1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:17,920 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This past August, 4 00:00:18,079 --> 00:00:20,920 Speaker 1: as I'm sure our listeners are aware of, the United 5 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: States marked the hundredth anniversary of the ratification of the 6 00:00:24,480 --> 00:00:28,800 Speaker 1: Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution that happened on August eighteenth, 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,440 Speaker 1: ninety and we really just didn't do anything to commemorate 8 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:34,920 Speaker 1: it on the show in any way, because we have 9 00:00:34,960 --> 00:00:39,080 Speaker 1: talked about the Nineteenth Amendment specifically and suffrage more generally 10 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 1: a lot in the past. Plus, the nineteenth Amendment was important, 11 00:00:43,400 --> 00:00:47,360 Speaker 1: but in practice it mainly affected white and relatively affluent women, 12 00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:50,599 Speaker 1: So it just it did not feel as much like 13 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:52,880 Speaker 1: it needs was a story we needed to tell yet again. 14 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: And people also seemed way more conscious of this on 15 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:01,280 Speaker 1: social media this time around, in terms of who the 16 00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:05,199 Speaker 1: nineteenth Amendment actually applied to. In practice, I saw way 17 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:09,399 Speaker 1: more people pointing out other later dates that related to 18 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:12,440 Speaker 1: voting rights for non white women, and in some cases 19 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: this was about citizenship, like Indigenous people were not considered 20 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:20,120 Speaker 1: US citizens until nineteen four, and a lot of Asians 21 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: couldn't become citizens until nineteen fifty two. And then there 22 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: were other dates that were more related to outlawing discrimination, 23 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:30,960 Speaker 1: especially through the Voting Rights Act of nineteen sixty five. 24 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,440 Speaker 1: That's mostly discussed in the context of black Americans, but 25 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:38,280 Speaker 1: it was more broadly framed to outlaw practices that were 26 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:42,000 Speaker 1: meant to deny voting rights to anyone on account of 27 00:01:42,160 --> 00:01:45,800 Speaker 1: race or color. So all of those milestones that people 28 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:49,240 Speaker 1: had been tweeting when they were talking about the nineteenth Amendment, 29 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: those are all familiar to me. But another one that 30 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: caught my eye that wasn't was nineteen seventy five, and 31 00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:57,960 Speaker 1: that's the year that the Voting Rights Act was amended 32 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:01,760 Speaker 1: to include in the words of the amendment language minorities, 33 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:06,200 Speaker 1: and that was defined in this amendment as American Indians, 34 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: Asian Americans, Alaska Natives, and people of Spanish heritage. And 35 00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:13,519 Speaker 1: if one of those populations in a particular area gets 36 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:17,440 Speaker 1: to a certain threshold, then the voting material that's available 37 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 1: in English needs to be available in that language as well. 38 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:24,400 Speaker 1: So the person we're talking about today finally get to 39 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:28,240 Speaker 1: that predates that amendment to the Voting Rights Act, but 40 00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 1: her work was directly tied to this idea. It is 41 00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:34,440 Speaker 1: Nina Otero Warren whose work in the suffrage movement and 42 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: the US was largely focused on people who spoke Spanish. 43 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:41,400 Speaker 1: So Nina Otero Warren was descended from two of the 44 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:45,080 Speaker 1: most prominent Hispanic families in northern New Mexico, so for 45 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:48,760 Speaker 1: that background. By about the year one hundred, this part 46 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:52,080 Speaker 1: of North America was home to ancestral Pueblo ends, whose 47 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:56,079 Speaker 1: descendants include the Pueblo people still living there today. By 48 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: about the thirteenth century, it was also home to Navajo 49 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: and Apache people's When Spain started colonizing the area in 50 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,840 Speaker 1: the sixteenth century, o Tero Warren's ancestors on her mother's side, 51 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:12,360 Speaker 1: the Lunas, were part of multiple expeditions. This started with 52 00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 1: Don Tristan de Luna Ariano de Castillo, who sailed with 53 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:20,040 Speaker 1: her non Cortez in fifteen thirty. The Lunas were also 54 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:23,800 Speaker 1: part of forces that were led by conquistadors Juan Dayonnante 55 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:28,480 Speaker 1: and Francisco Coronado. Diego de Luna and his family were 56 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:31,520 Speaker 1: driven out of the region during the Puebler Revolt of 57 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:34,720 Speaker 1: sixteen eighty, which we covered on the show back in fourteen. 58 00:03:35,320 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: They came back to the area with Diego di Vargus 59 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 1: when he reconquered it in the sixteen nineties, and then 60 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:46,040 Speaker 1: Ottero Warren's father's family, the Otero's. They arrived in New 61 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:50,720 Speaker 1: Spain from Europe in seventeen six. On September six, eight ten, 62 00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: Mexico declared its independence from Spain, starting the Mexican War 63 00:03:55,120 --> 00:03:58,600 Speaker 1: of Independence, which lasted for just over a year. The 64 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: Mexican American War followed just over thirty five years later, 65 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,320 Speaker 1: ending in eighteen forty eight with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 66 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 1: Under this treaty, Mexico ceded a huge amount of land 67 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:12,320 Speaker 1: to the United States, including most of what became the 68 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:16,560 Speaker 1: southwestern US. This included the territory of New Mexico, which 69 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:21,039 Speaker 1: was established in eighteen fifty. This newly formed territory of 70 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:24,279 Speaker 1: New Mexico was home to indigenous people, some of whom 71 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: had been enslaved under the Spanish Empire and then continued 72 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: to be held in bondage in the decades and centuries 73 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: that followed. These people and their descendants were known as 74 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:36,600 Speaker 1: hens Ros. This is a term that was initially used 75 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:39,359 Speaker 1: as a slur, but has been reclaimed by their descendants 76 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: living today. There were also people of both indigenous and 77 00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:46,880 Speaker 1: European ancestry who were known as mestizos, as well as 78 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:51,599 Speaker 1: enslaved and free Africans and their descendants. Slavery was legal 79 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:54,599 Speaker 1: in New Mexico under the Compromise of eighteen fifty, and 80 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: it continued to be so until the U S outlawed 81 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:00,279 Speaker 1: slavery in all of its territories in eighteen sixty two. 82 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:05,760 Speaker 1: New Mexico's elite, including Nino Otero Warren's family, generally described 83 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:10,160 Speaker 1: themselves as Hispanos, focusing on their ancestral ties to Spain 84 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:13,279 Speaker 1: and their famili's presence in the America's dating back to 85 00:05:13,320 --> 00:05:17,120 Speaker 1: before Mexican independence, rather than any connection they might have 86 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: to indigenous or African ancestry or to Mexico. People describing 87 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:25,279 Speaker 1: themselves as Hispanos today might define that in a different 88 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:28,160 Speaker 1: way and much more broadly, though, in terms of things 89 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: like the US Census, people of European ancestry who had 90 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: been born in New Spain or in Mexico were considered 91 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:39,640 Speaker 1: to be white, and Hospano's emphasis on their Spanish heritage 92 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:42,919 Speaker 1: was also reinforcing this idea that they were white, but 93 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:47,159 Speaker 1: in practice, there were nuances within New Mexico's Spanish speaking 94 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:50,799 Speaker 1: community who as a group were also seen as separate 95 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 1: from English speakers or Anglos. For the first few decades 96 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:58,279 Speaker 1: of the territory of New Mexico's existence, the vast majority 97 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: of the population spoke Spannah or an indigenous language. At first, 98 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 1: newly arrived Anglos generally tried to learn Spanish and assimilate 99 00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:10,440 Speaker 1: with the local Spanish speaking culture, but that started to 100 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,599 Speaker 1: shift when railroad lines into the area were finished in 101 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:17,080 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty one, bringing a much larger number of English 102 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:20,919 Speaker 1: speakers to the area much more quickly. That's also the 103 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 1: same year that Nina Otero Warren was born. She was 104 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:30,480 Speaker 1: born Maria Adelina Isabel Amelia Otero on October twenty eight one. 105 00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:34,719 Speaker 1: Her parents were Eloisa Luna and Manuel Basilio Otero, and 106 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:37,560 Speaker 1: she was born on the family hacienda, which was known 107 00:06:37,600 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: as La Constancia I was about twenty miles south of Albuquerque. 108 00:06:42,400 --> 00:06:44,599 Speaker 1: In her childhood and her youth, she went by the 109 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 1: name Adelina. The Lunas and the Otero's were very prominent, 110 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:52,960 Speaker 1: affluent families. Both of Nina's parents had been educated outside 111 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:56,640 Speaker 1: of New Mexico, Eloisa at a private Catholic boarding school 112 00:06:56,680 --> 00:07:00,320 Speaker 1: in New York and Manuel at Georgetown University in wash Shington, 113 00:07:00,360 --> 00:07:04,320 Speaker 1: d c. And at Heidelberg University in Germany. Much of 114 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:07,599 Speaker 1: the family's wealth came from sheep ranching, and they also 115 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:12,160 Speaker 1: owned vineyards and a lot of land. Yet, in addition 116 00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: to these ancestral ties, going back to the initial colonization 117 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:19,040 Speaker 1: of New Spain, like they had a lot of money 118 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: as a family. Nina was the Otero's second child and 119 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: their oldest daughter, and tragedy struck the family before her 120 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: second birthday. Two brothers from Massachusetts, James and Joel Whitney, 121 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:36,560 Speaker 1: had challenged the Otero's claim to some land. Each side 122 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: was claiming that the other were squatters, and the case 123 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: was making its way through the courts. The Whitneys were 124 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:45,280 Speaker 1: staying at a cabin on this contested property. After they 125 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: had evicted one of the Otero's cattle drivers from it, 126 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: Manuel Otero went to the cabin with some other men 127 00:07:51,080 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: to try to talk things through. It seemed like things 128 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:57,360 Speaker 1: were being settled amicably, but for reasons that are not 129 00:07:57,600 --> 00:08:01,040 Speaker 1: entirely clear. James Whitney shot oh Terry Row, sparking a 130 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:04,760 Speaker 1: shootout that killed another man instantly and injured two others, 131 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:09,000 Speaker 1: including James Whitney. Manuel Otero survived long enough to give 132 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:11,240 Speaker 1: a statement to the Justice of the Peace, but he 133 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:16,080 Speaker 1: died shortly thereafter. Whitney was later tried for murder and acquitted. 134 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: There were allegations that he had bribed the judge to 135 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: give the jury instructions that were skewed in his favor. 136 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:26,640 Speaker 1: It really wasn't the first or only land dispute for 137 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 1: the immediate or extended Otero family. Spain had been issuing 138 00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: land grants for centuries before Mexico became independent, and there 139 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:38,320 Speaker 1: were questions about which of those land grants were valid. 140 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: And then, of course, there were also cases in which 141 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:44,960 Speaker 1: the government had granted colonists land that had not actually 142 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,720 Speaker 1: been seated by the indigenous peoples who were living there, 143 00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 1: and also cases in which the same land had been 144 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:54,720 Speaker 1: granted to two different people by two different governing bodies. 145 00:08:55,320 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: Complicating all of this, the US government also didn't really 146 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: recognize grace land as occupied. When disputes went to court, 147 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:07,960 Speaker 1: the courts generally recognized only land that had cultivated crops 148 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:10,959 Speaker 1: or a home or another structure on it as actually 149 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:15,080 Speaker 1: in use. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United 150 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: States had agreed to recognize indigenous landholdings and allow indigenous 151 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:23,800 Speaker 1: peoples to retain their language, culture, and customs, but in general, 152 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:27,120 Speaker 1: courts found in favor of Anglos more often than Hispanics 153 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: or Indigenous people in these disputes. When Manuel Otaro was 154 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:35,040 Speaker 1: killed in eighteen eighty three, Nina's mother was nineteen and 155 00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:38,560 Speaker 1: she was pregnant with her third child. The following summer, 156 00:09:38,600 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 1: she went to Philadelphia to look for an English speaking 157 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:44,520 Speaker 1: governess so that her children could grow up fluent in 158 00:09:44,559 --> 00:09:47,160 Speaker 1: both English and Spanish and be more able to move 159 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:51,000 Speaker 1: in both Hispanic and Anglo circles. She hired twenty four 160 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:54,319 Speaker 1: year old Mary Elizabeth Doyle, who was Irish. The family 161 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,679 Speaker 1: knew her as Teta, and she worked and lived with 162 00:09:56,720 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 1: them until her death in ninety seven. In eighteen eighty six, 163 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:04,040 Speaker 1: Nina's mother remarried to Alfred Maurice Berg Are known as 164 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,240 Speaker 1: a m He was born in Liverpool to parents who 165 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 1: had come from Italy but were of both French and 166 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: Jewish ancestry. The Lunas had some Jewish ancestry as well, 167 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:15,840 Speaker 1: although it's not as clear if it was known to 168 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:19,359 Speaker 1: the family at the time. They likely converted to Christianity 169 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:23,079 Speaker 1: during the Spanish Inquisition. Eloisa and a m had another 170 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:27,360 Speaker 1: twelve children together, nine of whom survived infancy, and as 171 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:31,320 Speaker 1: the oldest daughter of this family, Nina was expected to 172 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,760 Speaker 1: take a lot of responsibility with her younger siblings, and 173 00:10:34,840 --> 00:10:45,280 Speaker 1: we'll get to that after a sponsor break. Nina Otero's 174 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:48,800 Speaker 1: mother and stepfather wanted their children to be educated, so 175 00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 1: Nina studied with private tutors before being enrolled in St. 176 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:55,959 Speaker 1: Vincent's Academy in Albuquerque. When she was eleven, she went 177 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: to Maryville College of the Sacred Heart, which was now 178 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:02,520 Speaker 1: Maryville University and Say Louis, Missouri. At the time, this 179 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: was essentially a Catholic finishing school for affluent young ladies, 180 00:11:06,440 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 1: and Nina returned home from there when she was thirteen. 181 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: Nina lived under a clear set of social expectations. She 182 00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:16,160 Speaker 1: had a duty to help keep the family home and 183 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:19,480 Speaker 1: raise her younger siblings, and one day she would marry 184 00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:22,560 Speaker 1: and have children in a household of her own, but 185 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:26,080 Speaker 1: living on a hacienda also afforded her some freedom. She 186 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,280 Speaker 1: grew into an independently minded young woman, taking part in 187 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:32,319 Speaker 1: ranch life and helping to inspect the property on horseback. 188 00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:35,280 Speaker 1: She also got some of her male relatives to teach 189 00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:38,480 Speaker 1: her how to shoot. When she was sixteen, President William 190 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,920 Speaker 1: McKinley appointed Miguel Antonio Otero the Second as the territorial 191 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:46,360 Speaker 1: governor of New Mexico. Miguel Otero was one of the 192 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:49,720 Speaker 1: Otero's cousins, and he appointed Nina's stepfather to be a 193 00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:53,040 Speaker 1: judicial clerk, so the family relocated to the capital of 194 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:56,439 Speaker 1: Santa Fe. Santa Fe was also home to a growing 195 00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:01,240 Speaker 1: society of mostly Anglo artists, writers, and crafts people. Within 196 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:05,839 Speaker 1: this community, Nina was soon regarded as witty, intelligent, respectable, 197 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:10,400 Speaker 1: and accomplished. She was also increasingly interested in social causes, 198 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:12,720 Speaker 1: something that had been part of her school instruction at 199 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:16,679 Speaker 1: Maryville College of the Sacred Heart. She was also following 200 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:20,560 Speaker 1: her mother's example in this Eloisa was especially active in 201 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:24,520 Speaker 1: causes related to education during these years. As Nina was 202 00:12:24,559 --> 00:12:27,840 Speaker 1: growing up, the attitudes of the New Mexican Hispano elite 203 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:33,439 Speaker 1: were shifting, connected to an ongoing effort to pursue statehood. Outsiders, 204 00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: especially viewed New Mexico is pretty backward and there was 205 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:41,280 Speaker 1: a lot of stigma around speaking Spanish, so, especially in cities, 206 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,000 Speaker 1: more people started building Victorian style homes, using brick rather 207 00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:50,000 Speaker 1: than Adobe, and speaking English rather than Spanish. But at 208 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:52,679 Speaker 1: the same time, there were more and more Anglo newcomers 209 00:12:52,720 --> 00:12:56,559 Speaker 1: moving into the area, thanks in part too aggressive advertising 210 00:12:56,559 --> 00:13:00,520 Speaker 1: by railroad lines, so the Spanish language and Spanish and 211 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:05,239 Speaker 1: Mexican culture were becoming less prevalent and less respected, especially 212 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:09,920 Speaker 1: in more urban areas. Intermarriages between Hispanic and Anglo people 213 00:13:09,960 --> 00:13:13,559 Speaker 1: were common and widely accepted during all of this, applying 214 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: not just to Nina's mother but also to Nina herself. 215 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:19,720 Speaker 1: When she was twenty six, she met Lieutenant ross and 216 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,839 Speaker 1: d Warren of the fifth U. S. Cavalry. They got 217 00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:26,199 Speaker 1: married on June night, and she went back with him 218 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: to Fort Wingate, where he was stationed. A news article 219 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: covering her wedding described her as quote very popular, very bright, charming, 220 00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:39,920 Speaker 1: finely educated and attractive, endowed with many graces of the heart, mind, 221 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:42,800 Speaker 1: and body, the descendant of one of the oldest and 222 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:47,080 Speaker 1: best families in New Mexico. Marriage was not a happy 223 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:50,120 Speaker 1: one though, and within two years they had divorced and 224 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:53,679 Speaker 1: Nina had returned to Santa Fe. She didn't leave any 225 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:57,199 Speaker 1: kind of personal documents about her feelings and all of this, 226 00:13:57,320 --> 00:13:59,679 Speaker 1: but it does seem like she just didn't enjoy the 227 00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 1: risk frictions of being an officer's wife. She flouted some 228 00:14:03,679 --> 00:14:06,439 Speaker 1: of the conventions that she was supposed to help uphold, 229 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:09,400 Speaker 1: like dancing with a private when she was only supposed 230 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:13,800 Speaker 1: to be socializing with officers and their wives. Also, Ross 231 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 1: And apparently had a common law wife in the Philippines 232 00:14:17,120 --> 00:14:19,880 Speaker 1: from when he had served there during the Spanish American War, 233 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:24,840 Speaker 1: and to Nina, this was biggamy. However, divorce was flatly 234 00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:29,000 Speaker 1: unacceptable from both the social and a religious perspective, so 235 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:33,200 Speaker 1: even though her ex husband lived until nine, Nina told 236 00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,560 Speaker 1: people she was a widow. She used her hyphenated surname 237 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,360 Speaker 1: for the rest of her life. Adding Warren to her 238 00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:42,360 Speaker 1: surname disguised her divorce and it gave her an added 239 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:46,320 Speaker 1: degree of respectability among Anglos, but it could also raise 240 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:51,320 Speaker 1: suspicion among Hispanics. Occasionally, she dropped the use of Warren 241 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: to stress her Hispano heritage. Including when she published books 242 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 1: and articles about Spanish culture in New Mexico. Yeah, her, 243 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:01,280 Speaker 1: her name she used socially was pretty much a Taro 244 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 1: Warren for the rest of her life. Um, but sometimes 245 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:07,480 Speaker 1: we'll see bylines that have the Warren part omitted. In 246 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:11,440 Speaker 1: nineteen ten, the Otero Bregaire family bought and expanded a 247 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:15,480 Speaker 1: home in Santa Fe to accommodate their growing family. This 248 00:15:15,640 --> 00:15:19,120 Speaker 1: was on unseated land belonging to the Tewa people, and 249 00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:22,240 Speaker 1: it still stands today as home to the Georgia O'Keeffe 250 00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:26,840 Speaker 1: Museum's library and archives. That same year, Nina convinced her 251 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: mother to set up trusts for her and her unmarried sisters, 252 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:35,080 Speaker 1: including the youngest, Isabel, who had an intellectual disability. Nina 253 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:39,360 Speaker 1: had realized that territorial law really limited women's property rights, 254 00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,480 Speaker 1: especially after they got married, and she didn't want any 255 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:44,720 Speaker 1: of them to have to rely on the goodwill of 256 00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:49,040 Speaker 1: men to survive. In nineteen twelve, New Mexico became a state, 257 00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:52,200 Speaker 1: and that year Otara Warren moved to New York City 258 00:15:52,280 --> 00:15:54,880 Speaker 1: to keep house for her brother, Luna Brajaire while he 259 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:58,440 Speaker 1: studied at Columbia University. While living in New York. She 260 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:01,200 Speaker 1: volunteered at a settlement how was run by Anne Morgan, 261 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: the daughter of JP Morgan. But then in en Tera, 262 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: Warren's mother died at the age of fifty. As the 263 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:12,080 Speaker 1: oldest daughter, it was Nina's duty to take up the 264 00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:14,800 Speaker 1: role of family matriarchs, so she went back home to 265 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: New Mexico. One of her sisters, Anita, had been in 266 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:21,880 Speaker 1: the final steps of joining a convent when their mother died. 267 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:25,480 Speaker 1: Anita put her religious vocation aside and she went back 268 00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:28,680 Speaker 1: home as well. Beyond their grief over the loss of 269 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:32,960 Speaker 1: their mother, this seems to have been difficult for everybody involved. 270 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:36,600 Speaker 1: Nina inherited the Luna family lands, but she was not 271 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 1: particularly interested in the day to day running of the 272 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:43,360 Speaker 1: household or caring for her siblings. The youngest was Joe 273 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,240 Speaker 1: age eight, and most of the daughters were still living 274 00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:49,720 Speaker 1: at home. All of this work mostly fell to Anita, 275 00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:52,360 Speaker 1: who was really doing this out of a sense of obligation, 276 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,720 Speaker 1: and she later described it as ruining her life. Nina 277 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,240 Speaker 1: was also strict and had very strong opinions about her 278 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:04,520 Speaker 1: siblings romantic partners and whether they were good enough to marry. 279 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:07,240 Speaker 1: This was something that led to tensions and riffs within 280 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 1: the family. Nina also made decisions about things like whether 281 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,480 Speaker 1: to sell property and how to handle finances, sometimes without 282 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:17,520 Speaker 1: really consulting anybody else, and that led to some frustrations 283 00:17:17,560 --> 00:17:21,040 Speaker 1: and animosity when people disagreed with what she had done. 284 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:24,440 Speaker 1: As the family was still adjusting to all of this, 285 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:28,000 Speaker 1: Nina o Tera Warren became involved in the suffrage movement, 286 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: something that really did not have a huge presence in 287 00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,600 Speaker 1: New Mexico at the time. When New Mexico became a state, 288 00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:36,840 Speaker 1: it was the only one in the Western US that 289 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:39,600 Speaker 1: didn't give women the right to vote, and the state 290 00:17:39,640 --> 00:17:43,320 Speaker 1: constitution made it really hard to change that, requiring a 291 00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,720 Speaker 1: vote to pass by three quarters of both houses and 292 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 1: two thirds of every county. Suffrage bills that were introduced 293 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:54,760 Speaker 1: in the legislature repeatedly failed. Attempts to combine a movement 294 00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 1: for suffrage with one for prohibition also failed. Casual drinking 295 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:02,520 Speaker 1: was an accepted part of everyday life, particularly in affluent 296 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,199 Speaker 1: Catholic families. For her part, oh Tera Warren took what 297 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,240 Speaker 1: she called a drinking basket with her anytime she had 298 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:11,840 Speaker 1: to take a long trip by train. I'm going to 299 00:18:11,880 --> 00:18:16,520 Speaker 1: adopt this practice. Also, women could be appointed to office 300 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:19,639 Speaker 1: in New Mexico, but could only hold elected offices that 301 00:18:19,680 --> 00:18:22,880 Speaker 1: were related to things like education. I tried to find 302 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:25,000 Speaker 1: a little more detail about exactly what was in this 303 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:29,479 Speaker 1: drinking basket, and I failed, imagining it is like a 304 00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:33,800 Speaker 1: picnic basket, but with spirits involved, which might also be 305 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:38,760 Speaker 1: in your picnic basket. Right, yeah, I'm I don't know 306 00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:43,439 Speaker 1: if you've ever seen those little tin kind of craft kits, 307 00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:45,080 Speaker 1: so you can take them on your plane and do 308 00:18:45,119 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 1: your mixed drink with them. I just did envision a 309 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 1: bigger version of that. So, in general, there really was 310 00:18:52,119 --> 00:18:55,120 Speaker 1: a lot of resistance to the idea of votes for 311 00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:57,560 Speaker 1: women in New Mexico. There was just a lot going 312 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,800 Speaker 1: on in terms of culture and religion. This was especially 313 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:04,600 Speaker 1: true among Spanish speakers. So in the late nineteen teens, 314 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:08,600 Speaker 1: Alice paul sent Ella st. Clair Thompson, who spoke some Spanish, 315 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:11,920 Speaker 1: to New Mexico to try to organize, and after working 316 00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:16,520 Speaker 1: with several Hispanic women directly, including Otaro Warren, Thompson asked 317 00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:18,960 Speaker 1: her to lead up the New Mexico chapter of the 318 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:22,879 Speaker 1: Congressional Union, which later became the National Woman's Party. OH 319 00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: Tara Warren did extensive work, especially among Spanish speakers, to 320 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:31,560 Speaker 1: rally support for women's suffrage, including making sure suffrage materials 321 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: were printed in both English and Spanish. Although there were 322 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:39,600 Speaker 1: Indigenous people involved in the suffrage movement, including people advocating 323 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:42,600 Speaker 1: for both suffrage and dual citizenship with the US and 324 00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:46,680 Speaker 1: Indigenous nations, o Tera Warren's approach was really about outreach 325 00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:51,040 Speaker 1: to the Spanish speaking community. Tera Warren's political and community 326 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:53,880 Speaker 1: work also went beyond the suffrage movement, and we will 327 00:19:53,920 --> 00:20:04,679 Speaker 1: get to that after a sponsor break. In nineteen seventeen, 328 00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:08,680 Speaker 1: Nina o Tero Lawren was appointed superintendent of public schools 329 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:12,600 Speaker 1: in Santa Fe County, New Mexico. The position became elective 330 00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighteen, and at that point she was elected 331 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,800 Speaker 1: and then re elected, defeating male candidates to do so. 332 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:21,959 Speaker 1: She was thirty seven. This made her the youngest school 333 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,800 Speaker 1: superintendent in the state at the time, and in that 334 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:29,040 Speaker 1: role she pushed for raising teacher pay, restoring and rebuilding 335 00:20:29,119 --> 00:20:32,240 Speaker 1: schools that were in disrepair, and increasing the length of 336 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,920 Speaker 1: the school year to nine months. Really varied from place 337 00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:37,960 Speaker 1: to place, and there were some places where the school 338 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:42,119 Speaker 1: year was as short as three months, largely because children 339 00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:45,719 Speaker 1: were needed to work on family farms in more rural areas. 340 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:49,000 Speaker 1: She also wanted the government to put more money into education, 341 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:54,000 Speaker 1: including paying off school's debts. She also advocated teaching to 342 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:58,960 Speaker 1: use her framing traditional Spanish culture, arts, and crafts, particularly 343 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:04,200 Speaker 1: in rural, predominantly Spanish speaking areas. The influx of Anglo newcomers, 344 00:21:04,320 --> 00:21:08,600 Speaker 1: industrialization and commercialization had eroded the quality of life in 345 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:11,520 Speaker 1: many rural areas, and people that had been living in 346 00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: self sustaining communities were instead having to find work as 347 00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:19,600 Speaker 1: migrant farm workers or service workers. Oh Tera. Warren thought 348 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:23,480 Speaker 1: that professional instruction in traditional crafts could give these students 349 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:27,160 Speaker 1: a vocation for later in life, while also preserving Spanish 350 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:30,720 Speaker 1: culture and arts. This really did not go so far 351 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:35,240 Speaker 1: at the time as advocating that students be taught in Spanish, though, 352 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: as New Mexico had been pursuing statehood, the federal government 353 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:43,720 Speaker 1: had passed a law that required New Mexico's public schools 354 00:21:43,720 --> 00:21:48,040 Speaker 1: to be taught only in English. Arizona's statehood was also 355 00:21:48,119 --> 00:21:50,320 Speaker 1: connected to all this, but it's outside the scope of 356 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,920 Speaker 1: what we're talking about today. In response to that federal law, 357 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:59,119 Speaker 1: New Mexico's state constitution included several protections for Spanish speakers, 358 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:02,439 Speaker 1: including a provision for training teachers in Spanish so that 359 00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:06,680 Speaker 1: they could teach Spanish speaking students. So, as public school 360 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: superintendent o Tero, Warren was trying to uphold the federal 361 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:14,520 Speaker 1: government's policy of English only education while also trying to 362 00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:18,920 Speaker 1: protect the school system Spanish speaking students, discouraging them from 363 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:22,679 Speaker 1: speaking Spanish while also discouraging schools from punishing them for 364 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:26,440 Speaker 1: doing so. In her words, quote, it is to our 365 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: best interests that we become educated according to the standards 366 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:33,680 Speaker 1: of the nation. It has for us, it's distinct advantages, 367 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:38,120 Speaker 1: it's definite protection. Yeah, she really, in a lot of 368 00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:41,280 Speaker 1: cases in her life and work was sort of trying 369 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: to walk a very fine line between the Anglo and 370 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:48,639 Speaker 1: the Hispanic communities. Um and like she evolved in some 371 00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:50,199 Speaker 1: of us which we're going to talk about later, but 372 00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:52,159 Speaker 1: this was a case where it really seems like she 373 00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: was trying to do her best to serve all of 374 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:58,840 Speaker 1: the interests that were placed on her. In addition to 375 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:02,200 Speaker 1: her work and the stuff Ridge movement, and as school superintendent. 376 00:23:02,520 --> 00:23:05,359 Speaker 1: After the US entered World War One, Otara Warren was 377 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:08,600 Speaker 1: appointed as her district's chair of the Woman's Auxiliary of 378 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:11,639 Speaker 1: the State Council of Defense, which later became the Women's 379 00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:15,320 Speaker 1: Committee of the National Council of Defense. That in nineteen seventeen, 380 00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:18,240 Speaker 1: she was appointed chair of the State Board of Public Health. 381 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: In nineteen nineteen, Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 382 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,960 Speaker 1: and Otara Warren shifted the focus of her suffrage work 383 00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:28,960 Speaker 1: from changing the law in New Mexico to getting the 384 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,199 Speaker 1: state to ratify the amendment, something that would only be 385 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:36,440 Speaker 1: possible with support from the Spanish speaking community. She also 386 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,960 Speaker 1: stressed the importance of Spanish speakers exercising their right to 387 00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:42,840 Speaker 1: vote so they could get people into office who would 388 00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:46,840 Speaker 1: represent them and protect their interests. Even so, the Nineteenth 389 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:50,080 Speaker 1: Amendment faced a lot of opposition in New Mexico, and 390 00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:53,400 Speaker 1: the first attempts to ratify it failed. It was finally 391 00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,840 Speaker 1: ratified by the state on February twenty one, nineteen twenty 392 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:59,639 Speaker 1: making it the thirty second out of thirty six states 393 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: that were necessary for full ratification. That same year, a 394 00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: Tero Warren met Mami Metters, who had been born in 395 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,120 Speaker 1: Arkansas and had come to New Mexico seeking treatment for tuberculosis, 396 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 1: and a lot of ways these two women were opposites. 397 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:17,200 Speaker 1: Nina was far more outgoing, she loved going to parties, 398 00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 1: and she had really extensive social and political connections. Mamie 399 00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:24,720 Speaker 1: was a lot more reserved than maybe a little socially awkward. 400 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: But the two of them became inseparable, and they were 401 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,560 Speaker 1: nicknamed Las dos or the two by the people who 402 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:35,360 Speaker 1: knew them. In one New Mexico, Senator Home Bursum introduced 403 00:24:35,359 --> 00:24:38,679 Speaker 1: a bill into Congress that would have allowed non indigenous 404 00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:41,840 Speaker 1: people to claim Pueblo land if they could prove they 405 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:44,000 Speaker 1: had been living on it for at least ten years. 406 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,359 Speaker 1: That would have been devastating for Pueblo communities. This bill 407 00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:53,720 Speaker 1: was ultimately defeated in Nix following intense advocacy by indigenous people, 408 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:57,399 Speaker 1: including nineteen of the Pueblos U nineing to send a 409 00:24:57,480 --> 00:25:01,920 Speaker 1: delegation to Washington. D c oh Tara Warren had advocated 410 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:04,440 Speaker 1: for at least some kind of compromise with this bill. 411 00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:07,520 Speaker 1: In her mind, the burst and Bill had the potential 412 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:10,640 Speaker 1: to protect Hispanics from losing land that they had been 413 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:15,720 Speaker 1: living and working on. Two Anglos, also in New Mexico 414 00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:19,200 Speaker 1: passed an amendment that allowed women to hold elected office 415 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:23,239 Speaker 1: beyond positions that were related to things like education, and 416 00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:26,240 Speaker 1: with that, Tera Warren decided it was time to move up, 417 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:28,560 Speaker 1: and she ran as a Republican for the U S 418 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,639 Speaker 1: House of Representatives. Oh Tera Warren faced a lot of 419 00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:37,520 Speaker 1: criticism and derision during this campaign, including repeated suggestions that 420 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:40,480 Speaker 1: her running for office was some kind of cute novelty 421 00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:44,840 Speaker 1: because of her gender. Her platform included a focus on education, 422 00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:49,960 Speaker 1: labor rights, tariffs to protect sheep and cattle ranchers, Hispanic 423 00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:53,359 Speaker 1: land rights, and the enforcement of prohibition, which at this point, 424 00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:56,600 Speaker 1: in spite of that drinking basket that we previously talked about, 425 00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 1: that was the law of the land and she was 426 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,680 Speaker 1: sort of reluctantly supporting it. In the primary, she defeated 427 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,320 Speaker 1: the incumbent Nestor Montoya by our ratio of almost four 428 00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:12,439 Speaker 1: to one. General election was another story, though late in 429 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,840 Speaker 1: her campaign, her cousin, Miguel Tero, the one who had 430 00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: previously been territorial governor, publicly revealed that she was really 431 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:24,440 Speaker 1: divorced and not widowed. As part of her campaign, o 432 00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:28,200 Speaker 1: Tero Warren had emphasized her family's political history and its 433 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:32,480 Speaker 1: involvement in the colonization of New Mexico going back to Cortes, 434 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:35,920 Speaker 1: and her cousin apparently felt slighted that she had not 435 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,959 Speaker 1: included him in the roster. Tara Warren lost to her 436 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: opponent John R. Morrow by more than nine thousand votes 437 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:47,679 Speaker 1: are about nine percent, and it's not entirely clear how 438 00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:51,200 Speaker 1: much of this revelation of her divorce influenced the vote. 439 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:54,879 Speaker 1: It was definitely a topic of discussion, but Democrats also 440 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:58,800 Speaker 1: swept the entire state in this election. Yeah, it doesn't 441 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:02,360 Speaker 1: seem like she probably had a huge chance anyway, but yeah, 442 00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:06,399 Speaker 1: it could not have helped, that's for sure. Ine oh 443 00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:09,679 Speaker 1: Tero Warren was appointed to be Santa Fe County's Inspector 444 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:13,200 Speaker 1: of Indian Schools, becoming the first woman to be appointed 445 00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:16,520 Speaker 1: to the position. She inspected the schools in the area 446 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,639 Speaker 1: and found the conditions to be appalling. She made a 447 00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:23,680 Speaker 1: series of recommendations about hygiene and safety, everything from having 448 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:26,720 Speaker 1: a secure place to put used towels in the washrooms 449 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,400 Speaker 1: so they would not be reused among students, to burning 450 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:33,159 Speaker 1: all of the mattresses in the boys dormitory at Santa 451 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:36,080 Speaker 1: Fe Indian School because they were in such horrible condition, 452 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:40,080 Speaker 1: and then replacing them with army cots. Otaro Warren was 453 00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:44,000 Speaker 1: also really critical of the boarding school system itself. That 454 00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:48,000 Speaker 1: system had been established to force Indigenous children to assimilate 455 00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: with white culture and to separate them from their own cultures. 456 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:55,000 Speaker 1: We have covered that in a previous two parter on 457 00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:59,400 Speaker 1: Fort Shaw Indian School and specifically their girls basketball team. 458 00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,720 Speaker 1: Otaro Warren wrote of this boarding school system quote, the 459 00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,959 Speaker 1: Indian child trained in modern schools has little in common 460 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,399 Speaker 1: with his parents. When he finishes, he must be taught 461 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:11,720 Speaker 1: to appreciate the history and traditions of his own race, 462 00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:15,600 Speaker 1: and thus inspired to continue the native arts of his 463 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:19,000 Speaker 1: own people, as well as acquire a new type of learning. 464 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,119 Speaker 1: When he finishes school, he should feel closer to his 465 00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: own people and desire to help them. Leaders and teachers 466 00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:28,760 Speaker 1: should be developed from their own race. There were some 467 00:28:28,880 --> 00:28:32,639 Speaker 1: similarities between Otaro Warren's approach to the boarding schools and 468 00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:37,040 Speaker 1: her approach to Spanish speaking communities as school superintendent. She 469 00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:40,440 Speaker 1: agreed with the prevailing view that both Indigenous and Hispanic 470 00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:43,640 Speaker 1: children needed to learn English and to at least some 471 00:28:43,760 --> 00:28:47,280 Speaker 1: degree to assimilate with the Anglo world, but she also 472 00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: thought that their languages, cultures, and traditions should be taught 473 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:54,080 Speaker 1: and preserved. At the same time, though her work as 474 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:58,120 Speaker 1: inspector could be pretty paternalistic. For example, like a lot 475 00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: of other people, she put a big focus on the 476 00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:04,560 Speaker 1: idea of needing to teach hygiene to indigenous women. And 477 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:08,440 Speaker 1: in all of this, she also really romanticized Spain's colonization 478 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,880 Speaker 1: of the Southwest and the Spanish Empire's treatment of indigenous 479 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:15,160 Speaker 1: people's in the area. Like she really seems to have 480 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:19,720 Speaker 1: understood that Hispanic people living when she was were basically 481 00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:22,840 Speaker 1: being colonized by Anglos who were coming into the area, 482 00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:25,920 Speaker 1: but like she'd never seems to have quite made the 483 00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:29,280 Speaker 1: connection that her ancestors did the same thing to the 484 00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:31,880 Speaker 1: indigenous people who had already been living in the area. 485 00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:35,960 Speaker 1: All of that said, though her criticisms of the boarding 486 00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:39,240 Speaker 1: school system were not particularly popular to her bosses, and 487 00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:41,760 Speaker 1: she was in this position for less than two years. 488 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,959 Speaker 1: In seven, O Tera Warren got into a dispute with 489 00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:50,640 Speaker 1: state school superintendent Lois randolph O. Tero Warren had started 490 00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:53,640 Speaker 1: working as the local sales rep for a textbook publisher, 491 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:56,720 Speaker 1: which violated a school code that had been passed in 492 00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 1: Although the school bore ultimately exonerated her, she decided not 493 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:07,080 Speaker 1: to run for re election. Afterward. She didn't stop advocating 494 00:30:07,080 --> 00:30:10,040 Speaker 1: for Spanish speaking students, though, and she became more of 495 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:14,800 Speaker 1: an advocate for bilingual education instead of focusing on teaching English. 496 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,800 Speaker 1: This included applying for a grant from the Laura Spelman 497 00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:21,600 Speaker 1: Rockefeller Foundation, and her letter for this read, in part, quote, 498 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:24,360 Speaker 1: the Spanish American has met the fate of all small 499 00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:27,600 Speaker 1: colonial groups. Namely, he has suffered from the inability to 500 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:31,680 Speaker 1: compete economically or industrially with the overwhelming odds of the 501 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:36,600 Speaker 1: standardized commercialism of this country. And an effort to preserve 502 00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:39,840 Speaker 1: the Spanish American people and their culture. I feel this 503 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:44,080 Speaker 1: can be best accomplished through education. She went on to 504 00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:47,479 Speaker 1: say that quote the standardized methods adopted from the English 505 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:51,600 Speaker 1: speaking schools, to a large extent, have discouraged and subordinated 506 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:54,800 Speaker 1: every semblance of Spanish culture in the educational life of 507 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:58,600 Speaker 1: the Spanish speaking native people. Oh Tera Warren had always 508 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:01,880 Speaker 1: kept herself very busy, and after her tenure as school 509 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:06,720 Speaker 1: superintendent was over, she looked for another challenge. This time homesteading. 510 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:10,880 Speaker 1: On March seventeenth, nineteen thirty she and Maymi Metters each 511 00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:14,800 Speaker 1: filed homestead applications on adjoining parcels that totaled more than 512 00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:18,240 Speaker 1: twelve hundred acres about fifteen miles outside of Santa Fe. 513 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:21,480 Speaker 1: To finalize their claim on the land, they had to 514 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:23,560 Speaker 1: live there for at least five months of the year 515 00:31:23,640 --> 00:31:28,320 Speaker 1: for four years, fence the property, irrigated, and build homes. 516 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:32,240 Speaker 1: Tero Warren also spent some of those years writing a book, 517 00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:36,080 Speaker 1: This was Old Spain in Our Southwest, which was published 518 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:39,840 Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty six. She wanted to document the society 519 00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:42,400 Speaker 1: she had grown up in, one that she saw is 520 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:46,960 Speaker 1: disappearing through assimilation with Anglo culture, and the resulting book 521 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:50,000 Speaker 1: is both a romanticized look at life on a New 522 00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:54,520 Speaker 1: Mexican hacienda, including local folklore, and then also a testament 523 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:57,720 Speaker 1: to a culture that had been lost in what amounted 524 00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:00,200 Speaker 1: to a second wave of colonization in New Mexican Coo. 525 00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:04,640 Speaker 1: On September six, nineteen thirty five, the Lost Dose Homestead 526 00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:09,040 Speaker 1: officially belonged to Nina Otero Warren and Mami Metters. It 527 00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:12,080 Speaker 1: became a retreat both for family and for friends who 528 00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:15,920 Speaker 1: came for weekend visits or even longer. By that point, 529 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:19,600 Speaker 1: o Tera Warren had also helped Cleophas Haremo found the 530 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:23,240 Speaker 1: Sociedad Fotorico de Santa Fe, which was meant to help 531 00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:26,960 Speaker 1: preserve the Spanish language and Hispanic folk traditions in New Mexico, 532 00:32:27,480 --> 00:32:30,760 Speaker 1: as well as trying to dispel negative stereotypes and to 533 00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:34,480 Speaker 1: offer training in arts and crafts. That year, she also 534 00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:38,720 Speaker 1: became the literacy director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, where 535 00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:43,160 Speaker 1: she focused on bilingual literacy education. In nineteen thirty six, 536 00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:45,920 Speaker 1: the College of the Sacred Heart awarded her an honorary 537 00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:49,080 Speaker 1: back laureate, and in nineteen thirty seven she became Supervisor 538 00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:53,600 Speaker 1: of Literacy Education for the Works Progress Administration. In nineteen 539 00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:57,440 Speaker 1: thirty nine, o Tera Warren's stepfather, a Ambergaier, died, leaving 540 00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:01,160 Speaker 1: her essentially as the head of the household. By this point, 541 00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: two of her sisters and the family's former governess were 542 00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:07,800 Speaker 1: still living in the family home. In nineteen forty one, 543 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:10,360 Speaker 1: Ottera Warren's work with the w P a to cur 544 00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:12,880 Speaker 1: To Puerto Rico, where she was the director of the 545 00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:16,920 Speaker 1: Work Conference for Adult teachers. That same year, New Mexico 546 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,400 Speaker 1: passed a law requiring schools that met a certain size 547 00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:24,200 Speaker 1: requirement to teach Spanish in grades five through eight. This 548 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,440 Speaker 1: was really a huge deal, since before this point Spanish 549 00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:29,840 Speaker 1: could only be taught in high school, and a lot 550 00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:33,920 Speaker 1: of Spanish speaking students were leaving school before that. By 551 00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:37,080 Speaker 1: that point, Otara Warren had shifted totally away from the 552 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:40,080 Speaker 1: idea that students in New Mexico should be taught only 553 00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:43,640 Speaker 1: in English, calling the teaching of Spanish and elementary school 554 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 1: both desirable and necessary. She expressed her hope that soon 555 00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:52,200 Speaker 1: Spanish should be taught even earlier. Other laws regarding bilingual 556 00:33:52,360 --> 00:33:56,280 Speaker 1: education in New Mexico followed from there, including the Bilingual 557 00:33:56,320 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: Multicultural Education Act of nineteen seventy three. In ninety seven, 558 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:04,600 Speaker 1: when Nina was sixty five, she and Mamie established a 559 00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:07,720 Speaker 1: real estate and insurance company, which they called Los Dos, 560 00:34:08,120 --> 00:34:11,680 Speaker 1: with Nina's widespread social and political network helping them to 561 00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:16,840 Speaker 1: get clients. Oh Tera Warren particularly enjoyed selling big houses. 562 00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:19,759 Speaker 1: She also loved riding at the head of the hysterical 563 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:23,080 Speaker 1: parade at the Santa Fe Fiesta each September, along with 564 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:26,600 Speaker 1: poet and translator Witter Binner. The two of them became 565 00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:29,200 Speaker 1: a fixture of the parade over the disapproval of some 566 00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:33,440 Speaker 1: of O Tero Warren's family, who objected to Binner's homosexuality. 567 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,600 Speaker 1: That parade is still held today. It is also called 568 00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:41,439 Speaker 1: the Historical Hysterical Parade. Mammi Matters died on August tenth 569 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:43,840 Speaker 1: of nineteen fifty one at the age of sixty four. 570 00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:47,200 Speaker 1: She left Nina Oliver property at the homestead and the 571 00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:49,799 Speaker 1: option to buy out her half of the property that 572 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:54,400 Speaker 1: they had owned together. Nina maintained the Lost Dose business afterward, 573 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:56,960 Speaker 1: although she did seem to slow down, and she eventually 574 00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:01,640 Speaker 1: hired an assistant. Oh Tera Warren experience against several embolisms 575 00:35:01,640 --> 00:35:04,560 Speaker 1: in her later years, possibly connected to her having been 576 00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:07,520 Speaker 1: a smoker for most of her life. She died on 577 00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:10,360 Speaker 1: January third, nineteen sixty five, at the family home in 578 00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,960 Speaker 1: Santa Fe. Her death was sudden. She had told her 579 00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:17,520 Speaker 1: sister Anita that she didn't feel well, and Anita brought 580 00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:20,799 Speaker 1: her some brandy at her request. After drinking it, Nina 581 00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:25,239 Speaker 1: o Tero Warren collapsed and died. She had two rosary services, 582 00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,839 Speaker 1: one in English and one in Spanish. Nino o Tero 583 00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:33,920 Speaker 1: Warren's focus on Spanish language school instruction and bilingual education, 584 00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:37,839 Speaker 1: and on voting access for Spanish speakers continues to be 585 00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:41,160 Speaker 1: a big part of life in New Mexico today. According 586 00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:44,520 Speaker 1: to the US Census Bureau, almost half the population of 587 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:48,360 Speaker 1: New Mexico identifies as Hispanic, and more than a third 588 00:35:48,440 --> 00:35:51,840 Speaker 1: of the state's population speaks a language other than English 589 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:56,320 Speaker 1: at home. In nine New Mexico passed an English plus 590 00:35:56,360 --> 00:35:59,839 Speaker 1: resolution which read, in part quote proficiency on the part 591 00:35:59,840 --> 00:36:02,600 Speaker 1: of our citizens and more than one language as to 592 00:36:02,680 --> 00:36:06,600 Speaker 1: the economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation. 593 00:36:07,040 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: Whether that proficiency derives from second language study by English 594 00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:15,600 Speaker 1: speakers or from home language maintenance plus English acquisition by 595 00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:19,600 Speaker 1: speakers of other languages. So that does Nina Otara Warren 596 00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:23,160 Speaker 1: I like that She advocated for be able to get 597 00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:26,680 Speaker 1: out and vote to their representation. Was people that would 598 00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:30,080 Speaker 1: honor their desires or at least hopefully do so. Yeah, 599 00:36:30,239 --> 00:36:33,720 Speaker 1: this remains an important message. Yeah. When you read brief 600 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,160 Speaker 1: write ups about her, for the most part, they really 601 00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:41,239 Speaker 1: stick to her advocacy of access to suffrage materials and 602 00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:43,959 Speaker 1: voting for people who spoke Spanish. A lot of them 603 00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:48,920 Speaker 1: don't touch on her like more troubling record with indigenous 604 00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:52,560 Speaker 1: people at all, um like that was something I had 605 00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: to get a lot deeper into research to learn about. Yeah, 606 00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:00,600 Speaker 1: do you also have listener mail for us? I sure do. 607 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:04,880 Speaker 1: It's actually a listener tweet followed by an amount of 608 00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:08,880 Speaker 1: additional information. Uh So, Dr Emily Friedman tagged us in 609 00:37:08,920 --> 00:37:10,560 Speaker 1: a tweet, And that was on the day that our 610 00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:14,040 Speaker 1: six Impossible episodes. There's a book about that episode came 611 00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:18,160 Speaker 1: out and the tweet said relevant to missed in History's 612 00:37:18,239 --> 00:37:21,440 Speaker 1: episode that dropped today. And this was a quote tweet 613 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:25,480 Speaker 1: of a thread about a paper that was called Colonial 614 00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:31,320 Speaker 1: Rewriting of African History, Misinterpretations and Distortions in Belcher and 615 00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:35,160 Speaker 1: Kleiner's Life and Struggles of wall Lot of Petros. That 616 00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:36,839 Speaker 1: is one of the six books that we talked about 617 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:40,360 Speaker 1: in the episode. So this paper was published in the 618 00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:44,160 Speaker 1: Journal of Afro Asiatic Languages, History and Culture. It was 619 00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:49,040 Speaker 1: written by Dr Yurga Geelao Woldas who is from La Labella, 620 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:55,279 Speaker 1: and it is a detailed and very pointed critique of 621 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:57,799 Speaker 1: both the life and struggles of our mother A Lot 622 00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,360 Speaker 1: of Petros, which we talked about in that episode, and 623 00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:04,680 Speaker 1: a paper that Belcher published that interpreted that work. In So, 624 00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:10,040 Speaker 1: this newly published paper contends that professor Wendy Laura Belcher 625 00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:14,000 Speaker 1: and translator Michael Kleiner just don't have the familiarity with 626 00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:18,359 Speaker 1: GIAZ or with Ethiopian monasticisms that are needed to accurately 627 00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:22,120 Speaker 1: translate and interpret this text. Um He notes that most 628 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:26,680 Speaker 1: traditionally trained experts in GIAZ actually live in Ethiopia and 629 00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:29,920 Speaker 1: don't speak English, and that most of the Ethiopian scholars 630 00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:35,160 Speaker 1: that they did consult they disregarded. So consequently, according to 631 00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:39,960 Speaker 1: this paper, the resulting translation is viewed through a Western 632 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:43,040 Speaker 1: and colonial lens. But then really beyond that, he says 633 00:38:43,080 --> 00:38:46,600 Speaker 1: that they added words and changed meanings from the original 634 00:38:46,640 --> 00:38:51,080 Speaker 1: text to sort of create a same sex attraction between 635 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:54,520 Speaker 1: Wallata Petros and another nun, when what they really were 636 00:38:54,840 --> 00:38:59,440 Speaker 1: was just an entirely platonic relationship of monastic sisterhood. So 637 00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:04,960 Speaker 1: this is a very detailed and precisely argued paper. It 638 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:08,960 Speaker 1: is like nineties six pages long of a PDF. Maybe 639 00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:11,440 Speaker 1: tannish pages of that are the notes at the end, 640 00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:14,839 Speaker 1: but I mean it's quite lengthy. It also circles back 641 00:39:14,880 --> 00:39:19,120 Speaker 1: around to how many Ethiopian manuscripts today are held in 642 00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:24,800 Speaker 1: Western institutions rather than in Ethiopia, and ethical concerns about 643 00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:28,200 Speaker 1: outsiders getting access to these holy texts and then having 644 00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:32,839 Speaker 1: photographed them and published them online. So in his tweets 645 00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 1: on this subject, Dr Yura describes this translation as intellectually 646 00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:44,560 Speaker 1: dishonest and ethically questionable. I am not sure when this 647 00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:48,160 Speaker 1: paper was actually published, but his tweets about it were 648 00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:51,000 Speaker 1: from September four, and the thread that we were looped 649 00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:54,760 Speaker 1: in on came out from the ninth. I said, Holly 650 00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:57,520 Speaker 1: the outline to this episode on September two, and we 651 00:39:57,560 --> 00:39:59,719 Speaker 1: recorded the episode on the eight, So this was like 652 00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:05,840 Speaker 1: a immediately before all of this came out. Clearly, I 653 00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:08,880 Speaker 1: would not have been recommending this book in the episode 654 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: had I had all of this other perspective at the time. 655 00:40:14,360 --> 00:40:17,400 Speaker 1: Um it was something that was frankly very surprising to 656 00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:20,400 Speaker 1: me based on the reception that the book got at 657 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,359 Speaker 1: the time. I knew there was some controversy about it, 658 00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:27,400 Speaker 1: but as I understood it, the controversy was about like 659 00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:33,520 Speaker 1: a misinterpretation of what Belcher was saying, not the contention 660 00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:36,480 Speaker 1: that that Belcher had like added words that were not 661 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:39,319 Speaker 1: in their original text. Right, that's a whole other thing. 662 00:40:40,160 --> 00:40:44,359 Speaker 1: So based on how many people had praised this translation, 663 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:50,239 Speaker 1: including specifically Ethiopian scholars, most of them now living in 664 00:40:50,239 --> 00:40:55,000 Speaker 1: the US, UM and other like black historians and institutes 665 00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:59,000 Speaker 1: that focus on African languages, like the fact that, um, 666 00:40:59,239 --> 00:41:02,080 Speaker 1: this paper is so contrary to all of that was 667 00:41:02,120 --> 00:41:04,400 Speaker 1: like very unexpected to me. If I had a time machine, 668 00:41:05,360 --> 00:41:08,719 Speaker 1: we would have handled that obviously very differently. So there 669 00:41:08,840 --> 00:41:11,040 Speaker 1: is a lot in this paper beyond what I have 670 00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:14,919 Speaker 1: just tried to summarize. The whole paper is online. It's 671 00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:17,320 Speaker 1: uh the u r L four. It does not easily 672 00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,160 Speaker 1: share able in an audio podcast at all, but it 673 00:41:21,280 --> 00:41:25,799 Speaker 1: is currently pinned to the top of his Twitter timeline 674 00:41:26,200 --> 00:41:30,400 Speaker 1: at your Gagi law, which is at y I R 675 00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:34,480 Speaker 1: g A G E l A w UM. So thank 676 00:41:34,520 --> 00:41:38,120 Speaker 1: you to Dr Emily Freedman for tagging us into this tweet. 677 00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:40,880 Speaker 1: I don't know that this would have crossed my radar 678 00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:45,920 Speaker 1: otherwise because it's like it's not a journal that is 679 00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:51,880 Speaker 1: part of the databases that I usually consult for things. Um, 680 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:54,880 Speaker 1: I I apologize again for not I don't know. I 681 00:41:55,560 --> 00:41:59,239 Speaker 1: don't know which thing to apologize for, because like this, 682 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:01,480 Speaker 1: this paper to didn't exist when we did that episode, 683 00:42:01,520 --> 00:42:05,080 Speaker 1: but it's saved. I also feel like, did I miss 684 00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:08,560 Speaker 1: something in the research that I was not aware of 685 00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:13,200 Speaker 1: having missed until reading this paper. So UM, working on 686 00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:15,960 Speaker 1: stuff that is that far out of our own experience 687 00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:20,400 Speaker 1: can be complicated for this reason. So thank you again 688 00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:25,000 Speaker 1: to Emily Freedman for tagging us in that tweet. UM, 689 00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:26,960 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about this 690 00:42:27,040 --> 00:42:29,840 Speaker 1: or any other podcast, where at history Podcasts at i 691 00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:33,160 Speaker 1: heart radio dot com. They we're all over social media 692 00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:36,920 Speaker 1: at Missed in History, which is where you'll find our 693 00:42:36,920 --> 00:42:39,880 Speaker 1: Facebook and Twitter and Pinterest and Instagram, and you can 694 00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:42,080 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on the iHeart Radio app and 695 00:42:42,120 --> 00:42:45,000 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts and anywhere else that you get your podcasts. 696 00:42:49,920 --> 00:42:52,080 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 697 00:42:52,160 --> 00:42:55,360 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 698 00:42:55,520 --> 00:42:58,680 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 699 00:42:58,800 --> 00:42:59,919 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite show