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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark.

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Speaker 1: And there's the Chipper Cheery, Charles W. Chuck Bryant, how Deep.

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Speaker 1: And there's Jerry over there. Say hi, Jerry, you know what?

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Speaker 1: How are you doing? Man? I'm well, sir, how are you?

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty well myself. I'm feeling all right. Feel a

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Speaker 1: little fit, yeah, yeah, yeah. Um. You're a little sweaty

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Speaker 1: as you can tell. But I'm all right. It's gross,

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Speaker 1: it is. I don't smell dowey. Okay, good so, friends, listeners,

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Speaker 1: country man, Uh, you're gonna notice a little something different

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Speaker 1: in this week's feed Tomorrow. This bears a little explanation.

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Speaker 1: We are dropping episodes one and two of my new

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Speaker 1: movie interview show movie Crush Do Do Do. We're dropping

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Speaker 1: those into the Stuff you Should Know feed. Uh, something

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Speaker 1: we've never done here at the network, but we're gonna

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Speaker 1: I guess I'm the lab rat on this one. The

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Speaker 1: guinea pig, the guinea pig. Yeah, I guess either one right.

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Speaker 1: The guinea pig doesn't die, the lab rat dies, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess. So let's go with the guinea pig for sure.

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Speaker 1: That all right. Well either way, we are dropping those

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Speaker 1: into the stuff you should know feed uh, and we

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Speaker 1: wanted to alert you so when you saw all these

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Speaker 1: new things, you didn't rebel against us like everyone hated

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Speaker 1: YouTube when they delivered the World Free album, right right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean this is like, this is not just it's

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Speaker 1: not a You two album, it's your new show. It's

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Speaker 1: more important than any You two album. Well you know

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Speaker 1: I appreciate that. Uh so, yeah, that's why they're there.

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Speaker 1: An Episode one is uh the Great Janet Varney with

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Speaker 1: we talked about the movie Tron and um, that's the

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Speaker 1: nature of the show as I talked to people about

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Speaker 1: their favorite movie. And episode two is uh tig Nataro

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Speaker 1: talking about the movie Mask and that one is a

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Speaker 1: very special episode and I'll tease it with this. We

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Speaker 1: recorded that interview or conversation rather seconds after she got

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Speaker 1: the call that she was cancer free at the five

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Speaker 1: year mark. Oh wow. So uh she started crying at

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Speaker 1: the beginning, and I didn't know what was going on.

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Speaker 1: I gave her some time. I was freaking out, and

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Speaker 1: it turned out to be good news. But and I

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Speaker 1: explained that all the the onset of the episode, but

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Speaker 1: it turned out to be a very special experience. Man, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: your like Barbara Walters, I didn't get it out of her.

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Speaker 1: It was just weird timing. But anyway, those are in there,

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Speaker 1: and uh, it won't happen every week, but I would

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Speaker 1: love for you to subscribe. Well, yeah, that's the way

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Speaker 1: to get it, right, Yeah, just subscribe anywhere you you

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Speaker 1: listen to podcasts. These are a couple of gifts a

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Speaker 1: little Jim, that's right, and I appreciate your support on it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well where to go, man can gratulations. I speak for

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Speaker 1: me and the rest of the world when I say

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Speaker 1: we are looking forward to this, Thanks dude. And you

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Speaker 1: know I'm gonna have you on as a guess. That's

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Speaker 1: gonna be very strange and awesome. Yeah, I think it'll

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Speaker 1: be neat. I'll start crying to do you know what

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Speaker 1: your favorite movie is that you would pick? I got

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Speaker 1: a couple I think I could choose from. Sure, all right,

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Speaker 1: we'll hold on to that then, okay, and we'll just

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Speaker 1: we'll just pick that up later. Okay. Well, congrats again, man,

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Speaker 1: thanks pal. Shall we warm the globe? Yeah? All right,

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Speaker 1: so Chuck, um, I don't know if you've heard about

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Speaker 1: this term recently, but it's been in the news lately. Uh,

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Speaker 1: global warming, Are you familiar? It does ring a bell? Okay, well,

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Speaker 1: just in case you For those people who aren't aware

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Speaker 1: of global warming, global warming is what we're talking about today,

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Speaker 1: And UM, A lot of people confuse it or use

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Speaker 1: it interchangeably with climate change, and it turns out that's

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Speaker 1: not actually fully accurate. Global warming is a symptom of

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Speaker 1: climate change as a whole. Climate change is a whole

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Speaker 1: bunch of differences to the Earth's climate. Will get into

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Speaker 1: what climate is in a second, um, and one of

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Speaker 1: those is global warming. Also things like extreme weather events,

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Speaker 1: increased drought, increased temperatures, um, sea level rises, all these

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Speaker 1: things put together, that's climate change, right, or the results

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Speaker 1: of climate change, and global warming is one of them.

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Speaker 1: So global warming is climate change, but not all climate

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Speaker 1: change is global warming. It just wanted to make sure

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Speaker 1: we got that out of the way to begin with.

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Speaker 1: Like the square rectangle thing, which I can still never

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Speaker 1: keep straight well, and I think the what like every

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Speaker 1: square is not a rectangle but every rectangles square or

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Speaker 1: the reverse of that, whichever it is. I've never heard

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Speaker 1: that before. I even ace geometry the second time I

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Speaker 1: took it. It was clearly class that didn't care about squares. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess not. I mean they always talked about rectangles,

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Speaker 1: but squares were never brought up. Yeah, I think it's

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Speaker 1: you know, I'm not going to take myself ahold there.

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Speaker 1: That's probably so global warming if you want just a

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Speaker 1: kind of a straight up definition is uh. The science

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Speaker 1: community defines it as this, and they should know. It's

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Speaker 1: a significant increase in the climatic temperature over a short,

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Speaker 1: relatively short period of time as a result of activities

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Speaker 1: of humans. And by increase in short, we're talking like

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Speaker 1: one degree celsius in a couple of hundred years. Is

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Speaker 1: global warming, right, Because the effects of climate are so

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Speaker 1: pronounced on such a like with just small incremental changes,

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Speaker 1: that that that that that is climate change, something that

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Speaker 1: if you just look at it on paper, you're like,

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Speaker 1: that's nothing. Who cares about one degree? Actually, the point

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Speaker 1: of global warming is that when you have these these

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Speaker 1: this increase in global temperatures, a whole basket of events

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Speaker 1: starts to take place. That's climate change. Like global warming

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Speaker 1: is related to climate change, right, it can trigger other

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Speaker 1: climate changes. That's right. And Uh, you hear a lot

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Speaker 1: of people talk about you hear a lot of numb

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Speaker 1: skulls talking about weather as if it is climate, like, uh,

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Speaker 1: a very harsh winter might come, and they'll say you

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Speaker 1: have global warming. Right, that's a great numb skull. Uh,

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Speaker 1: it's not the same thing. Whether is is local, it's

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Speaker 1: short term. Climate is long term. Um, it's not even

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Speaker 1: like the weather over a period of a year or

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Speaker 1: even a couple of years. We're talking about predictable, generally

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Speaker 1: predictable average weather conditions in a region over a long,

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Speaker 1: long period of time. So you can safely say in

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Speaker 1: Green Bay, Wisconsin, it is cold in the wintertime. That

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Speaker 1: is the climate of Green Bay and that Midwestern region

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Speaker 1: as a whole. Right, But if it snows in February

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Speaker 1: February of you know, next year, on a Tuesday, then

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Speaker 1: that's just the weather. Yeah. Or if it's snows in

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Speaker 1: Miami once, then that's not a reputation of what climate

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Speaker 1: change means. That is a weird anomaly and those happen. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And um, this is a this is a grabster and

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Speaker 1: strickling code joint, by the way, So that's why it

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Speaker 1: popped off the page if you noticed. But um, one

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Speaker 1: of the things they wisely pick point out is what

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Speaker 1: you just said that, Yes, some some weather anomaly happens

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Speaker 1: like that, even if it happened three years in a row.

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Speaker 1: I think a lot of scientists would pay attention to

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Speaker 1: why it snowed in Miami three years in a row.

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Speaker 1: But if it went back to normal or something like

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Speaker 1: that like that, that that would not necessarily be climate change.

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Speaker 1: That's just a weird occurrence. Right. Climate change is this

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Speaker 1: this change in predictable changes, and that can take like

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Speaker 1: thousands and ten thousands of years sometimes most times under

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Speaker 1: natural circumstances. And here's where we come to the current

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Speaker 1: use for global warming. Right, global warming can can happen

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Speaker 1: by itself naturally. The Earth um basically as it in

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Speaker 1: its current present state, swings back and forth between glacial

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Speaker 1: periods and interglacial periods, so cool periods and warm periods,

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Speaker 1: And for an ice age to occur, um, the global

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Speaker 1: temperature only needs to drop by about five degrees celsius

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Speaker 1: on average, and all of a sudden we're in an

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Speaker 1: ice age. Right. Yeah, that doesn't mean the entire Earth

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Speaker 1: is a big round cube, round cube. Wow, that's like

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Speaker 1: a square rectangle, but not at all the same. Well,

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Speaker 1: you know when you go to a fancy cocktail bar

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Speaker 1: and they have those awesome round I want to say

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Speaker 1: ice cubes again, ice spheres. Uh, that's not what the

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Speaker 1: Earth looks like necessarily during an ice age. No, no, no,

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Speaker 1: it's just much cooler and like because it's cooler by

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Speaker 1: say five degrees celsius um. Like, a lot of stuff changes.

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Speaker 1: It's the same thing as global warming, but on the

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Speaker 1: opposite end, right, Like you have changes in migration patterns,

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Speaker 1: you have changes in habitat for animals. Some things go

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Speaker 1: extinct during the transition um, sea levels change, A lot

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Speaker 1: of stuff happens, right, So this is part of the

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Speaker 1: normal process of the Earth. But the Earth's kind of

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Speaker 1: got it, like, hey, hey, I've got this under control.

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Speaker 1: I don't need any help from you humans and I

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Speaker 1: when I do do this, this is the Earth talking

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Speaker 1: and first person. When I do change from a glacial

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Speaker 1: period to a warm period, it takes many tens and

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Speaker 1: tens of thousands of years. Right you humans here again,

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Speaker 1: this is still me, the Earth. You humans are really

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Speaker 1: messing with my program here and accelerating the process. And

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Speaker 1: you know what, I'll even give you a clue as

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Speaker 1: to what you're doing that's making it so bad carbon

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Speaker 1: dioxide emissions. Bam, said the Earth and dropped its microphone.

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Speaker 1: I walked away. Yeah, and then it went back and

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Speaker 1: picked up his mic and said, and maybe stop littering. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and then it dropped the mic again. Yeh Uh. We

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Speaker 1: should talk a minute about a wonderful group called the

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Speaker 1: i p c C, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Yes,

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Speaker 1: a lot of very smart people there. Oh mann, Can

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Speaker 1: I just say it's to me, the i p c

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Speaker 1: C is one of the coolest things humanity has ever

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Speaker 1: come up with, because it's it's the world coming together

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Speaker 1: saying we've got a real problem on our hands. Let's

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Speaker 1: get our smartest people together and create a database here

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Speaker 1: of of good science. Yeah, and those people are specifically

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Speaker 1: about actually more scientists from around the world meeting together

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Speaker 1: in places like Paris, because why not, right. Uh, they

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Speaker 1: did this about ten years ago and came up with

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Speaker 1: a lot of um, well, sort of a lot of

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Speaker 1: distressing observations. Uh, we'll just tick through a few of

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Speaker 1: these um as far as timp trick goes, and um,

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Speaker 1: you know, like we said, like one degree celsias can

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Speaker 1: make a big swing, and what kind of changes we

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Speaker 1: see on the planet. Between nineteen o one and two

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Speaker 1: thousand the Earth warmed point six degrees. Uh so that's

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Speaker 1: if you if you adjust that to nineteen o six

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Speaker 1: to two thousand six, it climbs up to point seven

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Speaker 1: four degrees, So about three quarters of a degree in

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Speaker 1: temperature rise during that one year period, right, And there's

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Speaker 1: a lot. It is a lot. And so a lot

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Speaker 1: of people say, well, you guys just said the Earth

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Speaker 1: tends to do this on its own, maybe that's it. Well, actually, no,

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of science that the I p c

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Speaker 1: C Has been able to come up with that shows

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Speaker 1: pretty clearly that this is human cause stuff that's actually

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Speaker 1: creating this increase in temperature. And again it seems to

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Speaker 1: come back to carbon dioxide. Yeah. Should we took over

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Speaker 1: a few of these other observations, Yeah, for sure. Um

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Speaker 1: let me see, here's a good one. The ocean's temperature

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Speaker 1: has increased to at least depths of almost ten thousand

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Speaker 1: feet down. The oceans temperature has increased. Not a good thing,

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Speaker 1: because that's how um like, what glaciers tend to melt

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Speaker 1: is from underneath, that's right. What else? Uh, Westerly winds

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Speaker 1: have been growing stronger, droughts have become more intense, have

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Speaker 1: lasted longer, covered bigger swaths of land. Uh. What else

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Speaker 1: here Precipitation is increased in the Eastern America's, Northern Europe,

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Speaker 1: parts of Asia, but it's decreased elsewhere. Yeah, And that's

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Speaker 1: I mean, we'll get into this a little bit. A

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Speaker 1: little bit of global warming can mean longer growing and

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Speaker 1: better growing seasons in some parts of the world, but

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Speaker 1: devastating to other parts of the world. I guess I

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Speaker 1: let the cat out of the bag there, but we'll

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Speaker 1: go over that again later. Uh. And how how about

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Speaker 1: this on the warming trend of the last fifty years

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Speaker 1: is about double of the last one hundred years. So

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Speaker 1: what that means is the rate is increasing. The rate

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Speaker 1: of warming is increasing. Yeah, actually so the I think

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Speaker 1: the I p c C has determined that each of

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Speaker 1: the past forty years has been warmer than the average

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Speaker 1: temperature of the twentieth century, and that two thousand and

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Speaker 1: sixteen was the hottest year on record, and the twelve

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Speaker 1: warmest years on record have occurred since. Dude, you should

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Speaker 1: see the the UM we'll get into some of the

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Speaker 1: charts that that you can find. And again, like if

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Speaker 1: you're even remotely interested in this, like just go look

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Speaker 1: up the I P. C. C S stuff, and some

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Speaker 1: of it, like you you have to be a climatologist

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Speaker 1: to understand what in the name of God they're talking about.

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Speaker 1: But other stuff, if especially if you read like executive

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Speaker 1: summaries of studies and reports and stuff like that's meant

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Speaker 1: to for like a non scientists specifically often like policymaker

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Speaker 1: to read and understand, right, so the average person can

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Speaker 1: understand that UM. And they have some really great stuff

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Speaker 1: that's showing like all of the changes that the world

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Speaker 1: is going through thanks to these increases in the global temperature.

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Speaker 1: And again, some of the charts that they have are

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Speaker 1: just stunning when you see them, because it's like going

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Speaker 1: along fine, going along fine, everything's fine, and then oh

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Speaker 1: my god, what the hell just happened? Basically that was

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Speaker 1: the Industrial revolution? It was. But also one of the

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Speaker 1: things that they found recently, especially in the last like

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Speaker 1: three or four years, I believe, is that UM is

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Speaker 1: that I think you're like what you were saying, the

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Speaker 1: increase in global temperatures, but also again, the increasing carbon

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Speaker 1: dioxide UM has really shot up over the last like

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Speaker 1: fifty years, like from from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

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Speaker 1: I think they usually start that about seventeen fifty two

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Speaker 1: maybe the latest up to like nineteen fi ft or

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Speaker 1: so in nineteen sixty, like there's a pretty surprising increase,

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Speaker 1: but it is just skyrocketed in the last like fifty

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Speaker 1: or sixty years. So um, they're they're seeing like this.

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Speaker 1: This the science is bearing out the the kind of

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Speaker 1: the general theory of global warming, which we should probably

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Speaker 1: talk about this this theory of global warming, right because

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Speaker 1: like we said, it's not just um human cause a

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Speaker 1: human cause mechanism, Like basically it's an already existing natural,

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Speaker 1: natural mechanism that basically keeps the earth nice and toasty

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Speaker 1: for um life and water keeps us from being Mars.

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Speaker 1: But we have we have started messing with it big

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Speaker 1: time because of our our contributions to this normal cycle. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so should we talk about the greenhouse effect a little bit? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the greenhouse effect is literally what keeps us from being Mars. Um.

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Speaker 1: It is a good thing when it occurs naturally because

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Speaker 1: as like you said, it keeps us on, you know,

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Speaker 1: it makes earth habitable and lovely and nice for the

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Speaker 1: last part, so they strickling in the grabster. I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure who came up with the car analogy, but it's

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Speaker 1: a pretty good one. If you go into your car

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Speaker 1: on a hot summer day and you get in, your

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Speaker 1: car's been sitting out the sun for a little while,

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Speaker 1: it's a lot hotter than it is outside. Um, it's

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Speaker 1: kind of a no brainer. But you might not have

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Speaker 1: thought about why that happens. Um, it's not magic. What's

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Speaker 1: happening is the the sun that's coming in through your

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Speaker 1: car windows gets absorbed by the interior of your car,

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Speaker 1: whether it's your seats or the dashboard or basically kind

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Speaker 1: of everything in the car absorbs that heat, and that

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Speaker 1: heat is then eventually emitted back out and radiated out

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Speaker 1: from the seats and things like that. But it's at

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Speaker 1: a different wavelength than that initial sunlight that came in,

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Speaker 1: so some of it might get back out of the window,

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Speaker 1: but most of it stays kind of trapped in that car.

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Speaker 1: So the end result of the net net, as they

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Speaker 1: would say in a corporate meeting, is that there's less

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Speaker 1: energy going out than than coming in. Right, So your

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Speaker 1: car is gonna get hotter. So pretend your car is

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Speaker 1: the planet Earth basically, which would be great, and the

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Speaker 1: windshield is the atmosphere, right. So, um, that's the greenhouse

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Speaker 1: effect in a nutshell as it as it relates to

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Speaker 1: the actual Earth. UM. About seventy of the solar energy

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Speaker 1: that is directed towards Earth right, stays on the planet, right,

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Speaker 1: And instead of being absorbed by car seats and floor

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Speaker 1: mats and stuff like that, it gets absorbed by the

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Speaker 1: ocean or land, or plants or you. Right. And so

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Speaker 1: about thirty percent of that stuff that that didn't make

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Speaker 1: it through it was reflected back by clouds, particles in

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere, a bunch of other stuff. Right. But as

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Speaker 1: you're sitting there getting warm by the sun, you actually

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Speaker 1: have the potential to re emit that heat, and so

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Speaker 1: that stuff starts to go back through the atmosphere out

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Speaker 1: of space. Some of that stuff makes it out into space,

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Speaker 1: but there are other particles that take that that um

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Speaker 1: solar energy, usually in the form of heat, and absorb it.

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Speaker 1: And when they absorb it, they re emit heat and

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Speaker 1: then they direct it back down to Earth and the

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Speaker 1: process continues. And in some of that some cases, some

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Speaker 1: of the stuff that they re emit, they end up

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Speaker 1: reabsorbing themselves, so that there is um more heat that's

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Speaker 1: being trapped and sustained on Earth than is being allowed

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Speaker 1: to escape back into space at any given time. Right

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Speaker 1: and again, um, this this is what this is like

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Speaker 1: a positive feedback cycle that that creates the atmosphere. It

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Speaker 1: also sustains the atmosphere. It also keeps water here on Earth. Um.

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Speaker 1: Because water tends to heat up and rise, but then

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Speaker 1: it will it will cool off in the atmosphere and

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Speaker 1: fall back down as precipitation. And as long as it

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Speaker 1: can fall back down in the atmosphere and nucleate around

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Speaker 1: some of these particles that are trapped in the atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: we've got water here on Earth, that's right. So it's

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Speaker 1: all thanks to the wonderful, glorious greenhouse effect. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: that that feels like a good place to pause. Let

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Speaker 1: people let that soak in a minute, like a hot

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Speaker 1: sun on a black car seat, like a warm chutney

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Speaker 1: on your forehead. O God, And we'll be back a

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Speaker 1: little bit to talk about the these gases in the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere that we're talking about here. All right, So we're back.

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Speaker 1: I think everyone probably understands the greenhouse effect if you

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Speaker 1: remember your hot car. It's kind of a nice easy

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Speaker 1: way to think about it. So when you were explaining

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Speaker 1: the more like the Earth's version of that with uh

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Speaker 1: getting absorbed hitting things in the atmosphere, we're talking largely

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Speaker 1: about three things carbon dioxide, methane gas, actually four things, uh,

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Speaker 1: nitrous oxide, and water vapor. And there are a lot

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Speaker 1: of others, but as far as like stuff that that

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Speaker 1: really has the biggest impact on on global warming, it's

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Speaker 1: these guys. Yeah, so we'll start with CEO two excess.

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Speaker 1: So when you hear about most often carbon emissions gets

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Speaker 1: all all the glory in the headlines these days. Carbon

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Speaker 1: c O two is colorless. It's gas. It is a

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Speaker 1: byproduct of uh, the combustion of organic stuff. UH, and

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Speaker 1: it makes up a very small part of the Earth's

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Speaker 1: atmosphere point zero four percent. And most of it that's

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Speaker 1: up there was has been there for a long long time.

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Speaker 1: It's from uh volcanic activity. However, UH we are pumping

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Speaker 1: lots and lots of c O two additional c O

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Speaker 1: two UH. And remember there's a delicate balance going on

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Speaker 1: there as it is so like you said, Mother Earth

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Speaker 1: doesn't need us adding to this, and we have been

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Speaker 1: adding c O two like it's Gangbusters. Yeah. So like

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Speaker 1: that that you remember when I was talking about how

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Speaker 1: water water turns into vapor and rises and falls back down.

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Speaker 1: That's the rain cycle. There's also a carbon cycle where

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Speaker 1: carbon molecules just kind of go back and forth between

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere and the earth. And apparently every year two

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Speaker 1: hundred and thirty giga tons of carbon are released into

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere from the Earth, from plants, from rocks, from us,

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Speaker 1: and then about the same amount another two d and

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Speaker 1: thirty giga tons comes back down and it's locked into

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Speaker 1: Earth from the atmosphere. Right, And it's like you said, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: like a pretty pretty nice balanced the Earth that's got this,

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Speaker 1: Please don't mess with it. But when we take carbon

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Speaker 1: and unlock it from these carbon sinks, like you know,

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Speaker 1: we bust up rocks and mining operations, we burn fossil

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Speaker 1: fuels that have carbon locked into them. Um, we cut

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Speaker 1: down trees and burn those things as fuel that releases

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Speaker 1: more carbon and it messes up that delicate um pretty

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Speaker 1: much even exchange between the atmosphere and the earth. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and that's a big problem because carbon has a knack

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Speaker 1: for absorbing infrared radiation, so that energy that escapes the atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: that that's the form that it comes in. So all

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Speaker 1: this extra CEO two means basically like your card, just

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Speaker 1: an overall increase in temperature, right, And and so not

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Speaker 1: only does it um absorb infrared heat and hang onto it,

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Speaker 1: it um it, there's a lot of it there. We

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Speaker 1: just finally, in the first time in the history of

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Speaker 1: the human race, all of humanity, not since the Industrial Revolution,

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Speaker 1: but ever since humans have been around the Earth reached

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Speaker 1: UM four hundred parts per million, meaning that out of

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Speaker 1: every million molecules that you just snatch out of the

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Speaker 1: air and count, you're gonna come up with four hundred

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Speaker 1: of those as carbon atoms, right, or carbon dioxide molecules.

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Speaker 1: So that's new. That's that's a big deal. And the

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Speaker 1: problem with that is is not just that there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of carbon dioxide in there, but it's like you said,

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Speaker 1: the more carbon dioxide there is, the more radiative heat

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Speaker 1: that comes back down to Earth that doesn't escape into space,

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Speaker 1: and the higher the global temperature gets. Yeah, and just

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Speaker 1: to into perspective, four hundred parts per million now, and

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Speaker 1: that's two thousand seventeen numbers, I guess. I think in

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Speaker 1: two thousand fifteen we hit four hundred and we're up

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Speaker 1: to like four hundred and four now. So that pre

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Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution was about out two d and eight parts

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Speaker 1: per million, So it has swelled by about a hundred

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Speaker 1: and twenty four parts per million since uh, the Industrial Revolution,

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Speaker 1: which is pretty staggering. Yeah, and there's apparently a way

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Speaker 1: that you can tell when you're actually measuring the carbon

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Speaker 1: dioxide molecules themselves where they came from and ones that

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Speaker 1: are introduced into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels have

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Speaker 1: a specific signature that we can detect, and we have

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Speaker 1: seen that as the global temperature has increased and more

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Speaker 1: and more um carbon dioxide has been introduced into the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, so too has the concentration

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Speaker 1: of that specific type of carbon dioxide. So there's a

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Speaker 1: strong correlation between the the fossil fuel burn carbon dioxide

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Speaker 1: that we humans have putting in the air with rising

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Speaker 1: global temperatures. All Right, moving on to nitrous oxide into

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Speaker 1: a which we did a whole podcast on this, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that was a good one. That was a great one. Uh,

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Speaker 1: mainly because of that tank that we had here in

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Speaker 1: the in the studio, I know, like we're method podcasters.

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Speaker 1: That was that definitely enhanced the whole thing. So into

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Speaker 1: oh is another greenhouse gas super important, and we are

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Speaker 1: not releasing like human activity is not releasing nearly as

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Speaker 1: much as we are CEO two. But um n O

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Speaker 1: two or I'm sorry, into oh absorbs a lot more energy,

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Speaker 1: like two hundred and seventy times as much as CEO two.

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Speaker 1: So that makes it, uh something we really need to

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Speaker 1: pay attention to, and we are paying attention to it.

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Speaker 1: It just doesn't get all the headlines. No, it definitely doesn't,

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Speaker 1: just because there's so so much less of it, right

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Speaker 1: and um Whereas it takes like ten tens of thousands

427
00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:50,200
Speaker 1: of years for you know, the of any given carbon

428
00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,040
Speaker 1: dioxide emission to leave the atmosphere, it takes about a

429
00:25:54,119 --> 00:25:57,080
Speaker 1: hundred and fourteen years for a full emission of UM

430
00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:59,720
Speaker 1: nitrous oxide to leave the atmosphere. Yeah, as far as

431
00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:02,119
Speaker 1: man maid, it's uh. It is also a byproduct of

432
00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:06,720
Speaker 1: combustion and UM a lot of fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer that

433
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:09,560
Speaker 1: they use on crops as releases the in two oh

434
00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:11,760
Speaker 1: into the atmosphere as well. See to me, all you

435
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,320
Speaker 1: have to do is like seed the atmosphere with a

436
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,600
Speaker 1: bunch of hippies and let them huff all the nitrous

437
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:20,800
Speaker 1: oxide right out of it. Problem solved because you've also

438
00:26:20,840 --> 00:26:25,480
Speaker 1: gotten Riddish concert in the sky. Exactly what else we

439
00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:28,439
Speaker 1: have methane? Methane is a big one, and this is

440
00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:31,399
Speaker 1: super overlooked, but I remember hearing about this when people

441
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:34,840
Speaker 1: first started realizing, like, oh, that's a really big problem.

442
00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:38,199
Speaker 1: It's um. It's there's very little amount of it, whereas

443
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,080
Speaker 1: like there's four hundred and four parts per million of

444
00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:44,399
Speaker 1: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These days we can measure

445
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,560
Speaker 1: about one point seven parts per million of methane. But

446
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:53,760
Speaker 1: it uh absorbs in amidst thermal energy like gang Busters

447
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,400
Speaker 1: as well, um far more than C O two UM.

448
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:00,600
Speaker 1: I think about twenty times more. And is there's a

449
00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:03,080
Speaker 1: lot of different places where it comes from. Like when

450
00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:08,120
Speaker 1: we um mind coal, it releases methane. When are ample

451
00:27:08,240 --> 00:27:13,920
Speaker 1: herds of livestock fart um, they release methane. No joke.

452
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,000
Speaker 1: That's actually a huge contributor of greenhouse gases. Yeah, we

453
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,919
Speaker 1: talked about that, like I feel like years ago in

454
00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:23,240
Speaker 1: another episode. Surely we have another one, Chuck, was do

455
00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:29,679
Speaker 1: you remember our plasma waste incineration episode? Well, remember one

456
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:31,439
Speaker 1: of the things we talked about is that the average

457
00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:35,840
Speaker 1: landfill gives off methane UM. And that's a huge problem too.

458
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:38,199
Speaker 1: So like if you go to a landfill and you

459
00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:42,600
Speaker 1: see that there's flames around it, they're actually burning that

460
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,479
Speaker 1: stuff off because the CEO too it releases after it's burned,

461
00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:50,199
Speaker 1: is actually preferable in that case to the methane just

462
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:54,800
Speaker 1: being allowed to escape. It is bad news. Um. And

463
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,360
Speaker 1: there are scientists who have even posited that maybe, like

464
00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:00,760
Speaker 1: you know, tens and hundreds of thousand of years ago,

465
00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:04,800
Speaker 1: that large scale venting a methane into the atmosphere, like

466
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:09,080
Speaker 1: if a if a big block of ice cracked open

467
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:14,080
Speaker 1: and unlocked a big methane uh bubble from from under

468
00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:18,040
Speaker 1: the ocean, that could have caused like maybe a mass extinction,

469
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:21,679
Speaker 1: like because it was released so quickly into the atmosphere. Yeah,

470
00:28:21,840 --> 00:28:25,440
Speaker 1: like like we're doing now basically, yeah, on a slower basis.

471
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:28,639
Speaker 1: I don't think anyone's saying that's gonna happen, No, no,

472
00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:30,199
Speaker 1: I don't know. I don't know. I think like that

473
00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:33,119
Speaker 1: is a concern that as arctis Arctic ice melts, that

474
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:36,720
Speaker 1: methane bubbles could be released, which would just be a

475
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,280
Speaker 1: nightmare on top of a catastrophe. That's right. Um. There's

476
00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:43,520
Speaker 1: another problem with methane too, that in the atmosphere it

477
00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:47,160
Speaker 1: frequently converts to CEO two, so it just not only

478
00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:51,760
Speaker 1: contributes itself, it also contributes to the CEO two emission problem.

479
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:56,880
Speaker 1: There's also Chuck another thing um called short lived climate

480
00:28:56,920 --> 00:29:00,520
Speaker 1: pollutants s l cps. They don't get a lot of

481
00:29:00,560 --> 00:29:02,880
Speaker 1: press either, but a lot of people think that if

482
00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:06,080
Speaker 1: we focused on these we could really see some real

483
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:10,800
Speaker 1: results in the short term. Supposedly s l cps account

484
00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,880
Speaker 1: for something like thirty of global warming. But they are

485
00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 1: um particles like black carbon. Methane counts as one of

486
00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:27,040
Speaker 1: them um hydro chlorofluora carbons um. And they can live

487
00:29:27,080 --> 00:29:30,560
Speaker 1: in the atmosphere from say like days two tens of

488
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:34,400
Speaker 1: years and then they go away. Um. And if we

489
00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:38,120
Speaker 1: really cut down on some of those emissions, it would

490
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:41,800
Speaker 1: we would see the effects of that very quickly. Wow. Yeah,

491
00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:45,360
Speaker 1: So speaking of effects, I guess we should kind of

492
00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:47,560
Speaker 1: talk about what this all could mean and does mean

493
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:52,880
Speaker 1: and is meaning. Uh. Number one, we can talk a

494
00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:57,040
Speaker 1: little bit about sea level or sea levels UM. Glaciers

495
00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:00,760
Speaker 1: and ice shelves are melting all around the world and

496
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,360
Speaker 1: losing large chunks of ice like this can accelerate this

497
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 1: warming because there's less of the Sun's energy. You know,

498
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:10,360
Speaker 1: we talked earlier about it being reflected by ice sheets

499
00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:14,840
Speaker 1: and things like that these reflective surfaces. Less reflective surface

500
00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,680
Speaker 1: means less is getting reflected away. So just at like

501
00:30:17,760 --> 00:30:21,160
Speaker 1: the very base level, that's gonna be uh an increase

502
00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:26,840
Speaker 1: in temperature. Yes, Also, depending on where the glacier is UM,

503
00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:31,880
Speaker 1: it could contribute to UM two sea level increases too,

504
00:30:31,920 --> 00:30:34,560
Speaker 1: as we'll talk about. Yeah, I mean, we might as

505
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:37,880
Speaker 1: well hit that, huh Okay, So if um One of

506
00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:39,640
Speaker 1: the things that I learned from this that I just

507
00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:43,000
Speaker 1: absolutely did not know but makes total sense is that

508
00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:47,760
Speaker 1: the Arctic sea ice, if it melts, it will contribute

509
00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:51,200
Speaker 1: zero to a sea level increase. Yeah. Interesting, I had

510
00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:53,880
Speaker 1: no idea, but it makes total sense because it turns

511
00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:57,200
Speaker 1: out that Arctic sea ice in particular floats on the sea,

512
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,280
Speaker 1: so it's already in the sea and it's our already

513
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:04,160
Speaker 1: contributed to the sea level rise. If anything, If that stuff,

514
00:31:04,560 --> 00:31:06,560
Speaker 1: if we went through an ice age and all that

515
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:09,840
Speaker 1: stuff frozen into basically a frozen land mass, then you'd

516
00:31:09,840 --> 00:31:12,240
Speaker 1: see a sea level decrease. But the way it is

517
00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:14,720
Speaker 1: right now, there wouldn't be a sea level rise if

518
00:31:14,760 --> 00:31:18,720
Speaker 1: it melts completely. Um, there are other places around Earth

519
00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:23,120
Speaker 1: where the glaciers and ice caps are basically land masses,

520
00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:25,320
Speaker 1: and if they did melt, then you would see a

521
00:31:25,360 --> 00:31:28,440
Speaker 1: sea level rise just from that melted water. Right, Yeah,

522
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:31,880
Speaker 1: I mean that we're talking about Antarctica there, and the

523
00:31:31,960 --> 00:31:38,840
Speaker 1: likelihood of Antarctica filling out is not great, which is good, Well,

524
00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:41,240
Speaker 1: not all of it, but there's certainly parts of it could,

525
00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:44,640
Speaker 1: yeah for sure. And then same with Greenland too. We

526
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:47,760
Speaker 1: have Greenland's a problem because it is much closer to

527
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:52,560
Speaker 1: the equator, so temperatures are higher there anyway, It's not

528
00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:55,480
Speaker 1: like negative thirty seven degrees on average like it is

529
00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:58,400
Speaker 1: an Antarctica. So I feel like I have to say

530
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:03,480
Speaker 1: that so specifically are Yeah, and the other problem too

531
00:32:03,480 --> 00:32:06,600
Speaker 1: with um, with this this loss of ice, like people

532
00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,080
Speaker 1: might say like no, it's crazy, Like there's I see

533
00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:12,840
Speaker 1: plenty of glaciers there's still but if every season a

534
00:32:12,880 --> 00:32:16,440
Speaker 1: little more melts off then is replenished by snowfall in

535
00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:19,640
Speaker 1: the winter, you have a net loss of ice. And

536
00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:21,720
Speaker 1: then over time, if you look at it on a

537
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,480
Speaker 1: scale of a decade or two decades or three decades,

538
00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:28,880
Speaker 1: that's a substantial amount of lost ice and that is

539
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:33,400
Speaker 1: what increases the sea level that leads to sea level rise. Yeah, so,

540
00:32:33,440 --> 00:32:36,200
Speaker 1: as far as I p c c can is concerned,

541
00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:41,240
Speaker 1: they estimate that sea levels rose about little over six

542
00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:46,240
Speaker 1: and a half inches in the twentieth century. Uh. Doesn't

543
00:32:46,240 --> 00:32:48,360
Speaker 1: sound like much, but it is a lot. Like sea

544
00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:52,760
Speaker 1: level rise in low lying coastal areas can mean pretty

545
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:57,520
Speaker 1: bad flooding at just mirror inches. Uh. They proposed that

546
00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:00,840
Speaker 1: if things continue to go this way, Uh, they could

547
00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:04,560
Speaker 1: rise by as much as almost two ft by the year.

548
00:33:05,520 --> 00:33:08,640
Speaker 1: And brother, if that happens, we're gonna have to redraw

549
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:11,520
Speaker 1: the world map. That's true. I was looking, I was like,

550
00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:14,600
Speaker 1: how how high is Miami Beach. Miami Beach is apparently

551
00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:18,480
Speaker 1: just under four ft above sea level. New Orleans is

552
00:33:18,640 --> 00:33:22,520
Speaker 1: um like zero feet. I think it's it's maybe at

553
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:27,920
Speaker 1: two ft. Basically, there's a lot of coastal city Singapore, Um,

554
00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:33,720
Speaker 1: I think Copenhagen, they're all they're all like very um,

555
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:38,040
Speaker 1: very close to sea level or just slightly above sea level.

556
00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,120
Speaker 1: And so yeah, two ft rise. I know, the Maldives

557
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:44,440
Speaker 1: is frequently mentioned as like being under real threat from

558
00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:47,920
Speaker 1: sea level rise. But if even if you don't necessarily

559
00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:51,400
Speaker 1: live in a coastal area that's two ft, you know,

560
00:33:51,640 --> 00:33:54,880
Speaker 1: just two ft above sea level, consider this. If the

561
00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:57,680
Speaker 1: sea level rose just six inches, like they were saying,

562
00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:00,920
Speaker 1: that means that when you have extre dream weather events

563
00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:03,080
Speaker 1: which go hand in hand with global warming and are

564
00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:07,040
Speaker 1: part of climate change, where it rains really hard and

565
00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:10,960
Speaker 1: there's more like more major flooding than before, then it's

566
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,120
Speaker 1: already working with an extra six inches than any flood

567
00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:17,040
Speaker 1: that you've been used to before. So the floods are

568
00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:19,880
Speaker 1: much more extensive. And that's a really good example of

569
00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:24,839
Speaker 1: how interconnected this this the global climate system is where

570
00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:26,719
Speaker 1: if one thing gets messed up a little bit, it

571
00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:29,560
Speaker 1: has all these other widespread effects around the world on

572
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,520
Speaker 1: on regions too. Yeah, because I think they found that

573
00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: there are not necessarily more frequent uh like tropical storms

574
00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:40,520
Speaker 1: and hurricanes and things, but there they are becoming much

575
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:43,279
Speaker 1: more intense, and that's that's the issue at hand. Yeah,

576
00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:45,759
Speaker 1: and that one in particular has to do with the

577
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:48,880
Speaker 1: surface temperature of the oceans increasing as the temperature of

578
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:52,000
Speaker 1: the world increases, because that's where those storms, hurricanes and

579
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:55,720
Speaker 1: cyclones get their their energy from, is from the warm

580
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,720
Speaker 1: surface of the sea. So if it's warm that that's

581
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:03,200
Speaker 1: you'll see them like hit land and like loose steam.

582
00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:05,200
Speaker 1: And then when they go back over the ocean, they'll

583
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,959
Speaker 1: start to like re gather their strength. That's because they're

584
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:11,160
Speaker 1: over warm water again and that's where that's where they

585
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:13,560
Speaker 1: get it all from. Yeah. Plus there is I don't

586
00:35:13,560 --> 00:35:17,200
Speaker 1: think we mentioned this yet about the density of water. No, no,

587
00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:19,200
Speaker 1: and I don't want to go anywhere near you take

588
00:35:19,239 --> 00:35:25,239
Speaker 1: this one. Well, very simply, water is most dense at

589
00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:29,839
Speaker 1: four degrease celsius. So that's it's kind of a homeostasis

590
00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:32,600
Speaker 1: of of where it needs to be. Anything above or

591
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,520
Speaker 1: below that temperature and the density is going to decrease.

592
00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:38,320
Speaker 1: So the overall temperature of the water is going to

593
00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:42,760
Speaker 1: increase naturally and this is not like human cause, um,

594
00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:45,040
Speaker 1: but that will also cause the oceans to rise something

595
00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:48,480
Speaker 1: that's just a natural thing. Right, Well said all right

596
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:51,879
Speaker 1: with market right there. I'm glad you mentioned that though,

597
00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:54,239
Speaker 1: because you don't see that really ever, Like no one

598
00:35:54,280 --> 00:35:57,000
Speaker 1: ever mentions like, oh yeah, water is just gonna expand

599
00:35:57,040 --> 00:35:59,279
Speaker 1: as it warms. You know, I've never thought about that

600
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:03,000
Speaker 1: one anither cools, I think, right, yeah, or cool. It's

601
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:08,600
Speaker 1: a weird weird thing, weird weird material. So let's take

602
00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:12,520
Speaker 1: another break and we'll get back to explaining why global

603
00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:42,080
Speaker 1: warming is a real pain, alright, Chuck. So we talked

604
00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:45,360
Speaker 1: about the ice caps melting, we talked about glaciers melting,

605
00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:49,120
Speaker 1: we talked about sea level rise. There's also I mean,

606
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:52,399
Speaker 1: people are out there saying like that's great, but how

607
00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:56,759
Speaker 1: does it impact may human That's what I want to

608
00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:00,279
Speaker 1: know about. Well, there's tons of ways because as as

609
00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:04,080
Speaker 1: technologically clever as we humans are, we are extraordinarily dependent

610
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:08,880
Speaker 1: on the earth. So as these this climate change happens

611
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:12,719
Speaker 1: due to global warming, um, we're going to see all

612
00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:16,799
Speaker 1: sorts of problems. And we already are starting to see problems. Yeah.

613
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,040
Speaker 1: So we did mention earlier that if you live in

614
00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:21,160
Speaker 1: a temperate area, if you've got like four kind of

615
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,400
Speaker 1: lovely seasons, like let's say Atlanta, Georgia, for instance, you

616
00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:26,319
Speaker 1: may have a longer growing season, you might have a

617
00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:29,040
Speaker 1: bit more rain. It might be actually good for the

618
00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:32,000
Speaker 1: crops here in Georgia in some ways, but other parts

619
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:36,480
Speaker 1: of the world, less temperate zones are gonna see big

620
00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:41,760
Speaker 1: temperature increases, way less rain and longer droughts, worst droughts,

621
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:45,160
Speaker 1: bigger deserts. Uh, it's it's not going to be so

622
00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:48,279
Speaker 1: good for those places. No. They apparently have found that

623
00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:54,200
Speaker 1: every trillion tons of um c O two it contributed

624
00:37:54,239 --> 00:37:58,200
Speaker 1: to the atmosphere raises the global temperature average by about

625
00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:01,600
Speaker 1: through three quarters of a degree celsius. And then they

626
00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:06,480
Speaker 1: went and correlated that that um each one degree celsius

627
00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:11,000
Speaker 1: increase in temperature equals an evaporative increase of about seven

628
00:38:11,040 --> 00:38:14,480
Speaker 1: to here on planet Earth in the soil. Right, So

629
00:38:14,840 --> 00:38:18,959
Speaker 1: as temperatures increase, there's going to be um less water

630
00:38:19,040 --> 00:38:22,799
Speaker 1: in the soil, which affects crops and leads to things

631
00:38:22,840 --> 00:38:26,919
Speaker 1: like droughts and even desertification as well. But in Man,

632
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,080
Speaker 1: every time I throw out one of these terms, I'm like,

633
00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:31,200
Speaker 1: we did an episode on that, with an episode on

634
00:38:31,239 --> 00:38:34,920
Speaker 1: that and droughts. Um. Yeah, we've been dancing around this

635
00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:36,960
Speaker 1: one for a while. We have. I'm glad we finally

636
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:41,759
Speaker 1: tackled that. Man. You're doing great. By the way, well,

637
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,719
Speaker 1: hold on, hold on. So is as the water evaporates

638
00:38:44,719 --> 00:38:48,680
Speaker 1: from the soiling, goes up and is locked into the atmosphere. Um. Again,

639
00:38:48,719 --> 00:38:52,120
Speaker 1: it's eventually going to come down, and when it does,

640
00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:57,080
Speaker 1: you're going to have far more severe flooding and precipitation

641
00:38:57,480 --> 00:38:59,960
Speaker 1: than you would have normally when it was just going up,

642
00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:01,880
Speaker 1: been coming down and going up and coming down like

643
00:39:01,960 --> 00:39:05,040
Speaker 1: on its normal cycle. So that's one way that it

644
00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:07,680
Speaker 1: can affect you. Because while it's turning to droughts, you

645
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,239
Speaker 1: got wildfires. And then when the soil gets degraded and

646
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:14,120
Speaker 1: there's suddenly a lot of rain, you've got flooding. And

647
00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:16,080
Speaker 1: people get carried away in their cars because they think

648
00:39:16,080 --> 00:39:21,719
Speaker 1: they can drive across a flowing river. Uh, that's not

649
00:39:21,760 --> 00:39:23,799
Speaker 1: funny at all, by the way, I guess not just

650
00:39:23,840 --> 00:39:26,360
Speaker 1: the way you put it was, um. So one of

651
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:30,120
Speaker 1: the other devastating effects, and this one is UM kind

652
00:39:30,120 --> 00:39:33,400
Speaker 1: of tougher to predict because we've don't haven't really seen

653
00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:38,760
Speaker 1: what can happen with our living human eyeballs, but ecosystems, UM,

654
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,920
Speaker 1: and I think we did, did we do own ecosystems

655
00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:43,920
Speaker 1: as a whole or just have we talked about it

656
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,120
Speaker 1: forever and everything. I think it's just popped up in

657
00:39:46,160 --> 00:39:48,160
Speaker 1: so many of them. It seems like that. Yeah, we

658
00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:50,200
Speaker 1: definitely covered coral reefs and things like that. We're talking

659
00:39:50,239 --> 00:39:53,080
Speaker 1: about living ecosystems, and we all know they're very delicate,

660
00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:56,560
Speaker 1: and the delicate balance of the ecosystem is what makes

661
00:39:56,560 --> 00:39:59,200
Speaker 1: it worse. And we've talked to add nauseum over the

662
00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:04,480
Speaker 1: past nine years about how little, just little things can

663
00:40:04,560 --> 00:40:07,520
Speaker 1: happen in the ecosystem that will create this chain reaction.

664
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:12,320
Speaker 1: It's all interconnected, and we don't know what might happen

665
00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:15,760
Speaker 1: in terms of global warming in our living ecosystem. Sure,

666
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:21,040
Speaker 1: some animals might adapt, h some might move um, but

667
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:26,120
Speaker 1: there would also be you know, massive amounts of extinction. Um.

668
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:29,160
Speaker 1: Coral reefs are already dying. We're seeing that with our eyeballs.

669
00:40:29,880 --> 00:40:33,959
Speaker 1: Forests are dying off and turning to grassland. And it's

670
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,319
Speaker 1: not just like, oh, well there they go. Uh, now

671
00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:39,879
Speaker 1: we have grassland instead of a forest. Let's make some

672
00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:47,480
Speaker 1: hochulis skirts again. It's just it's it's that that domino

673
00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:50,600
Speaker 1: effect that we're gonna see it's just no one knows

674
00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:53,279
Speaker 1: what it's going to mean in the end. It's really troubling. Yeah,

675
00:40:53,320 --> 00:40:55,839
Speaker 1: and I was, um, I was, I was like, well,

676
00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:58,960
Speaker 1: how are ecosystems interconnected? I know they are, but how

677
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:01,920
Speaker 1: so I looked up an example and UM found salmon.

678
00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:04,640
Speaker 1: So salmon are born in like little streams and they

679
00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:07,680
Speaker 1: end up like traveling down into bigger streams than eventually

680
00:41:07,760 --> 00:41:10,400
Speaker 1: rivers and then estuaries, and then they actually go and

681
00:41:10,520 --> 00:41:13,279
Speaker 1: mature out in the ocean, which I hadn't really thought of,

682
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,080
Speaker 1: and then when it's time for them to go breed,

683
00:41:16,280 --> 00:41:19,920
Speaker 1: they swim back upstream, back into the rivers, back in

684
00:41:20,120 --> 00:41:23,560
Speaker 1: back into the streams themselves. Actually they go back to

685
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:26,359
Speaker 1: where they were born to breed and then die. And

686
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,160
Speaker 1: as they're doing it, they're basically acting as nutrient transport

687
00:41:30,239 --> 00:41:34,480
Speaker 1: systems between all these different ecosystems each step of the way.

688
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:37,120
Speaker 1: It's like a seed being scattered in the wind, Yeah,

689
00:41:37,239 --> 00:41:39,200
Speaker 1: very much so, but a see that can actually come

690
00:41:39,239 --> 00:41:41,840
Speaker 1: back home and bring all the nutrients that it gathered,

691
00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:44,640
Speaker 1: like out in the ocean back into its home ecosystem

692
00:41:44,680 --> 00:41:47,319
Speaker 1: where it was born. So it's pretty interesting. And I mean,

693
00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:50,759
Speaker 1: like that's just a great example. Let's just salmon, you know. So, Yeah,

694
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:55,480
Speaker 1: the ecosystems are very much connected, so if something happens

695
00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:57,359
Speaker 1: with one, it's going to have an effect on all

696
00:41:57,400 --> 00:41:59,840
Speaker 1: the other ones. And like you said, some things will survive,

697
00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:03,799
Speaker 1: some things won't. But the the the thing that I

698
00:42:03,840 --> 00:42:06,279
Speaker 1: think most of us here on Earth are agreeing to

699
00:42:06,440 --> 00:42:11,160
Speaker 1: agree about is we should probably do something to stop

700
00:42:11,480 --> 00:42:16,240
Speaker 1: those extinctions as best we can, even if we'll probably survive,

701
00:42:16,520 --> 00:42:18,719
Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, And you know, we're this is a

702
00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:22,319
Speaker 1: very USA centric show for the most part. Exces's where

703
00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:25,120
Speaker 1: we're based. We try to think outside that, uh that

704
00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:27,640
Speaker 1: box as much as we can. And in the case

705
00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:31,040
Speaker 1: of global warming, it is the poorest nations of the

706
00:42:31,080 --> 00:42:32,600
Speaker 1: world are the ones that are going to be hit

707
00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:35,759
Speaker 1: the hardest. They're the ones in uh a lot of

708
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,440
Speaker 1: times in the in the less temperate zones that are

709
00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:41,920
Speaker 1: going to be hit with more devastating uh crop loss.

710
00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:44,080
Speaker 1: But crop loss is going to be a big deal

711
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:47,479
Speaker 1: all over the world. That already is um There's something

712
00:42:47,480 --> 00:42:51,360
Speaker 1: called the Carnegie Institution that estimates about five billion dollars

713
00:42:51,360 --> 00:42:54,320
Speaker 1: in crop losses per year due to global warming is

714
00:42:54,360 --> 00:42:57,319
Speaker 1: already going on right now, and farmers are seeing a

715
00:42:57,360 --> 00:43:02,600
Speaker 1: decrease of about forty million metric ton of wheat, barley, corn,

716
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:07,520
Speaker 1: other cereal grains every year. So just one degree fahrenheit

717
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:10,560
Speaker 1: an average temper of an increase could result in three

718
00:43:11,840 --> 00:43:15,120
Speaker 1: uh drop in crop yields. Right, So it's a it's

719
00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:19,120
Speaker 1: a global issue. Sure, some of the poorest nations might

720
00:43:19,160 --> 00:43:22,279
Speaker 1: be affected earliest in the worst, but it is going

721
00:43:22,320 --> 00:43:25,440
Speaker 1: to touch every nation. It definitely will. It doesn't necessarily

722
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:27,759
Speaker 1: have to be the poorest nations. UM. It can be

723
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:30,759
Speaker 1: the poorest people of rich nations, and it can be

724
00:43:30,760 --> 00:43:33,440
Speaker 1: people who are very rich who end up living in

725
00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:36,919
Speaker 1: areas that are hit like UM, Houston saw a lot

726
00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:40,120
Speaker 1: of increase in water borne illnesses because of the flooding

727
00:43:40,160 --> 00:43:44,360
Speaker 1: from Hurricane Harvey. UM. That's that's something that they otherwise

728
00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:47,799
Speaker 1: wouldn't have had to have dealt with. UM. There's there's

729
00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:50,840
Speaker 1: like that whole crop lost thing and starvation that it

730
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,120
Speaker 1: leads to. Like, there's a lot of ways people can

731
00:43:53,160 --> 00:43:57,080
Speaker 1: be affected. And just like salmon like work, we're connected

732
00:43:57,120 --> 00:43:59,560
Speaker 1: to other people as well, even if they're on the

733
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:01,959
Speaker 1: other side out of the world and you know we're

734
00:44:01,960 --> 00:44:04,799
Speaker 1: not really talking to them or don't really know them personally,

735
00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:07,799
Speaker 1: we're still connected to them. So if they suffer a

736
00:44:07,840 --> 00:44:10,040
Speaker 1: crop loss, it will affect us all, and if they

737
00:44:10,080 --> 00:44:14,279
Speaker 1: die of starvation, it ends up affecting us all. Yeah this, Um,

738
00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:16,920
Speaker 1: I really like this uh computer model thing? Did you

739
00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:20,959
Speaker 1: see that? Yes, that was pretty pretty cut and dry,

740
00:44:21,680 --> 00:44:24,319
Speaker 1: you know. Yes, So the I p c C. They

741
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:27,600
Speaker 1: used a computer model and what they did was they

742
00:44:27,719 --> 00:44:31,359
Speaker 1: tried to simulate climate change. And what they found was

743
00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:35,600
Speaker 1: the only models, the only models that looked like today's

744
00:44:35,640 --> 00:44:38,440
Speaker 1: climate that equalled, hey, well, this looks like what's going

745
00:44:38,480 --> 00:44:42,640
Speaker 1: on today were models that included the human contribution to

746
00:44:42,680 --> 00:44:46,279
Speaker 1: global warming. When they did not plug in the human contribution,

747
00:44:47,239 --> 00:44:50,360
Speaker 1: the answer that it spit out was no, that climate

748
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,160
Speaker 1: doesn't look like what's going on right now. So that

749
00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:58,960
Speaker 1: is basically proof that humans are contributing to this. Right

750
00:45:00,680 --> 00:45:03,520
Speaker 1: that combined with you know, the signature of the carbon

751
00:45:03,560 --> 00:45:07,759
Speaker 1: dioxide from fossil fuel burning, um, all that jazz. Yes,

752
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:10,399
Speaker 1: you're like, and we should probably get to this part.

753
00:45:10,480 --> 00:45:14,839
Speaker 1: Like there's there's a um, there's a tendency among naysayers

754
00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:19,040
Speaker 1: to be like, you know, there's not even like scientific consensus.

755
00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:22,439
Speaker 1: They're not a percent certain that it's it's it's us

756
00:45:23,560 --> 00:45:27,359
Speaker 1: creating this global warming, right, And so science has really

757
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:29,600
Speaker 1: kind of taking it upon itself in the last like

758
00:45:29,880 --> 00:45:33,839
Speaker 1: decade or so to address this and say, yes, that's true.

759
00:45:33,880 --> 00:45:37,399
Speaker 1: There's basically no such thing as settled science. But there

760
00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:40,399
Speaker 1: is so been so much like we've made it our

761
00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:46,440
Speaker 1: business to create and conduct so much research and study

762
00:45:46,640 --> 00:45:49,600
Speaker 1: all of this so closely over the last like ten

763
00:45:49,719 --> 00:45:53,719
Speaker 1: fift twenty years that we have basically come up with

764
00:45:53,760 --> 00:45:57,400
Speaker 1: a scientific consensus that basically, if you take any scientists

765
00:45:57,440 --> 00:46:01,760
Speaker 1: down the street, there was pretty close to a chance

766
00:46:02,239 --> 00:46:05,120
Speaker 1: that that person is going to say, yes, climate change

767
00:46:05,160 --> 00:46:08,160
Speaker 1: is real, Yes global warming is happening, and yes humans

768
00:46:08,160 --> 00:46:12,080
Speaker 1: are causing it, right, yeah, because they use words differently

769
00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:14,680
Speaker 1: than we use words. And you sent in this great

770
00:46:14,760 --> 00:46:20,160
Speaker 1: article certainty versus uncertainty colon understanding scientific terms about climate change.

771
00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:23,839
Speaker 1: You know, it's smart when there's a colon. Uh. And

772
00:46:23,920 --> 00:46:27,080
Speaker 1: for the average Joe or Jane walking around the street,

773
00:46:27,680 --> 00:46:29,680
Speaker 1: if you say the word uncertain, that means, well, you

774
00:46:29,719 --> 00:46:32,719
Speaker 1: just don't know. Scientists when they use the word uncertain,

775
00:46:32,880 --> 00:46:36,759
Speaker 1: they mean how well you might know something or not right.

776
00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:40,640
Speaker 1: So that's a big difference. It sounds like word games,

777
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:45,120
Speaker 1: But there is no very rarely is there absolute certainty

778
00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,400
Speaker 1: in science. So their job is to research and research

779
00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:51,520
Speaker 1: and limit that uncertainty as much as possible. Now, and

780
00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:55,719
Speaker 1: that uncertainty and their public broadcasting of that uncertainty has

781
00:46:55,719 --> 00:46:58,080
Speaker 1: been used against him. It's been hijacked and used against

782
00:46:58,160 --> 00:47:01,520
Speaker 1: them to fight do doing anything about climate change. Right,

783
00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:05,000
Speaker 1: So so they have started to use especially UM. If

784
00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:07,080
Speaker 1: you go through like the I p c cs, like

785
00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:12,319
Speaker 1: policy maker executive summaries, everything that they're stating they will

786
00:47:12,360 --> 00:47:15,319
Speaker 1: put like how confident they are that what they what

787
00:47:15,360 --> 00:47:17,759
Speaker 1: they're they're saying is true. They have a structure to

788
00:47:17,840 --> 00:47:21,440
Speaker 1: that now, right, And so most of the stuff that

789
00:47:21,520 --> 00:47:26,960
Speaker 1: they're they're UM releasing as in their reports has something

790
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:31,480
Speaker 1: like um a nine chance or greater of being correct.

791
00:47:31,840 --> 00:47:34,560
Speaker 1: So they call it like a very likely outcome or

792
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:37,799
Speaker 1: a very high confidence. And I've even seen something called

793
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:42,560
Speaker 1: an extremely high confidence which indicates or greater and then

794
00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:47,759
Speaker 1: the come on which is or greater. Yeah, so they're

795
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:52,440
Speaker 1: the there are five points which they have quote very

796
00:47:52,520 --> 00:47:56,160
Speaker 1: high confidence end quote about or even greater, so at

797
00:47:56,200 --> 00:48:00,760
Speaker 1: least or greater certainty that the following he introduced warming

798
00:48:00,800 --> 00:48:05,600
Speaker 1: influences physical and biological systems everywhere. Sea levels are rising,

799
00:48:05,960 --> 00:48:10,000
Speaker 1: glaciers and perma frost are shrinking, oceans are becoming more acidic,

800
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,359
Speaker 1: and ranges of plants and animals are shifting. So that's

801
00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:18,319
Speaker 1: between nine certainty on those things. Yeah, they also say

802
00:48:18,520 --> 00:48:23,200
Speaker 1: they're they're they're comfortable saying with certainty that the burning

803
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:26,040
Speaker 1: of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests release carbon

804
00:48:26,080 --> 00:48:30,000
Speaker 1: dioxide into the atmosphere. They say, there's no uncertainty about that.

805
00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:33,000
Speaker 1: They also say that they've learned that carbon dioxide and

806
00:48:33,040 --> 00:48:36,319
Speaker 1: other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat through the

807
00:48:36,360 --> 00:48:40,000
Speaker 1: greenhouse effect. They say, again, there is no uncertainty about this,

808
00:48:40,440 --> 00:48:43,239
Speaker 1: and that the Earth is warming because these gases are

809
00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:46,879
Speaker 1: being released faster than they can be absorbed by natural processes.

810
00:48:47,160 --> 00:48:50,600
Speaker 1: And then they say it's very likely greater than probability

811
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:53,720
Speaker 1: that human activities are the main reason for the world's

812
00:48:53,760 --> 00:48:58,000
Speaker 1: temperature increase in the past fifty years in particular. And

813
00:48:58,080 --> 00:49:00,759
Speaker 1: so they're they're saying, like, we are scientists, we're the

814
00:49:00,760 --> 00:49:03,200
Speaker 1: ones who are studying this. No, we're not a hot

815
00:49:03,280 --> 00:49:08,680
Speaker 1: We can't say with unequivocal certainty that this is the case.

816
00:49:09,120 --> 00:49:12,120
Speaker 1: But what really, people, what more do you need? Like

817
00:49:12,160 --> 00:49:15,439
Speaker 1: we have studied this so closely, we are so close

818
00:49:15,480 --> 00:49:19,839
Speaker 1: to certainty that that like, what's the problem here, Let's

819
00:49:19,880 --> 00:49:22,640
Speaker 1: just get on board. And there was actually a study

820
00:49:22,880 --> 00:49:26,520
Speaker 1: um done in two thousand seven by this economist um.

821
00:49:27,320 --> 00:49:30,200
Speaker 1: It made the news, uh, made the news cycle. His

822
00:49:30,280 --> 00:49:36,680
Speaker 1: name as Dr Peter Cigaris, and he basically said, if

823
00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:40,000
Speaker 1: you look at the cost of doing something and the

824
00:49:40,040 --> 00:49:44,200
Speaker 1: cost of doing nothing, statistically speaking, it makes way more

825
00:49:44,280 --> 00:49:48,920
Speaker 1: sense to take steps to mitigate climate change and be

826
00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:52,040
Speaker 1: wrong about the fact that it was us humans than

827
00:49:52,120 --> 00:49:55,640
Speaker 1: it would to take no steps at all, um and

828
00:49:55,680 --> 00:49:59,320
Speaker 1: be wrong about actually, no, it actually was us humans.

829
00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:02,600
Speaker 1: I mean, that's where I get. I don't want to

830
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:04,760
Speaker 1: get too much on a soapbox, but I get angry

831
00:50:05,520 --> 00:50:08,520
Speaker 1: that there are people out there that say, well, you're

832
00:50:08,520 --> 00:50:11,839
Speaker 1: not there's that ten percent or less chance. So let's

833
00:50:11,880 --> 00:50:16,319
Speaker 1: just gamble humanity, the future of humankind on that ten

834
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:20,600
Speaker 1: percent or less chance, because we don't want to get

835
00:50:20,640 --> 00:50:25,319
Speaker 1: with the program and get behind green initiatives because there's

836
00:50:25,320 --> 00:50:29,759
Speaker 1: a chance you're not certain. I just I don't know

837
00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:32,399
Speaker 1: that short sight, and it's just staggering to me. Well,

838
00:50:32,440 --> 00:50:36,120
Speaker 1: plus also that it's been proven. Um. I've mentioned that

839
00:50:36,120 --> 00:50:39,239
Speaker 1: book before, the merchants of doubt that think tanks have

840
00:50:39,360 --> 00:50:43,480
Speaker 1: been set up to basically influence public thought and point

841
00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:46,960
Speaker 1: out like scientists aren't certain, sciences are a hund percent certain,

842
00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:48,920
Speaker 1: and they're not looking out for you or the earth

843
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,080
Speaker 1: or your family. They're looking out for their business interests.

844
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,960
Speaker 1: Because it's the fossil fuel industry. They're they're they're the

845
00:50:56,040 --> 00:50:59,720
Speaker 1: ones who are who benefit the most from not taking

846
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:03,879
Speaker 1: apps against climate change. Um. But even if you look

847
00:51:03,920 --> 00:51:06,879
Speaker 1: at um, some of the some of these fossil fuel

848
00:51:06,920 --> 00:51:10,760
Speaker 1: industry companies, UM, they they're they're like, no, we should

849
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:13,759
Speaker 1: probably do something. We can figure this out. Even some

850
00:51:13,880 --> 00:51:16,399
Speaker 1: of them are saying this now. And as of two

851
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:21,840
Speaker 1: thousand fourteen, So Chuck, speaking of two fourteen, there was

852
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:26,680
Speaker 1: um uh something big that happened, the Paris Accords. Yes,

853
00:51:27,960 --> 00:51:30,200
Speaker 1: and in two thousand fourteen, I think a hundred and

854
00:51:30,280 --> 00:51:34,719
Speaker 1: nine countries came together and said, you know what, we're

855
00:51:34,719 --> 00:51:36,640
Speaker 1: going to do something. We're going to do everything we

856
00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:41,759
Speaker 1: can to keep the global average temperature from increasing two

857
00:51:41,760 --> 00:51:45,880
Speaker 1: degrees above normal two degrees celsius. I should say, because

858
00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:48,680
Speaker 1: that that was kind of a largely agreed upon tipping

859
00:51:48,719 --> 00:51:51,720
Speaker 1: point that there would be a lot more extreme weather,

860
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:54,600
Speaker 1: sea level rise, we would feel the effects of climate

861
00:51:54,680 --> 00:51:58,360
Speaker 1: change from a two degree celsius increase in global temperature.

862
00:51:58,760 --> 00:52:04,320
Speaker 1: And so they took us really interesting approach where they said, Um,

863
00:52:04,360 --> 00:52:08,360
Speaker 1: instead of us coming up with a multi government group

864
00:52:08,480 --> 00:52:12,640
Speaker 1: that decrease stuff, we're going to just decentralize the whole thing.

865
00:52:12,680 --> 00:52:15,359
Speaker 1: And how about every country come up with what their

866
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:19,239
Speaker 1: country can do on their own to fight to fight

867
00:52:19,480 --> 00:52:22,480
Speaker 1: um global warming, and then we'll bring them all together

868
00:52:22,520 --> 00:52:24,799
Speaker 1: and everybody will take a pledge and we'll go do it.

869
00:52:25,239 --> 00:52:27,840
Speaker 1: And it was hugely successful, like, out of a hundred

870
00:52:27,840 --> 00:52:32,000
Speaker 1: and nine countries, a hundred and sixty eight have ratified it.

871
00:52:32,360 --> 00:52:36,600
Speaker 1: And the US had had a pretty good plan as well. Um,

872
00:52:36,640 --> 00:52:40,160
Speaker 1: I think we were going to we were going to

873
00:52:40,520 --> 00:52:44,560
Speaker 1: pledge that we would reduce our climate emissions something like

874
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:51,480
Speaker 1: by which would be a huge significant UM contribution to

875
00:52:51,880 --> 00:52:55,600
Speaker 1: fighting global warming. But we got pulled out of that one,

876
00:52:56,400 --> 00:53:01,200
Speaker 1: I think in in two thousand seventeen. It's correct. So now, um,

877
00:53:01,360 --> 00:53:02,960
Speaker 1: the rest of the world seems to be carrying on

878
00:53:03,040 --> 00:53:07,880
Speaker 1: without us, UH, fighting climate change through their own decentralized plans.

879
00:53:07,880 --> 00:53:10,359
Speaker 1: But that's where the United States stands right now. We

880
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:13,919
Speaker 1: have said, um, we're not going to be taking part

881
00:53:14,040 --> 00:53:16,160
Speaker 1: in that. That's right. But that's not to say that

882
00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:19,200
Speaker 1: the citizens of the United States can't do everything they

883
00:53:19,239 --> 00:53:22,000
Speaker 1: can on their own in their own lives by doing

884
00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:25,680
Speaker 1: some of the following things. UM. First and foremost decreasing

885
00:53:25,680 --> 00:53:29,160
Speaker 1: our carbon footprint. UM. And I'm gonna put out a

886
00:53:29,160 --> 00:53:31,000
Speaker 1: call for us right now to go ahead and do

887
00:53:31,040 --> 00:53:36,359
Speaker 1: one soon ish on carbon offsets because we're a few

888
00:53:36,440 --> 00:53:38,920
Speaker 1: years into a few years down the road from when

889
00:53:38,920 --> 00:53:43,080
Speaker 1: carbon offsets first became a thing, and it's much more

890
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:46,200
Speaker 1: understood now. Didn't we do one on those? I don't

891
00:53:46,200 --> 00:53:49,400
Speaker 1: think so we did. We've done them on stand Oh

892
00:53:49,440 --> 00:53:51,640
Speaker 1: I know what it was. We talked about that kind

893
00:53:51,640 --> 00:53:55,799
Speaker 1: of cap and trade scheme in the Acid Rain. Yeah, yeah,

894
00:53:55,840 --> 00:53:57,480
Speaker 1: we should do one a carbon offsets, so because they're

895
00:53:57,520 --> 00:54:00,759
Speaker 1: much better understood now and that you pretty clear now

896
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:03,239
Speaker 1: like the best ways to go about doing something like that.

897
00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:06,800
Speaker 1: So we're not gonna cover it too much here, but uh,

898
00:54:06,880 --> 00:54:10,920
Speaker 1: you can buy carbon offsets look for future podcasts. Um.

899
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:14,520
Speaker 1: But reducing your carbon footprint is the biggest thing I mean,

900
00:54:14,520 --> 00:54:17,920
Speaker 1: it's really simple. Um, the stuff that generates the greenhouse gases,

901
00:54:17,960 --> 00:54:20,600
Speaker 1: if we create less of it, that's a good thing.

902
00:54:21,120 --> 00:54:23,560
Speaker 1: So you're doing that on a local level can make

903
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:26,200
Speaker 1: a big impact of a lot of people are doing that. Um.

904
00:54:26,280 --> 00:54:28,920
Speaker 1: Using less energy obviously is a just a sort of

905
00:54:28,920 --> 00:54:32,640
Speaker 1: a no brainer. UM. And it's just period in life,

906
00:54:32,680 --> 00:54:37,200
Speaker 1: like just being less wasteful, whether it's water or your

907
00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:40,560
Speaker 1: your lights that you're turning on, or riding your bike

908
00:54:40,600 --> 00:54:43,799
Speaker 1: instead of driving your car, like, all of that makes

909
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:47,480
Speaker 1: a big difference. And but and with electricity in particular,

910
00:54:47,520 --> 00:54:51,400
Speaker 1: one thing we always mentioned, always mentioned is that even

911
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:54,480
Speaker 1: though it seems like your light bulb is fine, it's

912
00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:58,880
Speaker 1: getting its power most likely from burning coal. So so

913
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:03,759
Speaker 1: is that electric car it you bought. Yeah, and your

914
00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:06,680
Speaker 1: electric car is only as good as uh, the energy

915
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,680
Speaker 1: that it's where it gets his energy from. Um. And

916
00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:14,000
Speaker 1: we can that's a whole rabbit hole into itself. Hybrids

917
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:17,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars and how green they are. But um,

918
00:55:17,880 --> 00:55:22,359
Speaker 1: the research I did today roundly says that in the end,

919
00:55:22,600 --> 00:55:25,880
Speaker 1: a hybrid, an electric car is has a much smaller

920
00:55:25,920 --> 00:55:29,959
Speaker 1: carbon footprint than a combustion engine. And I know about

921
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:32,800
Speaker 1: the batteries and I know where they get this stuff,

922
00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:35,439
Speaker 1: and this is considering all the costs that go into

923
00:55:35,480 --> 00:55:38,600
Speaker 1: making these cars and what happens these cars over the years.

924
00:55:38,960 --> 00:55:40,319
Speaker 1: There are a lot of smart people that put this

925
00:55:40,360 --> 00:55:44,400
Speaker 1: all together, and it's still a better option than you know,

926
00:55:44,480 --> 00:55:47,960
Speaker 1: a combustion gas engine. But that's you know, I'm not

927
00:55:47,960 --> 00:55:49,239
Speaker 1: here to say go out and get a hybrid or

928
00:55:49,280 --> 00:55:52,560
Speaker 1: electric car. That's up to you. Well, that that kind

929
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:54,920
Speaker 1: of raises. One of the issues too, is like it

930
00:55:55,239 --> 00:55:58,319
Speaker 1: can be expensive to be eco friendly, you know, which

931
00:55:58,360 --> 00:56:02,040
Speaker 1: really sucks, but also save money though you yeah, in

932
00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:04,359
Speaker 1: the end, um, it's just the upfront costs are are

933
00:56:04,480 --> 00:56:07,359
Speaker 1: sometimes you know, greater, which is the problem for you know,

934
00:56:07,800 --> 00:56:10,439
Speaker 1: for people who can't afford like a more expensive car.

935
00:56:10,840 --> 00:56:13,120
Speaker 1: Is the same thing with like food, you know, like

936
00:56:13,160 --> 00:56:15,960
Speaker 1: the better your food, the more expensive it is, which

937
00:56:16,080 --> 00:56:19,160
Speaker 1: sucks too. Yeah, but you can use less energy in

938
00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:22,360
Speaker 1: your home and pay less of a energy bill. Yeah no, No,

939
00:56:22,440 --> 00:56:24,520
Speaker 1: there's plenty things things you can do, like it doesn't

940
00:56:24,520 --> 00:56:28,600
Speaker 1: cost anything to recycle, you know, yeah, exactly, and all

941
00:56:28,640 --> 00:56:31,400
Speaker 1: this stuff like recycling you think, well, I mean, I

942
00:56:31,440 --> 00:56:34,480
Speaker 1: know that's good because there's no trash, but no trash

943
00:56:34,520 --> 00:56:36,399
Speaker 1: means it's not going to that landfill, and that means

944
00:56:36,400 --> 00:56:40,239
Speaker 1: it's not releasing bad gases into the atmosphere. So this

945
00:56:40,360 --> 00:56:43,920
Speaker 1: all affects your carbon footprint, recycling to how long you

946
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:46,560
Speaker 1: take a shower because you're using hot water and that

947
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:49,239
Speaker 1: water has to be heated somehow. Yep. And I mean

948
00:56:49,280 --> 00:56:51,399
Speaker 1: if this has become like an issue for you, then

949
00:56:51,520 --> 00:56:53,120
Speaker 1: then make it one of the things you vote on

950
00:56:53,200 --> 00:56:55,719
Speaker 1: to like, vote for people who care about this, and

951
00:56:56,239 --> 00:57:00,799
Speaker 1: will um make sure that that regulations they're put into

952
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:05,680
Speaker 1: place that fight climate change. It's a big one. There

953
00:57:05,719 --> 00:57:08,600
Speaker 1: are politicians out there that care very much about this. Yeah.

954
00:57:08,640 --> 00:57:11,280
Speaker 1: I remember after we pulled out of the Paris Accord,

955
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,200
Speaker 1: like a few cities said we're still doing this. We're

956
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:17,880
Speaker 1: gonna stick to it regardless. Um. Yeah, you can do it.

957
00:57:17,920 --> 00:57:19,600
Speaker 1: Your city can do it, other people can do it.

958
00:57:20,120 --> 00:57:24,000
Speaker 1: The rest of the world doing it except for Nicaragua

959
00:57:24,080 --> 00:57:29,880
Speaker 1: and Syria. I remember, correctly, you remember, Um, if you

960
00:57:29,920 --> 00:57:34,560
Speaker 1: want to know more about global warming, just step outside. Uh.

961
00:57:34,640 --> 00:57:37,000
Speaker 1: And since I said that, it's time for listener mate,

962
00:57:39,440 --> 00:57:41,960
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this so smart. I don't get it.

963
00:57:42,480 --> 00:57:44,960
Speaker 1: But remember during the Buildering podcast, we've read a listener

964
00:57:44,960 --> 00:57:50,240
Speaker 1: mail about we asked why you get sleepy when you read? Yes, well,

965
00:57:50,240 --> 00:57:52,600
Speaker 1: we had a chiropractor right in and he says, he

966
00:57:52,680 --> 00:57:55,920
Speaker 1: is the answer. And I don't know if this is

967
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:58,560
Speaker 1: right or not, but it's it certainly sounds good to me.

968
00:57:59,720 --> 00:58:03,120
Speaker 1: So is a chiropractor. And he studied UH functional neurology

969
00:58:03,120 --> 00:58:05,920
Speaker 1: in school, and he said, the answer is that when

970
00:58:05,960 --> 00:58:09,040
Speaker 1: you're reading, your eyes move laterally as they scan the page.

971
00:58:09,360 --> 00:58:12,800
Speaker 1: This involves the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which

972
00:58:12,840 --> 00:58:19,600
Speaker 1: is innervated by the six cranial nerve the abductions. So

973
00:58:19,640 --> 00:58:23,400
Speaker 1: the abductions originates in the ponds in the brainstem. And

974
00:58:23,440 --> 00:58:26,960
Speaker 1: what happens is that as you activate this nerve through reading,

975
00:58:27,320 --> 00:58:32,440
Speaker 1: you also activate the ponto madullary reticular formation or p

976
00:58:32,720 --> 00:58:35,560
Speaker 1: m r F. One job of the PMF is to

977
00:58:35,760 --> 00:58:40,640
Speaker 1: dampen the sympathetic response of the intero medio lateral cell

978
00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:45,440
Speaker 1: column in the spinal cord, which activates the sympathetic nervous system.

979
00:58:45,560 --> 00:58:50,040
Speaker 1: In short reading, dampens the sympathetic response and relaxes you.

980
00:58:51,320 --> 00:58:53,880
Speaker 1: I think that's the takeaway. I hope you find this interesting.

981
00:58:53,960 --> 00:58:56,920
Speaker 1: Love your podcast, use a lot of your knowledge to UH.

982
00:58:57,080 --> 00:59:00,320
Speaker 1: You teach for Tribua Tuesday that my coworkers I play

983
00:59:00,320 --> 00:59:03,480
Speaker 1: at my clinic and that is from Dr Michael Hilton

984
00:59:04,120 --> 00:59:08,120
Speaker 1: in good old Washington, d C. Nice for the district.

985
00:59:08,680 --> 00:59:15,640
Speaker 1: Thanks Dr Michael the chiropractor from DC. That's right. Uh.

986
00:59:15,680 --> 00:59:17,440
Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch with us, like

987
00:59:17,520 --> 00:59:21,080
Speaker 1: Dr Michael did, you can tweet to us at josh

988
00:59:21,160 --> 00:59:24,640
Speaker 1: um Clark or s y s K podcast both me

989
00:59:24,720 --> 00:59:27,520
Speaker 1: and Chucker on Facebook, and you can go to our

990
00:59:27,560 --> 00:59:30,360
Speaker 1: official page at Facebook dot com slash stuff you Should Know.

991
00:59:30,960 --> 00:59:33,480
Speaker 1: You can send us an email the Stuff podcast at

992
00:59:33,480 --> 00:59:35,920
Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com and has always joined us

993
00:59:35,960 --> 00:59:38,480
Speaker 1: at our home on the web, Stuff you Should Know

994
00:59:38,680 --> 00:59:46,320
Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

995
00:59:46,560 --> 00:59:56,080
Speaker 1: Is it how stuff Works dot com