WEBVTT - Anarchism In Brazil, Pt. 2 feat. Andrew

0:00:02.120 --> 0:00:05.120
<v Speaker 1>Zon Media.

0:00:05.320 --> 0:00:07.680
<v Speaker 2>Welcome toick it up in here. I'm address Age of

0:00:07.680 --> 0:00:11.320
<v Speaker 2>the Future Channel Andrewism. Today were continuing the Latin American

0:00:11.320 --> 0:00:15.880
<v Speaker 2>Anarchism series with our exploration of anarchism in Brazil. I'm

0:00:15.960 --> 0:00:19.600
<v Speaker 2>joined by Garrison Davis. Hello there, and once again thanks

0:00:19.640 --> 0:00:24.640
<v Speaker 2>to the scholarship of Edgar Rodriguez, Jesse Cohen, Philippe Coreer,

0:00:25.120 --> 0:00:29.560
<v Speaker 2>Raphael Vianna, Li Silva Cowan, Williando Santos, Eddie Laine Toledo

0:00:29.800 --> 0:00:34.120
<v Speaker 2>and Luigi Biondi. When we last left off, anarchist labor

0:00:34.159 --> 0:00:37.640
<v Speaker 2>resistance in Brazil had triggered a turning point and a reaction.

0:00:38.440 --> 0:00:40.760
<v Speaker 2>Weakened by the splits caused by the Bolsheviks and the

0:00:40.800 --> 0:00:44.320
<v Speaker 2>military repression of the government, another faction would step in

0:00:44.440 --> 0:00:49.479
<v Speaker 2>to cripple the anarchist cause even further, the Integralists. In

0:00:49.479 --> 0:00:53.040
<v Speaker 2>the nineteen twenties and nineteen thirties, Brazil saw the rise

0:00:53.120 --> 0:00:58.080
<v Speaker 2>of the Brasilian integralist action, the aib A nationalist movement

0:00:58.240 --> 0:01:03.000
<v Speaker 2>led by Pinio Salgado. During a trip to Europe, Salgado

0:01:03.040 --> 0:01:07.680
<v Speaker 2>became enamored with Benito Mussolini's fascist movement in Italy. Upon

0:01:07.720 --> 0:01:09.920
<v Speaker 2>his return to Brazil, and at the height of Catulio

0:01:10.040 --> 0:01:13.080
<v Speaker 2>Argus's dictatorship, which was ushered in thanks to a cool

0:01:13.080 --> 0:01:17.560
<v Speaker 2>weather liberal alliance, Salgado founded the Society for Political Studies,

0:01:17.920 --> 0:01:22.600
<v Speaker 2>gathering intellectuals who were sympathetic to fascism. Then he essumed

0:01:22.640 --> 0:01:25.959
<v Speaker 2>the October Manifesto, laying out the groundwork for the Brazilian

0:01:26.000 --> 0:01:30.720
<v Speaker 2>Integralist Action. The movement closely mirrored Italian fascism with its

0:01:30.800 --> 0:01:36.240
<v Speaker 2>green shirted paramilitary wing, regimented demonstrations, and militant rhetoric. Though

0:01:36.240 --> 0:01:40.800
<v Speaker 2>Salgado publicly rejected racism, many members of his party adopted

0:01:40.840 --> 0:01:44.920
<v Speaker 2>anti Semitic views. Integralism was financed in part by the

0:01:44.959 --> 0:01:48.880
<v Speaker 2>Italian embassy, with the Roman salute and the Tupi word

0:01:48.920 --> 0:01:52.800
<v Speaker 2>an nawe meaning you are my brother, as key symbols

0:01:52.800 --> 0:01:56.720
<v Speaker 2>of the unity. Integralist Action drew its support from lower

0:01:56.760 --> 0:02:00.520
<v Speaker 2>middle class Italians and Portuguese immigrants, alongside sections of the

0:02:00.520 --> 0:02:04.360
<v Speaker 2>Brazilian military, particularly the navy. As the party grew, it

0:02:04.440 --> 0:02:07.840
<v Speaker 2>became the dictator of Vargas's primary right wing basis support,

0:02:08.320 --> 0:02:11.000
<v Speaker 2>especially after he began to crack down on the Communist Party.

0:02:11.880 --> 0:02:16.280
<v Speaker 2>Integrilists frequently engaged in street violence and terrorism aimed at

0:02:16.320 --> 0:02:20.840
<v Speaker 2>leftist groups. In nineteen fifty one, Vargas introduced the Labor

0:02:20.880 --> 0:02:26.240
<v Speaker 2>Regulations based and Mussolini's Labor Charter. Independent industrial unions were banned.

0:02:26.639 --> 0:02:29.120
<v Speaker 2>Union membership had to be registered with the Ministry of Labor,

0:02:29.520 --> 0:02:31.760
<v Speaker 2>two thirds of the union membership had to be native

0:02:31.840 --> 0:02:36.760
<v Speaker 2>born or naturalized Brazilians. Oh no, yeah, and union officers

0:02:36.760 --> 0:02:39.240
<v Speaker 2>were required to either be resident in Brazil for ten

0:02:39.320 --> 0:02:42.680
<v Speaker 2>years if naturalized, or thirty years if foreign born.

0:02:42.800 --> 0:02:45.800
<v Speaker 3>That's pretty fucked up, I would assume, also just very

0:02:45.880 --> 0:02:49.520
<v Speaker 3>damaging to the entire labor movement in the country, A

0:02:49.680 --> 0:02:51.919
<v Speaker 3>very intense series of restrictions.

0:02:51.400 --> 0:02:55.880
<v Speaker 2>Yes, as a very immigrant empowered labor movement. Yeah, yeah,

0:02:55.919 --> 0:03:01.600
<v Speaker 2>that was definitely targeted. Definitely, definitely targeted. Obviously, like the

0:03:01.639 --> 0:03:04.360
<v Speaker 2>class consciousness of the immigrant workers was such a threat

0:03:04.760 --> 0:03:06.600
<v Speaker 2>that they had to root them out from any position

0:03:06.639 --> 0:03:12.120
<v Speaker 2>of influence within the sanctioned unions. Salgado and the Integralists,

0:03:12.120 --> 0:03:14.840
<v Speaker 2>of course, welcomed these degrees and worked with the police

0:03:14.880 --> 0:03:19.400
<v Speaker 2>to capture militant workers. The communists also apparently welcomed the

0:03:19.400 --> 0:03:23.960
<v Speaker 2>impositions the Ministry of Labor. Meanwhile, anarchists and workers were

0:03:23.960 --> 0:03:28.440
<v Speaker 2>weathering rightist violence. One time integralists kicked down the doors

0:03:28.440 --> 0:03:31.680
<v Speaker 2>of the bakery workers union, the construction workers leave the

0:03:31.720 --> 0:03:36.240
<v Speaker 2>mill and warehouse operatives, Stonemasons Union and Union of cafe employees,

0:03:36.640 --> 0:03:40.840
<v Speaker 2>destroy their assets and extra judiciously hauled away the workers

0:03:40.920 --> 0:03:41.760
<v Speaker 2>as prisoners.

0:03:42.600 --> 0:03:45.200
<v Speaker 3>So they just started like kidnapping people and doing like

0:03:45.720 --> 0:03:48.840
<v Speaker 3>basically state sanctioned terrorism exactly.

0:03:49.320 --> 0:03:53.360
<v Speaker 2>Another integralist, Gustavo Barosso, used his walk in stick to

0:03:53.440 --> 0:03:56.119
<v Speaker 2>break the arm of an anti fascist sixteen year old

0:03:56.160 --> 0:03:59.960
<v Speaker 2>worker named neer Colejo as she was making a speed

0:04:00.200 --> 0:04:01.520
<v Speaker 2>against fascism.

0:04:01.760 --> 0:04:03.320
<v Speaker 3>Time is a flat circle.

0:04:03.880 --> 0:04:07.880
<v Speaker 2>Indeed it is instead of sticks this time they're using cars,

0:04:07.880 --> 0:04:11.400
<v Speaker 2>but it's the same same principle and sticks. Oh yeah,

0:04:11.440 --> 0:04:12.880
<v Speaker 2>people are still collecting sticks.

0:04:12.920 --> 0:04:15.960
<v Speaker 3>I have been hit by many a stick from a

0:04:15.960 --> 0:04:18.919
<v Speaker 3>fascist at a street demo, especially as a teenager.

0:04:19.560 --> 0:04:23.479
<v Speaker 2>M down. So with all this violence, the deal with

0:04:24.000 --> 0:04:26.880
<v Speaker 2>in this time, the anarchist presses had to hounked down

0:04:27.279 --> 0:04:30.480
<v Speaker 2>and prepare to face foot attacks. In nineteen thirty three,

0:04:30.520 --> 0:04:33.599
<v Speaker 2>the Libertarian Anti Fascist Committee sounded alarm on the dire

0:04:33.640 --> 0:04:37.880
<v Speaker 2>threat of integralism, as what anarchist press wrote, like fascism,

0:04:38.200 --> 0:04:41.880
<v Speaker 2>integralism means to enslave and fetter the people that has

0:04:41.880 --> 0:04:44.960
<v Speaker 2>now defend our liberty like men. Let's we be forced

0:04:45.000 --> 0:04:48.480
<v Speaker 2>to weep like mad men hereafter. On December twenty fourth,

0:04:48.560 --> 0:04:51.960
<v Speaker 2>nineteen thirty three, the tensions were an all time high

0:04:52.400 --> 0:04:54.920
<v Speaker 2>for when it humiliates and defeat At the Salon su

0:04:54.960 --> 0:05:00.440
<v Speaker 2>Garcia Planio, Salgado's Integralists, known as the Green Shirts, planned

0:05:00.440 --> 0:05:04.000
<v Speaker 2>a show of force to assert their dominance their targets

0:05:04.800 --> 0:05:09.160
<v Speaker 2>union leaders and leftists, particularly anarchists, who sit against their

0:05:09.200 --> 0:05:12.800
<v Speaker 2>fascist vision for Brazil. According to reports from those of

0:05:12.920 --> 0:05:17.120
<v Speaker 2>US on December first, the Integralists had organized eighteen companies

0:05:17.120 --> 0:05:20.039
<v Speaker 2>of green shirted marchers who would parade through the heart

0:05:20.080 --> 0:05:23.159
<v Speaker 2>of South Paolo, prepared to crush any resistance that came

0:05:23.200 --> 0:05:28.760
<v Speaker 2>their way. Reinforcements from Rudishonneiro, led by Gustavo Barosso, bolstered

0:05:28.800 --> 0:05:32.680
<v Speaker 2>their numbers with five hundred trained assault troops prime to attack.

0:05:33.400 --> 0:05:36.360
<v Speaker 2>The police, of course, were openly supported of the Integralists,

0:05:36.640 --> 0:05:40.240
<v Speaker 2>and at even stationed machine guns at key points throughout

0:05:40.240 --> 0:05:44.240
<v Speaker 2>the city to ensure the march went smoothly. Arleino de

0:05:44.279 --> 0:05:48.760
<v Speaker 2>Olivera had an additional four hundred troops made up of infantry,

0:05:49.080 --> 0:05:53.240
<v Speaker 2>fire brigade units and cavalry ready to intervene. Seems like

0:05:53.360 --> 0:05:56.520
<v Speaker 2>clear overkill, but it was a show of force so

0:05:56.640 --> 0:05:59.840
<v Speaker 2>as to be expected. By the time the marchers reached

0:05:59.839 --> 0:06:03.320
<v Speaker 2>the pressure that say, a huge crowd had gathered, some

0:06:03.440 --> 0:06:07.880
<v Speaker 2>curious onlookers, others outright opponents of the fascist movement. As

0:06:07.880 --> 0:06:11.760
<v Speaker 2>the Integrolists survived at the cathedral, cries of death to

0:06:11.800 --> 0:06:16.000
<v Speaker 2>the Fascists and down with the Green Shirts echoed throughout

0:06:16.000 --> 0:06:21.760
<v Speaker 2>the square. Suddenly shots rang out. Some say the fire

0:06:21.800 --> 0:06:24.800
<v Speaker 2>and began accidentally when a machine gun set up by

0:06:24.800 --> 0:06:28.359
<v Speaker 2>the Civil Guard was nudged. Others claim it was the

0:06:28.360 --> 0:06:32.920
<v Speaker 2>communists lying in wait, ready to ambush the march. Regardless,

0:06:33.320 --> 0:06:37.280
<v Speaker 2>chaos erupted before the anarchists had even initiated their planned attack.

0:06:37.960 --> 0:06:42.000
<v Speaker 2>The scene quickly evolved into pandemonium. People fled in terror,

0:06:42.279 --> 0:06:46.440
<v Speaker 2>shots continued to fire, and several were mortally wounded. The

0:06:46.480 --> 0:06:49.400
<v Speaker 2>planned pledge of loyalty to Plingeo. Salgado, the head of

0:06:49.400 --> 0:06:52.799
<v Speaker 2>the Integralists, never took place that day, but by nineteen

0:06:52.839 --> 0:06:57.400
<v Speaker 2>thirty seven, Salgado launched a presidential campaign, hoping to ride

0:06:57.400 --> 0:06:59.680
<v Speaker 2>the wave of crow and support for his movement and

0:06:59.680 --> 0:07:04.120
<v Speaker 2>became dictator in his own right. However, when Varragas canceled

0:07:04.120 --> 0:07:08.200
<v Speaker 2>the elections and established the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, he

0:07:08.360 --> 0:07:11.720
<v Speaker 2>banned the Integralist Party along with all the others sideline in.

0:07:11.760 --> 0:07:15.960
<v Speaker 2>Salgado in response, and targoless militants launched two uprisings in

0:07:16.000 --> 0:07:20.400
<v Speaker 2>nineteen thirty eight, both of which failed. Salgado was imprisoned

0:07:20.640 --> 0:07:24.080
<v Speaker 2>and lad to exile to Portugal. After spending most of

0:07:24.120 --> 0:07:27.840
<v Speaker 2>his life supporting the dictators of Brazil, his attempts to

0:07:27.840 --> 0:07:30.280
<v Speaker 2>become one of his own utterly failed.

0:07:30.760 --> 0:07:34.800
<v Speaker 3>There's a few interesting things in this moment here, particularly

0:07:34.920 --> 0:07:39.560
<v Speaker 3>like how the initial struggle against fascism once again and

0:07:39.680 --> 0:07:43.600
<v Speaker 3>kind of laid at the feet of anarchists and communists,

0:07:43.680 --> 0:07:46.000
<v Speaker 3>had like a degree of hesitancy to like to like

0:07:46.120 --> 0:07:49.680
<v Speaker 3>jump in fully. And then also like I find it

0:07:49.720 --> 0:07:52.680
<v Speaker 3>interesting the way that these like this era of fascists

0:07:52.680 --> 0:07:57.200
<v Speaker 3>in Brazil particularly were targeting unions, but as almost as

0:07:57.200 --> 0:07:59.640
<v Speaker 3>a way just to target like immigrants, Like it was

0:07:59.640 --> 0:08:02.080
<v Speaker 3>like the easiest way for them to actually just do

0:08:02.160 --> 0:08:05.880
<v Speaker 3>anti immigrant violence was like through the unions.

0:08:06.160 --> 0:08:11.360
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, anti immigrant violence is almost always anti worker violence

0:08:11.440 --> 0:08:11.800
<v Speaker 2>as well.

0:08:12.320 --> 0:08:14.520
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, no, No, in the States at least right now,

0:08:14.600 --> 0:08:19.160
<v Speaker 3>we're just like seeing another kind of uptick in like

0:08:19.200 --> 0:08:22.720
<v Speaker 3>anti immigrant rhetoric and violence, and yeah, a lot of

0:08:22.760 --> 0:08:26.160
<v Speaker 3>it is tied to like labor, like how immigrants are

0:08:26.520 --> 0:08:29.160
<v Speaker 3>taking jobs away from the lower classes, that sort of thing.

0:08:29.760 --> 0:08:32.840
<v Speaker 2>Huh. As always you remember that, you know it could

0:08:32.840 --> 0:08:36.840
<v Speaker 2>happen here, and it's important to be constantly aware and

0:08:36.840 --> 0:08:41.480
<v Speaker 2>on God against even the ghost, the shadow of fascism

0:08:41.760 --> 0:08:46.080
<v Speaker 2>creeping up in their communities. It's easy to be treated

0:08:46.440 --> 0:08:51.120
<v Speaker 2>by the media or by others as just oh, you're

0:08:51.160 --> 0:08:54.840
<v Speaker 2>making a big deal about ohover exaggerates into threat. But

0:08:55.480 --> 0:08:59.560
<v Speaker 2>you know, these things sinuwable are very quickly. They need

0:08:59.600 --> 0:09:03.040
<v Speaker 2>to be nip in the bud. And it's largely thanks

0:09:03.040 --> 0:09:05.920
<v Speaker 2>to anti fascists on the front lines that the situation

0:09:06.200 --> 0:09:08.680
<v Speaker 2>is not as bad as it could be right now,

0:09:09.440 --> 0:09:22.640
<v Speaker 2>even though it is getting worse every day. For the

0:09:22.679 --> 0:09:27.000
<v Speaker 2>already weakened anarchists and labor movements in Brazil, integralism had

0:09:27.040 --> 0:09:31.440
<v Speaker 2>posed a dire threat. They were already splintered and in decline,

0:09:31.679 --> 0:09:35.839
<v Speaker 2>struggling to maintain influence. An Integralism's rapid rise with its

0:09:35.880 --> 0:09:39.600
<v Speaker 2>militarized structure and anti leftist violence fully suppressed their hopes.

0:09:40.440 --> 0:09:44.839
<v Speaker 2>The communists weren't exactly a help either. The anarchists lost

0:09:44.840 --> 0:09:47.600
<v Speaker 2>a significant strongholder their struggle on the premises of the

0:09:47.640 --> 0:09:51.120
<v Speaker 2>Anti Clerical League in Rio de Janeiro when communists sent

0:09:51.160 --> 0:09:54.679
<v Speaker 2>to disrupt their meeting called the police on them, leading

0:09:54.720 --> 0:09:58.000
<v Speaker 2>to the arrest of eight anarchists and the closure of

0:09:58.080 --> 0:10:01.720
<v Speaker 2>the Anti Clerical League center and its newspaper. With the

0:10:01.760 --> 0:10:05.680
<v Speaker 2>help of the Integralists, communists and leaders of Cardinal Sebastio

0:10:06.000 --> 0:10:11.080
<v Speaker 2>Lemes Brazilian Catholic Party, Getulio Vargas faced little resistance in

0:10:11.160 --> 0:10:16.280
<v Speaker 2>establishing Hisestado Novo dictatorship. His authoritarian regime lasted from nineteen

0:10:16.320 --> 0:10:19.560
<v Speaker 2>thirty seven to nineteen forty five and was marked by

0:10:19.559 --> 0:10:23.719
<v Speaker 2>continuous crackdowns on labor, autonomy and anarchism. But despite the

0:10:23.760 --> 0:10:26.520
<v Speaker 2>common claims the nineteen thir eties marked the end of

0:10:26.559 --> 0:10:31.640
<v Speaker 2>anarchism in Brazil, anarchists remained active in unions and cultural spaces.

0:10:31.679 --> 0:10:37.000
<v Speaker 2>Despite repression. Anarchists published influential periodicals like A playbe and

0:10:37.080 --> 0:10:41.800
<v Speaker 2>a Childreta, and aimed to create a national anarchist political organization.

0:10:42.520 --> 0:10:45.920
<v Speaker 2>Post nineteen forty five, in the era of re deemocratization,

0:10:46.520 --> 0:10:50.280
<v Speaker 2>anarchists converged in South Pawerlo for Brazilian Anarchist congresses in

0:10:50.360 --> 0:10:53.720
<v Speaker 2>nineteen forty eight and nineteen fifty nine, which brought together

0:10:53.800 --> 0:10:58.040
<v Speaker 2>veterans and motivated the re establishment of social centers. The

0:10:58.080 --> 0:11:01.440
<v Speaker 2>anarchists resumed educational and cultural activities that I found in

0:11:01.480 --> 0:11:04.839
<v Speaker 2>the Centro des Cultura Socil the CCS, which became a

0:11:04.960 --> 0:11:09.840
<v Speaker 2>hub for anarchist intellectual life, hosting lectures, conferences, literary events,

0:11:09.880 --> 0:11:14.320
<v Speaker 2>and even theater performances. The anarchists were back. The CCS

0:11:14.320 --> 0:11:16.920
<v Speaker 2>had played a key role in building anarchist networks, even

0:11:16.960 --> 0:11:20.320
<v Speaker 2>hosted anarchist exiles from Spain, and helped to establish similar

0:11:20.320 --> 0:11:23.360
<v Speaker 2>cultural centers in the suburbs of sarth Paolo and other

0:11:23.360 --> 0:11:27.360
<v Speaker 2>cities across Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro, a similar space

0:11:27.400 --> 0:11:30.319
<v Speaker 2>emerged in nineteen fifty eight, the Centrol des Studios put

0:11:30.360 --> 0:11:35.559
<v Speaker 2>Fessor Jose Hitka or SEPTCHO. Like the CCS, de Septcho

0:11:35.679 --> 0:11:40.560
<v Speaker 2>hosted courses, lectures, and debates. In nineteen sixty one, it

0:11:40.640 --> 0:11:44.440
<v Speaker 2>helps establish an anarchist publishing house called Mundo Libre in

0:11:44.480 --> 0:11:49.559
<v Speaker 2>suth Paolo. Union activity surged with three hundred thousand workers

0:11:49.600 --> 0:11:53.240
<v Speaker 2>striking in nineteen fifty three and another four hundred thousand

0:11:53.440 --> 0:11:57.760
<v Speaker 2>in nineteen fifty seven. This period of intense mobilization providing

0:11:57.760 --> 0:12:01.200
<v Speaker 2>an opportunity for anarchists and independent socialists to come together

0:12:01.280 --> 0:12:05.439
<v Speaker 2>and form the Syndicalus Orientation Movement or MOS. Created in

0:12:05.480 --> 0:12:08.439
<v Speaker 2>nineteen fifty three, MS aimed to fight for the autonomy

0:12:08.480 --> 0:12:12.079
<v Speaker 2>and freedom of workers unions resistant state and corporate control.

0:12:12.600 --> 0:12:15.560
<v Speaker 2>By nineteen fifty seven, they had enough momentum to contest

0:12:15.679 --> 0:12:21.200
<v Speaker 2>union leadership positions, especially within the graphics sector. Despite these strides, however,

0:12:21.600 --> 0:12:26.240
<v Speaker 2>the anarchists movement faced considerable challenges. The re democratization after

0:12:26.280 --> 0:12:29.360
<v Speaker 2>nineteen forty five offered some room for growth, but the

0:12:29.440 --> 0:12:33.680
<v Speaker 2>labor landscape was dominated by corporatist forces the Communist Party

0:12:34.000 --> 0:12:37.559
<v Speaker 2>and the Brazilian Labor Party. Anarchists found themselves battling for

0:12:37.600 --> 0:12:42.000
<v Speaker 2>influence in a crowded political field. Their efforts to revitalize

0:12:42.040 --> 0:12:45.200
<v Speaker 2>the movement were furtheres stifled by a lack of resources

0:12:45.200 --> 0:12:49.440
<v Speaker 2>and militants, which limited their presence and social movements. The

0:12:49.520 --> 0:12:53.000
<v Speaker 2>momentum gained the nineteen fifties came to a crash in halt.

0:12:53.280 --> 0:12:56.760
<v Speaker 2>With the military coup of nineteen sixty four, once again

0:12:57.200 --> 0:13:01.800
<v Speaker 2>Brazil entered a period of authoritarian rule, placing anarchist activists

0:13:01.840 --> 0:13:06.360
<v Speaker 2>in a precarious position. In May nineteen sixty four, anarchists

0:13:06.360 --> 0:13:09.480
<v Speaker 2>from Rio de Janeiro and South Paolo organized a secret

0:13:09.480 --> 0:13:15.760
<v Speaker 2>meeting to strategize, focused on safeguarding anarchist resources. Many went underground,

0:13:16.040 --> 0:13:19.800
<v Speaker 2>facing renewed repression and uncertainty about the future of their movement.

0:13:20.679 --> 0:13:23.640
<v Speaker 2>They shifted focused to education and cultural spaces to survive,

0:13:24.040 --> 0:13:27.200
<v Speaker 2>with initiatives like the newspaper or Protesto and the publishing

0:13:27.200 --> 0:13:31.360
<v Speaker 2>house Hilminal. Anarchists, including young students new to the cause,

0:13:31.840 --> 0:13:35.760
<v Speaker 2>formed the libertarian student movement the MEL in nineteen sixty seven,

0:13:36.080 --> 0:13:39.400
<v Speaker 2>with the intention of fixing a position and fighting back,

0:13:39.800 --> 0:13:42.320
<v Speaker 2>as well as having an active presence in class and

0:13:42.320 --> 0:13:45.679
<v Speaker 2>ideological struggles, marking our directions more in according to the

0:13:45.760 --> 0:13:49.520
<v Speaker 2>federalist principles which had governed the life of every class organization.

0:13:50.520 --> 0:13:53.960
<v Speaker 2>But after one student, Edson Louise, was murdered by the

0:13:53.960 --> 0:13:58.160
<v Speaker 2>military police, the MEL and other student initiatives faced heavy

0:13:58.280 --> 0:14:02.040
<v Speaker 2>persecution after the nineteen sixty eight Institutional Acts Number five,

0:14:02.400 --> 0:14:06.280
<v Speaker 2>with the AI five, which suspended most civil rights, included

0:14:06.360 --> 0:14:10.560
<v Speaker 2>habeas corpus, allowed for the removal from office of opposition politicians,

0:14:11.000 --> 0:14:15.480
<v Speaker 2>enabled federal interventions municipalities and states, and enabled the institutionalization

0:14:15.640 --> 0:14:19.840
<v Speaker 2>of arbitrary detention, torture, and extra judicial killing by the regime.

0:14:20.480 --> 0:14:23.760
<v Speaker 2>This military dictatorship that grouped Brazil from nineteen sixty four

0:14:23.800 --> 0:14:27.960
<v Speaker 2>to nineteen eighty five forced anarchist movements into survival mood.

0:14:28.360 --> 0:14:32.520
<v Speaker 2>In Rio de Janeiro, the Centro de Studo's professor Jose Equitica,

0:14:32.880 --> 0:14:36.760
<v Speaker 2>operated secretly, while in South Paulo the Centro des Cultural

0:14:36.880 --> 0:14:40.880
<v Speaker 2>Sociel kept the flame of anarchistor alive through underground propaganda

0:14:41.160 --> 0:14:46.680
<v Speaker 2>and secret meetings. These centers were vital in maintaining connections

0:14:46.720 --> 0:14:52.200
<v Speaker 2>with international anarchist movements, insurance the ideology persisted despite the

0:14:52.240 --> 0:14:56.920
<v Speaker 2>harsh political climate. You see the importance of international solarity

0:14:57.080 --> 0:14:59.400
<v Speaker 2>for in its head yet again, and you see also

0:14:59.440 --> 0:15:03.880
<v Speaker 2>the importance of having cultural centers, social centers, community centers

0:15:04.160 --> 0:15:07.520
<v Speaker 2>where they movements contraw strength even when it's not directly

0:15:07.720 --> 0:15:12.240
<v Speaker 2>engaged in labor organizing, what direct political struggle, Just that

0:15:12.360 --> 0:15:17.560
<v Speaker 2>rejuvenation of community is enough to maintain the survival of

0:15:17.600 --> 0:15:20.600
<v Speaker 2>that ideological struggle, even all hope seems lost.

0:15:21.120 --> 0:15:22.640
<v Speaker 3>No, I mean this is something like you see a

0:15:22.680 --> 0:15:27.240
<v Speaker 3>lot especially after or during like a movement that's faced

0:15:27.280 --> 0:15:29.800
<v Speaker 3>incredible repression. Is that kind of it goes back to

0:15:29.880 --> 0:15:32.760
<v Speaker 3>kind of its earlier forms, at least in terms of

0:15:32.800 --> 0:15:35.040
<v Speaker 3>like like the like the social aspects. In some ways,

0:15:35.040 --> 0:15:37.600
<v Speaker 3>it feels like it's kind of regressing back to kind

0:15:37.640 --> 0:15:40.000
<v Speaker 3>of where it like started back in the last episode

0:15:40.400 --> 0:15:41.880
<v Speaker 3>with some of those like same like you know, like

0:15:41.880 --> 0:15:44.200
<v Speaker 3>like underground newspapers all this. Like this is like a

0:15:44.240 --> 0:15:47.800
<v Speaker 3>cultural engagements, as you said, kind of like a way

0:15:47.800 --> 0:15:51.240
<v Speaker 3>to like keep the light alive during like an intense,

0:15:51.320 --> 0:15:54.440
<v Speaker 3>like military style effort of repression.

0:15:55.160 --> 0:16:10.160
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it's really quite necessary. Unfortunately, in nineteen sixty nine,

0:16:10.360 --> 0:16:14.640
<v Speaker 2>the headquarters of Sepjol was raided by Air Force agents.

0:16:15.520 --> 0:16:18.760
<v Speaker 2>The invasion resulted in the arrest and prosecution of eighteen members,

0:16:19.080 --> 0:16:22.760
<v Speaker 2>including the anarchist Adiel Perez, who endured a month of

0:16:22.800 --> 0:16:27.200
<v Speaker 2>imprisonment and torture. So between nineteen seventy two nineteen seventy seven,

0:16:27.680 --> 0:16:32.160
<v Speaker 2>anarchists were forced into even greater degrees of secrecy, meeting

0:16:32.240 --> 0:16:36.800
<v Speaker 2>in very small titling. It groups In terms of organizational strength,

0:16:37.280 --> 0:16:40.680
<v Speaker 2>this might have been the lowest point for anarchism in Brazil,

0:16:42.040 --> 0:16:45.080
<v Speaker 2>but things began to shift in nineteen seventy seven as

0:16:45.120 --> 0:16:48.600
<v Speaker 2>a dictatorship started to lose its grip. That year, the

0:16:48.600 --> 0:16:53.440
<v Speaker 2>anarchist periodical or Animigouret or The King's Enemy, was launched

0:16:53.480 --> 0:16:57.560
<v Speaker 2>in Biheir, marking a significant moment for the movement. This

0:16:57.640 --> 0:17:01.200
<v Speaker 2>newspaper brought together student and union terns from various parts

0:17:01.200 --> 0:17:06.119
<v Speaker 2>of the country, but here Rioligiro, sal Paolo, Prio, grand Rasoul,

0:17:06.440 --> 0:17:11.200
<v Speaker 2>Paraiba and Para Despite internal conflicts and ideological differences, the

0:17:11.280 --> 0:17:14.639
<v Speaker 2>paper played a crucial role in reorganizing the anarchist movement,

0:17:15.200 --> 0:17:19.480
<v Speaker 2>either the influence of the counterculture or Inimiguorey tackled issues

0:17:19.560 --> 0:17:25.240
<v Speaker 2>like revolutionary unionism, anarchist syndicalism, the student movement, gender sexuality,

0:17:25.560 --> 0:17:29.080
<v Speaker 2>and political theory. The paper ran until nineteen eighty two,

0:17:29.440 --> 0:17:32.760
<v Speaker 2>and after hiatus resumed briefly between nineteen eighty seven and

0:17:32.880 --> 0:17:36.119
<v Speaker 2>nineteen eighty eight. During the same period there was the

0:17:36.200 --> 0:17:39.200
<v Speaker 2>first sign of notable anarchist engagement with the labor movement

0:17:39.359 --> 0:17:42.760
<v Speaker 2>in years, following a wave of strikes involving more than

0:17:42.840 --> 0:17:46.960
<v Speaker 2>forty eight thousand workers anarchists began questioning the bureaucratic union

0:17:47.040 --> 0:17:51.560
<v Speaker 2>structures in South Paolo to collect TiVo Debritario de Opposichao

0:17:51.640 --> 0:17:55.320
<v Speaker 2>Syndical or COLLOPS was formed, closely aligned with the ideas

0:17:55.320 --> 0:18:00.280
<v Speaker 2>of the Metalworkers Opposition movement. COLLAPSE was officially established during

0:18:00.320 --> 0:18:03.200
<v Speaker 2>the first National Meeting of Workers in Opposition to the

0:18:03.680 --> 0:18:07.720
<v Speaker 2>Trade Union Structure or ENDOS, held in September nineteen eighty

0:18:07.920 --> 0:18:11.800
<v Speaker 2>in Nitroi. This meeting brought together in union opposition from

0:18:11.920 --> 0:18:16.320
<v Speaker 2>sixteen states across Brazil, further spark in the revival of

0:18:16.359 --> 0:18:19.560
<v Speaker 2>anarchist involvement in the labor movement. But one of the

0:18:19.600 --> 0:18:22.320
<v Speaker 2>most significant developments to come out of this period was

0:18:22.400 --> 0:18:26.760
<v Speaker 2>the rise of the Movementento dos Trabahaldoes Urai Semterre the

0:18:26.920 --> 0:18:31.840
<v Speaker 2>Landless Workers Movement or MST, Emerging nineteen eighty four just

0:18:31.920 --> 0:18:34.919
<v Speaker 2>before the end of the military regime. The MST became

0:18:35.000 --> 0:18:39.960
<v Speaker 2>a mass movement with distinctly anarchist communist characteristics. It adopted

0:18:39.960 --> 0:18:44.880
<v Speaker 2>a decentralized, non hierarchical structure the prioritized autonomous direct action

0:18:45.600 --> 0:18:50.600
<v Speaker 2>principles deeply aligned with anarchism. However, the MST has resisted

0:18:50.680 --> 0:18:55.080
<v Speaker 2>being identified as explicitly anarchist, avoiding the label to maintain

0:18:55.160 --> 0:18:58.400
<v Speaker 2>broader support and avoid the stigma attached to anarchist movements

0:18:59.320 --> 0:19:02.679
<v Speaker 2>over time, what maintained in its independence, The MST has

0:19:02.680 --> 0:19:06.680
<v Speaker 2>built alliances with the furious political parties, including the Workers' Party.

0:19:07.080 --> 0:19:08.879
<v Speaker 2>We should go on to form the government in two

0:19:08.920 --> 0:19:12.520
<v Speaker 2>thousand and two. But the nineteen eighties, Brazilian anarchism began

0:19:12.640 --> 0:19:15.920
<v Speaker 2>reflecting the broader new social movements that had emerged globally

0:19:16.000 --> 0:19:20.200
<v Speaker 2>after the nineteen sixties. Ecology, feminism, and new discourses on

0:19:20.240 --> 0:19:24.000
<v Speaker 2>sexuality were now key components of anarchists thought. The nineteen

0:19:24.000 --> 0:19:27.320
<v Speaker 2>eighties saw the rise of pro homosexual actists like Nestor

0:19:27.480 --> 0:19:31.399
<v Speaker 2>Perenguer and Argentinian born intellectual who became a central figure

0:19:31.720 --> 0:19:33.119
<v Speaker 2>in Brazilian anarchism.

0:19:33.640 --> 0:19:40.399
<v Speaker 3>You know, some have considered me a pro homosexual, Okay,

0:19:43.600 --> 0:19:45.960
<v Speaker 3>but but no mean this is a continued It is

0:19:46.040 --> 0:19:49.200
<v Speaker 3>interesting to see this like starting with student movements and

0:19:49.240 --> 0:19:52.960
<v Speaker 3>then getting back into kind of labor over time after

0:19:53.080 --> 0:19:58.000
<v Speaker 3>they like rebuilt their movement through students, and then continuing

0:19:58.080 --> 0:20:01.840
<v Speaker 3>to like adopt more and more like modern social views

0:20:01.880 --> 0:20:04.760
<v Speaker 3>and like cultural engagement have an image here of one

0:20:04.760 --> 0:20:07.840
<v Speaker 3>of their newspapers that has built what looks like two

0:20:07.880 --> 0:20:11.080
<v Speaker 3>men having sex right on the cover. That's like the seventies,

0:20:11.160 --> 0:20:12.440
<v Speaker 3>which is which is quite.

0:20:12.240 --> 0:20:16.040
<v Speaker 2>Something incredible, must have been very scandalous at the time.

0:20:16.400 --> 0:20:16.600
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:20:17.280 --> 0:20:20.520
<v Speaker 2>So with the nineteen nineties, as Brazil transitioned to the

0:20:20.640 --> 0:20:25.480
<v Speaker 2>New Republic and embraced new liberalism, anarchists became key players

0:20:25.640 --> 0:20:29.400
<v Speaker 2>in shaping a wave of social movements. They actively helped

0:20:29.440 --> 0:20:33.320
<v Speaker 2>to create and integrate into these movements, advocating their principles

0:20:33.400 --> 0:20:37.520
<v Speaker 2>and strategies. One prominent example was Brazil's involvement in the

0:20:37.560 --> 0:20:41.720
<v Speaker 2>global anti globalization movement, inspired by protests like the Seattle

0:20:41.920 --> 0:20:46.080
<v Speaker 2>WTOO demonstrations in nineteen ninety nine YEP. In Brazil, this

0:20:46.240 --> 0:20:50.240
<v Speaker 2>movement began in Santos on the same date, led by anarchists,

0:20:50.320 --> 0:20:54.439
<v Speaker 2>ecologists and liberterians. By two thousand, a coalition of these

0:20:54.480 --> 0:20:57.959
<v Speaker 2>groups emerged, particularly in South Peru, and continued to organize

0:20:57.960 --> 0:21:01.160
<v Speaker 2>in actions against the liberal policies until two thousand and three.

0:21:01.880 --> 0:21:04.880
<v Speaker 2>The protest targeted institutions like the IMF, the World Bank,

0:21:04.960 --> 0:21:08.760
<v Speaker 2>and the WTO, and introduced the black block tactic to Brazil.

0:21:09.640 --> 0:21:13.400
<v Speaker 2>Anakis also helped establish Brazil's Center for Independent Media CMI,

0:21:13.880 --> 0:21:16.639
<v Speaker 2>part of the global Indie Media network which aimed to

0:21:16.760 --> 0:21:20.399
<v Speaker 2>challenge me instream media dominance. Active between two thousand and

0:21:20.400 --> 0:21:23.080
<v Speaker 2>one and two thousand and five, CMI was a key

0:21:23.200 --> 0:21:29.200
<v Speaker 2>platform for independent journalism across fourteen Brazilian cities. Beyond protests,

0:21:29.440 --> 0:21:33.919
<v Speaker 2>anarchids were involved in broader social movements, contributing to housing

0:21:33.960 --> 0:21:36.439
<v Speaker 2>struggles in South Power and Real Desionero, as well as

0:21:36.440 --> 0:21:41.440
<v Speaker 2>supporting feminists, indigenous, Black and LGBT causes. They played significant

0:21:41.520 --> 0:21:44.200
<v Speaker 2>roles in movements like the National Movement of Collectors of

0:21:44.280 --> 0:21:49.399
<v Speaker 2>recycla Level Material MNCR, the previously mentioned Landless Workers Movement

0:21:49.520 --> 0:21:53.880
<v Speaker 2>or MSD, and the Homeless Workers Movement the MTSD, reflecting

0:21:53.920 --> 0:21:58.600
<v Speaker 2>their deep involvement in Brazil's diverse social landscape. In the

0:21:58.640 --> 0:22:02.760
<v Speaker 2>early two thousands, Anikis Popular Union the UNIPA helped form

0:22:02.880 --> 0:22:05.760
<v Speaker 2>networks such as the Class and Combative Student Network or

0:22:05.840 --> 0:22:09.760
<v Speaker 2>the RCC and the Federation of Revolutionary Synicalist Organizations of

0:22:09.800 --> 0:22:13.560
<v Speaker 2>Brazil or the f WOB. Further cement and anarchism's influence

0:22:13.720 --> 0:22:17.200
<v Speaker 2>in students and workers' struggles. Despite being considered part of

0:22:17.240 --> 0:22:21.320
<v Speaker 2>a broader leftist current. Anarchists specifically made a lasting impact

0:22:21.440 --> 0:22:26.520
<v Speaker 2>on Brazil's social movement during this period. Today, Brazilian anarchism

0:22:26.640 --> 0:22:30.560
<v Speaker 2>continues to evolve, shaped by the principles of spacifismo, a

0:22:30.600 --> 0:22:34.480
<v Speaker 2>strategy where anarchists work alongside broader social movements or maintaining

0:22:34.520 --> 0:22:38.120
<v Speaker 2>their own distinct ideology. Many anarchist federations have found common

0:22:38.200 --> 0:22:41.480
<v Speaker 2>cause with groups like the MST, supporting their struggles while

0:22:41.480 --> 0:22:44.840
<v Speaker 2>promoting their own vision of a stateless, non hierarchical society.

0:22:45.560 --> 0:22:49.399
<v Speaker 2>The story of anarchism in Brazil is one of endurance, adaptability,

0:22:49.760 --> 0:22:54.080
<v Speaker 2>and reinvention. Despite decades of repression, the movement has continued

0:22:54.119 --> 0:22:58.199
<v Speaker 2>to shape Brazil's political landscape, from underground propaganda dune dictatorship

0:22:58.520 --> 0:23:02.280
<v Speaker 2>to the mass mobilization of land less workers and intellectuals.

0:23:01.600 --> 0:23:05.920
<v Speaker 3>Alike, similar to what they were doing ninety years ago.

0:23:06.000 --> 0:23:09.120
<v Speaker 3>We've also seen like a resurgence of anarchist anti fascism

0:23:09.240 --> 0:23:11.760
<v Speaker 3>in Brazil. Indeed, around the same time we kind of

0:23:11.800 --> 0:23:15.040
<v Speaker 3>saw this rise in the United States as well as

0:23:15.200 --> 0:23:18.280
<v Speaker 3>in Europe. With the emergence of these like right wing

0:23:18.359 --> 0:23:22.200
<v Speaker 3>populist politicians between like Trump and Bolsonario, you've been seeing

0:23:22.520 --> 0:23:25.640
<v Speaker 3>more of like the black block style anarchism in Brazil,

0:23:26.040 --> 0:23:29.119
<v Speaker 3>which often kind of in this era went hand in

0:23:29.240 --> 0:23:32.040
<v Speaker 3>hand with like anti fascist action in organizing.

0:23:32.480 --> 0:23:38.520
<v Speaker 2>Indeed, so that's been the story, very summarized account like

0:23:38.680 --> 0:23:40.480
<v Speaker 2>I would recommend that you check out. Of course, the

0:23:40.880 --> 0:23:44.520
<v Speaker 2>scholarship of the folks I mentioned the beginning, the resources

0:23:44.560 --> 0:23:49.440
<v Speaker 2>all across the Internet, particularly the Anarchists Library discussing Brazilian anarchism.

0:23:50.280 --> 0:23:53.840
<v Speaker 2>This has been It can happen here. I've been Andrew Siege.

0:23:54.119 --> 0:23:56.800
<v Speaker 2>You can find me on YouTube dot com, slash andrewism

0:23:56.920 --> 0:23:59.680
<v Speaker 2>peatre dot com, stas Saint Drew. I've been here with

0:23:59.760 --> 0:24:03.840
<v Speaker 2>gay and that's it Peace.

0:24:08.480 --> 0:24:10.640
<v Speaker 1>It could Happen Here is a production of Cool Zone

0:24:10.680 --> 0:24:13.719
<v Speaker 1>Media from More podcasts from cool Zone Media. Visit our

0:24:13.760 --> 0:24:16.840
<v Speaker 1>website Folzonmedia dot com, or check us out on the

0:24:16.880 --> 0:24:20.760
<v Speaker 1>iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

0:24:21.280 --> 0:24:23.159
<v Speaker 1>You can now find sources for it could Happen here

0:24:23.240 --> 0:24:26.159
<v Speaker 1>listed directly in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening.