1 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:16,439 Speaker 1: Lessons from the world's top professors anytime, anyplace, world history 2 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:22,120 Speaker 1: examined and science explained. This is one day university Welcome. 3 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,639 Speaker 1: Oh here, we are so sad. It's our final episode 4 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,440 Speaker 1: of half hour History, Secrets of the Medieval World. I'm 5 00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:41,559 Speaker 1: your host and resident history nerd, Mike Coscarelli, and it's 6 00:00:41,599 --> 00:00:44,159 Speaker 1: been a lot of fun taking you on this journey. 7 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: I'm sure going to miss you. 8 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:47,919 Speaker 2: Last week was a bit of a downer with the 9 00:00:47,919 --> 00:00:50,840 Speaker 2: Black Death. I know, I know, dramatic. 10 00:00:51,519 --> 00:00:53,840 Speaker 1: But this week we wrap up with the end of 11 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:58,880 Speaker 1: the Middle Ages. We're talking war, heasant revolts, and literal 12 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:06,160 Speaker 1: violence in the Catholic Church, but there's also progress end, 13 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: something new on the horizon. 14 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:21,400 Speaker 3: Chris, Chris, as we conclude our walk through the Early 15 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:24,840 Speaker 3: High and Late Middle Ages, it's very hard to avoid 16 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:29,480 Speaker 3: ending on a downer because, after all, we've had this flowering, 17 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:31,800 Speaker 3: we've had a couple of renaissances, we've had a few 18 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:35,720 Speaker 3: revolutions thrown in, and then kaboom, the whole thing crashes 19 00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:40,360 Speaker 3: down with the late Medieval period from thirteen hundred to 20 00:01:40,440 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 3: fifteen hundred, the never ending depression. But as I hope 21 00:01:44,320 --> 00:01:47,440 Speaker 3: we'll see at the end of this topic, the world 22 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 3: is opening up because on the horizon is Columbus. 23 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 2: And so maybe a. 24 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 3: Way of looking at this period in a way that's 25 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 3: not positive for the sake of being positive, but looking 26 00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 3: at it in a way of let's look at the 27 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 3: medieval period, and let's look at the achievements, and let's 28 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:07,120 Speaker 3: look at some of the failures as well. I'll give 29 00:02:07,120 --> 00:02:09,080 Speaker 3: you the title of a famous book. There was a 30 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:14,600 Speaker 3: Dutch medieval historian named Hoisinger, and Heisinger wrote a book 31 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:19,440 Speaker 3: that about this period that was translated into English as 32 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:21,520 Speaker 3: The Waning of the Middle Ages. 33 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 2: And then about ten years. 34 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:26,720 Speaker 3: Ago it was retranslated and there was a discussion among 35 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:29,400 Speaker 3: the publisher as to whether it should be called the 36 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:32,800 Speaker 3: Autumn of the Middle Ages or the Harvest of the 37 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:36,960 Speaker 3: Middle Ages. They chose the word autumn for this new translation. 38 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,880 Speaker 3: I prefer the word harvest, but it has a different sense, right, 39 00:02:40,920 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 3: because an autumn is a dying period, but you're pulling 40 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 3: on the fruits of everything that has grown during that period. 41 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:52,640 Speaker 3: So let's look at our last topic as an autumn 42 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:55,960 Speaker 3: or as a harvest of the Middle Ages, and not 43 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:58,440 Speaker 3: just as a waning though we'll see it was a 44 00:02:58,480 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 3: difficult time. 45 00:02:59,920 --> 00:03:01,799 Speaker 2: So we talked in the last topic. 46 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:04,560 Speaker 3: About the Black Death being not just a medical events 47 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 3: but an event with social and economic and as we'll 48 00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:10,560 Speaker 3: see in a moment, a political impact as well. 49 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 2: Let's look at. 50 00:03:11,920 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 3: How the life of the everyday person who survived obviously 51 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 3: changed because of the Black Death. Because of the Black Death, 52 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:28,160 Speaker 3: the everyday person, mostly the peasant in the field or 53 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:33,720 Speaker 3: the guildsman, had some economic power, but wasn't in a 54 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 3: great position because the population had risen so much that 55 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:41,520 Speaker 3: there was tension and competition for jobs and money. So 56 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 3: before the Black Death, land was scarce, scarce land, high rent, 57 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:53,000 Speaker 3: abundant labor. Remember Europe's population had gone up two hundred 58 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 3: and fifty percent. 59 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:57,040 Speaker 2: Abundant labor, low wages. 60 00:03:57,480 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 3: If you don't want the job, there's somebody behind you 61 00:03:59,880 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 3: who will want the job at a certain price. 62 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 2: But after the Black Death. 63 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:07,040 Speaker 3: When you lose twenty five to thirty five percent of 64 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 3: the population, now you have over abundant land and therefore 65 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 3: low rent that's good for you, and scarce labor. 66 00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 2: So now you can demand a higher wage. 67 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 3: So ironically, if you survived the Black Death, your economic 68 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:32,080 Speaker 3: position was not just better but far better. Although no 69 00:04:32,120 --> 00:04:36,039 Speaker 3: one was not touched by the Black death everyone lost 70 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 3: friends and family. Some villages actually disappear, they're wiped out. 71 00:04:42,280 --> 00:04:45,480 Speaker 3: We call this the deserted or the lost villages. They're 72 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:50,680 Speaker 3: centered in the countryside, and the countryside we say contracts. 73 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:54,919 Speaker 3: This is especially true in Germany, and so the few 74 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:57,480 Speaker 3: people who are left, well, it doesn't make any sense 75 00:04:57,840 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 3: to stay there anymore if you don't have a critical 76 00:05:01,280 --> 00:05:03,840 Speaker 3: massive people. If you have a critical massive people, then 77 00:05:03,840 --> 00:05:07,200 Speaker 3: you can stay there. There's overabundant land, the rents are 78 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:10,000 Speaker 3: very low, you'll do pretty well. But by and large 79 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:12,960 Speaker 3: that didn't happen as a norm. You've had small groups 80 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 3: of people. So they continue this move to the countryside 81 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 3: that began after the agricultural revolution and fueled the commercial revolution. 82 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 3: Though remember that it's not until the seventeen hundreds in 83 00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 3: Europe that more people will live in cities than in 84 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 3: the countryside. What's in the cities more choices, more opportunities, 85 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:39,440 Speaker 3: higher wages, wage labor, more capitalism. If feudalism wasn't dead 86 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 3: by now, the Black Deaths certainly killed it. 87 00:05:43,720 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 2: What about social conditions? 88 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:51,320 Speaker 3: What was the social impact along with economics for those 89 00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:56,760 Speaker 3: who survived. Women end up being paid the same as men. 90 00:05:57,520 --> 00:06:03,360 Speaker 3: There are so few people, so many fewer people after 91 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,800 Speaker 3: the Black Death than before that people can demand a 92 00:06:06,880 --> 00:06:09,920 Speaker 3: higher wage. And remember I told you for some reason 93 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:13,040 Speaker 3: that no one can figure out more men died in 94 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:17,280 Speaker 3: the Black Death than women. So women are being paid 95 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:21,599 Speaker 3: the same as men as a result. You know, it's 96 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 3: not unlike what happens right before and after World War 97 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:26,880 Speaker 3: One around the world. 98 00:06:27,400 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 2: After World War One, women get the vote. 99 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:31,960 Speaker 3: Why the men went off to fight, the women went 100 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:36,599 Speaker 3: into the jobs that the men left behind. And when 101 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:39,680 Speaker 3: the men came back, the women said, hey, we ran 102 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:42,440 Speaker 3: this economy while you were gone. We want to have 103 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:46,520 Speaker 3: political power. And so women around the world get the 104 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:49,720 Speaker 3: vote in nineteen twenty in the United States, the first 105 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 3: year that women can vote for president, though they voted 106 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:57,200 Speaker 3: in local elections before that. This makes women to a 107 00:06:57,240 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 3: certain degree more financially independent and allows them some greater mobility, 108 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:06,560 Speaker 3: though always for women there's going to be the issue 109 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,760 Speaker 3: of social conditions and social mores that are going to 110 00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:13,560 Speaker 3: limit their mobility. But they have some mobility. 111 00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:17,320 Speaker 2: Who gets blamed for the Black Death the poor? 112 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:21,040 Speaker 3: After all, the poor died in higher numbers so therefore 113 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:25,160 Speaker 3: it must be their fault, a political explanation of a 114 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:27,920 Speaker 3: social and economic situation that has never left. 115 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 2: Jews are blamed. 116 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 3: As we saw as a result of the religious fanatics, prostitutes, criminals, outsiders, 117 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,760 Speaker 3: and this leads to class conflicts. A rising economic class 118 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:46,800 Speaker 3: which is excluded from political power, is a formula for 119 00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:50,440 Speaker 3: revolution and one of the interesting things to give you 120 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:55,960 Speaker 3: an example of how social ideas came into play. If 121 00:07:56,040 --> 00:08:00,560 Speaker 3: a poor person traveled from a known plague area to 122 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 3: a town or a village, that poor person was not 123 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:08,120 Speaker 3: let in. But if a rich person traveled from a 124 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 3: known plague area to a town or village, that person 125 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 3: was brought in, even though the flea could just as 126 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 3: equally be on the poor as on the rich person. 127 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 3: So you see the poor getting blamed for a lot 128 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:24,360 Speaker 3: of this, and so this economic class excluded from political 129 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 3: power and rising economic expectations. Revolutions actually don't occur historically 130 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:35,080 Speaker 3: when things are at that they're worse. They occur when 131 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,480 Speaker 3: things have hit their worst, have hit bottom, and are 132 00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:43,040 Speaker 3: bouncing back, but the comeback of the economy is not 133 00:08:43,080 --> 00:08:47,280 Speaker 3: happening fast enough. And that's exactly what happens around the 134 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 3: time of the Black Death, and I want to look 135 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 3: at three places, France, Florence. 136 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:55,800 Speaker 2: And England. 137 00:08:56,679 --> 00:09:01,800 Speaker 3: In France, you have a revolt that is called the 138 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:08,360 Speaker 3: Jacquarie and the Jacquerie are peasants and poorer artisans, poorer 139 00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:14,040 Speaker 3: guild members in rural settings and in urban settings in France. 140 00:09:14,080 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 3: And in thirteen fifty eight, what's happening is that not 141 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:18,840 Speaker 3: only do you have the Black Death, but you have 142 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 3: the beginning of the One Hundred Years War, and the 143 00:09:21,520 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 3: French Knights are doing very poorly against the English Knights. 144 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:29,800 Speaker 3: They're frustrated, and these fellows who are called the Routiers 145 00:09:29,840 --> 00:09:32,359 Speaker 3: are starting to go back to the kind of the original, 146 00:09:32,560 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 3: the original thug night, and they're starting to raid the countryside. 147 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:39,160 Speaker 2: And the peasants, you know, are kind of saying, well, 148 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:39,439 Speaker 2: you know. 149 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:41,679 Speaker 3: What's next, right, we had the Black Death hit us 150 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 3: and now this is hitting us enough already, and they 151 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:48,880 Speaker 3: rise up. Now, the Jacquarie Revolt doesn't really change the 152 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 3: condition of peasants or lower artisans in France, but it 153 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 3: does indicate that there's this disaffection from below, and the 154 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:00,400 Speaker 3: disaffection is so strong that these people are basically mad 155 00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:02,439 Speaker 3: as hell and not going to take it anymore, and 156 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:05,439 Speaker 3: they're going to rise up against the people above. 157 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 2: Them even if they lose. 158 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:09,800 Speaker 3: Well, that tells us something about disaffection, Right, what have 159 00:10:09,880 --> 00:10:15,440 Speaker 3: we got to lose? A more successful example of a 160 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,880 Speaker 3: peasant revolt after the Black Death occurs in Florence among 161 00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:23,320 Speaker 3: a group of people called the Chompy, and these are 162 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 3: artisans guildsmen who have been cut out of city government. 163 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:31,080 Speaker 3: Remember that that in the Gothic city landscape, guilds control 164 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:34,440 Speaker 3: the town government. The bigger guilds tended to control the 165 00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:39,200 Speaker 3: town government more, the workmen a little bit less. And 166 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:42,160 Speaker 3: so the merchants are kind of running the show in Florence, 167 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:46,320 Speaker 3: and the artisans say this isn't fair, and so we 168 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:48,880 Speaker 3: want more control. And so they rise up and there's 169 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:51,559 Speaker 3: a revolt, and they in fact get some concessions. 170 00:10:52,040 --> 00:10:53,640 Speaker 2: Let's take a look at them. 171 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 3: The lowest of the workers, the people who did piece work, 172 00:10:57,679 --> 00:11:00,760 Speaker 3: if you will, got their own guild, and they got 173 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:02,840 Speaker 3: a voice in government. 174 00:11:02,880 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 2: So they get a little bit of political power. 175 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:10,560 Speaker 3: The town government agreed to lower interest rates on business loans, 176 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:14,680 Speaker 3: which meant the little guy and the little guild could 177 00:11:14,679 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 3: now get money to be entrepreneurial and get involved in 178 00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:24,559 Speaker 3: the economic benefits and therefore, over time work his way 179 00:11:24,679 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 3: up to town government production quotas were raised in the 180 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:34,320 Speaker 3: wool industry to reduce unemployment. So the government and the 181 00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 3: unions are working together to get the disaffected happy to 182 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:41,679 Speaker 3: fuel the economy. 183 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 2: And it's because these people rose up. 184 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,880 Speaker 3: So some concessions among the Chompi in Florence, this urban 185 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:53,640 Speaker 3: guild revolt in thirteen seventy eight, and then the English 186 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:58,840 Speaker 3: Peasants Revolt in thirteen eighty one, a rural revolt against 187 00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:03,440 Speaker 3: poll taxes led by two characters, a leader called Wat 188 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 3: Tyler and a preacher by the name of John Bull, 189 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:11,040 Speaker 3: and they were rising up against unfair taxation. Again they 190 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:16,319 Speaker 3: got a few concessions. They didn't improve their situation too much, 191 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:20,280 Speaker 3: but it was clear from these three peasant revolts that 192 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,680 Speaker 3: people were not going to stand for their position any 193 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:26,040 Speaker 3: longer as a result of the Black Death, and they 194 00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:28,120 Speaker 3: wanted to get more political power. 195 00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:35,240 Speaker 1: The peasants are revolting pu but one institution that could 196 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:37,840 Speaker 1: keep them in check is having a few struggles of 197 00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:42,160 Speaker 1: its own. After the break chaos in the Catholic Church. 198 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:55,200 Speaker 3: Right at this social and economic disastrous time, you have 199 00:12:55,480 --> 00:12:58,800 Speaker 3: a collapse of the one institution that is supposed to 200 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 3: be the glue of medieval Christian. 201 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 2: Society, the Catholic Church. 202 00:13:03,840 --> 00:13:06,720 Speaker 3: Now the papacy, if you're remember from an earlier topic, 203 00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 3: After Boniface the eighth, the pope had gone up against 204 00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:15,160 Speaker 3: King Philip the fourth, Philippe Lebelle or Philip the Fair, 205 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:20,559 Speaker 3: and basically got his nose punched in the papacy had 206 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:23,720 Speaker 3: moved to Avignon. Now, the avenuon papacy is its own topic, 207 00:13:24,160 --> 00:13:29,360 Speaker 3: and the avenuon papacy was not the cesspool that Petrarch portrayed. 208 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:32,280 Speaker 3: But the avenuon papacy did have some greed. It also 209 00:13:32,320 --> 00:13:35,200 Speaker 3: had some reforming popes. But the point is that Rome, 210 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:37,720 Speaker 3: which had been the center, you know, look to Rome. 211 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,280 Speaker 3: Rome will give leadership. There's no pope in Rome. The 212 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 3: Bishop of Rome is not in Rome. The Bishop of 213 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:46,240 Speaker 3: Rome is over in Avignon. And there was a sense 214 00:13:46,280 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 3: that things were out of kilter in the Catholic Church. Now, 215 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:52,280 Speaker 3: when a particular pope gets the papacy back to Rome 216 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:55,120 Speaker 3: in thirteen seventy seven, he dies the next year in 217 00:13:55,160 --> 00:14:00,880 Speaker 3: thirteen seventy eight, and there's a disputed election. The Italians, 218 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:03,959 Speaker 3: who are out numbered by the French, want an Italian 219 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:06,520 Speaker 3: because the papacy he hasn't been in Rome, and Rome's 220 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:07,520 Speaker 3: economy has suffered. 221 00:14:07,520 --> 00:14:09,040 Speaker 2: What would happen to Washington, d c. 222 00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:11,520 Speaker 3: If the federal government left, I think, you know, there 223 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:14,840 Speaker 3: would be a collapse of the local economy. And the 224 00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:18,640 Speaker 3: French couldn't quite decide amongst themselves who they wanted, so 225 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:22,680 Speaker 3: they chose a compromise candidate, a fellow who was Neapolitan 226 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:23,960 Speaker 3: by birth but had spent his. 227 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:25,920 Speaker 2: Career in Avignon. 228 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:31,000 Speaker 3: This guy was named or took the name Urban the sixth, 229 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 3: and Urban the six was probably mentally unstable. He punched 230 00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 3: one cardinal in the face when he disagreed with him. 231 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 3: He called another one a dim wit. I'd love to 232 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:44,360 Speaker 3: find the Latin for that, And the French cardinal said, well, 233 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:46,880 Speaker 3: you know what, maybe our election of that pope was 234 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:49,360 Speaker 3: not really an election, because after all, we elected, and 235 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,560 Speaker 3: the Romans were chanting outside, threatening to come into the 236 00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:56,480 Speaker 3: conclave to break the walls down. Maybe our conscience wasn't clear, 237 00:14:56,520 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 3: and so it's not a real election. They withdraw their 238 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:02,480 Speaker 3: obedience from Urban the sixth. They elect their own man, 239 00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:05,480 Speaker 3: a Frenchman named Cleventh the seventh. Now we have two popes, 240 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:08,920 Speaker 3: not just two popes, but colleges of cardinals excommunicate each other. 241 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:10,080 Speaker 2: Two papacies. 242 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:14,400 Speaker 3: So there's one papacy in Rome and another papacy in Avignon. 243 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 3: And what happens then is, after fourteen o nine there's 244 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 3: even a third one, a papacy in Avenel, a papacy 245 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:24,200 Speaker 3: in Rome, and a papacy that's called the peasan or 246 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:26,960 Speaker 3: the concilier papacy, because there was a council in the 247 00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:32,840 Speaker 3: city of Pisa that elected another pope. Three popes, three papacies. 248 00:15:32,880 --> 00:15:36,880 Speaker 3: Nobody knows what's going on. And this lasts until fourteen seventeen, 249 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:41,040 Speaker 3: thirty nine years to give you a sense of thirty 250 00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:45,920 Speaker 3: nine years, roughly the time between the assassination of John F. 251 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:50,480 Speaker 3: Kennedy and the attacks on nine to eleven. That's thirty 252 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:52,960 Speaker 3: eight years. Thirty nine years is the great Western system, 253 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,480 Speaker 3: to give you a sense of time. Amazing that the 254 00:15:56,600 --> 00:16:00,160 Speaker 3: glue of medieval society had just come apart. And so 255 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 3: the Council of Constant solves the problem. There's a unifying 256 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:05,400 Speaker 3: pope by the name of Martin the Fifth but nevertheles less. 257 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:07,400 Speaker 2: There is tremendous damage to the church. 258 00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:11,480 Speaker 3: Chances for reform had been lost because everyone was trying 259 00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:14,440 Speaker 3: to figure out who the real pope was. Papal prestige 260 00:16:14,480 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 3: has been lost and has to be recovered severely damaged. 261 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:24,000 Speaker 3: You also have political and social instability, the one Hundred Years' War, 262 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 3: which has fought roughly from thirteen thirty seven to fourteen 263 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,520 Speaker 3: fifty three. Historians obviously can't count too well. It's not 264 00:16:30,560 --> 00:16:34,440 Speaker 3: one hundred years, but that's close enough. Between the two superpowers. Now, 265 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 3: the two superpowers are England and France. Remember a blood 266 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:41,080 Speaker 3: feud because they had intermarried and the kings of England 267 00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 3: had French blood in them dating back to ten sixty 268 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:47,280 Speaker 3: six and the Norman invasion. They had had this uneasy 269 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:50,320 Speaker 3: relationship for almost four hundred years, and they're going to 270 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:53,600 Speaker 3: finally fight a death match, a grudge match. 271 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:53,880 Speaker 2: To the end. 272 00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:57,800 Speaker 3: So the superpowers of England and France are involved in 273 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 3: this huge battle, and right in the middle of that, 274 00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:04,639 Speaker 3: within France, you have a civil war that lasts during 275 00:17:04,679 --> 00:17:07,920 Speaker 3: the very long reign of a king named Charles who 276 00:17:07,919 --> 00:17:10,240 Speaker 3: reigns from thirteen eighty to fourteen twenty two. 277 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:11,399 Speaker 2: So look at that, right in. 278 00:17:11,399 --> 00:17:16,560 Speaker 3: The middle of this hundred years war, Charles is mentally unstable, 279 00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:20,080 Speaker 3: and he's basically controlled by either one set of uncles 280 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:23,119 Speaker 3: or another set of uncles who kind of act as 281 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:27,159 Speaker 3: regent's And there's tremendous confusion because Charles has a number 282 00:17:27,199 --> 00:17:30,040 Speaker 3: of sons who are heirs, called the Dauphins, and they 283 00:17:30,119 --> 00:17:33,359 Speaker 3: keep dying in turn. So this all of this intrigue, 284 00:17:33,399 --> 00:17:36,560 Speaker 3: and it's only when that intrigue begins to settle out 285 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:39,399 Speaker 3: that Joan of Arc shows up on the scene and 286 00:17:39,479 --> 00:17:43,319 Speaker 3: actually puts her arms around, if you will, Charles the 287 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:47,679 Speaker 3: sixth son Charles the seventh, and Joan of Arc saves 288 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:51,919 Speaker 3: Charles the seventh and the famous maid of Orleon in 289 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,639 Speaker 3: that battle, and that is the impetus for France to 290 00:17:55,719 --> 00:17:59,959 Speaker 3: finally push the English out. And all during that time 291 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:03,600 Speaker 3: you have the peasants revolting from underneath, asking for more 292 00:18:03,679 --> 00:18:09,919 Speaker 3: power in the church, just being utterly confused. So where 293 00:18:09,919 --> 00:18:13,999 Speaker 3: do we stand here at Europe at the end of 294 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:17,919 Speaker 3: the Middle Ages. Well, let's maybe reach back to the 295 00:18:17,919 --> 00:18:22,399 Speaker 3: beginning of our course together. When I teach any course, 296 00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,719 Speaker 3: either in class or in this kind of context, I 297 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:30,639 Speaker 3: ask my students, As I said earlier, what are your preconceptions, 298 00:18:30,719 --> 00:18:33,240 Speaker 3: what are the nouns and verbs and images that come 299 00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:35,839 Speaker 3: to minds when you think of fill in the blank 300 00:18:36,119 --> 00:18:41,280 Speaker 3: medieval Europe? And I think, I hope that we've come 301 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:45,080 Speaker 3: to the conclusion that the Middle Ages was not a 302 00:18:45,479 --> 00:18:48,800 Speaker 3: dark age. I am willing to say that they were 303 00:18:48,959 --> 00:18:52,800 Speaker 3: dimmer years, but it was not a dark age of 304 00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:56,359 Speaker 3: a thousand years between the fall of Rome, and remember, 305 00:18:56,399 --> 00:19:00,039 Speaker 3: I don't even think Rome fell and the rescue of 306 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:04,720 Speaker 3: the light of the Renaissance. I would argue which Renaissance, 307 00:19:05,239 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 3: because we had a big one called the Carolingian Renaissance 308 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:12,480 Speaker 3: around eight hundred, and a big one called the twelfth 309 00:19:12,479 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 3: century Renaissance in the eleven hundreds, and other people think 310 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:20,600 Speaker 3: that there was a thirteenth century Renaissance as well. I'm 311 00:19:20,639 --> 00:19:27,879 Speaker 3: willing to admit that the very end of the Medieval period, 312 00:19:27,959 --> 00:19:32,239 Speaker 3: the last two hundred years of the thousand years twenty 313 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:38,480 Speaker 3: percent were certainly rougher than the prior two hundred years. 314 00:19:38,679 --> 00:19:42,600 Speaker 3: From about eleven hundred to thirteen hundred, the great flowering 315 00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:47,359 Speaker 3: of the Medieval period. What everybody thinks of when they 316 00:19:47,639 --> 00:19:53,519 Speaker 3: think of the Middle Ages Gothic cathedrals, gargoyles, knights in 317 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:57,719 Speaker 3: shining armor, and damsels in distress, the high point of 318 00:19:57,760 --> 00:20:00,719 Speaker 3: a papal monarchy that had within it the seeds of 319 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:04,879 Speaker 3: its own destruction, in the cozy relationship with the state, 320 00:20:05,639 --> 00:20:09,719 Speaker 3: the state which, while building and going towards this thing 321 00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 3: called Nations, is wrapping itself up in a certain religiosity 322 00:20:15,199 --> 00:20:20,800 Speaker 3: of sacred kingship, the iconography of political theology that reached 323 00:20:20,919 --> 00:20:24,679 Speaker 3: all the way to Charlemagne and back still to Constantine, 324 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:28,159 Speaker 3: and I argued, back still to a pre Christian era 325 00:20:28,639 --> 00:20:33,879 Speaker 3: in Egypt and Greece and ancient Mesopotamia and many other 326 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:41,160 Speaker 3: cultures as well. So we want to fight against simplistic 327 00:20:41,879 --> 00:20:48,559 Speaker 3: then versus now categories caricatures. We tend to think of 328 00:20:48,679 --> 00:20:52,919 Speaker 3: anybody who lived before us as somehow not as good 329 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 3: as us, because they didn't have cell phones, and they 330 00:20:56,840 --> 00:21:01,719 Speaker 3: didn't have Facebook, and they didn't have indoor plumbing. But 331 00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:05,520 Speaker 3: that is a very narrow notion of progress. You could 332 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:08,239 Speaker 3: certainly look at the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome, 333 00:21:08,719 --> 00:21:11,600 Speaker 3: and then look at some of the dimmer years of 334 00:21:11,719 --> 00:21:14,560 Speaker 3: medieval Europe, say about the year six hundred or about 335 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,279 Speaker 3: the year nine hundred and Just because six hundred and 336 00:21:17,359 --> 00:21:22,479 Speaker 3: nine hundred CE are after ancient Greece and Rome is 337 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,919 Speaker 3: not necessarily better. There is no way those cultures were 338 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:29,200 Speaker 3: much much better. The Islamic culture was in a much 339 00:21:29,239 --> 00:21:32,879 Speaker 3: better position than Western Europe in certain of those centuries. 340 00:21:32,879 --> 00:21:36,040 Speaker 3: We're trying to get away from these caricatures and those 341 00:21:36,159 --> 00:21:43,919 Speaker 3: cartoon characters and those simplistic notions. Nevertheless, it is true 342 00:21:44,359 --> 00:21:48,280 Speaker 3: that certain cultures, and certain times and certain moments are 343 00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:52,840 Speaker 3: marked by dominant values. And it is true that medieval 344 00:21:52,879 --> 00:21:57,399 Speaker 3: society was more communal in its thinking. Don't think communism, 345 00:21:57,479 --> 00:22:00,479 Speaker 3: don't think socialism, but there was a more of a 346 00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:04,680 Speaker 3: sense that people are in it together. Somebody said that 347 00:22:04,719 --> 00:22:10,039 Speaker 3: the medieval society was a group of joiners. That people 348 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:13,239 Speaker 3: got together, They got together in guilds, they got together 349 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:15,639 Speaker 3: in confraternities in the countryside. 350 00:22:15,639 --> 00:22:17,879 Speaker 2: When the hue and cry was raised. 351 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:21,399 Speaker 3: Everyone and I mean everyone had and I mean had 352 00:22:21,679 --> 00:22:25,759 Speaker 3: to follow that human cry. To be left out, to 353 00:22:25,879 --> 00:22:31,720 Speaker 3: be outside, to be individualistic was not viewed highly by 354 00:22:32,119 --> 00:22:33,080 Speaker 3: medieval society. 355 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:34,919 Speaker 2: It's one of the problems of heresy. 356 00:22:35,399 --> 00:22:39,839 Speaker 3: Heretics, according to the dominant Christianity, are not going along, 357 00:22:40,159 --> 00:22:44,159 Speaker 3: they're not on board, and so medieval society was more 358 00:22:44,719 --> 00:22:50,119 Speaker 3: communal than a certain rugged individualism, which followed in what 359 00:22:50,239 --> 00:22:54,039 Speaker 3: I'm calling the Renaissance, the Italian Renaissance, though there's a 360 00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:56,919 Speaker 3: Renaissance in Germany and Spain and England as well, the 361 00:22:57,080 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 3: Renaissance of da Vinci and Michelangelo and Raphael and people 362 00:23:02,399 --> 00:23:05,919 Speaker 3: like that. Because those people went that the people we 363 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,799 Speaker 3: identify as renaissance men are Renaissance men. What does that 364 00:23:09,840 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 3: phrase mean? Because they're not bound by one thing. They're 365 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:16,719 Speaker 3: not just architects or just we might call them engineers, 366 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 3: or just artists, or just sculptors, or just craftsmen. 367 00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:23,799 Speaker 2: They're all of those things. 368 00:23:23,840 --> 00:23:28,000 Speaker 3: They refuse to be bound by one category, and that 369 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 3: is something that separates the Renaissance from the Medieval Age. 370 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,119 Speaker 3: Though we also have to say that the Renaissance was 371 00:23:35,239 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 3: highly religious. There are some people who say, oh, the 372 00:23:37,879 --> 00:23:42,200 Speaker 3: Renaissance is very secular, and the medieval period was very 373 00:23:42,239 --> 00:23:46,359 Speaker 3: faith filled. The Renaissance was very rational, and so the 374 00:23:46,479 --> 00:23:48,480 Speaker 3: medieval period has to be very superstitious. 375 00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 2: That is not true at all. 376 00:23:50,959 --> 00:23:53,759 Speaker 3: We've seen a change in the economy that feudalism has 377 00:23:53,879 --> 00:23:56,759 Speaker 3: yielded to capitalism bit by bitt and certainly after the 378 00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,840 Speaker 3: Black Death, and we certainly see at the end of 379 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:05,080 Speaker 3: the Middle Ages a crisis of authority. In England, for instance, 380 00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:10,719 Speaker 3: we have the rise of parliament. Parliament over time, bit 381 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:14,759 Speaker 3: by bit has been eroding the king's power. Magna Carta 382 00:24:14,879 --> 00:24:16,919 Speaker 3: was one stage in that, even though it didn't occur 383 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:21,879 Speaker 3: in parliament. But bit by bit parliament has gotten stronger power. 384 00:24:21,919 --> 00:24:24,199 Speaker 3: Now we're getting towards a House of Lords and a 385 00:24:24,199 --> 00:24:28,119 Speaker 3: House of Commons, We're getting towards a speaker, if you will, 386 00:24:28,239 --> 00:24:32,999 Speaker 3: of the House, and there are these checks on royal authority. 387 00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:36,080 Speaker 3: So there's definitely a crisis of royal authority in England. 388 00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:40,119 Speaker 3: Certainly in France there's a crisis of royal authority with 389 00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,799 Speaker 3: Charles the sixth instability. And yet at the end of 390 00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:48,320 Speaker 3: the medieval period France has a stronger monarchy than England. 391 00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:54,319 Speaker 3: But France and England monarchy or parliaments on the rise 392 00:24:54,719 --> 00:24:57,519 Speaker 3: by the end of our period are passed by Spain. 393 00:24:58,199 --> 00:25:02,560 Speaker 3: Spain is the dominance power coming out of the medieval period, 394 00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:06,559 Speaker 3: and right on the lip of our here come the 395 00:25:06,639 --> 00:25:12,359 Speaker 3: Protestant reformations which challenge that weakened papacy. So the breakup 396 00:25:12,399 --> 00:25:22,199 Speaker 3: of medieval Christianity's singular dominance is coming up, so that 397 00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 3: we don't think it's all a downer, and using again 398 00:25:25,119 --> 00:25:28,799 Speaker 3: that notion of an autumn or a harvest instead of 399 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:33,759 Speaker 3: the waning of the Middle Ages. For Hoisinger, let's ask 400 00:25:33,919 --> 00:25:36,439 Speaker 3: when do the Middle Ages end? Well, I'm not happy 401 00:25:36,479 --> 00:25:39,119 Speaker 3: with when Rome ends, so I don't think we can 402 00:25:39,159 --> 00:25:41,959 Speaker 3: look at one particular date, but certainly at the end 403 00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,959 Speaker 3: of the Middle Ages, the world gets bigger, people start 404 00:25:44,959 --> 00:25:47,759 Speaker 3: looking outwards, and I'm going to look at three particular 405 00:25:47,919 --> 00:25:52,759 Speaker 3: events to talk about that. One is, finally, the Muslims 406 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:57,279 Speaker 3: take over Constantinople in fourteen fifty three. If the Roman 407 00:25:57,359 --> 00:26:00,840 Speaker 3: Empire had such an impact on medieval Europe and in 408 00:26:00,879 --> 00:26:04,240 Speaker 3: the Byzantine Greek East, they say that the Roman Empire 409 00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 3: never feil well, then the collapse of Constantinople by the 410 00:26:07,639 --> 00:26:10,479 Speaker 3: Muslims in fourteen fifty three, maybe we can look upon 411 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:14,520 Speaker 3: that as an end. Columbus sales in fourteen ninety two, 412 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:17,239 Speaker 3: a date that we have several times seen connected to 413 00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:21,919 Speaker 3: the reconquest in Spain. Columbus breaks the four minute mile. 414 00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:25,280 Speaker 3: If you will, nobody can sail far away he does it, 415 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:29,719 Speaker 3: and then within twenty or thirty years, Magellan's fleet is 416 00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:34,080 Speaker 3: circumnavigating the world. And then off on the horizon is 417 00:26:34,239 --> 00:26:38,879 Speaker 3: Luther's ninety five THESS in fifteen seventeen, ushering in a 418 00:26:38,919 --> 00:26:40,519 Speaker 3: new period of the Reformation. 419 00:26:44,919 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: And with that we say goodbye to the Middle Ages. 420 00:26:48,959 --> 00:26:54,280 Speaker 1: We hope you've found it exciting, educational, end enlightening. Thank 421 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:59,959 Speaker 1: you so much for listening. Half hour history Secrets of 422 00:26:59,959 --> 00:27:03,160 Speaker 1: the Medieval World from One Day University is a production 423 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:07,359 Speaker 1: of iHeart Podcasts at Cooul of Humans. If you've enjoyed 424 00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:10,359 Speaker 1: the show, please leave a review in your favorite podcast 425 00:27:10,399 --> 00:27:13,919 Speaker 1: app and check out the Curiosity Audio Network for podcasts 426 00:27:13,959 --> 00:27:26,079 Speaker 1: covering history, pop culture, true crime, and more. 427 00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:28,679 Speaker 2: School of Humans