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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. This podcast is brought to you

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Speaker 1: by Walter Isaacson. This biography is based on many personal

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Speaker 1: interviews with Steve Jobs, his family, his friends and colleagues.

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Speaker 1: Here the real story of one of the greatest innovators

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Speaker 1: of our time. That's Steve Jobs. Available from Audible. To

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Speaker 1: history Stuff. That's Audible podcast dot com slash history Stuff.

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Speaker 1: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm to blame a

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Speaker 1: chuk reboarding and I'm fired out and by the time

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Speaker 1: this episode airs, some of you, especially if you live

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Speaker 1: in England, may have observed something known as bonfire or

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Speaker 1: night or Guy Fox Day on Saturday, November five, and

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Speaker 1: these events commemorate the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, which

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Speaker 1: was an attempt to murder King James the First of England,

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Speaker 1: his son Henry and many English noblemen. By blowing up

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Speaker 1: Parliament on November five, six oh five. It was also

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Speaker 1: known as the Powder Treason. Yeah, and we've talked about

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Speaker 1: it a little bit already. In part one of this story.

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Speaker 1: We looked into some of the historical events and situations

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Speaker 1: that set the stage for the plot, and we introduced

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Speaker 1: some of the conspirators involved too, and gave a basic

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Speaker 1: rundown of what their initial plan was. So, I think,

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Speaker 1: just for people who haven't heard that episode, let's give

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Speaker 1: them a quick recap of what we talked about earlier. Yes, Well,

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Speaker 1: during the reign of Queen Elizabeth the First, Catholics were

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Speaker 1: subject to religious legislation that basically required Catholics to live

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Speaker 1: kind of a double life. If you were Catholic, you

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Speaker 1: had to at least outwardly conform and act like you

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Speaker 1: were accepting a Protestant lifestyle. If you didn't, then you

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Speaker 1: had to pay these steep procusancy fines. At the very least,

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Speaker 1: I mean, if you were harboring a priest or something

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Speaker 1: like that, that was a difficult. Yeah, that could be worse.

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Speaker 1: So when King James the First took the throne in

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Speaker 1: sixteen oh three, Catholics hoped that he'd be more tolerant,

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Speaker 1: but all he did was temporarily suspend recusancy. Find So

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Speaker 1: it was really disappointing to a lot of Catholics in general,

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Speaker 1: and some of them were actually proactive and started dreaming

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Speaker 1: up ways to overthrow the king and the Protestant government. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they decided to do something about it, and the Gunpowder

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Speaker 1: plot was one of these plans that certain groups dreamed of.

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Speaker 1: It was devised primarily by a wealthy Catholic man named

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Speaker 1: Robert kates Me and a group of young Catholic activists,

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Speaker 1: mostly from Katesby's own social circle, and a lot of

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Speaker 1: the players were related somehow to wed By Blood or

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Speaker 1: by Mary. Yeah, we talked about that. We're gonna refresh

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Speaker 1: some of the players later on too, Except there is

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Speaker 1: one guy who is a total outlier. He is not

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Speaker 1: related to any of them, yet he is the most famous.

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Speaker 1: That's of course, Guy Fox. He was a militant English

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Speaker 1: Catholic who had spent years fighting with the Spanish army.

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Speaker 1: And remember we talked about earlier, the key to his

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Speaker 1: involvement in the plot was that he had been away

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Speaker 1: for so long and nobody knew who he was, right,

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Speaker 1: and we'll talk about that's more in a minute, but

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Speaker 1: basically their plan was to Lisa House adjacent to the

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Speaker 1: Houses of Parliament, dig a tunnel beneath them, and then

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Speaker 1: stash gunpowder under the chamber where the King, the House

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Speaker 1: of Lords and the House of Commons would all be

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Speaker 1: meeting when the next parliament session opened on November five,

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Speaker 1: six oh five. So when we saw them last March

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Speaker 1: of sixteen o five, our conspirators had just looked out

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Speaker 1: and they had gotten the chance to Lisa Seller, which

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Speaker 1: would was used at the time for coal storage. I

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Speaker 1: believe that extended right underneath the House of Lords, so

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Speaker 1: it made the tunnel unnecessary. There's a really good break

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Speaker 1: for them, exactly. So the plotters started filling up the

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Speaker 1: feller with barrels and barrels of gunpowder, sneaking in at night,

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Speaker 1: and they kept it pretty well concealed too. They covered

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Speaker 1: it with iron bars and lots of bundles of kindling,

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Speaker 1: so you can just tell it was a cellar full

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Speaker 1: of gunpowder. So over the next few months they managed

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Speaker 1: to get about thirty six barrels of gunpowder in there,

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Speaker 1: which was definitely enough to demolish everything in the mediate area,

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Speaker 1: including of course the King and his heir and the

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Speaker 1: members of parliament. But that was only if the gunpowder

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Speaker 1: was fresh enough by the time they actually ignited it,

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Speaker 1: and some folks have suggested that the gunpowder might have

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Speaker 1: decayed um others say, well, maybe they were able to

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Speaker 1: replace some of it, but that turns out to be

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Speaker 1: a moot point, and it still would have done some damage,

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Speaker 1: we can assume. But during this time Fox assumed the

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Speaker 1: role of the seller's caretaker, posing as a John Johnson,

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Speaker 1: a servant of Thomas Percy, who was the plotter who

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Speaker 1: would lease the space. And Fox was really well suited

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Speaker 1: to this role too, because, as we mentioned in the

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Speaker 1: previous podcast, he'd been out of the country for some time.

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Speaker 1: So his appearance, which Gunpowder plot historian Antonio Fraser has

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Speaker 1: described as quote tall, powerfully built, with thick reddish brown hair,

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Speaker 1: a flowing mustache in the tradition of the time, and

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Speaker 1: a bushy, reddish brown beard, was pretty much unknown in

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Speaker 1: London at that time, which is fortunate because he does

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Speaker 1: sound like a guy you probably would recognize if he

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Speaker 1: saw him. Twice Yes, very distinctive. So the plot seemed

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Speaker 1: to be progressing steadily but before fall even rolled around,

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Speaker 1: the conspirators did something you should probably never do if

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Speaker 1: you're really trying to keep a secret. They let more

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Speaker 1: people in on it. Kind of a lot, but we'll

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Speaker 1: just give you a refresher because there are a lot

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Speaker 1: of names here, and they worked to add many more

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Speaker 1: names to their party. But the original conspirators were Catesby,

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Speaker 1: Tom Wintour, Thomas Percy, Jack Wright, and Guy Fox. So

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Speaker 1: in the spring of sixteen o five, they included Robert Wintour,

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Speaker 1: who was Tom's brother, Kit Wright, who was Jack's brother,

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Speaker 1: and John Grant, who was Wintour's brother in law. Another guy,

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Speaker 1: Robert Keith, who was probably related to the wind Tour

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Speaker 1: brothers somehow or another, was also led into the group,

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Speaker 1: as was Katesby servant Thomas Bates. So, I mean, I

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Speaker 1: guess you figure you can trust your your brother. So

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Speaker 1: they're telling a few people, but this is already starting

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Speaker 1: to swell to a pretty large group of men. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And then it got even worse when the plotters took

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Speaker 1: a break from the preparations they were doing over the summer.

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Speaker 1: Katesby also brought Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby, and Francis Tresham,

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Speaker 1: Katesby's cousin by marriage into the fold, mainly because of

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Speaker 1: their wealth. Katesby had been funding this whole thing by

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Speaker 1: himself so far and he really needed some help to

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Speaker 1: see it to its completion. And Rookwood and Digby were

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Speaker 1: also supposed to have a role in what will refer

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Speaker 1: to as part two of this plan. They both had

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Speaker 1: a lot of horses that were going to be useful

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Speaker 1: in the uprising at Katesby was planning after the explosion,

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Speaker 1: but more specifically after the explosion, which would take place

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Speaker 1: after Fox slit a slow match in the cellar. As

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Speaker 1: soon as the king had come into the House of Lords,

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Speaker 1: kate Spy would ride from London to the Midlands, where

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Speaker 1: he'd made Digby and Digby would have been waiting beforehand

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Speaker 1: with some servants that the Red Lion and dun Church

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Speaker 1: disguised as a hunting party. From there they would supposedly

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Speaker 1: go to kidnap Princess Elizabeth, the King's daughter from the

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Speaker 1: home of her governor and proclaim her queen. And we

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Speaker 1: mentioned her in the previous podcast as well, and the

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Speaker 1: reason that they were going to proclaim her queen is

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Speaker 1: because Prince Henry would have died in the explosion. He

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Speaker 1: was the oldest son of the king, and four year

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Speaker 1: old Prince Charles was too sickly. There were some there

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Speaker 1: was some question as to whether or not he was

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Speaker 1: gonna survive, and they didn't want to place all their

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Speaker 1: hopes on him. So yeah, that was the general idea

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Speaker 1: of the plot. But what was going to happen next

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Speaker 1: after they had kidnapped Princess Elizabeth, It's sort of unclear.

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Speaker 1: In an article for History Today, Simon Adams says that's

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Speaker 1: quote one of the major mysteries of the plot. So

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Speaker 1: presumably they would just try to marry Elizabeth off to

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Speaker 1: some their Catholic European prince and solidify their Catholic regime

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Speaker 1: that way, and they would create their own puppet queen essentially.

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Speaker 1: According to an article by Pauline Croft in History Review, though,

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Speaker 1: Tresham was uneasy about the whole plot pretty much as

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Speaker 1: soon as he heard it. So giant red flag here.

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Speaker 1: He's not liking what he hears, and you can't take

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Speaker 1: it back once you tell somebody all about your plot, either.

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Speaker 1: But regardless of how everyone felt about it, I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's still more than ten people. That's just a lot

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Speaker 1: of people to be involved in what's supposed to be

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Speaker 1: a secret plot. So maybe what happened next really isn't

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Speaker 1: that surprising. On October o five, just days before Parliament

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Speaker 1: was set to meet, William Parker, who's better known as

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Speaker 1: Lord Monteagal, received an anonymous letter warning him to quote

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Speaker 1: devise some excuse to shift your attendance at this parliament

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Speaker 1: to avoid quote a terrible blow. So basically, stay away

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Speaker 1: for your own good, don't go to parliament. So Lord

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Speaker 1: Monteagal was a former Catholic himself. He had also participated

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Speaker 1: in that ethics uprising with Katesby and friends that we

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Speaker 1: mentioned in the earlier podcast, and he had at least

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Speaker 1: publicly converted to the Protestant religion. Still, he had Catholic connections,

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Speaker 1: especially through his marriage. Tresham was Montegal's brother in law,

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Speaker 1: so um, Unfortunately for Kate's By, Tresham had a few

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Speaker 1: brothers in law to consider. But that's why the letter

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Speaker 1: is often attributed to Tresham because of that family connection.

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Speaker 1: But we really don't know for sure who sent it,

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Speaker 1: who warned Lord Monteagle. Yeah, Croft actually throws out some

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Speaker 1: other potential sources of the letters. She writes, for example,

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Speaker 1: that Tom Winter sometimes served as Montegal secretary, so there's

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Speaker 1: a connection there. But there's another theory that's even more

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Speaker 1: interesting to me at least. Croft also suggests that it's

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Speaker 1: possible that Monteagle himself wrote the letter and just incorporated

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Speaker 1: information that he gleaned from some of his Catholic cohorts

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Speaker 1: to tip people off under under the guise of an

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Speaker 1: anonymous letter. Right, but regardless of where it came from,

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Speaker 1: Monteagle shared this letter with Sir Robert Cecil, the Earl

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Speaker 1: of Salisbury, the head of the monarchy secret police, and

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Speaker 1: the King's Secretary of State. Salisbury, in turn, of course,

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Speaker 1: shares the letter with the King, and there aren't any

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Speaker 1: specifics in the letter, so they wait a couple of

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Speaker 1: days before they raise any sort of alarm. Katesby in

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Speaker 1: the meantime he hears about the letter too, and he's

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Speaker 1: obviously worried that the plot has been betrayed, so he

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Speaker 1: consults with his co conspirators and they actually decided just

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Speaker 1: to go ahead with the plan they suspected. I've read

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Speaker 1: that Tresham was at fault, but he swore to them

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Speaker 1: that he didn't do anything, so they just said, okay,

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Speaker 1: let's go. They weren't going to just completely rush into

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Speaker 1: it blindly though just named case. On November four, Percy

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Speaker 1: visited with his boss and his relative, the Earl of Northumberland,

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Speaker 1: whose connections had of course helped Percy leave the house

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Speaker 1: in the cellar in the first place. He checked with

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Speaker 1: him to try to gauge whether or not the all

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Speaker 1: of Northumberland knew anything about the plan. Ironically, Percy did

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Speaker 1: not warn his relative to try to stay away from

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Speaker 1: Parliament himself that day, but Percy left the meeting feeling

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Speaker 1: pretty reassured that they were in the clear. Nobody knew

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Speaker 1: it was good. So it is all just full speed

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Speaker 1: ahead for the gunpowder plotters, or so they think, because

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Speaker 1: Saulisbury by this time has ordered the area all around

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Speaker 1: the Palace of Westminster, which houses Parliament, to be searched.

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Speaker 1: During the first search, though they didn't find anything, though

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Speaker 1: they did run into Fox there. He was of course

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Speaker 1: posing as John Johnson, and so they took him basically

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Speaker 1: for what he was posing to be. They took him

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Speaker 1: for a servant. The gunpowder, as we mentioned, was concealed,

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Speaker 1: so they didn't see that in the search either. They

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Speaker 1: did notice all of that kindling, though, the kindling that

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Speaker 1: we mentioned that was concealing the gunpowder, and they thought

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Speaker 1: it was a little weird that that was all there.

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Speaker 1: But when they realized that Thomas Percy, who was of

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Speaker 1: course a well respected gentleman pensioner, was leasing a space,

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Speaker 1: they figured, all right, it's probably okay. But then, according

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Speaker 1: to that Craft article, again Montego raised suspicion about the

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Speaker 1: fact that Percy was leasing the space even though he

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Speaker 1: had his own home in London, you know, like, why

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Speaker 1: does Percy need this place? Anyway? The King ordered another

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Speaker 1: search after that, and they found Fox at about midnight

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Speaker 1: on November four, along with the gunpowder, very incriminating slow

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Speaker 1: match and a watch that Percy had given him to

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Speaker 1: check the time with. So the plot was done caught

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Speaker 1: red handed. So Fox was arrested as John Johnson and

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Speaker 1: thrown into the Tower of London, where it said that

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Speaker 1: he was interrogated and tortured to reveal the names of

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Speaker 1: the other conspirators, even though torture was illegal in England

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Speaker 1: at the time. It took two days to break Fox

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Speaker 1: down for him to finally give up the names of

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Speaker 1: the others who were involved in the plot. Percy's name,

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Speaker 1: of course, had already been linked with the leases, so

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Speaker 1: there was already a warrant out for his arrest. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: though katesby Rook would the right brothers, Percy and Bates

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Speaker 1: all roads in the Midlands where part two of the

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Speaker 1: plan was supposed to happen, but of course that wasn't

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Speaker 1: going to happen now. Instead, they met up with the

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Speaker 1: other co conspirators, raided Warwick Castle for fresh horses, and

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Speaker 1: then went looking for help and apparently got refused by

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Speaker 1: several Catholic safe houses. They just kept going from house

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Speaker 1: to house, but nobody would join them, and nobody would

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Speaker 1: offer them help. I was interested in that point because,

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Speaker 1: I mean, it suggests me at least that word of

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Speaker 1: the plot must have spread really quickly, I mean, all

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Speaker 1: the way up in the Midlands to houses to know

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Speaker 1: better than to actually accept these people into your home. Well,

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Speaker 1: a big deal was made out of it, which we're

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Speaker 1: going to touch on a little bit later, But at

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Speaker 1: that time, yeah, I guess people knew it wasn't a

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Speaker 1: good idea to to protect these people, so they eventually

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Speaker 1: stopped at whole beach House in Staffordshire, where they thought

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Speaker 1: they could at least put up a defense there. But

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Speaker 1: they messed up right in the beginning by putting their

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Speaker 1: damp gunpowder by the fire to dry, so of course

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Speaker 1: the gunpowder exploded and it burned a couple of them

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Speaker 1: in the process. It minded one guy. It's all rather

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Speaker 1: ironic if you think about it long and hard. But

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Speaker 1: of course at this point the odds were even worse

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Speaker 1: for them. Not only are they on the run for

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Speaker 1: high treason, but they are injured, and according to Kroff,

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Speaker 1: they considered just getting out of the whole thing blowing

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Speaker 1: themselves up at this point. But by November eight men

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Speaker 1: led by the High Sheriff of wush sure did them.

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Speaker 1: In the rest of the way. They had this quick battle.

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Speaker 1: Katesby the rights and Percy ended up dying from their wounds.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like it was probably the best way to go. Thomas, Wintour, Rookwood,

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Speaker 1: and Grant were captured. Five of the guys were still free,

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Speaker 1: but not for very long. By the new year, all

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Speaker 1: of them were captured, and then Trusham, when he was

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Speaker 1: contained in the tower, fell ill and died, and some

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Speaker 1: people think that maybe he was poison Maybe even Monteagle

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Speaker 1: took mercy on him because of that letter of warning

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Speaker 1: and slipped him some poison helped him escape what would

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Speaker 1: ultimately be a far worse punishment of drawing and quartering,

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Speaker 1: which is the fate the rest of them were destined for. Yep,

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Speaker 1: all the plotters who weren't dead were put on trial

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Speaker 1: January sixteen o six, and of course they were all

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Speaker 1: found guilty of high treason and executed over the next

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Speaker 1: couple of days. They were all hanged, drawn and quartered.

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Speaker 1: So the plot was ultimately unsuccessful, and maybe because of that,

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Speaker 1: it's been the subject of debate for many years. Some

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Speaker 1: have even suggested that there was no plot, that the

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Speaker 1: plotters were actually set up by the government, specifically the

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Speaker 1: Earl of Salisbury, who knew that the backlash after the

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Speaker 1: plot was exposed would just reinforced Protestantism and strength and

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Speaker 1: hatred toward Catholics in England. Yeah, and in a nineteen

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Speaker 1: interview with The New York Times, Fraser, who we mentioned earlier,

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Speaker 1: said that the reason the origins of the plot are

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Speaker 1: up for debate is that researchers are trying to quote

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Speaker 1: draw conclusions from imperfect records and testimonies taken under torture.

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Speaker 1: She says that you really have to assess the evidence

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Speaker 1: and make up your own mind. And for her part,

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Speaker 1: she does believe there was the plot. According to Teaching History,

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Speaker 1: most historians do generally accept this idea. Now they do

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Speaker 1: think there was something going on, but the results of

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Speaker 1: government conspiracy would have been aiming for still came to pass.

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Speaker 1: The Gunpowder plot just made anti Catholic feelings in England

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Speaker 1: more intense. There were new laws preventing Catholics from practicing law,

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Speaker 1: serving as officers in the army or the navy, and

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Speaker 1: they weren't allowed to vote. On the evening of Guy

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Speaker 1: that Guy Fox was caught. November fifth, sixteen o five,

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Speaker 1: the first Guy Fox type celebration took place. The people

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Speaker 1: of London rang bells and lip bonfires to celebrate the

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Speaker 1: fact that the king and his nobility were safe. In

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Speaker 1: sixteen o six, the English government passed an act to

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Speaker 1: make the celebration an annual event, which at first was

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Speaker 1: religious in nature, with sermons and everything, and then later

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Speaker 1: it became more of a raucous social event. In the

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Speaker 1: seventeenth century, people started burning effigies of the pope on

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Speaker 1: the fires. And in the eighteen century is when the

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Speaker 1: little guy Effi g appeared. Yeah, And in eighteen fifty nine,

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Speaker 1: since there was an increased emphasis on religious toleration, the

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Speaker 1: sixteen o six Act was finally abolished and the Bonfire Night.

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Speaker 1: At that point the celebrations really started to morph into

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Speaker 1: private bonfires and fireworks parties that children would go sell

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Speaker 1: the guys on the street to fund. And over the

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Speaker 1: years it really became more of a family event in

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Speaker 1: a lot of places with fireworks displays, kind of how

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Speaker 1: we would celebrate Fourth of July here on sounds sort

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Speaker 1: of similar to that, although people can definitely correct us

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Speaker 1: if we're wrong about that, but certain similar elements. Right.

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Speaker 1: So now Bonfire Night celebrations still exist, but they compete

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Speaker 1: with other false celebrations like Halloween, and I'm really interested.

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Speaker 1: We asked during the last podcast for people to send

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Speaker 1: us um some examples of things that they do to

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Speaker 1: celebrate Bonfire Night, if they celebrated it at all, and

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Speaker 1: so hopefully we'll get to read some of those on

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Speaker 1: an upcoming podcast. Kind of awesome to have this always,

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Speaker 1: Like I guess the week after Halloween to you can

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Speaker 1: bring out your costumes again. Maybe I don't know, if

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Speaker 1: you celebrate both and it's just like a two week

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Speaker 1: long celebration or something exactly. The Gunpowder plot didn't leave

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Speaker 1: a mark, though, of a more serious mark than just

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Speaker 1: all these bonfire parties. The Houses of Parliament are still

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Speaker 1: searched just before the State Opening, which has been held

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Speaker 1: in November since nine even though Parliament's website says this

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Speaker 1: is retained as a picturesque custom rather than a serious

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Speaker 1: anti terrorist precaution, for which of course there are proper

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Speaker 1: mean I'm glad they qualified that for us. But Guy

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Speaker 1: Flox in the Gunpowder Plot have also been invoked quite

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Speaker 1: a bit in art and pop culture. One of the

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Speaker 1: most well known examples is the one that we mentioned

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Speaker 1: in part one of this podcast, which is the two

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Speaker 1: thousand six movie V for Vendetta, based on the comic

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Speaker 1: book series by Alan Moore, in which an anarchist known

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Speaker 1: as V tries to bring down the government. Basically that's

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Speaker 1: the basic plot line of this and V where is

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Speaker 1: a guy Fox mask? And if you haven't seen this movie,

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Speaker 1: I do highly recommend it, especially now that we've kind

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Speaker 1: of gone over the story. I did enjoy it, Sarah,

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Speaker 1: you haven't seen it, right, haven't seen it? And I

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Speaker 1: know now that I've admitted that. Whenever we admit there's

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Speaker 1: a certain movie we haven't seen, we usually hear from

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Speaker 1: people telling us, I can't believe you haven't seen that.

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Speaker 1: You're still getting Harry Potter email. I'm still getting Harry

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Speaker 1: Potter emails. We're still getting ned Kelly emails. So you know,

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Speaker 1: I'm sure you'll get emails about this one too. But

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Speaker 1: maybe because of the movie and its association with popular

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Speaker 1: revolution and anti establishment ideals that mask. The Guy Fox

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Speaker 1: mask has shown up in other places to members of

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Speaker 1: the hacker group Anonymous have been known to wear it.

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Speaker 1: I was talking to Jonathan Strickland of Tech Stuff about

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Speaker 1: that recently. He brought it up to me when he

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Speaker 1: found out we were doing this, and recently people involved

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Speaker 1: in the Occupy Wall Street movement have been wearing it too.

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Speaker 1: So it is interesting to see how this idea of

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Speaker 1: Guy Fox is still very political. It makes me wonder, though,

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Speaker 1: how many of the people wearing the masks today really

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Speaker 1: know the story of Guy fa Box, or even if

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Speaker 1: they know who Guy Fox is and they know about

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Speaker 1: the bonfires did they know the whole history of the plot? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And to Robert Catesby, is I mean Catesby to research

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Speaker 1: your studying him now? Was really a true terrorist? He

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Speaker 1: didn't kill He didn't care that he was about to

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Speaker 1: kill a life people. He didn't care that he might

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Speaker 1: have killed Catholics too, and people he knew for sure

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Speaker 1: right in what he was doing. Um So, I'm curious

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Speaker 1: to know what people think about this phenomenon of people

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Speaker 1: wearing Guy Fox masks for different reasons. Um so right

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Speaker 1: to us. You can write us at history Podcast at

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com, or you can look us

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Speaker 1: up on Facebook or on Twitter Atmston History. And we

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Speaker 1: were also talking to our colleague Kristen Conger of stuff

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Speaker 1: Mom never told you earlier. She's writing an article on

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Speaker 1: how Occupy Wall Street works, and I bet that'll be

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Speaker 1: published by the time this episode publishes, So that might

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Speaker 1: be a good opportunity to learn a little bit more

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Speaker 1: about this modern offsheet of Guy Fox. Um para nail, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess that's what we'd call it. You can check

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Speaker 1: that out. It's how Occupy Wall Street Works on our

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Speaker 1: homepage at www dot how stuff works dot com. This

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