1 00:00:02,120 --> 00:00:05,120 Speaker 1: Zon Media. 2 00:00:05,320 --> 00:00:07,680 Speaker 2: Welcome toick it up in here. I'm address Age of 3 00:00:07,680 --> 00:00:11,320 Speaker 2: the Future Channel Andrewism. Today were continuing the Latin American 4 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 2: Anarchism series with our exploration of anarchism in Brazil. I'm 5 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:19,600 Speaker 2: joined by Garrison Davis. Hello there, and once again thanks 6 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:24,640 Speaker 2: to the scholarship of Edgar Rodriguez, Jesse Cohen, Philippe Coreer, 7 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:29,560 Speaker 2: Raphael Vianna, Li Silva Cowan, Williando Santos, Eddie Laine Toledo 8 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 2: and Luigi Biondi. When we last left off, anarchist labor 9 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:37,640 Speaker 2: resistance in Brazil had triggered a turning point and a reaction. 10 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 2: Weakened by the splits caused by the Bolsheviks and the 11 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,320 Speaker 2: military repression of the government, another faction would step in 12 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:49,479 Speaker 2: to cripple the anarchist cause even further, the Integralists. In 13 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 2: the nineteen twenties and nineteen thirties, Brazil saw the rise 14 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:58,080 Speaker 2: of the Brasilian integralist action, the aib A nationalist movement 15 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 2: led by Pinio Salgado. During a trip to Europe, Salgado 16 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:07,680 Speaker 2: became enamored with Benito Mussolini's fascist movement in Italy. Upon 17 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:09,920 Speaker 2: his return to Brazil, and at the height of Catulio 18 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,080 Speaker 2: Argus's dictatorship, which was ushered in thanks to a cool 19 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:17,560 Speaker 2: weather liberal alliance, Salgado founded the Society for Political Studies, 20 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 2: gathering intellectuals who were sympathetic to fascism. Then he essumed 21 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:25,959 Speaker 2: the October Manifesto, laying out the groundwork for the Brazilian 22 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:30,720 Speaker 2: Integralist Action. The movement closely mirrored Italian fascism with its 23 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:36,240 Speaker 2: green shirted paramilitary wing, regimented demonstrations, and militant rhetoric. Though 24 00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 2: Salgado publicly rejected racism, many members of his party adopted 25 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:44,920 Speaker 2: anti Semitic views. Integralism was financed in part by the 26 00:01:44,959 --> 00:01:48,880 Speaker 2: Italian embassy, with the Roman salute and the Tupi word 27 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 2: an nawe meaning you are my brother, as key symbols 28 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:56,720 Speaker 2: of the unity. Integralist Action drew its support from lower 29 00:01:56,760 --> 00:02:00,520 Speaker 2: middle class Italians and Portuguese immigrants, alongside sections of the 30 00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:04,360 Speaker 2: Brazilian military, particularly the navy. As the party grew, it 31 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,840 Speaker 2: became the dictator of Vargas's primary right wing basis support, 32 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:11,000 Speaker 2: especially after he began to crack down on the Communist Party. 33 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:16,280 Speaker 2: Integrilists frequently engaged in street violence and terrorism aimed at 34 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 2: leftist groups. In nineteen fifty one, Vargas introduced the Labor 35 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:26,240 Speaker 2: Regulations based and Mussolini's Labor Charter. Independent industrial unions were banned. 36 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:29,120 Speaker 2: Union membership had to be registered with the Ministry of Labor, 37 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 2: two thirds of the union membership had to be native 38 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 2: born or naturalized Brazilians. Oh no, yeah, and union officers 39 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 2: were required to either be resident in Brazil for ten 40 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:42,680 Speaker 2: years if naturalized, or thirty years if foreign born. 41 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:45,800 Speaker 3: That's pretty fucked up, I would assume, also just very 42 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 3: damaging to the entire labor movement in the country, A 43 00:02:49,680 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 3: very intense series of restrictions. 44 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:55,880 Speaker 2: Yes, as a very immigrant empowered labor movement. Yeah, yeah, 45 00:02:55,919 --> 00:03:01,600 Speaker 2: that was definitely targeted. Definitely, definitely targeted. Obviously, like the 46 00:03:01,639 --> 00:03:04,360 Speaker 2: class consciousness of the immigrant workers was such a threat 47 00:03:04,760 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 2: that they had to root them out from any position 48 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 2: of influence within the sanctioned unions. Salgado and the Integralists, 49 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 2: of course, welcomed these degrees and worked with the police 50 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 2: to capture militant workers. The communists also apparently welcomed the 51 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:23,960 Speaker 2: impositions the Ministry of Labor. Meanwhile, anarchists and workers were 52 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 2: weathering rightist violence. One time integralists kicked down the doors 53 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 2: of the bakery workers union, the construction workers leave the 54 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 2: mill and warehouse operatives, Stonemasons Union and Union of cafe employees, 55 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:40,840 Speaker 2: destroy their assets and extra judiciously hauled away the workers 56 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:41,760 Speaker 2: as prisoners. 57 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:45,200 Speaker 3: So they just started like kidnapping people and doing like 58 00:03:45,720 --> 00:03:48,840 Speaker 3: basically state sanctioned terrorism exactly. 59 00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 2: Another integralist, Gustavo Barosso, used his walk in stick to 60 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,119 Speaker 2: break the arm of an anti fascist sixteen year old 61 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,960 Speaker 2: worker named neer Colejo as she was making a speed 62 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 2: against fascism. 63 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:03,320 Speaker 3: Time is a flat circle. 64 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,880 Speaker 2: Indeed it is instead of sticks this time they're using cars, 65 00:04:07,880 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 2: but it's the same same principle and sticks. Oh yeah, 66 00:04:11,440 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 2: people are still collecting sticks. 67 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:15,960 Speaker 3: I have been hit by many a stick from a 68 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:18,919 Speaker 3: fascist at a street demo, especially as a teenager. 69 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:23,479 Speaker 2: M down. So with all this violence, the deal with 70 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 2: in this time, the anarchist presses had to hounked down 71 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 2: and prepare to face foot attacks. In nineteen thirty three, 72 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:33,599 Speaker 2: the Libertarian Anti Fascist Committee sounded alarm on the dire 73 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,880 Speaker 2: threat of integralism, as what anarchist press wrote, like fascism, 74 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 2: integralism means to enslave and fetter the people that has 75 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:44,960 Speaker 2: now defend our liberty like men. Let's we be forced 76 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:48,480 Speaker 2: to weep like mad men hereafter. On December twenty fourth, 77 00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:51,960 Speaker 2: nineteen thirty three, the tensions were an all time high 78 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:54,920 Speaker 2: for when it humiliates and defeat At the Salon su 79 00:04:54,960 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 2: Garcia Planio, Salgado's Integralists, known as the Green Shirts, planned 80 00:05:00,440 --> 00:05:04,000 Speaker 2: a show of force to assert their dominance their targets 81 00:05:04,800 --> 00:05:09,160 Speaker 2: union leaders and leftists, particularly anarchists, who sit against their 82 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,800 Speaker 2: fascist vision for Brazil. According to reports from those of 83 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:17,120 Speaker 2: US on December first, the Integralists had organized eighteen companies 84 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:20,039 Speaker 2: of green shirted marchers who would parade through the heart 85 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:23,159 Speaker 2: of South Paolo, prepared to crush any resistance that came 86 00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:28,760 Speaker 2: their way. Reinforcements from Rudishonneiro, led by Gustavo Barosso, bolstered 87 00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:32,680 Speaker 2: their numbers with five hundred trained assault troops prime to attack. 88 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:36,360 Speaker 2: The police, of course, were openly supported of the Integralists, 89 00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:40,240 Speaker 2: and at even stationed machine guns at key points throughout 90 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 2: the city to ensure the march went smoothly. Arleino de 91 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:48,760 Speaker 2: Olivera had an additional four hundred troops made up of infantry, 92 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,240 Speaker 2: fire brigade units and cavalry ready to intervene. Seems like 93 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:56,520 Speaker 2: clear overkill, but it was a show of force so 94 00:05:56,640 --> 00:05:59,840 Speaker 2: as to be expected. By the time the marchers reached 95 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 2: the pressure that say, a huge crowd had gathered, some 96 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:07,880 Speaker 2: curious onlookers, others outright opponents of the fascist movement. As 97 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:11,760 Speaker 2: the Integrolists survived at the cathedral, cries of death to 98 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:16,000 Speaker 2: the Fascists and down with the Green Shirts echoed throughout 99 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:21,760 Speaker 2: the square. Suddenly shots rang out. Some say the fire 100 00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:24,800 Speaker 2: and began accidentally when a machine gun set up by 101 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:28,359 Speaker 2: the Civil Guard was nudged. Others claim it was the 102 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:32,920 Speaker 2: communists lying in wait, ready to ambush the march. Regardless, 103 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 2: chaos erupted before the anarchists had even initiated their planned attack. 104 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 2: The scene quickly evolved into pandemonium. People fled in terror, 105 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:46,440 Speaker 2: shots continued to fire, and several were mortally wounded. The 106 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 2: planned pledge of loyalty to Plingeo. Salgado, the head of 107 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:52,799 Speaker 2: the Integralists, never took place that day, but by nineteen 108 00:06:52,839 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 2: thirty seven, Salgado launched a presidential campaign, hoping to ride 109 00:06:57,400 --> 00:06:59,680 Speaker 2: the wave of crow and support for his movement and 110 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:04,120 Speaker 2: became dictator in his own right. However, when Varragas canceled 111 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:08,200 Speaker 2: the elections and established the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, he 112 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 2: banned the Integralist Party along with all the others sideline in. 113 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:15,960 Speaker 2: Salgado in response, and targoless militants launched two uprisings in 114 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 2: nineteen thirty eight, both of which failed. Salgado was imprisoned 115 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:24,080 Speaker 2: and lad to exile to Portugal. After spending most of 116 00:07:24,120 --> 00:07:27,840 Speaker 2: his life supporting the dictators of Brazil, his attempts to 117 00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:30,280 Speaker 2: become one of his own utterly failed. 118 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:34,800 Speaker 3: There's a few interesting things in this moment here, particularly 119 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:39,560 Speaker 3: like how the initial struggle against fascism once again and 120 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:43,600 Speaker 3: kind of laid at the feet of anarchists and communists, 121 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:46,000 Speaker 3: had like a degree of hesitancy to like to like 122 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:49,680 Speaker 3: jump in fully. And then also like I find it 123 00:07:49,720 --> 00:07:52,680 Speaker 3: interesting the way that these like this era of fascists 124 00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:57,200 Speaker 3: in Brazil particularly were targeting unions, but as almost as 125 00:07:57,200 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 3: a way just to target like immigrants, Like it was 126 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 3: like the easiest way for them to actually just do 127 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 3: anti immigrant violence was like through the unions. 128 00:08:06,160 --> 00:08:11,360 Speaker 2: Yeah, anti immigrant violence is almost always anti worker violence 129 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 2: as well. 130 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, no, No, in the States at least right now, 131 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:19,160 Speaker 3: we're just like seeing another kind of uptick in like 132 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 3: anti immigrant rhetoric and violence, and yeah, a lot of 133 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 3: it is tied to like labor, like how immigrants are 134 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 3: taking jobs away from the lower classes, that sort of thing. 135 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:32,840 Speaker 2: Huh. As always you remember that, you know it could 136 00:08:32,840 --> 00:08:36,840 Speaker 2: happen here, and it's important to be constantly aware and 137 00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 2: on God against even the ghost, the shadow of fascism 138 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:46,080 Speaker 2: creeping up in their communities. It's easy to be treated 139 00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:51,120 Speaker 2: by the media or by others as just oh, you're 140 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:54,840 Speaker 2: making a big deal about ohover exaggerates into threat. But 141 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:59,560 Speaker 2: you know, these things sinuwable are very quickly. They need 142 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 2: to be nip in the bud. And it's largely thanks 143 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:05,920 Speaker 2: to anti fascists on the front lines that the situation 144 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:08,680 Speaker 2: is not as bad as it could be right now, 145 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:22,640 Speaker 2: even though it is getting worse every day. For the 146 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 2: already weakened anarchists and labor movements in Brazil, integralism had 147 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:31,440 Speaker 2: posed a dire threat. They were already splintered and in decline, 148 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:35,839 Speaker 2: struggling to maintain influence. An Integralism's rapid rise with its 149 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 2: militarized structure and anti leftist violence fully suppressed their hopes. 150 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:44,839 Speaker 2: The communists weren't exactly a help either. The anarchists lost 151 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:47,600 Speaker 2: a significant strongholder their struggle on the premises of the 152 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:51,120 Speaker 2: Anti Clerical League in Rio de Janeiro when communists sent 153 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:54,679 Speaker 2: to disrupt their meeting called the police on them, leading 154 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 2: to the arrest of eight anarchists and the closure of 155 00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:01,720 Speaker 2: the Anti Clerical League center and its newspaper. With the 156 00:10:01,760 --> 00:10:05,680 Speaker 2: help of the Integralists, communists and leaders of Cardinal Sebastio 157 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:11,080 Speaker 2: Lemes Brazilian Catholic Party, Getulio Vargas faced little resistance in 158 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:16,280 Speaker 2: establishing Hisestado Novo dictatorship. His authoritarian regime lasted from nineteen 159 00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:19,560 Speaker 2: thirty seven to nineteen forty five and was marked by 160 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:23,719 Speaker 2: continuous crackdowns on labor, autonomy and anarchism. But despite the 161 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,520 Speaker 2: common claims the nineteen thir eties marked the end of 162 00:10:26,559 --> 00:10:31,640 Speaker 2: anarchism in Brazil, anarchists remained active in unions and cultural spaces. 163 00:10:31,679 --> 00:10:37,000 Speaker 2: Despite repression. Anarchists published influential periodicals like A playbe and 164 00:10:37,080 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 2: a Childreta, and aimed to create a national anarchist political organization. 165 00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:45,920 Speaker 2: Post nineteen forty five, in the era of re deemocratization, 166 00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 2: anarchists converged in South Pawerlo for Brazilian Anarchist congresses in 167 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:53,720 Speaker 2: nineteen forty eight and nineteen fifty nine, which brought together 168 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 2: veterans and motivated the re establishment of social centers. The 169 00:10:58,080 --> 00:11:01,440 Speaker 2: anarchists resumed educational and cultural activities that I found in 170 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:04,839 Speaker 2: the Centro des Cultura Socil the CCS, which became a 171 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 2: hub for anarchist intellectual life, hosting lectures, conferences, literary events, 172 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:14,320 Speaker 2: and even theater performances. The anarchists were back. The CCS 173 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:16,920 Speaker 2: had played a key role in building anarchist networks, even 174 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:20,320 Speaker 2: hosted anarchist exiles from Spain, and helped to establish similar 175 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 2: cultural centers in the suburbs of sarth Paolo and other 176 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:27,360 Speaker 2: cities across Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro, a similar space 177 00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:30,319 Speaker 2: emerged in nineteen fifty eight, the Centrol des Studios put 178 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:35,559 Speaker 2: Fessor Jose Hitka or SEPTCHO. Like the CCS, de Septcho 179 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:40,560 Speaker 2: hosted courses, lectures, and debates. In nineteen sixty one, it 180 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:44,440 Speaker 2: helps establish an anarchist publishing house called Mundo Libre in 181 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:49,559 Speaker 2: suth Paolo. Union activity surged with three hundred thousand workers 182 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:53,240 Speaker 2: striking in nineteen fifty three and another four hundred thousand 183 00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:57,760 Speaker 2: in nineteen fifty seven. This period of intense mobilization providing 184 00:11:57,760 --> 00:12:01,200 Speaker 2: an opportunity for anarchists and independent socialists to come together 185 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:05,439 Speaker 2: and form the Syndicalus Orientation Movement or MOS. Created in 186 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:08,439 Speaker 2: nineteen fifty three, MS aimed to fight for the autonomy 187 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:12,079 Speaker 2: and freedom of workers unions resistant state and corporate control. 188 00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:15,560 Speaker 2: By nineteen fifty seven, they had enough momentum to contest 189 00:12:15,679 --> 00:12:21,200 Speaker 2: union leadership positions, especially within the graphics sector. Despite these strides, however, 190 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 2: the anarchists movement faced considerable challenges. The re democratization after 191 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:29,360 Speaker 2: nineteen forty five offered some room for growth, but the 192 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:33,680 Speaker 2: labor landscape was dominated by corporatist forces the Communist Party 193 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:37,559 Speaker 2: and the Brazilian Labor Party. Anarchists found themselves battling for 194 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:42,000 Speaker 2: influence in a crowded political field. Their efforts to revitalize 195 00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:45,200 Speaker 2: the movement were furtheres stifled by a lack of resources 196 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:49,440 Speaker 2: and militants, which limited their presence and social movements. The 197 00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:53,000 Speaker 2: momentum gained the nineteen fifties came to a crash in halt. 198 00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:56,760 Speaker 2: With the military coup of nineteen sixty four, once again 199 00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:01,800 Speaker 2: Brazil entered a period of authoritarian rule, placing anarchist activists 200 00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:06,360 Speaker 2: in a precarious position. In May nineteen sixty four, anarchists 201 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:09,480 Speaker 2: from Rio de Janeiro and South Paolo organized a secret 202 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:15,760 Speaker 2: meeting to strategize, focused on safeguarding anarchist resources. Many went underground, 203 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 2: facing renewed repression and uncertainty about the future of their movement. 204 00:13:20,679 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 2: They shifted focused to education and cultural spaces to survive, 205 00:13:24,040 --> 00:13:27,200 Speaker 2: with initiatives like the newspaper or Protesto and the publishing 206 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 2: house Hilminal. Anarchists, including young students new to the cause, 207 00:13:31,840 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 2: formed the libertarian student movement the MEL in nineteen sixty seven, 208 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:39,400 Speaker 2: with the intention of fixing a position and fighting back, 209 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,320 Speaker 2: as well as having an active presence in class and 210 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:45,679 Speaker 2: ideological struggles, marking our directions more in according to the 211 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:49,520 Speaker 2: federalist principles which had governed the life of every class organization. 212 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:53,960 Speaker 2: But after one student, Edson Louise, was murdered by the 213 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 2: military police, the MEL and other student initiatives faced heavy 214 00:13:58,280 --> 00:14:02,040 Speaker 2: persecution after the nineteen sixty eight Institutional Acts Number five, 215 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 2: with the AI five, which suspended most civil rights, included 216 00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:10,560 Speaker 2: habeas corpus, allowed for the removal from office of opposition politicians, 217 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:15,480 Speaker 2: enabled federal interventions municipalities and states, and enabled the institutionalization 218 00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 2: of arbitrary detention, torture, and extra judicial killing by the regime. 219 00:14:20,480 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 2: This military dictatorship that grouped Brazil from nineteen sixty four 220 00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:27,960 Speaker 2: to nineteen eighty five forced anarchist movements into survival mood. 221 00:14:28,360 --> 00:14:32,520 Speaker 2: In Rio de Janeiro, the Centro de Studo's professor Jose Equitica, 222 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 2: operated secretly, while in South Paulo the Centro des Cultural 223 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 2: Sociel kept the flame of anarchistor alive through underground propaganda 224 00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:46,680 Speaker 2: and secret meetings. These centers were vital in maintaining connections 225 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:52,200 Speaker 2: with international anarchist movements, insurance the ideology persisted despite the 226 00:14:52,240 --> 00:14:56,920 Speaker 2: harsh political climate. You see the importance of international solarity 227 00:14:57,080 --> 00:14:59,400 Speaker 2: for in its head yet again, and you see also 228 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,880 Speaker 2: the importance of having cultural centers, social centers, community centers 229 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 2: where they movements contraw strength even when it's not directly 230 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 2: engaged in labor organizing, what direct political struggle, Just that 231 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:17,560 Speaker 2: rejuvenation of community is enough to maintain the survival of 232 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,600 Speaker 2: that ideological struggle, even all hope seems lost. 233 00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:22,640 Speaker 3: No, I mean this is something like you see a 234 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:27,240 Speaker 3: lot especially after or during like a movement that's faced 235 00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:29,800 Speaker 3: incredible repression. Is that kind of it goes back to 236 00:15:29,880 --> 00:15:32,760 Speaker 3: kind of its earlier forms, at least in terms of 237 00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:35,040 Speaker 3: like like the like the social aspects. In some ways, 238 00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 3: it feels like it's kind of regressing back to kind 239 00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 3: of where it like started back in the last episode 240 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 3: with some of those like same like you know, like 241 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:44,200 Speaker 3: like underground newspapers all this. Like this is like a 242 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:47,800 Speaker 3: cultural engagements, as you said, kind of like a way 243 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:51,240 Speaker 3: to like keep the light alive during like an intense, 244 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:54,440 Speaker 3: like military style effort of repression. 245 00:15:55,160 --> 00:16:10,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's really quite necessary. Unfortunately, in nineteen sixty nine, 246 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:14,640 Speaker 2: the headquarters of Sepjol was raided by Air Force agents. 247 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 2: The invasion resulted in the arrest and prosecution of eighteen members, 248 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 2: including the anarchist Adiel Perez, who endured a month of 249 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:27,200 Speaker 2: imprisonment and torture. So between nineteen seventy two nineteen seventy seven, 250 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:32,160 Speaker 2: anarchists were forced into even greater degrees of secrecy, meeting 251 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 2: in very small titling. It groups In terms of organizational strength, 252 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:40,680 Speaker 2: this might have been the lowest point for anarchism in Brazil, 253 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 2: but things began to shift in nineteen seventy seven as 254 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:48,600 Speaker 2: a dictatorship started to lose its grip. That year, the 255 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 2: anarchist periodical or Animigouret or The King's Enemy, was launched 256 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:57,560 Speaker 2: in Biheir, marking a significant moment for the movement. This 257 00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:01,200 Speaker 2: newspaper brought together student and union terns from various parts 258 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:06,119 Speaker 2: of the country, but here Rioligiro, sal Paolo, Prio, grand Rasoul, 259 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:11,200 Speaker 2: Paraiba and Para Despite internal conflicts and ideological differences, the 260 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,639 Speaker 2: paper played a crucial role in reorganizing the anarchist movement, 261 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:19,480 Speaker 2: either the influence of the counterculture or Inimiguorey tackled issues 262 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:25,240 Speaker 2: like revolutionary unionism, anarchist syndicalism, the student movement, gender sexuality, 263 00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 2: and political theory. The paper ran until nineteen eighty two, 264 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:32,760 Speaker 2: and after hiatus resumed briefly between nineteen eighty seven and 265 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 2: nineteen eighty eight. During the same period there was the 266 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,200 Speaker 2: first sign of notable anarchist engagement with the labor movement 267 00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:42,760 Speaker 2: in years, following a wave of strikes involving more than 268 00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:46,960 Speaker 2: forty eight thousand workers anarchists began questioning the bureaucratic union 269 00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:51,560 Speaker 2: structures in South Paolo to collect TiVo Debritario de Opposichao 270 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:55,320 Speaker 2: Syndical or COLLOPS was formed, closely aligned with the ideas 271 00:17:55,320 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 2: of the Metalworkers Opposition movement. COLLAPSE was officially established during 272 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:03,200 Speaker 2: the first National Meeting of Workers in Opposition to the 273 00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:07,720 Speaker 2: Trade Union Structure or ENDOS, held in September nineteen eighty 274 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:11,800 Speaker 2: in Nitroi. This meeting brought together in union opposition from 275 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:16,320 Speaker 2: sixteen states across Brazil, further spark in the revival of 276 00:18:16,359 --> 00:18:19,560 Speaker 2: anarchist involvement in the labor movement. But one of the 277 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,320 Speaker 2: most significant developments to come out of this period was 278 00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:26,760 Speaker 2: the rise of the Movementento dos Trabahaldoes Urai Semterre the 279 00:18:26,920 --> 00:18:31,840 Speaker 2: Landless Workers Movement or MST, Emerging nineteen eighty four just 280 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:34,919 Speaker 2: before the end of the military regime. The MST became 281 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:39,960 Speaker 2: a mass movement with distinctly anarchist communist characteristics. It adopted 282 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:44,880 Speaker 2: a decentralized, non hierarchical structure the prioritized autonomous direct action 283 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:50,600 Speaker 2: principles deeply aligned with anarchism. However, the MST has resisted 284 00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:55,080 Speaker 2: being identified as explicitly anarchist, avoiding the label to maintain 285 00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:58,400 Speaker 2: broader support and avoid the stigma attached to anarchist movements 286 00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:02,679 Speaker 2: over time, what maintained in its independence, The MST has 287 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:06,680 Speaker 2: built alliances with the furious political parties, including the Workers' Party. 288 00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:08,879 Speaker 2: We should go on to form the government in two 289 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:12,520 Speaker 2: thousand and two. But the nineteen eighties, Brazilian anarchism began 290 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:15,920 Speaker 2: reflecting the broader new social movements that had emerged globally 291 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:20,200 Speaker 2: after the nineteen sixties. Ecology, feminism, and new discourses on 292 00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 2: sexuality were now key components of anarchists thought. The nineteen 293 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 2: eighties saw the rise of pro homosexual actists like Nestor 294 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:31,399 Speaker 2: Perenguer and Argentinian born intellectual who became a central figure 295 00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:33,119 Speaker 2: in Brazilian anarchism. 296 00:19:33,640 --> 00:19:40,399 Speaker 3: You know, some have considered me a pro homosexual, Okay, 297 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 3: but but no mean this is a continued It is 298 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:49,200 Speaker 3: interesting to see this like starting with student movements and 299 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:52,960 Speaker 3: then getting back into kind of labor over time after 300 00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:58,000 Speaker 3: they like rebuilt their movement through students, and then continuing 301 00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 3: to like adopt more and more like modern social views 302 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:04,760 Speaker 3: and like cultural engagement have an image here of one 303 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 3: of their newspapers that has built what looks like two 304 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,080 Speaker 3: men having sex right on the cover. That's like the seventies, 305 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:12,440 Speaker 3: which is which is quite. 306 00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 2: Something incredible, must have been very scandalous at the time. 307 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:16,600 Speaker 1: Yeah. 308 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,520 Speaker 2: So with the nineteen nineties, as Brazil transitioned to the 309 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:25,480 Speaker 2: New Republic and embraced new liberalism, anarchists became key players 310 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:29,400 Speaker 2: in shaping a wave of social movements. They actively helped 311 00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 2: to create and integrate into these movements, advocating their principles 312 00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,520 Speaker 2: and strategies. One prominent example was Brazil's involvement in the 313 00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:41,720 Speaker 2: global anti globalization movement, inspired by protests like the Seattle 314 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:46,080 Speaker 2: WTOO demonstrations in nineteen ninety nine YEP. In Brazil, this 315 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:50,240 Speaker 2: movement began in Santos on the same date, led by anarchists, 316 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:54,439 Speaker 2: ecologists and liberterians. By two thousand, a coalition of these 317 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:57,959 Speaker 2: groups emerged, particularly in South Peru, and continued to organize 318 00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:01,160 Speaker 2: in actions against the liberal policies until two thousand and three. 319 00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:04,880 Speaker 2: The protest targeted institutions like the IMF, the World Bank, 320 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 2: and the WTO, and introduced the black block tactic to Brazil. 321 00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:13,400 Speaker 2: Anakis also helped establish Brazil's Center for Independent Media CMI, 322 00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:16,639 Speaker 2: part of the global Indie Media network which aimed to 323 00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:20,399 Speaker 2: challenge me instream media dominance. Active between two thousand and 324 00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,080 Speaker 2: one and two thousand and five, CMI was a key 325 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:29,200 Speaker 2: platform for independent journalism across fourteen Brazilian cities. Beyond protests, 326 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:33,919 Speaker 2: anarchids were involved in broader social movements, contributing to housing 327 00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:36,439 Speaker 2: struggles in South Power and Real Desionero, as well as 328 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:41,440 Speaker 2: supporting feminists, indigenous, Black and LGBT causes. They played significant 329 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,200 Speaker 2: roles in movements like the National Movement of Collectors of 330 00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 2: recycla Level Material MNCR, the previously mentioned Landless Workers Movement 331 00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:53,880 Speaker 2: or MSD, and the Homeless Workers Movement the MTSD, reflecting 332 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:58,600 Speaker 2: their deep involvement in Brazil's diverse social landscape. In the 333 00:21:58,640 --> 00:22:02,760 Speaker 2: early two thousands, Anikis Popular Union the UNIPA helped form 334 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 2: networks such as the Class and Combative Student Network or 335 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:09,760 Speaker 2: the RCC and the Federation of Revolutionary Synicalist Organizations of 336 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:13,560 Speaker 2: Brazil or the f WOB. Further cement and anarchism's influence 337 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:17,200 Speaker 2: in students and workers' struggles. Despite being considered part of 338 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:21,320 Speaker 2: a broader leftist current. Anarchists specifically made a lasting impact 339 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:26,520 Speaker 2: on Brazil's social movement during this period. Today, Brazilian anarchism 340 00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:30,560 Speaker 2: continues to evolve, shaped by the principles of spacifismo, a 341 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,480 Speaker 2: strategy where anarchists work alongside broader social movements or maintaining 342 00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:38,120 Speaker 2: their own distinct ideology. Many anarchist federations have found common 343 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,480 Speaker 2: cause with groups like the MST, supporting their struggles while 344 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 2: promoting their own vision of a stateless, non hierarchical society. 345 00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:49,399 Speaker 2: The story of anarchism in Brazil is one of endurance, adaptability, 346 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:54,080 Speaker 2: and reinvention. Despite decades of repression, the movement has continued 347 00:22:54,119 --> 00:22:58,199 Speaker 2: to shape Brazil's political landscape, from underground propaganda dune dictatorship 348 00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:02,280 Speaker 2: to the mass mobilization of land less workers and intellectuals. 349 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:05,920 Speaker 3: Alike, similar to what they were doing ninety years ago. 350 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,120 Speaker 3: We've also seen like a resurgence of anarchist anti fascism 351 00:23:09,240 --> 00:23:11,760 Speaker 3: in Brazil. Indeed, around the same time we kind of 352 00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,040 Speaker 3: saw this rise in the United States as well as 353 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,280 Speaker 3: in Europe. With the emergence of these like right wing 354 00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 3: populist politicians between like Trump and Bolsonario, you've been seeing 355 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:25,640 Speaker 3: more of like the black block style anarchism in Brazil, 356 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:29,119 Speaker 3: which often kind of in this era went hand in 357 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 3: hand with like anti fascist action in organizing. 358 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:38,520 Speaker 2: Indeed, so that's been the story, very summarized account like 359 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:40,480 Speaker 2: I would recommend that you check out. Of course, the 360 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:44,520 Speaker 2: scholarship of the folks I mentioned the beginning, the resources 361 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:49,440 Speaker 2: all across the Internet, particularly the Anarchists Library discussing Brazilian anarchism. 362 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 2: This has been It can happen here. I've been Andrew Siege. 363 00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:56,800 Speaker 2: You can find me on YouTube dot com, slash andrewism 364 00:23:56,920 --> 00:23:59,680 Speaker 2: peatre dot com, stas Saint Drew. I've been here with 365 00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:03,840 Speaker 2: gay and that's it Peace. 366 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:10,640 Speaker 1: It could Happen Here is a production of Cool Zone 367 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:13,719 Speaker 1: Media from More podcasts from cool Zone Media. Visit our 368 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: website Folzonmedia dot com, or check us out on the 369 00:24:16,880 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 370 00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:23,159 Speaker 1: You can now find sources for it could Happen here 371 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:26,159 Speaker 1: listed directly in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening.