker 1: and then yes, I would define myself. Is not that one?

713
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:31,359
Speaker 1: If one of your siblings, I see, well, I'm sure

714
00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:34,080
Speaker 1: they're happy not to be you as well. Everybody in

715
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:36,320
Speaker 1: the universe except for me is happy to not be me,

716
00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:38,920
Speaker 1: all right, Well, let's get into more than just two

717
00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:41,359
Speaker 1: stars in a solar sism. You can you have three

718
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:44,160
Speaker 1: or four or five or maybe even more than that.

719
00:35:45,200 --> 00:36:00,120
Speaker 1: But first, let's take another quick break. All right, we're

720
00:36:00,160 --> 00:36:03,920
Speaker 1: talking about multi star systems, solar systems with more than

721
00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:07,839
Speaker 1: one or two stars, Daniel, Are those common in the universe? Also?

722
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:10,520
Speaker 1: Can you have a solar system with three stars or

723
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:13,319
Speaker 1: four stars? Yeah, it turns out it's not that rare.

724
00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:17,000
Speaker 1: Like the most common systems are single and double systems

725
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:19,440
Speaker 1: for the reasons we talked about. But you can actually

726
00:36:19,560 --> 00:36:23,200
Speaker 1: build a stable system out of more than two stars.

727
00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:26,040
Speaker 1: You can have a third star, and the trick is

728
00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,080
Speaker 1: to have two of them be like really close to

729
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:30,520
Speaker 1: each other and the other one be a little further away.

730
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:33,600
Speaker 1: So like a triple star system, you have two stars

731
00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:35,600
Speaker 1: like the center, and then instead of a planet, you

732
00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:37,759
Speaker 1: have like another star out there and it's sort of

733
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,000
Speaker 1: a wide orbit around the two stars. But hey, you've

734
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:44,319
Speaker 1: got three stars in orbit around their common center of mass.

735
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,759
Speaker 1: So that's a triple system. And why not, right, I mean,

736
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 1: they're consensing cosmological objects, you know, to each their own

737
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:53,839
Speaker 1: that's right. I believe in polly star systems or whatever

738
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:57,439
Speaker 1: you thought it, Polly physics. There you go. We're open

739
00:36:57,480 --> 00:36:59,319
Speaker 1: minded here on the podcast. I think what you mean

740
00:36:59,480 --> 00:37:01,759
Speaker 1: is like haveing a system kind of like ours, where

741
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,000
Speaker 1: there's a big there's something in the middle that's big

742
00:37:04,080 --> 00:37:06,600
Speaker 1: and happening, and then there's maybe like a third one

743
00:37:06,719 --> 00:37:10,719
Speaker 1: like Jupiter way out there where it's not really disrupting

744
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:13,760
Speaker 1: as much the two star system in the middle. Yeah, exactly,

745
00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:16,840
Speaker 1: take our star and split it into two tightly orbiting

746
00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:20,160
Speaker 1: each other, and then graduate Jupiter into a star. And

747
00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:22,640
Speaker 1: that's a good mental picture for what a trinary star

748
00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:25,480
Speaker 1: system might look like. It's not like three stars are

749
00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:28,520
Speaker 1: like all whizzing around each other in close quarters in

750
00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:31,800
Speaker 1: some crazy like dance. Yeah, it's really more like a

751
00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:34,760
Speaker 1: binary system with an orbiting third partner. It's like a couple,

752
00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:38,359
Speaker 1: but then there's someone in the preference checking them out.

753
00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:41,520
Speaker 1: There's a close friend, a camry couple, a close friends

754
00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:45,320
Speaker 1: Uncle George, we'll just call him uncle George, exactly. And

755
00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:48,800
Speaker 1: that's the recipe for building these more complex star systems

756
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:51,560
Speaker 1: and having them be stable. For example, if you want

757
00:37:51,719 --> 00:37:55,239
Speaker 1: a quadruple star system, and there is one, it's called

758
00:37:55,320 --> 00:38:00,360
Speaker 1: Alpha Jeminorum. This is basically two binary star systems orbiting

759
00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:02,920
Speaker 1: each other. So you have like a tight pair and

760
00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:06,160
Speaker 1: another tight pair and they're orbiting each other. Like how

761
00:38:06,239 --> 00:38:08,520
Speaker 1: far away are we talking about? Like are they really

762
00:38:08,560 --> 00:38:11,399
Speaker 1: far away or are they like you know, spinning around

763
00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:13,760
Speaker 1: pretty fast around each other. Yes, So the two closer

764
00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:16,560
Speaker 1: ones have periods that are really small. So like the

765
00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:19,640
Speaker 1: pairs orbit each other in like days, right, so they're

766
00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:22,279
Speaker 1: really whizzing around each other. But then there's a much

767
00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:26,120
Speaker 1: bigger separation between the pairs, and that's typical. That's how

768
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:29,520
Speaker 1: you become stable. And so the pairs of pairs orbit

769
00:38:29,560 --> 00:38:31,920
Speaker 1: each other, you know, more like in a period of years,

770
00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:34,320
Speaker 1: and in other star systems it can be hundreds or

771
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:37,200
Speaker 1: thousands of years for the larger set. I mean, it's

772
00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:40,040
Speaker 1: it's not like our solar system. It's more like you know,

773
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,120
Speaker 1: like a Meani galaxy almost, yes, sort of. But they

774
00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:46,160
Speaker 1: are definitely orbiting each other. They are gravitationally bound to

775
00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:48,880
Speaker 1: each other, you know, the way like the Orc cloud

776
00:38:49,120 --> 00:38:52,200
Speaker 1: is really really far out there, but it's still gravitationally

777
00:38:52,280 --> 00:38:54,560
Speaker 1: bound to our Sun, and so it's part of our

778
00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:57,240
Speaker 1: solar system. I see. So that's a system we actually

779
00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,160
Speaker 1: know about what we can see it. It's two couples

780
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:02,280
Speaker 1: swinging around. Yeah, and it's really awesome because we originally

781
00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:04,839
Speaker 1: thought it was a binary system because you can see

782
00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:07,960
Speaker 1: the two stars visually, right, So you can see the

783
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:09,719
Speaker 1: two stars, and then when you look at each one,

784
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:11,719
Speaker 1: you can tell, oh my gosh, each one turns out

785
00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:14,040
Speaker 1: to also be a binary. But you can only tell

786
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,600
Speaker 1: based on these spectroscopic measurements, the measuring of light and

787
00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:20,239
Speaker 1: seeing the Doppler shift. Well, that must have been a

788
00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:23,120
Speaker 1: weird revelation, right, yeah, and one at a time, right,

789
00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:25,520
Speaker 1: you're like, oh my gosh, this binary star system turns

790
00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:27,680
Speaker 1: out to be triinary. Let's check out the other one

791
00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:31,360
Speaker 1: that's binary. And then it turns into an eight solar

792
00:39:31,719 --> 00:39:35,120
Speaker 1: sun system. And yeah, you never know, you never know. Well,

793
00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:37,840
Speaker 1: what about more than four stars? So that's a pretty

794
00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:40,319
Speaker 1: high number. Can you have more than four stars? You can.

795
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:44,400
Speaker 1: There's a system of five stars. This is the Glease system.

796
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:46,640
Speaker 1: This is organized in sort of a crazy way, like

797
00:39:46,760 --> 00:39:49,320
Speaker 1: a set of hangars where one hangar hangs off the

798
00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:50,880
Speaker 1: edge of the other one hangs out the edge of

799
00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:54,080
Speaker 1: the other one. You have like a binary star system.

800
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,040
Speaker 1: But then it turns out that one of them looks

801
00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:59,800
Speaker 1: like a binary star, right, so you have instead of

802
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,200
Speaker 1: a binary star system, now you have a trinary. Then

803
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:04,719
Speaker 1: you zoom in on one of those in the binary,

804
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:07,879
Speaker 1: and turns out that's a binary. And then you zoom

805
00:40:07,880 --> 00:40:09,560
Speaker 1: in on one of those in that binary, and that

806
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:13,759
Speaker 1: turns out to be a binary. Yes, like a nested yeah.

807
00:40:14,040 --> 00:40:16,239
Speaker 1: And really that's the only way to be stable is

808
00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:19,640
Speaker 1: to have these things be separated into like effectively two

809
00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:22,200
Speaker 1: body systems, but where one of the bodies turns out

810
00:40:22,280 --> 00:40:24,759
Speaker 1: to have complicated like inner motion. So this one is

811
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:26,880
Speaker 1: like a four level hierarchy, and this is called the

812
00:40:26,960 --> 00:40:29,960
Speaker 1: Glease system g L I E S E. You need

813
00:40:30,080 --> 00:40:32,360
Speaker 1: like a hierarchy, But is that hierarchy due to the

814
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:35,800
Speaker 1: size like each as you go down a level, the

815
00:40:35,920 --> 00:40:38,279
Speaker 1: sun's get smaller. Are they all the same size? It

816
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,200
Speaker 1: just happened to like be trapped in this hierarchical orbits.

817
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:44,359
Speaker 1: They don't have to be smaller. They can be large,

818
00:40:44,360 --> 00:40:45,960
Speaker 1: and they can even be larger, but then you just

819
00:40:46,040 --> 00:40:47,759
Speaker 1: need the orbits to be a little bit bigger so

820
00:40:47,880 --> 00:40:50,600
Speaker 1: that effectively it looks like a single star system from

821
00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:53,160
Speaker 1: the distance of the other star. Right, you just need

822
00:40:53,239 --> 00:40:56,080
Speaker 1: to be to be small enough then to be close enough,

823
00:40:56,360 --> 00:40:58,200
Speaker 1: or for you to be far enough away that you

824
00:40:58,239 --> 00:41:01,160
Speaker 1: can mostly treat a binary system like a single star

825
00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:02,920
Speaker 1: for it to be stable. I wonder what it's like

826
00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:04,680
Speaker 1: to be a planet in that system. Is it just

827
00:41:04,760 --> 00:41:09,680
Speaker 1: like a constant disco ball, you know, it's experienced day

828
00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:13,000
Speaker 1: and night like light flashing in and out. Well, some

829
00:41:13,120 --> 00:41:14,680
Speaker 1: of the stars are going to be so distant that

830
00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:17,919
Speaker 1: they're just gonna look like moons, right, or they're gonna

831
00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:19,640
Speaker 1: look like other things. Well, I give this one a

832
00:41:19,719 --> 00:41:23,080
Speaker 1: five star rating for sure for having five stars. But wait,

833
00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:26,000
Speaker 1: there's more. Yeah, is it possible to have more? Yeah,

834
00:41:26,080 --> 00:41:29,240
Speaker 1: we have found star systems with more than five stars.

835
00:41:29,440 --> 00:41:32,080
Speaker 1: There's one we saw recently which is a crazy six

836
00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:36,000
Speaker 1: star system. This one has like three pairs of binaries,

837
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:38,279
Speaker 1: So you have like three of these little guys and

838
00:41:38,360 --> 00:41:42,879
Speaker 1: that's organized into a triinary system. Whoa, So it's three

839
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:46,440
Speaker 1: binary stars. But is it hierarchical? Like is do you

840
00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:48,920
Speaker 1: have like a binary star and then the binary system

841
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:50,880
Speaker 1: orbiting that one, and then you have a binary system

842
00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:53,520
Speaker 1: orbiting the other one? You have two binary systems where

843
00:41:53,560 --> 00:41:55,239
Speaker 1: they have like a larger one and a smaller one

844
00:41:55,560 --> 00:41:57,840
Speaker 1: and then those two are organized into a binary and

845
00:41:57,920 --> 00:42:01,520
Speaker 1: then that quad star system is in a binary relationship

846
00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:05,640
Speaker 1: with another binary star system. So it's definitely hierarchical. It's

847
00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:09,239
Speaker 1: like a Sementi swinging party in space. Yeah, and I

848
00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:11,399
Speaker 1: don't know if they have any planets. We haven't seen any,

849
00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:14,480
Speaker 1: but it's pretty crazy. Why wouldn't they have planets? Well,

850
00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:17,000
Speaker 1: it's just so chaotic, right, there's so much gravity all

851
00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:18,840
Speaker 1: the time that would be pretty hard to find a

852
00:42:18,920 --> 00:42:21,719
Speaker 1: stable orbit. Like, it's amazing that even these found a

853
00:42:21,760 --> 00:42:24,759
Speaker 1: stable orbit, right, I guess how did they find that orbit?

854
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:27,000
Speaker 1: Did they? Do you think they were born, you know,

855
00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:29,279
Speaker 1: near each other and that's just what they settled into.

856
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:31,680
Speaker 1: Or do you think they you know, one of them

857
00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:34,479
Speaker 1: was cruising by and God pulled in. It's actually really

858
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:39,000
Speaker 1: hard to capture another object like Gravitationally, it's actually impossible

859
00:42:39,080 --> 00:42:42,560
Speaker 1: to capture an object that's passing by because of conservation

860
00:42:42,640 --> 00:42:45,879
Speaker 1: of energy. If it's coming by and it's not in orbit,

861
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:48,440
Speaker 1: that means it's not a hyperbolic trajectory. And if it

862
00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:51,840
Speaker 1: unless it loses energy somehow, it's just gonna whizz around

863
00:42:51,880 --> 00:42:54,040
Speaker 1: you and shoot out into space. So to capture an

864
00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:57,240
Speaker 1: object you need like something else to give away energy

865
00:42:57,440 --> 00:43:00,319
Speaker 1: or collide with it or something. So much more likely

866
00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:02,840
Speaker 1: is that this formed this way, that it came together

867
00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:05,920
Speaker 1: this way gravitationally from the initial collapse in cloud. It

868
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:09,200
Speaker 1: just happened to form six points there that gobble up

869
00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,759
Speaker 1: a lot of the mass and then coalesced into this

870
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:14,600
Speaker 1: stable system. And then these are pretty rare, right, Like

871
00:43:14,840 --> 00:43:17,000
Speaker 1: we only know of one. Yeah, this is really rare.

872
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:19,839
Speaker 1: There's very few systems like this, and this particular one

873
00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:23,400
Speaker 1: is super weird because not only does it have like

874
00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:26,759
Speaker 1: six stars in it, but they are eclipsing. So these

875
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:30,320
Speaker 1: stars are all eclipsing binaries, which means that all of

876
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:34,040
Speaker 1: them orbit each other in just the right plane so

877
00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:36,279
Speaker 1: that they block the light from each other on its

878
00:43:36,320 --> 00:43:39,240
Speaker 1: way to Earth. So it's like, not only is it weird,

879
00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:41,960
Speaker 1: but they all happen to be arranged exactly the right

880
00:43:42,040 --> 00:43:44,759
Speaker 1: way to eclipse each other's light from the point of

881
00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:46,719
Speaker 1: view of Earth, like they're on the same level and

882
00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:49,399
Speaker 1: this level just happens to be like in our eyeline. Yeah,

883
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:51,759
Speaker 1: And so this was discovered by a test, which is

884
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,640
Speaker 1: this awesome telescope that looks for exoplanets via this transit

885
00:43:55,719 --> 00:43:58,080
Speaker 1: method of dimming of the light of a star to

886
00:43:58,120 --> 00:44:00,160
Speaker 1: see something passing in front of it. And so we

887
00:44:00,239 --> 00:44:04,680
Speaker 1: detected all of these crazy activities in this one solar system. Wow,

888
00:44:04,920 --> 00:44:08,040
Speaker 1: it was like blinking like crazy, like randomly. Yeah. And

889
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:11,000
Speaker 1: just like in the other hierarchies, like the closer the

890
00:44:11,080 --> 00:44:15,080
Speaker 1: little binaries orbit each other sometimes days or years, but

891
00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:18,680
Speaker 1: the furthest pair, like the quad system that's orbiting around

892
00:44:18,719 --> 00:44:22,120
Speaker 1: the other binary system, they orbit every two thousand years.

893
00:44:22,480 --> 00:44:25,200
Speaker 1: This was really like a quad couple that's much closer

894
00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:27,719
Speaker 1: and then a binary system that's a little further away,

895
00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:30,480
Speaker 1: but they are tied together. Wow. Well that's kind of romantic.

896
00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:32,800
Speaker 1: They've been together for two thousand years. That's something to

897
00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:34,920
Speaker 1: aspire to. But now I'm afraid to ask, Daniel, can

898
00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:37,440
Speaker 1: you have a solar system with more than six stars?

899
00:44:37,840 --> 00:44:40,320
Speaker 1: You know you can? And we have found one. The

900
00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:44,239
Speaker 1: craziest star system we've ever seen has seven stars in it.

901
00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:48,160
Speaker 1: And this is a star system called New Scorpii, which

902
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:51,160
Speaker 1: is pretty awesome name. It's five light years away and

903
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:54,200
Speaker 1: it has seven stars. It's like, geez, get greedy much?

904
00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:59,160
Speaker 1: They just like the party. I guess we're just jealous, right,

905
00:44:59,160 --> 00:45:00,719
Speaker 1: I'm like, man, they're having a lot more fun over

906
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:03,959
Speaker 1: there than we are. I think with each start there's

907
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:07,319
Speaker 1: just more drama. You know, that's soap operated in your life.

908
00:45:07,400 --> 00:45:09,919
Speaker 1: Some people can't live without it. But this seven star

909
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,600
Speaker 1: system is sort of organized into two systems. One of

910
00:45:13,640 --> 00:45:15,759
Speaker 1: them has four stars and the other one has three,

911
00:45:16,120 --> 00:45:19,080
Speaker 1: and those two systems orbit each other. But it's really cool,

912
00:45:19,239 --> 00:45:21,719
Speaker 1: hierarchic goal. It's hard to describe over the radio, so

913
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,160
Speaker 1: I suggest you google it. But it's pretty cool system

914
00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:26,919
Speaker 1: like two clusters that are kind of far away enough

915
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:30,080
Speaker 1: from each other that they don't destabilize each other, but

916
00:45:30,120 --> 00:45:32,000
Speaker 1: they're orbiting around each other, and each one of those

917
00:45:32,040 --> 00:45:36,520
Speaker 1: clusters has another two separate clusters within them. Yeah, exactly.

918
00:45:36,880 --> 00:45:39,279
Speaker 1: It's pretty crazy. And so you know, life on that

919
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:42,719
Speaker 1: planet with like seven sunrises and seven sunsets every day,

920
00:45:43,239 --> 00:45:46,600
Speaker 1: that sounds pretty exciting. Imagine having seven parents, that's gonna

921
00:45:46,640 --> 00:45:49,840
Speaker 1: be pretty confusing. Like how do you make decisions. I

922
00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:53,319
Speaker 1: guess you pull all your parents and the majority wins. Well,

923
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:57,040
Speaker 1: mommy said I could have dessert, which mommy mom said

924
00:45:57,360 --> 00:45:59,680
Speaker 1: that I can have a treat. The majority of my

925
00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:03,120
Speaker 1: mom said I never treat, all right, well, I give

926
00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:06,040
Speaker 1: the universe, you're right, a lot of stars for being

927
00:46:06,239 --> 00:46:08,680
Speaker 1: so awesome and unpredictable. I mean, who would have thought

928
00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:11,479
Speaker 1: you could have seven stars in one system. It's pretty cool,

929
00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:14,399
Speaker 1: and it's just an example of how the universe does

930
00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:17,279
Speaker 1: stuff that you didn't expect. It does exactly what you

931
00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:20,799
Speaker 1: didn't anticipate, and that everything we thought we've learned about

932
00:46:20,840 --> 00:46:23,560
Speaker 1: the universe from last thousand years, assumptions that were at

933
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:27,040
Speaker 1: the bedrock of our understanding, should be questioned because they

934
00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:29,600
Speaker 1: could be wrong and things could be very different out

935
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:31,719
Speaker 1: there in other corners of the universe. I'm starting to

936
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:33,919
Speaker 1: question YELP reviews. Maybe they should go up to seven

937
00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:37,840
Speaker 1: stars because the universe has said in the bar, the

938
00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,040
Speaker 1: stars bar. All right, well, we hope you enjoyed that,

939
00:46:40,160 --> 00:46:42,600
Speaker 1: And speaking of stars, give us a good rating on

940
00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:46,280
Speaker 1: iTunes or Spotify or or wherever you're listening to this podcast,

941
00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:49,200
Speaker 1: and tell your friends thanks for joining us. See you

942
00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:59,400
Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and

943
00:46:59,480 --> 00:47:01,840
Speaker 1: joor Hicks Blame the Universe is a production of I

944
00:47:02,120 --> 00:47:05,520
Speaker 1: Heart Radio or more podcast from my Heart Radio. Visit

945
00:47:05,560 --> 00:47:09,040
Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

946
00:47:09,160 --> 00:47:11,640
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows h