1 00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:03,720 Speaker 1: Hi, their friends, It's me Josh, And for this week's Select, 2 00:00:03,760 --> 00:00:07,200 Speaker 1: I've chosen our April twenty twenty episode on Elizabeth Blackwell, 3 00:00:07,520 --> 00:00:10,239 Speaker 1: who is a complex person to say the least, and 4 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:13,000 Speaker 1: she's a great example of how nobody fits neatly into 5 00:00:13,039 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: one group or another. And she's a great lesson and 6 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:18,799 Speaker 1: how a person who you might hold different views from 7 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:21,960 Speaker 1: and values from can still be one of your heroes. 8 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:24,440 Speaker 1: I hope you get a lot out of this episode 9 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:27,360 Speaker 1: about Elizabeth Blackwell, the feminist icon. 10 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:38,640 Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. 11 00:00:41,920 --> 00:00:44,560 Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's 12 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:50,720 Speaker 1: Charles w Charles Chuck, Wayne Twain Bryant, and there's Jerry 13 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:56,000 Speaker 1: Jerome Roland, the Rizzy, And I'm just Josh, like just 14 00:00:56,160 --> 00:01:01,040 Speaker 1: Jack was just Jack Wow, Okay, heck coming in, Thank you. 15 00:01:01,520 --> 00:01:02,960 Speaker 1: Let's do a little jazz hands there. 16 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:07,520 Speaker 3: Just call me Twain Chwain from now on, Chwain. It's 17 00:01:07,560 --> 00:01:08,560 Speaker 3: not awkward to pronounce. 18 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: It's really close to schwing. Remember that shwing, Oh man, 19 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:20,080 Speaker 1: I totally forgot about it until just now. Shwing, Chuck shwing, shwing. 20 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:21,400 Speaker 3: That's how you have to say it. 21 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:24,679 Speaker 1: No, you can say it anyway like schwing. 22 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 2: Yeah. Well, what I really love is that we're talking 23 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:35,480 Speaker 2: about America's first woman physician, an amazing woman named doctor 24 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:39,639 Speaker 2: Elizabeth Blackwell, who had an amazing family and her story 25 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 2: is incredible, and we're saying shwing, shwing at the beginning. 26 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:50,760 Speaker 1: Right, especially considering that she was a a rather puritanical 27 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 1: person in a lot of senses, she would probably not 28 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:55,400 Speaker 1: have been down with us saying shwing. 29 00:01:56,600 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 2: No, no, because you know what, uh, she and her 30 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 2: family were Quakers, And I know some Quakers and have 31 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:09,560 Speaker 2: known some Quakers. They hate shwing, they do, but you 32 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:11,960 Speaker 2: know what they love what being awesome? 33 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:17,079 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, no, I mean for sure this I get 34 00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:19,399 Speaker 1: the impression that her entire family is a pretty good 35 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:23,320 Speaker 1: example of like a like a Quaker family. 36 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:24,240 Speaker 3: Quaker. 37 00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,240 Speaker 2: Every Quaker I've known has just had it like had 38 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 2: it all figured out. It seems like they're like the 39 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:31,200 Speaker 2: the Buddhists of the West. 40 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, pretty much. They also I think they also 41 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:42,919 Speaker 1: go by the Society of Friends, which says a lot too. Yeah, 42 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure. And then, if you remember correctly, Charles 43 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,079 Speaker 1: are Pacifist episode focused heavily on the Quakers because they're 44 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:54,480 Speaker 1: big time pacifists too. So Elizabeth Blackwell, just by virtue 45 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:58,760 Speaker 1: of having been a Quaker, was a pretty interesting, like 46 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: upstanding up, bright person with a good head on her shoulders. 47 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: But she also, like individually personally, was a very amazing person. 48 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:12,239 Speaker 1: And not just the fact that she was the first 49 00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: licensed woman physician in America. Yeah, but to get there 50 00:03:18,680 --> 00:03:21,359 Speaker 1: she really had to blaze her own path and put 51 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:25,080 Speaker 1: up with a lot of bs, you might put it, 52 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: and so much so that even in her autobiography, which 53 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:33,760 Speaker 1: was published in eighteen ninety five when she was in 54 00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:39,240 Speaker 1: her seventies, I think she called it pioneering work, and 55 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:41,240 Speaker 1: that there's really no better way to put it. She 56 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 1: was absolutely a pioneer, and not just getting herself established 57 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 1: as a woman physician in America, but in making it 58 00:03:48,880 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 1: so that there could be more women physician in America, physicians. 59 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,839 Speaker 3: And more and more, much more. So. 60 00:03:57,240 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 2: Let's start with, oh, I don't know, February eighteen twenty one. 61 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:02,960 Speaker 1: What's significant about that date. 62 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:07,480 Speaker 2: She was born as a little bebe near Bristol, England. 63 00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:10,240 Speaker 2: She was the third of nine children. Her mom was 64 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 2: Hannah Lane, who came from a family of merchants who 65 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,120 Speaker 2: had some dough and her pops was Samuel Blackwell. 66 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,320 Speaker 3: He was a sugar refiner and also prosperous. 67 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:24,120 Speaker 2: And like we said, they were Quakers, which means that 68 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:27,960 Speaker 2: they were very cool, and this was eighteen twenty one. 69 00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 2: They were not down with slavery. They were activists against slavery. 70 00:04:32,120 --> 00:04:36,800 Speaker 2: They were abolitionists. They supported women's suffrage. Her brother Henry 71 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,120 Speaker 2: married Lucy Stone, who was very famous women's rights activist. 72 00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:45,159 Speaker 2: Her little sister Emily followed in her footsteps in medicine. 73 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:49,600 Speaker 2: Her sister in law Antoinette Brown Blackwell, first female ordained 74 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:54,640 Speaker 2: minister in Protestant the Protestant denomination. Yeah, they were way 75 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:55,400 Speaker 2: ahead of their time. 76 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:57,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, and you can trace I mean, both of her 77 00:04:57,240 --> 00:04:59,920 Speaker 1: parents seem to be pretty cool, and you can trace 78 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 1: there the roots of their sensibilities back to their parents. 79 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:09,799 Speaker 1: Like Samuel was a dissenter, like he was a Quaker, 80 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 1: which is I guess a form of Protestantism, but he 81 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:17,400 Speaker 1: was definitely he didn't recognize like the sole religious authority 82 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:19,840 Speaker 1: of say, like the Church of England or anything like that. 83 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: And so as a result his children could not go 84 00:05:22,839 --> 00:05:25,599 Speaker 1: to public school. He said, fine, I've got some money 85 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: I'm a prosperous sugar merchant. I'm going to hire the 86 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 1: best tutors I can find. And not only that, I'm 87 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: going to defy the conventions of England and have these 88 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: tutors teach my daughters the same stuff that they're going 89 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,560 Speaker 1: to teach my sons, which is unheard of. But that 90 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:51,280 Speaker 1: really formed the basis for especially Elizabeth's progression and education 91 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:56,159 Speaker 1: that she came to expect to be taught just like 92 00:05:56,240 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 1: she was a boy because of how she was raised. 93 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, and you know, by all accounts, her parents were 94 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:06,920 Speaker 2: both pretty great. Her dad was a very caring individual. 95 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:11,200 Speaker 2: He thought that all kids of any gender should reach 96 00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:14,720 Speaker 2: their full potential. Sure, he didn't physically punish his kids, 97 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:15,680 Speaker 2: which was weird. 98 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:17,600 Speaker 3: At the time. People are like, why ain't you hitting 99 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,599 Speaker 3: your kids? Yeah, and he said, I don't believe in it. 100 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,080 Speaker 1: I've got a switch right here you can borrow. Well, yeah, really, 101 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:24,360 Speaker 1: do we. 102 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 2: Not have a switch? That's what the deal is. He 103 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 2: doesn't have a switch or a paddles. Let's get him 104 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:32,960 Speaker 2: a switch so he you know, they would had sort 105 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:35,560 Speaker 2: of like a demerit system in their house, and if 106 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:38,760 Speaker 2: you add it up to too many demerits. You would 107 00:06:38,839 --> 00:06:41,000 Speaker 2: have to do something like eat by yourself in the 108 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:45,000 Speaker 2: attic or something that sounds horrific, also like sticking a 109 00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 2: kid in a closet. But I think it was just 110 00:06:47,279 --> 00:06:49,279 Speaker 2: a room removed from the family dinner. 111 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, it was just you have to go away from 112 00:06:51,640 --> 00:06:53,600 Speaker 1: the family. We can't even bear to look at you. You 113 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:54,559 Speaker 1: make us want a puke. 114 00:06:54,839 --> 00:06:58,480 Speaker 3: That's right. But everything changed when he lost his sugar 115 00:06:58,520 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 3: refinery in a fire and said, you know what, let's 116 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 3: pack our bags and let's move to New York City. 117 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:07,200 Speaker 1: New York City. 118 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:09,120 Speaker 3: That's right, New York City. 119 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: Do you remember back in I don't know, like around 120 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:13,920 Speaker 1: two thousand and seven eight. I feel like it was 121 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:16,440 Speaker 1: right when we both started working around how stuff works, 122 00:07:16,840 --> 00:07:19,160 Speaker 1: that is sugar refinery and Savannah blew up. 123 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:20,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, I remember that. 124 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: I wrote an article about that. It's like that sugar 125 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 1: dust is volatile it they can catch fire, and I 126 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:28,520 Speaker 1: wondering if that's what happened to his sugar refinery. 127 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 3: I bet you. 128 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: Okay, So they moved to New York. They lived in 129 00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:35,960 Speaker 1: New York and New Jersey for six years, as you do. Yeah, 130 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:39,200 Speaker 1: And one of the cool things that I liked about him. 131 00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: He was a little paradoxical. So he was a sugar 132 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: refinery made his money off of sugar refining. But the 133 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:51,160 Speaker 1: sugar industry was based almost entirely on slave labor around 134 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: the world how sugarcane was grown. That's how he didn't 135 00:07:55,040 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: use slaves, I can tell you that. But he still 136 00:07:57,440 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 1: made his money in an industry that was heavy, heavy 137 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: on slavery. And in fact, his children were such staunch abolitionists. 138 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,520 Speaker 1: Even as young children, they refused to eat sugar because 139 00:08:08,520 --> 00:08:11,840 Speaker 1: they knew that slaves had had a hand in producing it, 140 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: so they would they wouldn't even eat it as kids. 141 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:18,920 Speaker 1: Little kids wouldn't need sugar because of the slavery involved. 142 00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:22,240 Speaker 1: But he still made his money off of that. But 143 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:25,280 Speaker 1: when he got to America, one of the first things 144 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: he tried was to introduce sugar beets, which don't require 145 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: slave labor. There's a much less labor intensive process of 146 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:40,240 Speaker 1: extracting sugar from sugar beets, and this was really revolutionary 147 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:43,319 Speaker 1: at the time. They think they first isolated sugar from 148 00:08:43,360 --> 00:08:47,199 Speaker 1: beats in eighteen hundred, like thirty years before, and they 149 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: had been introduced to America just like two years before. 150 00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:52,600 Speaker 1: He took this up, so he was on the cutting 151 00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 1: edge of sugar beat production. But it didn't actually work 152 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:57,560 Speaker 1: out very well. 153 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:03,800 Speaker 2: No, his original sugar refinery went went south in eighteen 154 00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:07,200 Speaker 2: thirty seven, so he said, let me move to Cincinnata 155 00:09:07,640 --> 00:09:09,600 Speaker 2: and I'll get in on the sugar beat thing. But 156 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:12,120 Speaker 2: just a few weeks after they got to Cincinnati, in 157 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 2: August of eighteen thirty eight, he died of a fever. 158 00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:18,040 Speaker 2: And because he had lost that sugar refinery and didn't 159 00:09:18,080 --> 00:09:21,480 Speaker 2: have the next sugar beat operation up and going, they 160 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 2: didn't have a lot of dough. His family was left 161 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:25,280 Speaker 2: without a lot of money. 162 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:28,679 Speaker 1: Yeah, which I mean, that's kind of be really tough 163 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:32,440 Speaker 1: to go from wealthy to not, you know, in just 164 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:35,000 Speaker 1: one fell swoop. But that's kind of what happened with 165 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: Elizabeth's family. And a few years later she resolved, and 166 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,679 Speaker 1: she was twenty one that she would not be dependent 167 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:46,360 Speaker 1: on any man, that she was going to be self sufficient, 168 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,000 Speaker 1: and she was never going to marry, and she wanted 169 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:51,600 Speaker 1: to make her own way. And I mean, it's pretty 170 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:54,400 Speaker 1: tough not to trace that line directly back to you 171 00:09:54,880 --> 00:09:58,720 Speaker 1: to state that her father left his family and not 172 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:01,960 Speaker 1: in any way that you know, that was his own 173 00:10:02,040 --> 00:10:03,720 Speaker 1: doing or his own fault, but that was just the 174 00:10:03,760 --> 00:10:06,000 Speaker 1: conventions of the time. And so for a woman to 175 00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:08,480 Speaker 1: resolve that she would make her own way in life 176 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,920 Speaker 1: was very unconventional. But if Elizabeth Blackwell was anything, she 177 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 1: was very unconventional. 178 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:15,480 Speaker 3: That's right. 179 00:10:15,679 --> 00:10:18,720 Speaker 2: So she and her mom and a couple of her sisters, 180 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 2: they were teachers for a little while, and she eventually 181 00:10:23,040 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 2: and this is kind of jumping ahead a bit, but 182 00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:27,880 Speaker 2: she did adopt a girl, a seven year old Irish 183 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 2: immigrant orphan that she named Kitty. Her name was Catherine 184 00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:33,640 Speaker 2: Barry and went by Kitty, and she was with her 185 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:35,840 Speaker 2: for the duration of her life. But she never got married, 186 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 2: and she decided to become a doctor when she had 187 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:44,480 Speaker 2: a really close friend who was dying, said you know what, 188 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:49,000 Speaker 2: I think that I might have lived if I might 189 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:51,880 Speaker 2: have had a woman as a doctor, because they're more 190 00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:55,920 Speaker 2: compassionate and I might have gotten better treatment. And Elizabeth 191 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:59,199 Speaker 2: Blackwell was like, WHOA, that really speaks to me. 192 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:03,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, they think that the woman was probably dying of 193 00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: uterine cancer, and she thinks that she would have she 194 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: would have disclosed more of her condition possible sooner and 195 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:13,199 Speaker 1: at the very least she would have been more comfortable 196 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,480 Speaker 1: in her dying days being treated by a woman rather 197 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:19,440 Speaker 1: than poked and prodded by some man who seemed to 198 00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:21,680 Speaker 1: be less compassionate than she believed a woman would be. 199 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:26,680 Speaker 1: The thing about Elizabeth Blackwell is she, first of all, 200 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: she was struck by this, and she was so struck 201 00:11:29,640 --> 00:11:32,680 Speaker 1: struck by it that she it moved her to want 202 00:11:32,760 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: to become a doctor. But not only that, she had 203 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:42,440 Speaker 1: to overcome a natural, deep seated aversion to the idea 204 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,720 Speaker 1: of the body or anatomy or medicine. Like she was 205 00:11:45,760 --> 00:11:48,199 Speaker 1: not at all interested in this to begin with, and 206 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:50,320 Speaker 1: in fact, she had an aversion to it, but she 207 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 1: was so moved by that woman and her experience that 208 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:58,880 Speaker 1: she resolved to overcome her disgust in her aversion at 209 00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:03,040 Speaker 1: bodily functions an anatomy and become a doctor herself. 210 00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:04,959 Speaker 3: It's pretty I mean, that's a really key detail. 211 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 1: It is a huge league. I mean that's enormous. Like 212 00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:10,840 Speaker 1: not only she like she just wasn't a kid who 213 00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:12,240 Speaker 1: wanted to be a doctor. 214 00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:14,600 Speaker 2: Right, Like, I love the side of blood and internal organs, 215 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:16,040 Speaker 2: so this kind of fits anyway. 216 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:18,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, she had to overcome an aversion to it on 217 00:12:18,559 --> 00:12:23,040 Speaker 1: top of overcoming the aversion that society had against a 218 00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:26,040 Speaker 1: woman becoming a doctor, because at the time it was 219 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:30,280 Speaker 1: it was considered that a woman couldn't know enough about 220 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: the human body to be a physician and still be 221 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:37,280 Speaker 1: considered a morally upright woman, that her morals were at 222 00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 1: risk of being corrupted just by knowing everything there is 223 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:42,640 Speaker 1: to know about the human body. 224 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,079 Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, let's be honest. They would have to 225 00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:49,600 Speaker 2: see a male penis as part of their training. 226 00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:50,720 Speaker 1: Sure, a pp. 227 00:12:52,880 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 3: So, man, we're. 228 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:58,040 Speaker 2: Such children, we are. So she said, all right, I'm 229 00:12:58,040 --> 00:12:59,640 Speaker 2: gonna do this. I'm gonna get over this. I'm going 230 00:12:59,720 --> 00:13:01,960 Speaker 2: to be a doctor. How do I do this? I'll 231 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:05,280 Speaker 2: just go to medical school. Medical school said no, no, no, no, no. 232 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:08,559 Speaker 2: Women can't go to medical school. There are a few 233 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:12,160 Speaker 2: ladies around the country that are unlicensed physicians that worked 234 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:14,559 Speaker 2: as apprentices and learn their trade, but. 235 00:13:15,240 --> 00:13:17,320 Speaker 3: You're not going to go this traditional route. 236 00:13:17,480 --> 00:13:19,720 Speaker 2: And medical school at the time was just weird anyway, 237 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:22,200 Speaker 2: which we'll get into a little bit later. 238 00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:24,200 Speaker 1: But we I mean, we also got into it in 239 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,080 Speaker 1: our grave robbing episode. Yees was similar to that time. 240 00:13:27,520 --> 00:13:31,400 Speaker 3: Around that time, it was crazy. It wasn't like it 241 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:35,559 Speaker 3: wasn't the I don't think doctors were as respected back then. 242 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:39,200 Speaker 1: Even No, they I know, because they were the ones 243 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:42,680 Speaker 1: we who were cutting open bodies and just kind of 244 00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:44,760 Speaker 1: figuring stuff out as they went along. And if you 245 00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:46,600 Speaker 1: went to a doctor, there was like an eighty percent 246 00:13:46,679 --> 00:13:49,920 Speaker 1: chance you were walking out one limb short. 247 00:13:50,720 --> 00:13:51,080 Speaker 3: Yeah. 248 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:55,959 Speaker 2: So she while she was a teacher, she boarded with families, 249 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:57,439 Speaker 2: and that she did a lot of this stuff in 250 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 2: the South, which we'll get to as well. But two 251 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:05,240 Speaker 2: Southern physicians mentored her. She still could not get into 252 00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:08,920 Speaker 2: medical school. Of course, she had some physician friends who 253 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:11,400 Speaker 2: were Quakers. She asked them about it. They said, that's 254 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:14,680 Speaker 2: a great idea, but no, it costs too much. You're 255 00:14:14,679 --> 00:14:17,280 Speaker 2: never going to be able to get in. What you 256 00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:19,360 Speaker 2: should do is disguise yourself as a man and go 257 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:22,240 Speaker 2: to France. And she was like, not a bad idea. 258 00:14:22,640 --> 00:14:25,560 Speaker 1: If that's the best advice somebody's giving you, you need 259 00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:27,680 Speaker 1: to rethink the people who you take advice from. 260 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 2: It sounds like she was game, though, but she decided 261 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:35,400 Speaker 2: to save money instead and apply to medical school in 262 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:36,880 Speaker 2: the United States. 263 00:14:37,520 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 3: So in today dollars that did the. 264 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,080 Speaker 2: Old inflation calculator three grand back then, it would be 265 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:48,600 Speaker 2: about eighty five thousand dollars today, So that's a. 266 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 3: Lot of money. 267 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 2: And she between I think, for a period of two 268 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:55,920 Speaker 2: or three years, went south and taught school and slave states, 269 00:14:56,760 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 2: which was very hard for her to do in order 270 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 2: to save money for medical school. Yeah, she didn't know 271 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:02,560 Speaker 2: what she could get into anyway. 272 00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 1: Right exactly. In the first place she taught in Kentucky, 273 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: she only lasted a year. She's just found the social 274 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:13,240 Speaker 1: climate so intolerable. Yeah, she was really you know, she 275 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 1: couldn't put up with it. And I don't know how 276 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:18,360 Speaker 1: she was able to better in North and South Carolina, 277 00:15:18,920 --> 00:15:22,240 Speaker 1: but yeah, I mean she managed in two years to 278 00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,680 Speaker 1: raise eighty three grand from teaching I guess rich kids 279 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: in North and South Carolina. But she also while she 280 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:32,040 Speaker 1: was there, she's like, well, I want to teach the 281 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:35,240 Speaker 1: slave kids too. I'll do it pro bono. And they said, well, 282 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:37,760 Speaker 1: it's against the law for you to teach slave kids. 283 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:41,160 Speaker 1: And they said, but you can teach them Sunday school. 284 00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: And she said, fine, I'll do that. And there was 285 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:47,840 Speaker 1: a great quote that came from her in a letter 286 00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:50,640 Speaker 1: to her family in eighteen forty five, and I'm not 287 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,320 Speaker 1: sure what state she was in, maybe even Kentucky, but 288 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 1: she said, I assure you I felt a little odd 289 00:15:57,360 --> 00:16:00,600 Speaker 1: sitting down before those degraded little beings, saying they were 290 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:03,600 Speaker 1: naturally degraded, that they had been degraded by other people. 291 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:07,440 Speaker 1: I believe to teach them a religion which the owners 292 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:11,360 Speaker 1: profess to follow whilst violating its very first principles. It 293 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,000 Speaker 1: really does. She was like, you know, these people are 294 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:19,480 Speaker 1: profess to be Christians, but do not treat other people 295 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 1: like Christians. And that's just such a Quaker thing to do. 296 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:24,520 Speaker 3: Huh, that is a very Quaker thing to do. 297 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 1: You want to take a little break, Yeah, let's do it. Okay, 298 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:29,120 Speaker 1: We're going to take a break, everybody, and we'll be 299 00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,640 Speaker 1: back to tell you more about Elizabeth Blackwell's progress towards 300 00:16:32,680 --> 00:16:54,040 Speaker 1: med school. So, Chuck, like you said, she was mentored 301 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:57,920 Speaker 1: by a couple of doctors who she stayed with while 302 00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:00,400 Speaker 1: she was teaching in North and South Carolina, one of 303 00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,680 Speaker 1: whom was actually a professor of medicine, so he had 304 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,199 Speaker 1: all the books. He was very encouraging to her. He 305 00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:10,160 Speaker 1: taught her everything he could. And that was, like you said, 306 00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 1: a way that a woman could become a physician, but 307 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:18,440 Speaker 1: an unlicensed physician certainly not one that was in any 308 00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:22,399 Speaker 1: way established as an actual legitimate physician. And that was 309 00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: ultimately her goal. 310 00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:27,920 Speaker 2: Yeah, Like she continued to get sort of tutored by 311 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:30,640 Speaker 2: different people in the South that she knew who were physicians, 312 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:34,240 Speaker 2: and it was great that these. 313 00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:36,480 Speaker 3: Men encouraged her and tutored her. Said, here, used my books. 314 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,560 Speaker 2: But again, like you said, she wanted to do the 315 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,160 Speaker 2: real deal and forge a path and not just kind 316 00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:47,080 Speaker 2: of go the back door route. So she applied to 317 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,520 Speaker 2: all the medical schools in New York and Philly. She 318 00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:54,360 Speaker 2: applied to twelve more in the Northeast. She was rejected 319 00:17:54,359 --> 00:17:58,720 Speaker 2: by all of them, and on the thirtieth application to 320 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,399 Speaker 2: Geneva Medical College in Western New York in eighteen forty seven, 321 00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:07,919 Speaker 2: she was accepted. And I raised my voice because she 322 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:14,679 Speaker 2: got accepted. Because it was a joke that well everyone 323 00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:16,760 Speaker 2: thought it was a practical joke. The professor there, the 324 00:18:16,760 --> 00:18:19,480 Speaker 2: dean of the medical med school, basically said. 325 00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:21,040 Speaker 3: Hey, let's take a vote here. 326 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:24,919 Speaker 2: We'll have all the men here that go here vote 327 00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:27,800 Speaker 2: on whether or not a woman can come to school here. 328 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:31,800 Speaker 2: And if every single person says yes, she can come here, 329 00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:33,120 Speaker 2: and if one person says no. 330 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 3: She won't. 331 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 2: They all thought it was a prank from I guess 332 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:41,760 Speaker 2: the neighboring rival medical school, say West Geneva. Yeah, they said, sure, 333 00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:44,479 Speaker 2: let her in and it wasn't a joke. And they 334 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:45,159 Speaker 2: did let her in. 335 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:50,080 Speaker 1: They did, and apparently they were all very surprised. Like 336 00:18:50,119 --> 00:18:52,240 Speaker 1: this almost sounds like an urban legend, but from what 337 00:18:52,359 --> 00:18:55,400 Speaker 1: I saw, like this is across the board. What happened 338 00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:58,000 Speaker 1: that they thought it was a practical joke and it 339 00:18:58,040 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: turned out to be real. And that is how she 340 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:01,560 Speaker 1: up going to medical school. 341 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:02,320 Speaker 3: Unbelievable. 342 00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:06,080 Speaker 1: So when she showed up, she was taking this quite seriously. 343 00:19:06,119 --> 00:19:08,560 Speaker 1: She was twenty six already, she'd spent some time like 344 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:13,080 Speaker 1: living around, seeing the country. Just she was twenty six, 345 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:15,360 Speaker 1: Like that says a lot about a person over say 346 00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:18,960 Speaker 1: like twenty or nineteen or something like that. And so 347 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: she when she showed up, not only was she a 348 00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: little more mature, probably than some of her contemporaries, she 349 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:30,040 Speaker 1: also was she was well aware of the convention she 350 00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: was breaking, of the challenges and the obstacles that laid 351 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:37,720 Speaker 1: ahead of her. And there's a pretty good report like 352 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:40,200 Speaker 1: the fact that she showed up at medical school made 353 00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 1: the papers, and in fact, the Boston Medical Journal even 354 00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: wrote up something about the fact that she was Yeah, 355 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,800 Speaker 1: that she was there taking medical classes. The Boston Medical 356 00:19:49,880 --> 00:19:53,439 Speaker 1: Journal said that she comes into the class with great composure, 357 00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:56,520 Speaker 1: takes off her bonnet and puts it under the seat, 358 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:58,480 Speaker 1: exposing a fine phrenology. 359 00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:01,320 Speaker 3: Are you kidding me? You're talking about the shape of 360 00:20:01,359 --> 00:20:01,720 Speaker 3: her head. 361 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:05,119 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, but this is the Boston Medical Journal at 362 00:20:05,119 --> 00:20:12,920 Speaker 1: the time. Hopefully the BMJ has officially stopped using phrenology, yeah, 363 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: in any way, shape or form. But we'll have to 364 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:16,600 Speaker 1: We'll have to get a subscription and find out. 365 00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:20,040 Speaker 2: So we talked earlier about the fact that medical school 366 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:23,040 Speaker 2: at the time was really different. It sounds like animal 367 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 2: house or something. It was very raucous. Apparently when there 368 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:32,359 Speaker 2: were lecturers, you would make crude jokes out loud, and 369 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:34,159 Speaker 2: no matter what you're talking about. It sounds like a 370 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,240 Speaker 2: bunch of children taking sex at or something. Yeah, in 371 00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:41,680 Speaker 2: like the sixth grade. But apparently Blackwell's effect on the whole, 372 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,119 Speaker 2: like every class she went into was everyone took it 373 00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:47,160 Speaker 2: a lot more seriously because she was there. 374 00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:51,439 Speaker 1: Yeah. Because again, like if you were a man, you 375 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:55,440 Speaker 1: acted far, far, far differently around a woman at the time, 376 00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: where you were just much more genteel. It was just 377 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:01,520 Speaker 1: the social convention, and so you had to bite your tongue. 378 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:06,080 Speaker 1: In medical school if Elizabeth Blackwell is in your class, 379 00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:07,800 Speaker 1: so you just did. That was just kind of the 380 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:09,879 Speaker 1: effect that she had on class just by being a woman. 381 00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:15,320 Speaker 1: But even beyond that, there was this whole view that 382 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:21,160 Speaker 1: these guys were somehow contributing to this woman's moral corruption 383 00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:24,000 Speaker 1: by even being in the same class with her, let 384 00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:26,920 Speaker 1: alone being the instructor teaching her. And so one of 385 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,760 Speaker 1: the things she ran into in med school was she 386 00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:33,639 Speaker 1: would sometimes be asked to go step outside because this 387 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:37,439 Speaker 1: particular lecture is a little rough, and Elizabeth Blackwell did 388 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,960 Speaker 1: not truck to that at all. She was very adamant that. Remember, 389 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:43,239 Speaker 1: she was educated like a boy by the tutors her 390 00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:47,320 Speaker 1: father hired. She had a full expectation to be left 391 00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,320 Speaker 1: out of absolutely nothing. At med school. She was to 392 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:52,920 Speaker 1: be a full physician, and so she was to learn 393 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:56,720 Speaker 1: everything that any physician would learn. And eventually, over time 394 00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:01,120 Speaker 1: she kind of overcame this genteel opposition to her presence 395 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,840 Speaker 1: by her professors, in male classmates. 396 00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:06,320 Speaker 2: Yeah, and I think in no small part due to 397 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:12,360 Speaker 2: her serious take in her fastidiousness, in her the fact 398 00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,040 Speaker 2: that in the end she graduated first in her class. 399 00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:16,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, this says a lot. 400 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:18,040 Speaker 2: She was the best student in eighteen forty nine. She 401 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:25,040 Speaker 2: graduated first, ultimately earned the respect of her fellow students. 402 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:29,320 Speaker 2: Not to say that it was a it was a cakewalk. 403 00:22:29,359 --> 00:22:32,560 Speaker 2: There were still plenty of jerks there, and you know, 404 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:34,440 Speaker 2: a lot of them had animosity toward her. 405 00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:36,560 Speaker 1: Remember a cakewalk is racist? 406 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:37,560 Speaker 3: Is it really? 407 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:42,240 Speaker 1: Yeah? I remember we did a show on what was it? 408 00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:47,080 Speaker 1: I can't remember. The words that have different origins than 409 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:49,359 Speaker 1: you would think, are different meanings than you would think. 410 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:52,320 Speaker 3: You remember, Yeah, I think I do remember that. 411 00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:56,480 Speaker 1: I'm sorry, everybody, I'm sorry for interrupting you. 412 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:57,200 Speaker 3: That's okay. 413 00:22:57,240 --> 00:23:02,240 Speaker 1: So it was no pie walk, good save chuck. 414 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:03,399 Speaker 3: Still plenty of jerks. 415 00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 2: There were some men there that would would laugh at her, 416 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:11,159 Speaker 2: some in there that would support her, some men that 417 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 2: would jeer at her, some men that would help her out. 418 00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:16,320 Speaker 2: But like I said, in the end, she got that 419 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:19,240 Speaker 2: degree first in her class. Apparently, and I don't know 420 00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:22,800 Speaker 2: if this is the movie version, but the medical School's 421 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:26,159 Speaker 2: Dean bowed to her when she accepted her diploma, and 422 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:28,280 Speaker 2: everyone busted out in applause. 423 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:32,639 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's what a newspaper account said from the correspondent 424 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:36,040 Speaker 1: who was there. And they also added and brother Bluto 425 00:23:36,359 --> 00:23:41,280 Speaker 1: became Senator Blue Tarski. Nice. That wrapped everything up. 426 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:43,160 Speaker 3: Do you think that movie age as well? We're talking 427 00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:44,200 Speaker 3: about Animal House again. 428 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:48,400 Speaker 1: I haven't seen it in a wive should say sorry 429 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,400 Speaker 1: in a while. I'm not sure. Okay, I have seen 430 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 1: it plenty of times, but I haven't seen it in 431 00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:56,680 Speaker 1: a while. I'm sure it doesn't it can't. Uh. 432 00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 3: I don't know, man, I think it's kind of timeless. 433 00:24:00,320 --> 00:24:00,680 Speaker 1: Mm hmm. 434 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:06,840 Speaker 2: However, I've heard certain people that I won't name say 435 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 2: it doesn't age well nol Oh yeah, yeah, Noel didn't 436 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,160 Speaker 2: think you think there's a there's a raft of comedies 437 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:16,119 Speaker 2: from that era that just are not funny. 438 00:24:16,119 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: Now wait, not funny or politically? 439 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:21,439 Speaker 3: Oh no, no, no, not funny. 440 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:24,200 Speaker 2: Oh gotcha, Yeah, it doesn't age wells in like, why 441 00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:26,080 Speaker 2: is this? Why do people think this is a comedy classic? 442 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:26,920 Speaker 2: It's not even that good? 443 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:29,880 Speaker 1: Gotcha? Gotcha? Okay, Yeah, I'll have to watch it again. 444 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:30,840 Speaker 1: I haven't I haven't seen it. 445 00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 2: I don't know, man, I think it's kind of timeless 446 00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:35,360 Speaker 2: in its comedy, Okay, I mean sure there are parts 447 00:24:35,359 --> 00:24:38,080 Speaker 2: that don't age well in every other respect, like any 448 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:39,920 Speaker 2: comedy made before like four years ago. 449 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 1: Sure, that's what I or know, Like like the last 450 00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:45,879 Speaker 1: five minutes, I thought that's what you were talking about. No, 451 00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:48,720 Speaker 1: I mean it's entirely possible, because I've seen some comedies 452 00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:50,800 Speaker 1: where I'm like, this is this is not at all funny, 453 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:52,439 Speaker 1: like spies like us give me a break? 454 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,480 Speaker 3: Not good. No, I haven't seen it in a long time. 455 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 1: It's not good. 456 00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:01,760 Speaker 2: See now, I'm afraid to watch some of those oldies. Yeah, 457 00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:02,600 Speaker 2: I do. 458 00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:06,240 Speaker 1: My dad taught me well. But if you if, if 459 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:08,639 Speaker 1: you want to continue to cherish any movie that you 460 00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:10,199 Speaker 1: used to love, I would not risk it. 461 00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 3: No, we'll see. 462 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:15,000 Speaker 1: Unless it's Ghostbusters. It definitely holds up. Friend. 463 00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:18,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, that new one looks good too. Was the new 464 00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 3: one the sequel sort of? 465 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:26,240 Speaker 1: So it's technically Ghostbusters three? 466 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:30,439 Speaker 3: Yeah? Or four? I mean we or wait? Was there 467 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:32,399 Speaker 3: a third or was just the first two? Yeah? The 468 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:32,840 Speaker 3: second one? 469 00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:34,680 Speaker 1: It was the first two and then the third one 470 00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:41,119 Speaker 1: had like Kate, I think Kate McKinnon. Different universe, didn't it. 471 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:43,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, that was That was just a reboot, which 472 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,359 Speaker 2: was great, I thought. But this new one is a 473 00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 2: sequel many years later. And I think it's one of 474 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:53,919 Speaker 2: their grandkids. You know, stuff starts happening. 475 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:57,400 Speaker 1: It looks good. Okay, And what's his name's kid? 476 00:25:57,760 --> 00:25:59,120 Speaker 3: Rightman's kid is directing it. 477 00:25:59,119 --> 00:26:00,440 Speaker 1: It's a oh, he's great Jason. 478 00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's a Jason, rightman, jam So. 479 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:04,920 Speaker 1: That's good stuff. That might he might be a little 480 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:07,920 Speaker 1: too high high brow for a Ghostbusters man. 481 00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:08,360 Speaker 3: Man. 482 00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,280 Speaker 1: Well, hey, I can tell you you know who's spinning 483 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,000 Speaker 1: in her grave right now about a thousand RPMs? Who 484 00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:15,560 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Blackwell? 485 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:15,840 Speaker 3: I know. 486 00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:18,200 Speaker 2: I'm so sorry, doctor Blackwell. Should we take a break. 487 00:26:18,880 --> 00:26:20,480 Speaker 1: I don't know who knows anymore? 488 00:26:20,520 --> 00:26:22,800 Speaker 2: All right, let's take a break and we'll stop talking 489 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:24,439 Speaker 2: about dumb old movies right for this. 490 00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:44,639 Speaker 1: All right, So, Chuck, I think where we officially left off, 491 00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:51,679 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Blackwell received her diploma. The dean of the medical 492 00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,920 Speaker 1: school stood up and bowed, and the auditorium broke out 493 00:26:54,920 --> 00:27:00,760 Speaker 1: into applause, which is pretty awesome. Apparently, she when she 494 00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:03,479 Speaker 1: although she won over her classmates, there were still like 495 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:05,520 Speaker 1: a lot of women actually of the time who were 496 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:07,879 Speaker 1: not very happy with what she'd done. But she said, 497 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:10,920 Speaker 1: nuts to you guys, that's right. I'm going to move 498 00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:15,240 Speaker 1: to Paris and London and I'm going to pursue my 499 00:27:16,119 --> 00:27:17,399 Speaker 1: practice there to start. 500 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:20,439 Speaker 2: That's right, which is a great idea. And when she 501 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:22,879 Speaker 2: got there, they said, wow, you were a real deal 502 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:26,400 Speaker 2: doctor and you have a medical degree. Here be a midwife. 503 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:29,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, a woman Zachabu. 504 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:35,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, she was led into midwife rein nursing. But she's 505 00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:39,280 Speaker 2: like really sort of trying to be revolutionary here because 506 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:43,160 Speaker 2: all she sees are these men walking around not washing 507 00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:46,320 Speaker 2: their hands at all, and she's like, you know, what 508 00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:51,440 Speaker 2: is probably super important is personal hygiene and preventive care. 509 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:52,399 Speaker 3: And they're like, what's that. 510 00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:56,399 Speaker 1: Yeah, well they literally were what's that? Because this was 511 00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:01,200 Speaker 1: early eighteen fifties and remember our great stink episode. 512 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:02,800 Speaker 3: Oh man, that was so good. 513 00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:06,199 Speaker 1: So they were still operating under the miasma theory that 514 00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:09,640 Speaker 1: it was like bad vapors and smells that made you sick. 515 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:10,320 Speaker 3: Crazy. 516 00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:13,439 Speaker 1: So her idea that it was like that hand washing 517 00:28:13,560 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 1: was part of this preventative medicine was really ahead of 518 00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:20,679 Speaker 1: its time. And so in addition, to being a woman, 519 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:23,719 Speaker 1: who they were just discrediting out of hand anyway, just 520 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:26,400 Speaker 1: for being a woman. They were also saying, like, you're 521 00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:29,720 Speaker 1: talking kooky stuff. Everybody knows it smells that make you sick. 522 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:32,359 Speaker 1: Your nut job, go over there and deliver a baby. 523 00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:35,280 Speaker 2: And she's like, but I haven't washed my hands, Like 524 00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:38,280 Speaker 2: we just told you. It doesn't matter. Babies are dirty. 525 00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,000 Speaker 1: As long as your hands don't stink, it's fine. 526 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,360 Speaker 2: Yeah, we should also mention it's right about here where 527 00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:48,880 Speaker 2: she lost sight in her left eye from an accident 528 00:28:48,920 --> 00:28:50,400 Speaker 2: that I can barely even talk about. 529 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:54,840 Speaker 1: Oh, I want to can I please? So she contracted 530 00:28:55,280 --> 00:29:01,200 Speaker 1: purulent ophthalmia, which is an which is an of the eye, 531 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,280 Speaker 1: and her I became infected because she was tending to 532 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:07,240 Speaker 1: an infant who I guess had some sort of wound 533 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:10,960 Speaker 1: that was infected, and Puss squirted in her left eye 534 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,320 Speaker 1: from the infection and infected her left eye to such 535 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:17,520 Speaker 1: a terrible degree that she became blind in her left eye. 536 00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:19,240 Speaker 3: Yes, and that is Puss. 537 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 2: That is sad, but really sad because she was not 538 00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:25,520 Speaker 2: able to become a surgeon, which is what she really 539 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:26,080 Speaker 2: wanted to do. 540 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:29,760 Speaker 1: It's also said that there was a baby with an infection. Well, sure, 541 00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:31,120 Speaker 1: a pussy infection. 542 00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:32,800 Speaker 3: Let's not forget about that baby. 543 00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:36,360 Speaker 1: Sure that baby grew up to be Roy Kohane. 544 00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:42,760 Speaker 3: She moved to the that's really good. 545 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:46,280 Speaker 2: She moved to the UK then from Paris, and this 546 00:29:46,320 --> 00:29:48,920 Speaker 2: is where she hooked up with a little buddy named 547 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,360 Speaker 2: Florence Nightingale. 548 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:52,239 Speaker 1: Yeah, who deserves her own episode too. 549 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:54,560 Speaker 2: Oh sure, totally. They became good friends. They were like, 550 00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:57,720 Speaker 2: you like to wash your hands? I do too, isn't 551 00:29:57,720 --> 00:29:58,240 Speaker 2: it awesome? 552 00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:00,880 Speaker 1: Look, go do it together. 553 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:02,400 Speaker 3: That's kind of the long and short of it. 554 00:30:02,440 --> 00:30:04,800 Speaker 2: They sat around and saying ABC's or I don't want 555 00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:09,040 Speaker 2: no scrubs wash their hands. And they were both like, 556 00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:11,719 Speaker 2: why are none of these men doctors ever washing their hands? 557 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:14,240 Speaker 2: And they were both like, because they're dummies. 558 00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:16,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, just give them a few years in germ theory 559 00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:18,920 Speaker 1: will be developed and then they'll listen to Louis past 560 00:30:18,960 --> 00:30:22,600 Speaker 1: year or not. Yeah exactly, But I think that's pretty awesome. 561 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:28,160 Speaker 1: It's almost like I don't know, Einstein and somebody else meeting, 562 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:30,640 Speaker 1: you know, like, just it's cool to know that these 563 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:34,200 Speaker 1: these two like legendary figures met and were friends at 564 00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:35,160 Speaker 1: one point in time. 565 00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:36,080 Speaker 3: Oh, totally. 566 00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:38,200 Speaker 1: It's almost like a movie. You know what I'm saying, 567 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:41,280 Speaker 1: This totally should be a movie. I'm surprised it's not 568 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,680 Speaker 1: yet agreed. Maybe Jason Rightman could direct it. 569 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:52,320 Speaker 2: That's right, and maybe uh uh no, who's the guy 570 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 2: that Wolverine pretty Jackman? 571 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:56,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, maybe Hugh Jackman can be in it. 572 00:30:57,120 --> 00:31:01,080 Speaker 1: He would play doctor Elizabeth Blackwell. 573 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:03,560 Speaker 3: That's right. And Jared from Subway can played the pus baby. 574 00:31:04,680 --> 00:31:07,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, everything would come full circle and the universe would 575 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:08,400 Speaker 1: collapse in on. 576 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:10,240 Speaker 3: It, and then the Sharknado would kill them all. 577 00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:10,720 Speaker 1: Yeh. 578 00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:16,200 Speaker 2: So she is pals with Laurence Nightingale. She decides, you 579 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:17,680 Speaker 2: know what, I'm going to go back to New York. 580 00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:21,600 Speaker 2: It's eighteen fifty one and I really want to get 581 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:24,960 Speaker 2: a practice going there. She got back, and of course 582 00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:29,680 Speaker 2: discrimination against women in the doctoring industry was still there, 583 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:32,360 Speaker 2: so she didn't have a lot of opportunities. She didn't 584 00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:34,960 Speaker 2: have a lot of patience, she didn't have a lot 585 00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,680 Speaker 2: of other doctors that she could even exchange ideas with, 586 00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:43,120 Speaker 2: and so she started applying for jobs instead of starting 587 00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:46,960 Speaker 2: her own practice at the women's department in a big 588 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:48,440 Speaker 2: city dispensary. 589 00:31:48,480 --> 00:31:49,640 Speaker 3: But she was not. 590 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:53,600 Speaker 1: She was not hired. No, and I had to look 591 00:31:53,680 --> 00:31:56,479 Speaker 1: up a dispensary. Is it like a charity or public clinic. 592 00:31:56,560 --> 00:32:02,400 Speaker 1: So this ambition, yeah, woman's ambition, this first woman doctor 593 00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:07,160 Speaker 1: in the United States. Now, her ambition was to help 594 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: the poor. That was what she wanted to do. Her 595 00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:15,200 Speaker 1: missions in life were to help the poor, help women 596 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:21,440 Speaker 1: retain their chastity and purity in the hopes of having 597 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,959 Speaker 1: a good moral impact on the world around them, and 598 00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:29,440 Speaker 1: then to make it so that more women could become doctors. 599 00:32:29,720 --> 00:32:32,440 Speaker 1: And she was like a tireless fighter and champion of 600 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:37,320 Speaker 1: all of these things. And so, in typical Elizabeth Blackwell fashion, 601 00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:40,720 Speaker 1: when she was turned down for a job at a dispensary, 602 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:43,760 Speaker 1: she just opened her own dispensary. 603 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,160 Speaker 2: That's right, in a little single rented room. She saw 604 00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:50,040 Speaker 2: patients a few afternoons each week. It was incorporated in 605 00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:52,440 Speaker 2: eighteen fifty four, where they moved to a small house 606 00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:55,480 Speaker 2: there on the lower east Side East Village area of 607 00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:59,040 Speaker 2: Tompkins Square. Her sister, we mentioned that she followed. I 608 00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:02,440 Speaker 2: believe at the very beginning she followed in her sister's footsteps. 609 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:06,000 Speaker 2: By this point she was doctor Emily Blackwell. She got 610 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:09,760 Speaker 2: her degree at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, and she 611 00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:14,280 Speaker 2: joined her in eighteen fifty six with another doctor, doctor Marie. 612 00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:16,720 Speaker 3: Ooh, zach. 613 00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:22,960 Speaker 1: Zak Zuska. Wow, that's the doctor Seuss pronunciation. 614 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:23,920 Speaker 3: That's a tough one. 615 00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:29,440 Speaker 1: I would say, zach Vrevska. Okay, Zakrevska, all right. 616 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:32,080 Speaker 2: And they all opened the New York Infirmary for Women 617 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:35,760 Speaker 2: and Children on Bleeker Street there in the West Village 618 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:36,840 Speaker 2: in eighteen fifty seven. 619 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,080 Speaker 1: Yep. And now you can go left out of the 620 00:33:40,120 --> 00:33:42,760 Speaker 1: doorway and hit a Swatch store. I know you're going 621 00:33:42,840 --> 00:33:45,680 Speaker 1: to say it the street and see and go get 622 00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 1: a sandwich at La pan Quotidien. 623 00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:50,160 Speaker 2: I saw this watch joke coming because I did the 624 00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:52,120 Speaker 2: old Google Earth too, and I was like, I guarantee 625 00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:53,360 Speaker 2: you that poked out to Josh. 626 00:33:53,560 --> 00:33:56,160 Speaker 1: But what's crazy? So sixty four, at least as far 627 00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:59,680 Speaker 1: as the Google company is concerned, the sixty four Bleaker 628 00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:02,800 Speaker 1: Street doesn't exist anymore. Yeah, but that means that it 629 00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: was subsumed by either the Kith Clothing or the Swatch store. 630 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,120 Speaker 1: Somebody took over this. But there's a I. 631 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:13,000 Speaker 3: Think the Swatch store did in eighteen fifty. 632 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:18,279 Speaker 1: Eight, there's Yeah, they were all on chains, right, but 633 00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:23,640 Speaker 1: there's a there's a physical structure that's still there. That 634 00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: was the first women run infirmary or clinic, i should say, 635 00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:33,240 Speaker 1: in New York and what became one of the first 636 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:38,959 Speaker 1: women's medical schools, amazing in the country. Not the first, 637 00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,200 Speaker 1: but one of the first. And there's no plaque, there's 638 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,560 Speaker 1: no sign, there's no nothing really but the building is 639 00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:47,480 Speaker 1: not that I could see, but the building is still there. 640 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:49,799 Speaker 1: You can still visit the spot where poor people went 641 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:51,759 Speaker 1: and doctor Elizabeth Blackwell treated them. 642 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:52,120 Speaker 3: Wow. 643 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:53,640 Speaker 1: Yeah with one eye. 644 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:55,600 Speaker 3: Yeah, let's not forget that. 645 00:34:55,719 --> 00:34:57,319 Speaker 1: Of sight in one eye, I should say. 646 00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:00,520 Speaker 2: So she starts going, she's like to do this in 647 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:04,160 Speaker 2: England too, in my home country. I'm gonna go back 648 00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:05,800 Speaker 2: and forth. I'm going to try and raise some money 649 00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:09,719 Speaker 2: to do the same thing over there. At the same time, 650 00:35:09,880 --> 00:35:12,600 Speaker 2: she's also taking on and it's amazing what you can 651 00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:15,200 Speaker 2: do when you don't get married and have to be 652 00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:18,640 Speaker 2: subservient to a man. Right, Like she was living singles, 653 00:35:18,680 --> 00:35:21,440 Speaker 2: so she had nothing but time. You know, she had 654 00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:25,200 Speaker 2: this adopted daughter. But I imagine as she grew she helped 655 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:26,240 Speaker 2: her mom out with this stuff. 656 00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:28,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, and in their off time, they would watch Living 657 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:29,640 Speaker 1: Single Together. 658 00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:35,040 Speaker 2: So she was getting on other social reform movements, all 659 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:38,240 Speaker 2: kinds of things to do with women's rights, family planning, 660 00:35:38,360 --> 00:35:44,279 Speaker 2: even way back then hygiene. Always did we mention eugenics 661 00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:45,400 Speaker 2: and how deep she got in that? 662 00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:46,080 Speaker 3: Do we even know? 663 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:50,520 Speaker 1: I looked, and I could not see, because you would 664 00:35:50,520 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 1: think there'd be people that would say, like, oh, Elizabeth 665 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:56,520 Speaker 1: Blackwell her, but listen to this eugenic stuff she's into. 666 00:35:57,239 --> 00:36:00,200 Speaker 1: I saw basically one of those things where it was 667 00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:04,440 Speaker 1: this list was repeated basically in the same order across 668 00:36:04,480 --> 00:36:07,560 Speaker 1: the right net. So I have no idea how much 669 00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: she was into eugenics, but I do know I did 670 00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:15,840 Speaker 1: get an impression of her as far as women's rights 671 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:20,600 Speaker 1: were concerned. She was a feminist through and through. Oh sure, 672 00:36:21,080 --> 00:36:25,600 Speaker 1: absolutely a feminist. But she was also a moralist and 673 00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:28,879 Speaker 1: a prude that died in the wool prude, and so 674 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:30,879 Speaker 1: she was really concerned with. 675 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:34,680 Speaker 3: The moral purity. 676 00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:37,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess the moral purity of women, because her 677 00:36:37,840 --> 00:36:42,040 Speaker 1: her whole thing was if a woman has basically had 678 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:46,000 Speaker 1: sex out of wedlock, she has corrupted her morals, she's 679 00:36:46,040 --> 00:36:48,319 Speaker 1: traded in her morals, and now she's going to be 680 00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:50,759 Speaker 1: interested in men, She's going to think about other men 681 00:36:50,880 --> 00:36:53,680 Speaker 1: rather than her husband. She's not going to be able 682 00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:56,960 Speaker 1: to focus on her home, and so the home will 683 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,600 Speaker 1: start to come apart because this woman had sex out 684 00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:03,560 Speaker 1: of wedlock before she got married or whatever, and so 685 00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:06,560 Speaker 1: that's one home broken. And if more and more women 686 00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:08,920 Speaker 1: do this, then all of a sudden, the whole country's 687 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:13,960 Speaker 1: morals are corrupt and there's nothing but crime and drinking 688 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:15,879 Speaker 1: and all sorts of horrible things that come out of it. 689 00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:20,839 Speaker 1: And she definitely identified men as a aggressor in this 690 00:37:20,960 --> 00:37:23,600 Speaker 1: that it was definitely men who came along and like 691 00:37:23,760 --> 00:37:27,520 Speaker 1: persuaded girls to have sex out of wedlock because these 692 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:31,120 Speaker 1: girls were too naive to know the ramifications and consequences. 693 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:35,360 Speaker 1: So she tried to in books and pamphlets and lectures 694 00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:39,080 Speaker 1: and all this Warren mothers to warn their daughters away 695 00:37:39,080 --> 00:37:41,520 Speaker 1: from men like this and also teach them about the 696 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,960 Speaker 1: consequences of having like pre marital sex and also basically 697 00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:49,120 Speaker 1: identifying as you know, men as the aggressors the wolves 698 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,680 Speaker 1: in this situation. But so she was super into that, 699 00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:55,879 Speaker 1: and she was very widely and well received because her 700 00:37:56,040 --> 00:38:00,000 Speaker 1: line of thinking was very in line with Victorian suit 701 00:38:00,280 --> 00:38:04,720 Speaker 1: rigid morals. But at the same time, I mean, it's 702 00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:10,960 Speaker 1: it's difficult to reconcile with just straight ahead feminism that 703 00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:13,680 Speaker 1: you know, of the type that we're used to today. 704 00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,239 Speaker 1: But there's really no one who could discredit her as 705 00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:20,120 Speaker 1: a feminist. No, I mean a feminist in a Victorian way. 706 00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:20,960 Speaker 3: Exactly. 707 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,080 Speaker 2: It was a time where you can be like girl, 708 00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:26,319 Speaker 2: own your sexuality and like you asked the man to 709 00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:28,640 Speaker 2: marry you, like that just didn't happen at all. 710 00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:31,360 Speaker 1: So this was the opposite of that. When she was 711 00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:33,600 Speaker 1: touting she was also what would be known today as 712 00:38:33,640 --> 00:38:38,000 Speaker 1: a feminist for life, a staunch anti abortion feminist. As 713 00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:39,920 Speaker 1: a matter of fact that if you read her diary 714 00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:42,239 Speaker 1: in a certain way, you can make the case that 715 00:38:42,280 --> 00:38:44,800 Speaker 1: one of the reasons she became a doctor is because 716 00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:47,440 Speaker 1: she read an article about a woman who was an 717 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:51,440 Speaker 1: abortionist at the time, who was termed a female physician, 718 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,560 Speaker 1: which I guess was code for women abortionists. That's interesting 719 00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:57,680 Speaker 1: back then, and she was so appalled by this that 720 00:38:57,719 --> 00:39:01,480 Speaker 1: she wanted to reform the term female physician to mean 721 00:39:02,040 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 1: an actual like just a woman doctor, a general doctor. 722 00:39:06,160 --> 00:39:09,840 Speaker 1: And that's one of the things that drove her too. So, yeah, 723 00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:13,080 Speaker 1: she was a very complicated character. It reminds us, right, 724 00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:16,640 Speaker 1: But I think she reminds us that over time, when 725 00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:20,279 Speaker 1: you become a legend, you know, a legend grows up 726 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:23,880 Speaker 1: around you and you know, the different edges get you know, 727 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:28,000 Speaker 1: smoothed over or overlooked or whatever, and people are complicated 728 00:39:28,040 --> 00:39:30,000 Speaker 1: and complex and that's the way that it should be 729 00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:32,399 Speaker 1: and they should be understood as such, you know. Yeah, 730 00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:38,000 Speaker 1: But none of that underminds her, depending on your way 731 00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:41,799 Speaker 1: of thinking. I don't think anything undermines her that she 732 00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:44,799 Speaker 1: did or thought undermines the work that she did and 733 00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:45,680 Speaker 1: the good that she did. 734 00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:46,400 Speaker 3: Oh, of course not. 735 00:39:46,560 --> 00:39:48,880 Speaker 2: And I think maybe people should try to remember what 736 00:39:48,920 --> 00:39:52,319 Speaker 2: it might be like to be a trailblazing feminist in 737 00:39:52,360 --> 00:39:55,239 Speaker 2: the eighteen forties through the eighties, you know. 738 00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:58,799 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, So the Silvil War that was very nicely said, 739 00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:01,160 Speaker 1: good job, hope, so oh gotcha? 740 00:40:03,440 --> 00:40:04,800 Speaker 3: Civil War rolls around. 741 00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,960 Speaker 2: She and her sisters trained nurses for the Union for 742 00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:11,400 Speaker 2: their hospitals. She said, you know what we really need 743 00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:16,280 Speaker 2: is a medical school for women. And so she continued 744 00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:19,760 Speaker 2: to try and get support from Britain. She finally raised 745 00:40:19,840 --> 00:40:23,120 Speaker 2: enough backing in America to add that medical school to 746 00:40:23,239 --> 00:40:26,319 Speaker 2: her women's hospital in New York. In eighteen sixty eight, 747 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:30,040 Speaker 2: this was this one you were talking about. The New 748 00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:35,160 Speaker 2: York Infirmary was finally established with fifteen students, nine faculty, 749 00:40:35,920 --> 00:40:39,920 Speaker 2: and she was the professor of hygiene and her sister, 750 00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:47,640 Speaker 2: Emily was taught was the outwel taught obstetrics and diseases 751 00:40:47,680 --> 00:40:48,080 Speaker 2: of women. 752 00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:51,200 Speaker 1: Yep, she handled all of the surgery too at the clinic. 753 00:40:51,719 --> 00:40:54,720 Speaker 3: Oh Emily did, yeah, because her sister couldn't rite. 754 00:40:55,480 --> 00:40:59,040 Speaker 1: But so think about this, like, she established not just 755 00:40:59,120 --> 00:41:04,799 Speaker 1: this this clinic, this dispensary, but also a college to 756 00:41:04,880 --> 00:41:08,080 Speaker 1: teach women doctors. Right, And not only did she do 757 00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,120 Speaker 1: that in New York, she did it in London too. 758 00:41:12,239 --> 00:41:15,560 Speaker 1: After she had managed to establish this, she said, okay, Emily, 759 00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:19,160 Speaker 1: you got this, I'm moving back to England and I'm 760 00:41:19,160 --> 00:41:20,879 Speaker 1: going to do this over here. Yeah. 761 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:23,720 Speaker 2: And what it did was it provided about a thirty 762 00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:28,240 Speaker 2: two year stopgap until eighteen ninety nine when medical schools 763 00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:34,120 Speaker 2: Cornell University finally began accepting women into their program. So 764 00:41:34,239 --> 00:41:37,440 Speaker 2: for thirty two years she was running the show and 765 00:41:37,480 --> 00:41:41,040 Speaker 2: she was providing that almost aid service. 766 00:41:41,080 --> 00:41:42,480 Speaker 3: But it kind of is in a way. 767 00:41:43,239 --> 00:41:46,799 Speaker 2: You know, until medical until mainstream medical schools began catching on. 768 00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:53,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, no, for sure. And the fact that she was 769 00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:57,319 Speaker 1: establishing this college like that this was one of her 770 00:41:57,440 --> 00:42:01,080 Speaker 1: big dreams and focuses and drives. It just kind of 771 00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:04,239 Speaker 1: goes to underscore the fact that she was trying to 772 00:42:04,560 --> 00:42:07,439 Speaker 1: make it so that more women could become doctors. Yeah, 773 00:42:08,080 --> 00:42:10,160 Speaker 1: it's as easy to overlook when you're like, oh, well, 774 00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:11,920 Speaker 1: she went and became a doctor herself and then she 775 00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:16,719 Speaker 1: did doctoring. She also simultaneously was trying to expand access 776 00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:20,279 Speaker 1: to medical training for women as well to become a 777 00:42:20,360 --> 00:42:21,640 Speaker 1: licensed physician. 778 00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:24,040 Speaker 2: And she did in a big way in eighteen sixty 779 00:42:24,080 --> 00:42:27,719 Speaker 2: nine when she was in her late forties. This is 780 00:42:27,719 --> 00:42:31,040 Speaker 2: when she established the London practice. She had passed on 781 00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:33,720 Speaker 2: the New York Medical College to her sister at that point, 782 00:42:34,640 --> 00:42:38,160 Speaker 2: and founded the National Health Society in eighteen seventy one 783 00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:41,640 Speaker 2: and was one of the first champions of prevention is 784 00:42:41,680 --> 00:42:45,680 Speaker 2: better than cure, which is a very obviously important thing 785 00:42:45,719 --> 00:42:48,000 Speaker 2: today in all of medicine, but at the time it 786 00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:50,560 Speaker 2: was kind of a revolutionary kind of way. 787 00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:51,080 Speaker 3: To go about things. 788 00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:53,600 Speaker 2: They were all about cures, and she was one of 789 00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:56,040 Speaker 2: the first people standing up and be like, Hey, let's 790 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:57,880 Speaker 2: not get to the point where we need to cure 791 00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:01,400 Speaker 2: by preventing things with handwhish and lifestyle and hygiene. 792 00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:05,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, wash your hands, Yeah, what's your problem? 793 00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:08,080 Speaker 2: In eighteen seventy she finally set up a private practice 794 00:43:08,080 --> 00:43:15,240 Speaker 2: in London. In eighteen seventy four, along with physicians Sophia 795 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:19,480 Speaker 2: Jex Blake and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson established that London School 796 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:20,400 Speaker 2: of Medicine for Women. 797 00:43:21,640 --> 00:43:24,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. So again she did this in New York. She 798 00:43:24,080 --> 00:43:27,000 Speaker 1: also did it in London. She agitated for legislation to 799 00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:30,040 Speaker 1: be passed in eighteen seventy six to allow women to 800 00:43:30,120 --> 00:43:34,400 Speaker 1: get medical degrees. She was the first woman added to 801 00:43:34,480 --> 00:43:39,920 Speaker 1: the medical register in England. So she did this in 802 00:43:40,080 --> 00:43:43,880 Speaker 1: two continents. She opened up the door for women to 803 00:43:43,960 --> 00:43:47,720 Speaker 1: become doctors on two different continents at about the same time. 804 00:43:48,040 --> 00:43:52,279 Speaker 1: And ultimately she stopped had to stop practicing. She had 805 00:43:52,280 --> 00:43:57,160 Speaker 1: to stop seeing patients because she had something called billiary colic, 806 00:43:57,520 --> 00:44:01,160 Speaker 1: which is where a gallstone blocks the bile ducked, which 807 00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:04,920 Speaker 1: is not good for you and it apparently it is 808 00:44:04,960 --> 00:44:08,319 Speaker 1: a very painful condition. And especially back then before they 809 00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:09,719 Speaker 1: could do a lot with it or so you can 810 00:44:09,719 --> 00:44:12,640 Speaker 1: break it up with lasers or something. It could knock 811 00:44:12,680 --> 00:44:16,240 Speaker 1: you out of your career, and it did for decades. 812 00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:21,840 Speaker 1: I think she had billiary colic twenty or thirty years 813 00:44:21,880 --> 00:44:22,920 Speaker 1: before she died. 814 00:44:23,440 --> 00:44:26,560 Speaker 2: Yeah, she basically didn't practice for the last twenty years, 815 00:44:27,560 --> 00:44:30,560 Speaker 2: and very sadly. In nineteen oh seven, at the ripe 816 00:44:30,560 --> 00:44:33,600 Speaker 2: old age of eighty six, which is great, she. 817 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:34,240 Speaker 3: Had an accident. 818 00:44:34,400 --> 00:44:37,680 Speaker 2: She fell down a flight of stairs and was mentally 819 00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:40,560 Speaker 2: and physically disabled after that. Lived a few more years 820 00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:45,560 Speaker 2: after that, and then eventually died of stroke in nineteen ten. 821 00:44:46,239 --> 00:44:48,600 Speaker 1: Yeap, that was it. 822 00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:49,720 Speaker 3: Great, great lady. 823 00:44:50,920 --> 00:44:54,719 Speaker 1: Yeah, there's this statistic here in eighteen eighty one, so 824 00:44:54,760 --> 00:45:00,080 Speaker 1: she'd moved to the UK permanently in eighteen sixty nine. 825 00:45:00,239 --> 00:45:03,879 Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty one there are only twenty five registered 826 00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:08,120 Speaker 1: women doctors in England and Wales, but thirty years later, 827 00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:10,919 Speaker 1: nineteen eleven, it was up to four hundred and ninety five. 828 00:45:11,560 --> 00:45:12,279 Speaker 3: There you have it. 829 00:45:12,760 --> 00:45:17,200 Speaker 1: Now, I would guess that there's at least double that, probably. 830 00:45:16,840 --> 00:45:19,320 Speaker 3: More probably so. 831 00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:22,399 Speaker 1: So hats off to doctor Elizabeth Blackwell. Way to go. 832 00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,640 Speaker 3: My bonnet is off and under my seat. 833 00:45:25,080 --> 00:45:27,719 Speaker 1: Oh that's a fine phrenology. You've just exposed there, Charne. 834 00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:28,040 Speaker 3: Thank you. 835 00:45:29,120 --> 00:45:31,480 Speaker 1: If you want to know more about doctor Elizabeth Blackwell, 836 00:45:31,480 --> 00:45:33,920 Speaker 1: there's a lot of good stuff on the Internet, including 837 00:45:34,440 --> 00:45:37,600 Speaker 1: a site that we used, among others, famous scientists dot 838 00:45:37,719 --> 00:45:41,120 Speaker 1: org check them out, and scientists is plural. I just 839 00:45:41,160 --> 00:45:43,200 Speaker 1: have a thick tongue, so sometimes it's tough to add 840 00:45:43,239 --> 00:45:46,160 Speaker 1: that extra asset in. And since I said I have 841 00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:48,400 Speaker 1: a thick tongue, it's time for listener male. 842 00:45:52,160 --> 00:45:53,160 Speaker 3: This is from Isaac. 843 00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:55,960 Speaker 2: Hey, guys, I am on day two of six weeks 844 00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,440 Speaker 2: of staying home in quarantine. I live in Seattle, Washington, 845 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:02,359 Speaker 2: which was the place where the first North American coronavirus 846 00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:04,920 Speaker 2: case was. There have been rumors at my school I'm 847 00:46:04,920 --> 00:46:07,799 Speaker 2: in the seventh grade that would close for cleaning. But 848 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:10,600 Speaker 2: six weeks is nearly all of third quarter. Yeah, I've 849 00:46:10,640 --> 00:46:12,840 Speaker 2: got a long stretch of time ahead of me, and 850 00:46:12,880 --> 00:46:17,200 Speaker 2: I've spent most of that time playing video games great, 851 00:46:17,680 --> 00:46:19,120 Speaker 2: reading great. 852 00:46:19,480 --> 00:46:20,719 Speaker 3: And listening to stuff you should know. 853 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:21,800 Speaker 1: Nice. 854 00:46:22,040 --> 00:46:23,359 Speaker 3: It's a nice three pronged. 855 00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:27,560 Speaker 2: Approach, a little fun, little knowledge, and little goofy knowledge. 856 00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:28,120 Speaker 1: Sure. 857 00:46:28,880 --> 00:46:31,719 Speaker 2: I listened to nearly ten episodes today alone. Wow, it 858 00:46:31,760 --> 00:46:34,600 Speaker 2: will be plenty more rushing through my ear holes. So 859 00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:36,279 Speaker 2: I wanted to say thank you for helping me through 860 00:46:36,280 --> 00:46:39,759 Speaker 2: a worry sometime. I loved the Seattle Show that is 861 00:46:39,760 --> 00:46:43,839 Speaker 2: from Isaac. Isaac, buddy, glad, We're there for you. Hang 862 00:46:43,880 --> 00:46:46,840 Speaker 2: in there, be safe, wash your hands. 863 00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:47,359 Speaker 1: Yeah. 864 00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:49,920 Speaker 2: And the fact that you use the word ear holes 865 00:46:49,960 --> 00:46:51,200 Speaker 2: means that you're the coolest kid. 866 00:46:51,239 --> 00:46:51,440 Speaker 3: I know. 867 00:46:51,719 --> 00:46:54,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, you're pretty cool, Isaac. We appreciate that. I wonder 868 00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:57,120 Speaker 1: what video game he's playing, Chuck, I don't know. 869 00:46:57,200 --> 00:46:59,439 Speaker 2: I just finished Red Dead Redemption and now I'm onto 870 00:46:59,440 --> 00:47:00,960 Speaker 2: a new and I've been gaming a bit lately. 871 00:47:01,440 --> 00:47:03,640 Speaker 1: I heard that Red Dead Redemption is like one of 872 00:47:03,680 --> 00:47:07,160 Speaker 1: the most amazing games ever. But it's just so good 873 00:47:07,239 --> 00:47:12,080 Speaker 1: in highbrow like a Jason Rightman film, that it's it's boring, 874 00:47:12,840 --> 00:47:15,799 Speaker 1: unlike a Jason Rightman film. Have you heard that? 875 00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:18,239 Speaker 3: Well? I played part two. I did not get the 876 00:47:18,280 --> 00:47:19,319 Speaker 3: first one, although I might go. 877 00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:21,200 Speaker 1: I think it was Part two that I'm talking about. 878 00:47:21,520 --> 00:47:22,239 Speaker 3: I enjoyed it. 879 00:47:22,600 --> 00:47:24,920 Speaker 1: Okay, good good. I'm glad to hear that, because I 880 00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,040 Speaker 1: like to think that things that are well done aren't boring. 881 00:47:27,080 --> 00:47:27,279 Speaker 1: You know. 882 00:47:27,560 --> 00:47:30,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, I had to learn to shoot animals, and which 883 00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:32,359 Speaker 2: was not fun, but no, hunting. 884 00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:32,680 Speaker 3: Is a part of it. 885 00:47:33,239 --> 00:47:33,600 Speaker 1: Really. 886 00:47:33,880 --> 00:47:35,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, I never shot up funny though. 887 00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:37,000 Speaker 1: Maybe you had to like put them out of the 888 00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:38,560 Speaker 1: misery or something because they were rabid. 889 00:47:38,719 --> 00:47:41,560 Speaker 3: Oh that too. If you have a you crash your horse, 890 00:47:41,680 --> 00:47:42,920 Speaker 3: you might have to do the right thing. You know 891 00:47:42,920 --> 00:47:43,200 Speaker 3: what I mean? 892 00:47:43,280 --> 00:47:44,640 Speaker 1: Is that right? You have to strangle it. 893 00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:46,759 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's very sad because you get very attached to 894 00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:47,360 Speaker 3: these horses. 895 00:47:47,440 --> 00:47:49,399 Speaker 1: I'll bet. Do you name them? 896 00:47:49,719 --> 00:47:50,000 Speaker 3: Yeah? 897 00:47:50,040 --> 00:47:52,959 Speaker 1: You name them like you'd actually name them for fun 898 00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:54,880 Speaker 1: or like they come with names or they like the 899 00:47:54,920 --> 00:47:56,560 Speaker 1: game makes you name your horse. 900 00:47:56,400 --> 00:47:57,480 Speaker 3: When you go to a stable. 901 00:47:57,600 --> 00:47:59,680 Speaker 2: You can upgrade your horse in a lot of ways 902 00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:01,880 Speaker 2: with the saddles and stuff, and then you can also 903 00:48:02,520 --> 00:48:04,120 Speaker 2: you can also name your horse when you go to 904 00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:06,719 Speaker 2: a stable and type it in and then your horse 905 00:48:06,800 --> 00:48:07,479 Speaker 2: name is up there. 906 00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:09,440 Speaker 1: Did you name any Josh? 907 00:48:09,520 --> 00:48:10,920 Speaker 3: I did not. I feel bad now. 908 00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:12,759 Speaker 2: I had three or four horses, and the name them 909 00:48:12,760 --> 00:48:15,040 Speaker 2: all variations of my wife and daughter's names. 910 00:48:15,080 --> 00:48:17,320 Speaker 3: But oh that's you what, budd It's fine, you'll be next. 911 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:20,680 Speaker 1: I appreciate that. But you'll be like, oh yeah, Josh 912 00:48:20,680 --> 00:48:22,399 Speaker 1: turned lame. I guess I have to put him out 913 00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:23,040 Speaker 1: of his misery. 914 00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:24,720 Speaker 3: Yeah, Josh got run over by a train. 915 00:48:26,640 --> 00:48:28,719 Speaker 1: Let me know how Josh turns out. Okay? And video 916 00:48:28,760 --> 00:48:32,520 Speaker 1: game I will okay. And Isaac thanks again for writing 917 00:48:32,560 --> 00:48:35,440 Speaker 1: in and like Chuck said, stay safe, stay smart, and 918 00:48:35,880 --> 00:48:38,319 Speaker 1: wash your hands and don't panic. Doesn't sound like you are. 919 00:48:38,880 --> 00:48:41,000 Speaker 1: If you're like Isaac and you're hanging out listening to 920 00:48:41,040 --> 00:48:43,200 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know, we want to hear from you. 921 00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:45,800 Speaker 1: You can send us an email, wrap it up, spank 922 00:48:45,840 --> 00:48:47,680 Speaker 1: it on the bottom, and send it off to Stuff 923 00:48:47,719 --> 00:48:51,800 Speaker 1: Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com. 924 00:48:53,320 --> 00:48:55,600 Speaker 3: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. 925 00:48:56,120 --> 00:48:59,279 Speaker 1: For more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 926 00:48:59,440 --> 00:49:02,400 Speaker 1: Apple pod Tests, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 927 00:49:08,640 --> 00:49:08,680 Speaker 1: M