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Speaker 1: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm to blame a
Speaker 1: chuk reboarding and I'm fired out and by the time
Speaker 1: this episode airs, some of you, especially if you live
Speaker 1: in England, may have observed something known as bonfire or
Speaker 1: night or Guy Fox Day on Saturday, November five, and
Speaker 1: these events commemorate the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, which
Speaker 1: was an attempt to murder King James the First of England,
Speaker 1: his son Henry and many English noblemen. By blowing up
Speaker 1: Parliament on November five, six oh five. It was also
Speaker 1: known as the Powder Treason. Yeah, and we've talked about
Speaker 1: it a little bit already. In part one of this story.
Speaker 1: We looked into some of the historical events and situations
Speaker 1: that set the stage for the plot, and we introduced
Speaker 1: some of the conspirators involved too, and gave a basic
Speaker 1: rundown of what their initial plan was. So, I think,
Speaker 1: just for people who haven't heard that episode, let's give
Speaker 1: them a quick recap of what we talked about earlier. Yes, Well,
Speaker 1: during the reign of Queen Elizabeth the First, Catholics were
Speaker 1: subject to religious legislation that basically required Catholics to live
Speaker 1: kind of a double life. If you were Catholic, you
Speaker 1: had to at least outwardly conform and act like you
Speaker 1: were accepting a Protestant lifestyle. If you didn't, then you
Speaker 1: had to pay these steep procusancy fines. At the very least,
Speaker 1: I mean, if you were harboring a priest or something
Speaker 1: like that, that was a difficult. Yeah, that could be worse.
Speaker 1: So when King James the First took the throne in
Speaker 1: sixteen oh three, Catholics hoped that he'd be more tolerant,
Speaker 1: but all he did was temporarily suspend recusancy. Find So
Speaker 1: it was really disappointing to a lot of Catholics in general,
Speaker 1: and some of them were actually proactive and started dreaming
Speaker 1: up ways to overthrow the king and the Protestant government. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they decided to do something about it, and the Gunpowder
Speaker 1: plot was one of these plans that certain groups dreamed of.
Speaker 1: It was devised primarily by a wealthy Catholic man named
Speaker 1: Robert kates Me and a group of young Catholic activists,
Speaker 1: mostly from Katesby's own social circle, and a lot of
Speaker 1: the players were related somehow to wed By Blood or
Speaker 1: by Mary. Yeah, we talked about that. We're gonna refresh
Speaker 1: some of the players later on too, Except there is
Speaker 1: one guy who is a total outlier. He is not
Speaker 1: related to any of them, yet he is the most famous.
Speaker 1: That's of course, Guy Fox. He was a militant English
Speaker 1: Catholic who had spent years fighting with the Spanish army.
Speaker 1: And remember we talked about earlier, the key to his
Speaker 1: involvement in the plot was that he had been away
Speaker 1: for so long and nobody knew who he was, right,
Speaker 1: and we'll talk about that's more in a minute, but
Speaker 1: basically their plan was to Lisa House adjacent to the
Speaker 1: Houses of Parliament, dig a tunnel beneath them, and then
Speaker 1: stash gunpowder under the chamber where the King, the House
Speaker 1: of Lords and the House of Commons would all be
Speaker 1: meeting when the next parliament session opened on November five,
Speaker 1: six oh five. So when we saw them last March
Speaker 1: of sixteen o five, our conspirators had just looked out
Speaker 1: and they had gotten the chance to Lisa Seller, which
Speaker 1: would was used at the time for coal storage. I
Speaker 1: believe that extended right underneath the House of Lords, so
Speaker 1: it made the tunnel unnecessary. There's a really good break
Speaker 1: for them, exactly. So the plotters started filling up the
Speaker 1: feller with barrels and barrels of gunpowder, sneaking in at night,
Speaker 1: and they kept it pretty well concealed too. They covered
Speaker 1: it with iron bars and lots of bundles of kindling,
Speaker 1: so you can just tell it was a cellar full
Speaker 1: of gunpowder. So over the next few months they managed
Speaker 1: to get about thirty six barrels of gunpowder in there,
Speaker 1: which was definitely enough to demolish everything in the mediate area,
Speaker 1: including of course the King and his heir and the
Speaker 1: members of parliament. But that was only if the gunpowder
Speaker 1: was fresh enough by the time they actually ignited it,
Speaker 1: and some folks have suggested that the gunpowder might have
Speaker 1: decayed um others say, well, maybe they were able to
Speaker 1: replace some of it, but that turns out to be
Speaker 1: a moot point, and it still would have done some damage,
Speaker 1: we can assume. But during this time Fox assumed the
Speaker 1: role of the seller's caretaker, posing as a John Johnson,
Speaker 1: a servant of Thomas Percy, who was the plotter who
Speaker 1: would lease the space. And Fox was really well suited
Speaker 1: to this role too, because, as we mentioned in the
Speaker 1: previous podcast, he'd been out of the country for some time.
Speaker 1: So his appearance, which Gunpowder plot historian Antonio Fraser has
Speaker 1: described as quote tall, powerfully built, with thick reddish brown hair,
Speaker 1: a flowing mustache in the tradition of the time, and
Speaker 1: a bushy, reddish brown beard, was pretty much unknown in
Speaker 1: London at that time, which is fortunate because he does
Speaker 1: sound like a guy you probably would recognize if he
Speaker 1: saw him. Twice Yes, very distinctive. So the plot seemed
Speaker 1: to be progressing steadily but before fall even rolled around,
Speaker 1: the conspirators did something you should probably never do if
Speaker 1: you're really trying to keep a secret. They let more
Speaker 1: people in on it. Kind of a lot, but we'll
Speaker 1: just give you a refresher because there are a lot
Speaker 1: of names here, and they worked to add many more
Speaker 1: names to their party. But the original conspirators were Catesby,
Speaker 1: Tom Wintour, Thomas Percy, Jack Wright, and Guy Fox. So
Speaker 1: in the spring of sixteen o five, they included Robert Wintour,
Speaker 1: who was Tom's brother, Kit Wright, who was Jack's brother,
Speaker 1: and John Grant, who was Wintour's brother in law. Another guy,
Speaker 1: Robert Keith, who was probably related to the wind Tour
Speaker 1: brothers somehow or another, was also led into the group,
Speaker 1: as was Katesby servant Thomas Bates. So, I mean, I
Speaker 1: guess you figure you can trust your your brother. So
Speaker 1: they're telling a few people, but this is already starting
Speaker 1: to swell to a pretty large group of men. Yeah,
Speaker 1: And then it got even worse when the plotters took
Speaker 1: a break from the preparations they were doing over the summer.
Speaker 1: Katesby also brought Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby, and Francis Tresham,
Speaker 1: Katesby's cousin by marriage into the fold, mainly because of
Speaker 1: their wealth. Katesby had been funding this whole thing by
Speaker 1: himself so far and he really needed some help to
Speaker 1: see it to its completion. And Rookwood and Digby were
Speaker 1: also supposed to have a role in what will refer
Speaker 1: to as part two of this plan. They both had
Speaker 1: a lot of horses that were going to be useful
Speaker 1: in the uprising at Katesby was planning after the explosion,
Speaker 1: but more specifically after the explosion, which would take place
Speaker 1: after Fox slit a slow match in the cellar. As
Speaker 1: soon as the king had come into the House of Lords,
Speaker 1: kate Spy would ride from London to the Midlands, where
Speaker 1: he'd made Digby and Digby would have been waiting beforehand
Speaker 1: with some servants that the Red Lion and dun Church
Speaker 1: disguised as a hunting party. From there they would supposedly
Speaker 1: go to kidnap Princess Elizabeth, the King's daughter from the
Speaker 1: home of her governor and proclaim her queen. And we
Speaker 1: mentioned her in the previous podcast as well, and the
Speaker 1: reason that they were going to proclaim her queen is
Speaker 1: because Prince Henry would have died in the explosion. He
Speaker 1: was the oldest son of the king, and four year
Speaker 1: old Prince Charles was too sickly. There were some there
Speaker 1: was some question as to whether or not he was
Speaker 1: gonna survive, and they didn't want to place all their
Speaker 1: hopes on him. So yeah, that was the general idea
Speaker 1: of the plot. But what was going to happen next
Speaker 1: after they had kidnapped Princess Elizabeth, It's sort of unclear.
Speaker 1: In an article for History Today, Simon Adams says that's
Speaker 1: quote one of the major mysteries of the plot. So
Speaker 1: presumably they would just try to marry Elizabeth off to
Speaker 1: some their Catholic European prince and solidify their Catholic regime
Speaker 1: that way, and they would create their own puppet queen essentially.
Speaker 1: According to an article by Pauline Croft in History Review, though,
Speaker 1: Tresham was uneasy about the whole plot pretty much as
Speaker 1: soon as he heard it. So giant red flag here.
Speaker 1: He's not liking what he hears, and you can't take
Speaker 1: it back once you tell somebody all about your plot, either.
Speaker 1: But regardless of how everyone felt about it, I mean,
Speaker 1: that's still more than ten people. That's just a lot
Speaker 1: of people to be involved in what's supposed to be
Speaker 1: a secret plot. So maybe what happened next really isn't
Speaker 1: that surprising. On October o five, just days before Parliament
Speaker 1: was set to meet, William Parker, who's better known as
Speaker 1: Lord Monteagal, received an anonymous letter warning him to quote
Speaker 1: devise some excuse to shift your attendance at this parliament
Speaker 1: to avoid quote a terrible blow. So basically, stay away
Speaker 1: for your own good, don't go to parliament. So Lord
Speaker 1: Monteagal was a former Catholic himself. He had also participated
Speaker 1: in that ethics uprising with Katesby and friends that we
Speaker 1: mentioned in the earlier podcast, and he had at least
Speaker 1: publicly converted to the Protestant religion. Still, he had Catholic connections,
Speaker 1: especially through his marriage. Tresham was Montegal's brother in law,
Speaker 1: so um, Unfortunately for Kate's By, Tresham had a few
Speaker 1: brothers in law to consider. But that's why the letter
Speaker 1: is often attributed to Tresham because of that family connection.
Speaker 1: But we really don't know for sure who sent it,
Speaker 1: who warned Lord Monteagle. Yeah, Croft actually throws out some
Speaker 1: other potential sources of the letters. She writes, for example,
Speaker 1: that Tom Winter sometimes served as Montegal secretary, so there's
Speaker 1: a connection there. But there's another theory that's even more
Speaker 1: interesting to me at least. Croft also suggests that it's
Speaker 1: possible that Monteagle himself wrote the letter and just incorporated
Speaker 1: information that he gleaned from some of his Catholic cohorts
Speaker 1: to tip people off under under the guise of an
Speaker 1: anonymous letter. Right, but regardless of where it came from,
Speaker 1: Monteagle shared this letter with Sir Robert Cecil, the Earl
Speaker 1: of Salisbury, the head of the monarchy secret police, and
Speaker 1: the King's Secretary of State. Salisbury, in turn, of course,
Speaker 1: shares the letter with the King, and there aren't any
Speaker 1: specifics in the letter, so they wait a couple of
Speaker 1: days before they raise any sort of alarm. Katesby in
Speaker 1: the meantime he hears about the letter too, and he's
Speaker 1: obviously worried that the plot has been betrayed, so he
Speaker 1: consults with his co conspirators and they actually decided just
Speaker 1: to go ahead with the plan they suspected. I've read
Speaker 1: that Tresham was at fault, but he swore to them
Speaker 1: that he didn't do anything, so they just said, okay,
Speaker 1: let's go. They weren't going to just completely rush into
Speaker 1: it blindly though just named case. On November four, Percy
Speaker 1: visited with his boss and his relative, the Earl of Northumberland,
Speaker 1: whose connections had of course helped Percy leave the house
Speaker 1: in the cellar in the first place. He checked with
Speaker 1: him to try to gauge whether or not the all
Speaker 1: of Northumberland knew anything about the plan. Ironically, Percy did
Speaker 1: not warn his relative to try to stay away from
Speaker 1: Parliament himself that day, but Percy left the meeting feeling
Speaker 1: pretty reassured that they were in the clear. Nobody knew
Speaker 1: it was good. So it is all just full speed
Speaker 1: ahead for the gunpowder plotters, or so they think, because
Speaker 1: Saulisbury by this time has ordered the area all around
Speaker 1: the Palace of Westminster, which houses Parliament, to be searched.
Speaker 1: During the first search, though they didn't find anything, though
Speaker 1: they did run into Fox there. He was of course
Speaker 1: posing as John Johnson, and so they took him basically
Speaker 1: for what he was posing to be. They took him
Speaker 1: for a servant. The gunpowder, as we mentioned, was concealed,
Speaker 1: so they didn't see that in the search either. They
Speaker 1: did notice all of that kindling, though, the kindling that
Speaker 1: we mentioned that was concealing the gunpowder, and they thought
Speaker 1: it was a little weird that that was all there.
Speaker 1: But when they realized that Thomas Percy, who was of
Speaker 1: course a well respected gentleman pensioner, was leasing a space,
Speaker 1: they figured, all right, it's probably okay. But then, according
Speaker 1: to that Craft article, again Montego raised suspicion about the
Speaker 1: fact that Percy was leasing the space even though he
Speaker 1: had his own home in London, you know, like, why
Speaker 1: does Percy need this place? Anyway? The King ordered another
Speaker 1: search after that, and they found Fox at about midnight
Speaker 1: on November four, along with the gunpowder, very incriminating slow
Speaker 1: match and a watch that Percy had given him to
Speaker 1: check the time with. So the plot was done caught
Speaker 1: red handed. So Fox was arrested as John Johnson and
Speaker 1: thrown into the Tower of London, where it said that
Speaker 1: he was interrogated and tortured to reveal the names of
Speaker 1: the other conspirators, even though torture was illegal in England
Speaker 1: at the time. It took two days to break Fox
Speaker 1: down for him to finally give up the names of
Speaker 1: the others who were involved in the plot. Percy's name,
Speaker 1: of course, had already been linked with the leases, so
Speaker 1: there was already a warrant out for his arrest. Meanwhile,
Speaker 1: though katesby Rook would the right brothers, Percy and Bates
Speaker 1: all roads in the Midlands where part two of the
Speaker 1: plan was supposed to happen, but of course that wasn't
Speaker 1: going to happen now. Instead, they met up with the
Speaker 1: other co conspirators, raided Warwick Castle for fresh horses, and
Speaker 1: then went looking for help and apparently got refused by
Speaker 1: several Catholic safe houses. They just kept going from house
Speaker 1: to house, but nobody would join them, and nobody would
Speaker 1: offer them help. I was interested in that point because,
Speaker 1: I mean, it suggests me at least that word of
Speaker 1: the plot must have spread really quickly, I mean, all
Speaker 1: the way up in the Midlands to houses to know
Speaker 1: better than to actually accept these people into your home. Well,
Speaker 1: a big deal was made out of it, which we're
Speaker 1: going to touch on a little bit later, But at
Speaker 1: that time, yeah, I guess people knew it wasn't a
Speaker 1: good idea to to protect these people, so they eventually
Speaker 1: stopped at whole beach House in Staffordshire, where they thought
Speaker 1: they could at least put up a defense there. But
Speaker 1: they messed up right in the beginning by putting their
Speaker 1: damp gunpowder by the fire to dry, so of course
Speaker 1: the gunpowder exploded and it burned a couple of them
Speaker 1: in the process. It minded one guy. It's all rather
Speaker 1: ironic if you think about it long and hard. But
Speaker 1: of course at this point the odds were even worse
Speaker 1: for them. Not only are they on the run for
Speaker 1: high treason, but they are injured, and according to Kroff,
Speaker 1: they considered just getting out of the whole thing blowing
Speaker 1: themselves up at this point. But by November eight men
Speaker 1: led by the High Sheriff of wush sure did them.
Speaker 1: In the rest of the way. They had this quick battle.
Speaker 1: Katesby the rights and Percy ended up dying from their wounds.
Speaker 1: It sounds like it was probably the best way to go. Thomas, Wintour, Rookwood,
Speaker 1: and Grant were captured. Five of the guys were still free,
Speaker 1: but not for very long. By the new year, all
Speaker 1: of them were captured, and then Trusham, when he was
Speaker 1: contained in the tower, fell ill and died, and some
Speaker 1: people think that maybe he was poison Maybe even Monteagle
Speaker 1: took mercy on him because of that letter of warning
Speaker 1: and slipped him some poison helped him escape what would
Speaker 1: ultimately be a far worse punishment of drawing and quartering,
Speaker 1: which is the fate the rest of them were destined for. Yep,
Speaker 1: all the plotters who weren't dead were put on trial
Speaker 1: January sixteen o six, and of course they were all
Speaker 1: found guilty of high treason and executed over the next
Speaker 1: couple of days. They were all hanged, drawn and quartered.
Speaker 1: So the plot was ultimately unsuccessful, and maybe because of that,
Speaker 1: it's been the subject of debate for many years. Some
Speaker 1: have even suggested that there was no plot, that the
Speaker 1: plotters were actually set up by the government, specifically the
Speaker 1: Earl of Salisbury, who knew that the backlash after the
Speaker 1: plot was exposed would just reinforced Protestantism and strength and
Speaker 1: hatred toward Catholics in England. Yeah, and in a nineteen
Speaker 1: interview with The New York Times, Fraser, who we mentioned earlier,
Speaker 1: said that the reason the origins of the plot are
Speaker 1: up for debate is that researchers are trying to quote
Speaker 1: draw conclusions from imperfect records and testimonies taken under torture.
Speaker 1: She says that you really have to assess the evidence
Speaker 1: and make up your own mind. And for her part,
Speaker 1: she does believe there was the plot. According to Teaching History,
Speaker 1: most historians do generally accept this idea. Now they do
Speaker 1: think there was something going on, but the results of
Speaker 1: government conspiracy would have been aiming for still came to pass.
Speaker 1: The Gunpowder plot just made anti Catholic feelings in England
Speaker 1: more intense. There were new laws preventing Catholics from practicing law,
Speaker 1: serving as officers in the army or the navy, and
Speaker 1: they weren't allowed to vote. On the evening of Guy
Speaker 1: that Guy Fox was caught. November fifth, sixteen o five,
Speaker 1: the first Guy Fox type celebration took place. The people
Speaker 1: of London rang bells and lip bonfires to celebrate the
Speaker 1: fact that the king and his nobility were safe. In
Speaker 1: sixteen o six, the English government passed an act to
Speaker 1: make the celebration an annual event, which at first was
Speaker 1: religious in nature, with sermons and everything, and then later
Speaker 1: it became more of a raucous social event. In the
Speaker 1: seventeenth century, people started burning effigies of the pope on
Speaker 1: the fires. And in the eighteen century is when the
Speaker 1: little guy Effi g appeared. Yeah, And in eighteen fifty nine,
Speaker 1: since there was an increased emphasis on religious toleration, the
Speaker 1: sixteen o six Act was finally abolished and the Bonfire Night.
Speaker 1: At that point the celebrations really started to morph into
Speaker 1: private bonfires and fireworks parties that children would go sell
Speaker 1: the guys on the street to fund. And over the
Speaker 1: years it really became more of a family event in
Speaker 1: a lot of places with fireworks displays, kind of how
Speaker 1: we would celebrate Fourth of July here on sounds sort
Speaker 1: of similar to that, although people can definitely correct us
Speaker 1: if we're wrong about that, but certain similar elements. Right.
Speaker 1: So now Bonfire Night celebrations still exist, but they compete
Speaker 1: with other false celebrations like Halloween, and I'm really interested.
Speaker 1: We asked during the last podcast for people to send
Speaker 1: us um some examples of things that they do to
Speaker 1: celebrate Bonfire Night, if they celebrated it at all, and
Speaker 1: so hopefully we'll get to read some of those on
Speaker 1: an upcoming podcast. Kind of awesome to have this always,
Speaker 1: Like I guess the week after Halloween to you can
Speaker 1: bring out your costumes again. Maybe I don't know, if
Speaker 1: you celebrate both and it's just like a two week
Speaker 1: long celebration or something exactly. The Gunpowder plot didn't leave
Speaker 1: a mark, though, of a more serious mark than just
Speaker 1: all these bonfire parties. The Houses of Parliament are still
Speaker 1: searched just before the State Opening, which has been held
Speaker 1: in November since nine even though Parliament's website says this
Speaker 1: is retained as a picturesque custom rather than a serious
Speaker 1: anti terrorist precaution, for which of course there are proper
Speaker 1: mean I'm glad they qualified that for us. But Guy
Speaker 1: Flox in the Gunpowder Plot have also been invoked quite
Speaker 1: a bit in art and pop culture. One of the
Speaker 1: most well known examples is the one that we mentioned
Speaker 1: in part one of this podcast, which is the two
Speaker 1: thousand six movie V for Vendetta, based on the comic
Speaker 1: book series by Alan Moore, in which an anarchist known
Speaker 1: as V tries to bring down the government. Basically that's
Speaker 1: the basic plot line of this and V where is
Speaker 1: a guy Fox mask? And if you haven't seen this movie,
Speaker 1: I do highly recommend it, especially now that we've kind
Speaker 1: of gone over the story. I did enjoy it, Sarah,
Speaker 1: you haven't seen it, right, haven't seen it? And I
Speaker 1: know now that I've admitted that. Whenever we admit there's
Speaker 1: a certain movie we haven't seen, we usually hear from
Speaker 1: people telling us, I can't believe you haven't seen that.
Speaker 1: You're still getting Harry Potter email. I'm still getting Harry
Speaker 1: Potter emails. We're still getting ned Kelly emails. So you know,
Speaker 1: I'm sure you'll get emails about this one too. But
Speaker 1: maybe because of the movie and its association with popular
Speaker 1: revolution and anti establishment ideals that mask. The Guy Fox
Speaker 1: mask has shown up in other places to members of
Speaker 1: the hacker group Anonymous have been known to wear it.
Speaker 1: I was talking to Jonathan Strickland of Tech Stuff about
Speaker 1: that recently. He brought it up to me when he
Speaker 1: found out we were doing this, and recently people involved
Speaker 1: in the Occupy Wall Street movement have been wearing it too.
Speaker 1: So it is interesting to see how this idea of
Speaker 1: Guy Fox is still very political. It makes me wonder, though,
Speaker 1: how many of the people wearing the masks today really
Speaker 1: know the story of Guy fa Box, or even if
Speaker 1: they know who Guy Fox is and they know about
Speaker 1: the bonfires did they know the whole history of the plot? Yeah,
Speaker 1: And to Robert Catesby, is I mean Catesby to research
Speaker 1: your studying him now? Was really a true terrorist? He
Speaker 1: didn't kill He didn't care that he was about to
Speaker 1: kill a life people. He didn't care that he might
Speaker 1: have killed Catholics too, and people he knew for sure
Speaker 1: right in what he was doing. Um So, I'm curious
Speaker 1: to know what people think about this phenomenon of people
Speaker 1: wearing Guy Fox masks for different reasons. Um so right
Speaker 1: to us. You can write us at history Podcast at
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com, or you can look us
Speaker 1: up on Facebook or on Twitter Atmston History. And we
Speaker 1: were also talking to our colleague Kristen Conger of stuff
Speaker 1: Mom never told you earlier. She's writing an article on
Speaker 1: how Occupy Wall Street works, and I bet that'll be
Speaker 1: published by the time this episode publishes, So that might
Speaker 1: be a good opportunity to learn a little bit more
Speaker 1: about this modern offsheet of Guy Fox. Um para nail, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I guess that's what we'd call it. You can check
Speaker 1: that out. It's how Occupy Wall Street Works on our
Speaker 1: homepage at www dot how stuff works dot com. This
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