1 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:11,039 Speaker 1: Good morning, or hey, have you left the house yet today? 2 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,040 Speaker 1: I have? Yeah, I record in my garage. I have 3 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:16,599 Speaker 1: a set up there, so thankfully I'm out of the house. 4 00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:19,439 Speaker 1: But if you mean like leaving the premises of my house, no, 5 00:00:19,520 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: I haven't done that yet. I mean it's not even noon. 6 00:00:21,800 --> 00:00:24,960 Speaker 1: Who leaves the house before noon? M I guess most 7 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:28,040 Speaker 1: of humanity have that experience. Are you saying I'm not 8 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:30,800 Speaker 1: part of humanity? I'm just saying maybe you have more 9 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:35,440 Speaker 1: inertia than the rest of us. Yes, Hey, cartoonists, address 10 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 1: tends to stay in rest less than external deadline is 11 00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:41,160 Speaker 1: applied to it. Yeah, I think that's Newton's forgotten fourth 12 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:44,479 Speaker 1: law of cartooning physics forgotten or he never got to 13 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: it because he had too much inertia he never managed 14 00:00:47,080 --> 00:01:04,120 Speaker 1: to change out of his pajamas. Yeah, Hi am for 15 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: handy cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. 16 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:11,680 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine, 17 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:14,319 Speaker 1: and I have my own kind of inertia. Oh yeah, 18 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: is it mostly around your waist or you have a 19 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: very inertial head. It's sort of more conceptual inertia. Once 20 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: I have an idea, I don't like to let go 21 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: of it, so the idea has inertia though, Is that 22 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: what you mean? Is it a heavy idea or a 23 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:30,399 Speaker 1: light idea? It's sort of stubbornly sticks around in my brain. 24 00:01:30,760 --> 00:01:33,199 Speaker 1: Sometimes I'll get curious about something and it just will 25 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:36,800 Speaker 1: not leave me for months or years, until eventually I 26 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 1: find an answer. Aren't you describing all physicists though? Is 27 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: a nurse a certain sense amount of compulsion that you 28 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:45,200 Speaker 1: need to be a you know, a researcher, a scientist. 29 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:47,600 Speaker 1: I think there is in fact a minimum quantum level 30 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:50,760 Speaker 1: of obsession you have to have in order to dedicate 31 00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:53,440 Speaker 1: your life to these crazy ideas. Well. Welcome to our 32 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: podcast Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe, hopefully your new obsession, 33 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:00,880 Speaker 1: which is a production of our heart, in which we 34 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: explore the entire universe without leaving our houses or changing 35 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: out of our pajamas. We help you perform the incredible 36 00:02:09,040 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: feat of trying to import the entire universe, all of 37 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: the stars and galaxies and tiny particles and alien landscapes 38 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: that might be out there, into your brain without ever 39 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: leaving your home. If you're lying in bed or sitting 40 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:25,079 Speaker 1: on your couch or otherwise chilling out. We hope to 41 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:28,160 Speaker 1: bring the entire universe to you. That's right, because it 42 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:31,640 Speaker 1: is a pretty heavy universe, full of massive and amazing 43 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:35,839 Speaker 1: revelations and things to discover. Did we try to fit 44 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: all inside of your head. It's a big project to 45 00:02:39,120 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: understand how the universe works, and something we've been working 46 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: on for a long time, decades, centuries, even millennia. If 47 00:02:46,560 --> 00:02:50,240 Speaker 1: you take seriously early Greek physics, which you don't write, 48 00:02:50,720 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 1: I've seen you talk about Greek physicists, or as you 49 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:56,080 Speaker 1: like to call them, Greek guess you know, they had 50 00:02:56,120 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: a different approach. They began by thinking internally just what 51 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,920 Speaker 1: made sense to them. The concept of empiricism came a 52 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:06,280 Speaker 1: little bit later, actually going out and testing these ideas 53 00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:09,000 Speaker 1: to see if they do describe our universe is a 54 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:12,240 Speaker 1: little bit more modern than the ancient Greeks. I feel 55 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:14,080 Speaker 1: like it's a little bit unfair though, because like, you 56 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 1: know a lot more than them, but only because there 57 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:18,800 Speaker 1: were a lot of people who did signs and research 58 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:21,560 Speaker 1: before you did. Like if you were born in Greek times, 59 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:23,880 Speaker 1: who knows what you might be thinking. Oh, that's definitely true, 60 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:27,560 Speaker 1: and I don't claim to be smarter than Aristotle or Galileo. 61 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:29,520 Speaker 1: I think the lesson to take away from it is 62 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:33,400 Speaker 1: that progress is slow, and the things that seem obvious 63 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,680 Speaker 1: to us were actually big intellectual steps forward, and we 64 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 1: can't really recognize that anymore because we are so marinated 65 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:43,680 Speaker 1: in our current way of thinking. We forget how big 66 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: an intellectual leap it was to try to describe the 67 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:49,920 Speaker 1: universe in terms of mathematics and make predictions and go 68 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:52,680 Speaker 1: out and test those things. All of that was a 69 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,840 Speaker 1: big idea that took thousands of years to bubble up 70 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:58,960 Speaker 1: from inside human brains. Yeah, although it all seems like 71 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: Greek to me, there is a lot of scientists have 72 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,760 Speaker 1: discovered and theorize about the universe, and we've made a 73 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: huge amount of progress. We have a pretty solid theory 74 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:09,840 Speaker 1: about what things are made out of and also how 75 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: the stars and the galaxies and the black holes out 76 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: there moved. It is kind of incredible how much progress 77 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:18,919 Speaker 1: we have made. Our mastery of technology is evidence that 78 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,039 Speaker 1: we understand how the universe works at a very microscopic 79 00:04:22,120 --> 00:04:25,159 Speaker 1: scale all the way up to a macroscopic scale. We 80 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: can use computers which are based on the motions of 81 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,440 Speaker 1: tiny little particles to guide enormous things like a seven 82 00:04:31,520 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: forty seven across the ocean. It's this harmony between the 83 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 1: very very small and the very very big. We have 84 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:41,039 Speaker 1: explored the universe at all of these scales and many 85 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:43,799 Speaker 1: scales in between, and at each step we can find 86 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:47,440 Speaker 1: some story to tell about what's going on, how things work, 87 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: what laws they seem to be following. It never ceases 88 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:53,720 Speaker 1: to amaze me that the universe is understandable. It is 89 00:04:53,760 --> 00:04:56,599 Speaker 1: pretty amazing. Although even though we have theories that can 90 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,120 Speaker 1: predict things like the motion of particles and the motion 91 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:02,159 Speaker 1: of galaxies in stars out there in space, that doesn't 92 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 1: necessarily mean that we understand these theories or what they 93 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:07,279 Speaker 1: mean or where they come from. Yeah, we tell a 94 00:05:07,279 --> 00:05:11,119 Speaker 1: little mathematical stories about the universe, but sometimes it's useful 95 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: to stop and say, like, what is this thing we 96 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:17,239 Speaker 1: are talking about anyway? Like we have the Shorteninger equation 97 00:05:17,279 --> 00:05:19,640 Speaker 1: that tells us the wave function of a particle and 98 00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:22,280 Speaker 1: how it moves through space, but it leaves unanswered important 99 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: questions like well, what is a particle anyway? And it 100 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:30,359 Speaker 1: turns out that physicists and philosophers have riotously different opinions 101 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:33,400 Speaker 1: about what this thing is we're talking about. But we 102 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:35,719 Speaker 1: can still tell stories about these objects even if we 103 00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:38,719 Speaker 1: don't quite understand what they are. But it's very fun 104 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:41,240 Speaker 1: and very fruitful to dig into these questions and try 105 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:44,720 Speaker 1: to understand exactly what it is we are talking about. Yeah, 106 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: there are still very basic things about the universe we 107 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:51,359 Speaker 1: don't understand. And they don't just relate to tiny, little 108 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:54,279 Speaker 1: miniscule particles that you can't see. It also applies to 109 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: you and me and what you do every day, which 110 00:05:56,760 --> 00:05:59,440 Speaker 1: is to move or to not move, and to just 111 00:05:59,520 --> 00:06:03,000 Speaker 1: sitting your chair all day long. They described physicists or 112 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: cartoonists or both. I was just being general. I don't 113 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:10,440 Speaker 1: know why you're particular responding. You know, well, why are 114 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:13,280 Speaker 1: you mentioning in it? Well, it's this sort of mysterious process. Right. 115 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:15,720 Speaker 1: You sit in your chair, and you stay sitting in 116 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: your chair. You expect that, unless you're getting up to 117 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: move across the room or go fetch another banana, you're 118 00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 1: going to be in your chair all day long. And 119 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:25,800 Speaker 1: that's the kind of thing that seems obvious to you, 120 00:06:25,839 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: And it seems obvious to Aristotle, and it seems obvious 121 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:31,680 Speaker 1: to everybody but understanding the mechanics have feel like why 122 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:34,920 Speaker 1: things at rest stay at rest, why things in motion 123 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:39,400 Speaker 1: stay in motion? Raisism really fascinating issues about like what 124 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 1: is momentum? What is inertia? What is mass? Anyway, so 125 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:50,560 Speaker 1: today on the podcast, we'll be tackling the question what 126 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:56,800 Speaker 1: is quantized inertia? Guessing this means quantum mechanics of inertia. 127 00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:01,560 Speaker 1: It's too buzzwords stuck together to make a buzzword, Sam, 128 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,040 Speaker 1: I'm not sure inertia is a buzzword. The people use 129 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:08,039 Speaker 1: it to denote, you know, exciting things, not usually Yeah, 130 00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 1: inertia is never a good thing. Is it like Silicon 131 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,360 Speaker 1: Valley disruptors. They're usually looking to disrupt industries that have 132 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:18,160 Speaker 1: too much inertia? Yes, it's something you want to break, 133 00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: I guess unless you're a controonism, which case you enjoy 134 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: a little bit of inertia sometimes. But it is a 135 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: fascinating question because I feel like inertia is a word 136 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: that you know, even as a little kid, you learned 137 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:33,240 Speaker 1: pretty early on that it's just like what heavy things 138 00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:36,240 Speaker 1: have that makes them hard to move. And so to 139 00:07:36,320 --> 00:07:38,320 Speaker 1: think about the idea that we don't know what it 140 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,280 Speaker 1: is is kind of crazy. M. It's interesting word also 141 00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:44,120 Speaker 1: because I'm not sure if it comes from physics and 142 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: then we use it in our lives to describe, like 143 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:51,160 Speaker 1: our emotional states or our motivation levels as a metaphor 144 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 1: for a concept from physics, or if when the other 145 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:57,000 Speaker 1: direction and physics stole it from English because it's similar 146 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:00,360 Speaker 1: to the concept that already existed. M. There's no history 147 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:02,520 Speaker 1: of words and physics. Oh, I'm sure there is, but 148 00:08:02,600 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: I'm not an expert in linguistics. Somebody out there who 149 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: knows the history of the word inertia right in and 150 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:11,400 Speaker 1: let us know. Well, Also, it depends what you call scientists, 151 00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,560 Speaker 1: right maybe like early caveman saw big rock and they 152 00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:17,520 Speaker 1: found it hard to move, and they said, you know, 153 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,480 Speaker 1: came up with a word for it. And that's kind 154 00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:22,040 Speaker 1: of like being a scientist, right. That's certainly being descriptive. 155 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:25,080 Speaker 1: I think philosophers of science might quibble about whether you're 156 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: doing science just by describing your experience in the world. 157 00:08:28,360 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: I think maybe science also requires developing a model to 158 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:35,080 Speaker 1: explain what you've seen, what you've experienced that also predicts 159 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,200 Speaker 1: what would happen in the future. I'm sure they predicted 160 00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,640 Speaker 1: that the rock wouldn't move. Rock was heavy yesterday, Rock 161 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:47,280 Speaker 1: heavy today, rock heavy tomorrow. Me scientists me published first 162 00:08:47,280 --> 00:08:52,200 Speaker 1: paper or first rock. Yeah, first don't tablet. First case 163 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:55,840 Speaker 1: painting got a publication range of one impact factor one. 164 00:08:56,200 --> 00:08:58,440 Speaker 1: But it is a pretty amazing question to ask, because 165 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:00,960 Speaker 1: I imagine it's not a question people ask every day, 166 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:02,680 Speaker 1: like what is inertia? We just kind of take it 167 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:06,840 Speaker 1: for granted that inertia exists. We do take it for granted, 168 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:10,560 Speaker 1: especially because we have fairly solid theories of physics which 169 00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 1: use it, you know, Newtonian physics, Einsteinian relativity. They all 170 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: rely in this concept of mass and on inertia, so 171 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:20,440 Speaker 1: they play a role in the mathematical stories these theories tell, 172 00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:23,719 Speaker 1: but that doesn't mean that they necessarily explain what it 173 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:26,960 Speaker 1: is or where it comes from. You know, Einstein's relativity 174 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:30,000 Speaker 1: can tell us that things with energy in them have mass, 175 00:09:30,040 --> 00:09:33,120 Speaker 1: and that mass has inertia, but doesn't answer the question 176 00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: why why do things with energy in them tend to 177 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:39,880 Speaker 1: need a force to accelerate them? For example. Yeah, it's 178 00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:41,920 Speaker 1: a pretty fascinated question, and so, as usual, we were 179 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: wondering how many people out there had thought about this 180 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,880 Speaker 1: question or had heard of the term quantized inertia. So 181 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:50,840 Speaker 1: the things very much to everybody who volunteers for these 182 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:53,080 Speaker 1: to be on the mic for the podcast, We really 183 00:09:53,120 --> 00:09:55,880 Speaker 1: appreciate it. If you'd like to hear your voice speculating 184 00:09:55,880 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 1: about future topics for the podcast, please don't be shy 185 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:02,080 Speaker 1: right to us to instants at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 186 00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:03,760 Speaker 1: So think about it for a second. What do you 187 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:08,199 Speaker 1: think is quantized inertia? Here's WHATULD be glad to say. First, 188 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:12,600 Speaker 1: I'm going to take a wild guess that quantized inertia 189 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:16,679 Speaker 1: is essentially as the quantized view of inertia. And secondly 190 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: that you're using the same definition of inertia as I 191 00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:24,120 Speaker 1: learned in school way back when I guess you would 192 00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:29,200 Speaker 1: just build the quantum of inertia with the quantum of 193 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:32,760 Speaker 1: mass times the quantum of distance over the quantum of time, 194 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:38,360 Speaker 1: and quantized inertia would be inertia momentum whatever you wanna 195 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:43,560 Speaker 1: call it, measured in that unit. Quantized inertia sounds to 196 00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,320 Speaker 1: me like it's going to be small packets of movement 197 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:51,920 Speaker 1: that can be discreetly segmented into you know, little little 198 00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:57,199 Speaker 1: individual quantized bits of movement. So it's not this continuous 199 00:10:57,320 --> 00:10:59,840 Speaker 1: everything stays in motion as long as it's in motion 200 00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: that we would expect from Newtonian physics inertia, but quantized 201 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: quantized inertia. So m hmm, I don't know. I don't 202 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:14,560 Speaker 1: know what contest inertia means, but I'm guessing it's something 203 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:18,240 Speaker 1: to do with inertia that originates from something that doesn't 204 00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:22,240 Speaker 1: have mass. So if you were to take a box um, 205 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:24,920 Speaker 1: an empty box, like completely empty, I mean, apart from 206 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: virtual particles, I guess. But if you had an empty 207 00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:30,959 Speaker 1: box um and waited, it would real less than if 208 00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: you took a box with photons in it, even though 209 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:39,319 Speaker 1: photons are massless according to the currently prevailing theory, um 210 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:41,880 Speaker 1: just because of the emotion, because of the momentum, that 211 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:46,280 Speaker 1: box would have inertia. So I don't know. Because photons 212 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: are the quanta of the lecture magnetic fields, so maybe 213 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: that's what quantized inertia means, but I'm not sure. All Right, 214 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:57,400 Speaker 1: not a lot of solid gases here. I like the 215 00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 1: person who said it's inertia but quantized. Isn't that what 216 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:04,760 Speaker 1: quantum physics is. It's physics, but quantized, that's a quantum 217 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:09,199 Speaker 1: everything is right quantum dessert dipping dots? Yeah, yeah, I 218 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: think quantizing your dessert would probably help with your own 219 00:12:11,520 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: inertia around your waist. I don't know. I think the 220 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: smaller the pieces are, the more of them you can have. 221 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:19,000 Speaker 1: So you just end up consuming an infinite number of 222 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,719 Speaker 1: dipping dots. They're so small. How can they possibly add 223 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:24,439 Speaker 1: up to anything that seems physically impossible to you? You're 224 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:28,600 Speaker 1: a physicist, I can bend logic when it comes to dessert. Yeah, 225 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,440 Speaker 1: does make it harder to bend your body. But I 226 00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:34,480 Speaker 1: did really like the answer that suggested that quantized inertia 227 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:38,720 Speaker 1: could come out of quantized distance and quantized time. Essentially, 228 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:41,840 Speaker 1: if all of reality is quantized, then everything is quantized, 229 00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:46,720 Speaker 1: including inertia and dessert. Yeah. Yeah, I guess if space 230 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,280 Speaker 1: is quantized, and technically moving through space or not moving 231 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,679 Speaker 1: through space is also quantized. That's right. Either you're eating 232 00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:56,200 Speaker 1: dessert or you're not, unless it's quantum mechanics, in which 233 00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,719 Speaker 1: case maybe you're doing both at the same time. The 234 00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,080 Speaker 1: dessert on certainty for stable. So this is a really 235 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: funny topic, quantized inertia. I like it because it touches 236 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:06,560 Speaker 1: on a really core question of physics, like what is 237 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:10,439 Speaker 1: inertia and mass? Anyway? But also, let's this explore a 238 00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: recent hypothesis suggestion that might answer those questions. Right, And 239 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:17,959 Speaker 1: I guess, just to be clear, quantized inertia is a 240 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,520 Speaker 1: concept that comes from a theory that tries to explain 241 00:13:20,640 --> 00:13:23,080 Speaker 1: what inertia is. Yeah, that's exactly right. It suggests that 242 00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 1: inertia comes from tiny, little quantum effects in the universe. 243 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:28,880 Speaker 1: All right, well, let's jump into it. And I guess 244 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:32,200 Speaker 1: let's start at the beginning. What physicists call inertia? How 245 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:35,719 Speaker 1: do they define it? So inertia first appears in Newton's theory, right, 246 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:38,120 Speaker 1: it tells us that things in motion will stay in 247 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,480 Speaker 1: motion and that things at rest will stay at rest. 248 00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:44,120 Speaker 1: And in that sense, it's another way to state the 249 00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 1: conservation of momentum. You know, things that have no momentum 250 00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:51,280 Speaker 1: their mass times their velocity will continue to have no 251 00:13:51,440 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 1: momentum unless you apply a force to them, unless you 252 00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:58,320 Speaker 1: accelerate them by applying a force. Things who have constant 253 00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:02,679 Speaker 1: velocity constant momentum will continue to have that momentum unless again, 254 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:06,080 Speaker 1: you apply a force to change that momentum. So that's 255 00:14:06,080 --> 00:14:09,000 Speaker 1: the principle of inertia. Right. It's kind of the idea 256 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: that if something has velocity, it's hard to change that 257 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 1: things velocity. Right, So that's kind of the concept. And 258 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: maybe the more of it that you have, the more 259 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,280 Speaker 1: inertia that you have, the harder it is to change 260 00:14:20,320 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: that velocity. Yeah, and that's where Newton's laws of physics 261 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,520 Speaker 1: come in. Right, you have a certain velocity, you need 262 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:28,520 Speaker 1: to apply a force to change that velocity. And because 263 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: force is mass times acceleration, then to get a larger acceleration, 264 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:36,280 Speaker 1: you need a larger force. Because force is mass times acceleration. 265 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: The more mass you have, the larger the force you 266 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:42,400 Speaker 1: need to get the same acceleration. So things that have 267 00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 1: more mass therefore need bigger forces in order to accelerate them. 268 00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:48,280 Speaker 1: Like if you push on a tiny rock, you're going 269 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 1: to accelerate it more than if you push on the 270 00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: entire Earth with the same force. Right, So then I 271 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:57,040 Speaker 1: guess is inertia related to mass? Does it include mass 272 00:14:57,120 --> 00:14:59,880 Speaker 1: or is it just the general concept that you need 273 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: to force to move a mass? You know what I mean? 274 00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:04,120 Speaker 1: The mass that we're talking about there we often call 275 00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:07,720 Speaker 1: inertial mass because we think it's the mass that gives 276 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 1: things inertia the property of having mass. If you didn't 277 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 1: have mass, then you wouldn't have inertia. So if the 278 00:15:13,040 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: inertia comes from having mass, because you also need that 279 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:19,360 Speaker 1: mass to have momentum. Right, Although could you also say 280 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,200 Speaker 1: that you can't have mass if you don't have inertia, 281 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:26,040 Speaker 1: or that what we call mass is actually the property 282 00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:28,160 Speaker 1: of inertia. I think it's the second that what we 283 00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:31,000 Speaker 1: call mass is actually the property of inertia. That's why 284 00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:33,960 Speaker 1: we get more specific and we call it inertial mass, right, 285 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:36,960 Speaker 1: because there are other kinds of masses. There are other 286 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: kinds of masses exactly. It's also a subtle distinction between 287 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 1: momentum and inertia because it is possible to have momentum 288 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,800 Speaker 1: without mass, Like photons have momentum even though they don't 289 00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:51,480 Speaker 1: have any mass. Does that mean photons have inertia or not? 290 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:55,240 Speaker 1: Or is it all very light? Well, photons do carry momentum, right, 291 00:15:55,280 --> 00:15:58,280 Speaker 1: And so a photon, for example, can bounce off of 292 00:15:58,360 --> 00:16:01,120 Speaker 1: something and push it, you know, like a solar sale 293 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:05,119 Speaker 1: is a photon pushing on something and transferring its momentum 294 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,600 Speaker 1: to that object. So messence to have momentum, but inertia 295 00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:12,400 Speaker 1: is like the resistance of an object of changing its velocity, 296 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: and photons can't change their velocity, right, they always travel 297 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:18,840 Speaker 1: at the speed of light. So inertia when it comes 298 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,800 Speaker 1: to photons is very confusing. Does that mean photons have 299 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:24,840 Speaker 1: infinite inertia? That's an interesting question. You can change the 300 00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:28,160 Speaker 1: direction of a photon even though you can change its velocity, 301 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:31,000 Speaker 1: and that does actually count as a change in its 302 00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:35,120 Speaker 1: velocity vector because you're changing its components. Something with infinite 303 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:37,880 Speaker 1: inertia you wouldn't be able to change its direction either. 304 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:41,160 Speaker 1: So light is a sort of special category there. M 305 00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:43,400 Speaker 1: I think you're saying that like does have inertia, or 306 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:46,800 Speaker 1: maybe that it doesn't apply to things without inertial mass. 307 00:16:46,840 --> 00:16:49,320 Speaker 1: I think there's a few different concepts here. There's momentum, 308 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 1: which light definitely carries, but inertia here we're talking about 309 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:56,400 Speaker 1: inertial mass, and photons definitely don't have any inertial mass. 310 00:16:57,480 --> 00:17:00,080 Speaker 1: All right, So some particles in the universe seemed to 311 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:04,040 Speaker 1: have inertial mass, and it's sort of related to ecelind 312 00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:07,200 Speaker 1: theories about gravity too, right, that's right, And there's another 313 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,000 Speaker 1: interesting wrinkle about inertial mass there, which is it doesn't 314 00:17:10,119 --> 00:17:12,520 Speaker 1: just come from the mass of your particles, right. So 315 00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:15,320 Speaker 1: for example, particles have their own little mass which they 316 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:17,440 Speaker 1: get from the Higgs boson. But then you can put 317 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:19,840 Speaker 1: them together and use energy to build those bonds, and 318 00:17:19,840 --> 00:17:23,159 Speaker 1: that energy also contributes to the mass of the object. So, 319 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:25,920 Speaker 1: for example, a proton is made of little quirks. Those 320 00:17:25,960 --> 00:17:29,720 Speaker 1: corks have really really tiny inertial masses. The proton has 321 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:32,680 Speaker 1: a lot of inertial mass because of the energy in it. 322 00:17:32,760 --> 00:17:35,000 Speaker 1: So the proton, this bound state of all the corks, 323 00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 1: has a lot more mass than the things it's made 324 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: out of. And that's because energy inside an object is 325 00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 1: sort of what gives it mass, it gives it inertia. 326 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:46,159 Speaker 1: So there's all these different ideas here. What is mass? 327 00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: What is inertia for an object? It reflects how much 328 00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:53,040 Speaker 1: energy is sort of stored inside the object, not just 329 00:17:53,160 --> 00:17:55,880 Speaker 1: the mass of the objects inside of it. Right, And 330 00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:58,280 Speaker 1: in our book frequently ask questions about the unerse We 331 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,160 Speaker 1: tackled this in a whole chat there where we basically 332 00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:03,520 Speaker 1: conclude that there's no such thing as mass, right, like 333 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:06,320 Speaker 1: everything is just energy because most of what we call 334 00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:09,359 Speaker 1: mass in our bodies is actually the energy stored in 335 00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:12,400 Speaker 1: the between the particles. And also like even the mass 336 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:14,880 Speaker 1: of a particle is really just the energy it has 337 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:18,119 Speaker 1: with the Higgs field, right, and so it's all just energy, 338 00:18:18,880 --> 00:18:21,840 Speaker 1: which means there is such a thing mass. It is 339 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:24,440 Speaker 1: all just energy, but it does seem to have inertia, 340 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,000 Speaker 1: and that's too. Also in other counterintuitive examples, like with photons. 341 00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:30,520 Speaker 1: Photons have no mass, but if you put a bunch 342 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:33,359 Speaker 1: of photons in a box with mirrors inside, for example, 343 00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:36,639 Speaker 1: so they're bouncing around, then that will have more mass 344 00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:39,359 Speaker 1: than an empty box. So you can like make a 345 00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:42,359 Speaker 1: box more massive by shooting a laser into it and 346 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:45,520 Speaker 1: capturing those photons because you put energy into it. So 347 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:47,720 Speaker 1: it is all just energy, but that energy has this 348 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:51,240 Speaker 1: property of inertia. Right. It's kind of seems like, um, 349 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:54,520 Speaker 1: maybe the right order of these concepts is that you know, 350 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:58,480 Speaker 1: whenever you have energy localized or put together in a 351 00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:02,080 Speaker 1: particular object or spa or even a box, it's somehow 352 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:06,120 Speaker 1: difficult to move that box or object, like you need 353 00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:10,040 Speaker 1: to apply some kind of energy to change its velocity. 354 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,919 Speaker 1: And then that's the concept of inertia. And then what 355 00:19:13,960 --> 00:19:17,680 Speaker 1: we call mass is kind of a measure of its inertia. Yeah, 356 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:20,560 Speaker 1: mass is like a dial that tells you how much 357 00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:23,119 Speaker 1: stored energy there is inside of it, And there's this 358 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:25,560 Speaker 1: relationship between the stored energy inside of it and how 359 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,159 Speaker 1: hard it is to move that thing. And mass is 360 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,520 Speaker 1: that multiplicative factor between those two things, exactly right, which 361 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:34,520 Speaker 1: means inertia? Is it kind of like predates mass or 362 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:37,960 Speaker 1: is more important or you know, it comes before the 363 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 1: concept of mass, So it's pretty pretty important, right before 364 00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:44,680 Speaker 1: in what sense, like chronologically or conceptually, I mean like conceptually, 365 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:46,840 Speaker 1: like in terms of the way that we think about 366 00:19:46,880 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: these ideas, the order of concepts, it comes first, right, Yeah, 367 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: you can definitely think about it that way. What we 368 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:54,600 Speaker 1: observe is that there are things in the universe and 369 00:19:54,640 --> 00:19:57,880 Speaker 1: those things seem to have inertia. We explain that by 370 00:19:57,920 --> 00:20:00,680 Speaker 1: coming up with this concept of mass for these things. 371 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:03,600 Speaker 1: That is sort of the origin of their inertia. But 372 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:06,399 Speaker 1: it's really just more of a description than an actual explanation. 373 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: We don't really understand the mechanism by which energy resists 374 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:13,640 Speaker 1: changes in its inertia. I think that's what you mean. Well, 375 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:15,679 Speaker 1: I think I mean, like in your light box. Example, 376 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:18,200 Speaker 1: if I put light inside of a box with mirrors 377 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:20,679 Speaker 1: inside of it, it's going to have inertia, But that 378 00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:23,080 Speaker 1: doesn't mean that the light it put into it has mass. 379 00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 1: So it's almost like inerish is kind of a more 380 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:29,679 Speaker 1: important or overarching, kind of fundamental concept than mass. I 381 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:31,760 Speaker 1: think big inertia will be happy to hear you say that. 382 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:36,120 Speaker 1: Oh good, wait for the check. All right, Well, let's 383 00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:39,840 Speaker 1: get into this idea of anerition, why we don't understand 384 00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:43,080 Speaker 1: what it is, and also a new theory that might 385 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:45,840 Speaker 1: have an answer for it. First, let's take a quick break. 386 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:02,560 Speaker 1: All right, we're talking about nourish and um. Ironically, it's 387 00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:04,159 Speaker 1: taken as a well to get to this topic. You 388 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:06,200 Speaker 1: might say, we have a lot of inertia, and there's 389 00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:09,120 Speaker 1: also some sort of inertia in the field about answering 390 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:12,000 Speaker 1: these questions at the foundations. Once we have a theory 391 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:14,359 Speaker 1: that works that we can use to describe the universe, 392 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 1: a lot of people like to just run with it 393 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:18,480 Speaker 1: and go off and predict things and build ideas on 394 00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:20,800 Speaker 1: top of it. There isn't always an appetite for like 395 00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,920 Speaker 1: digging into the details of like what does this mean? 396 00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: It feels to people a little bit like doing philosophy, 397 00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:29,520 Speaker 1: which is why for a long time people ignore questions 398 00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:31,359 Speaker 1: at the heart of like quantum mechanics, you know, what 399 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:34,240 Speaker 1: our particles and is the way of function actually collapsing? 400 00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:36,680 Speaker 1: Because we had the theory that worked. But I think 401 00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:39,080 Speaker 1: it's really interesting and really important to dig into these 402 00:21:39,119 --> 00:21:41,879 Speaker 1: details and try to understand what is this foundation on 403 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:44,880 Speaker 1: which we're building all of our theories. Yeah, and so 404 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 1: we define inertia as kind of the basically the observation 405 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,760 Speaker 1: that whenever you have an object which is mostly energy, 406 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:54,359 Speaker 1: or whenever you have a lot of energy in one spot, 407 00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: in one kind of thing, it's kind of hard to 408 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,600 Speaker 1: make that thing move or to slow it down, or 409 00:22:00,640 --> 00:22:03,880 Speaker 1: basically to change its velocity. And so that observation, that's 410 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:06,800 Speaker 1: what we call inertia. Yeah, that's what we call inertia. Okay, 411 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: But I guess the big question is like why is that? 412 00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: Why is the universe like that? Well, like why is 413 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 1: it hard to change the velocity of things that have 414 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:17,760 Speaker 1: a lot of energy. That's a great question, and I 415 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:20,399 Speaker 1: think it's important when we ask big questions like that 416 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:23,639 Speaker 1: to think about what kind of answer are we looking for? 417 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: Are we looking for an answer that's like this is 418 00:22:26,359 --> 00:22:29,040 Speaker 1: the only way the universe can be because it's the 419 00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:31,840 Speaker 1: only way the mathematics hangs together in a consistent way, 420 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:34,080 Speaker 1: Like there is no way to build another theory of 421 00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:37,040 Speaker 1: physics that doesn't have this property. It's like a necessary 422 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:41,560 Speaker 1: consequence of something fundamental to our universe. Or another kind 423 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: of answer would be like, oh, here's the mechanism, here's 424 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:47,760 Speaker 1: microscopically what's happening when you try to push on that 425 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:51,119 Speaker 1: box of photons, like to understand the little details of 426 00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:53,800 Speaker 1: exactly what's happening and why. This concept of inertia sort 427 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:56,520 Speaker 1: of emerges from that, Right, I think you're talking about 428 00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: the difference between giving up and throwing your hands up 429 00:22:59,880 --> 00:23:01,960 Speaker 1: in the air. Think just the way, that's the way 430 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:04,919 Speaker 1: the universe is, and the other option, which is to 431 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:07,520 Speaker 1: dig in deeper and see if there's maybe a simpler 432 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: explanation for things like innernship. Right, Like, at some point 433 00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:13,080 Speaker 1: you could just say, hey, that's just the way the 434 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:15,800 Speaker 1: universe is, because there's no other way that the universe 435 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:18,920 Speaker 1: could have been. Differently, the innersha is just there because 436 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,720 Speaker 1: it's there, Or you can might dig in deeper and say, 437 00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:24,920 Speaker 1: oh no, look actually it's because of this other thing 438 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:27,680 Speaker 1: that we know about the universe, right. I think it's 439 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:29,639 Speaker 1: just a question of which rabbit hole you want to 440 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:31,200 Speaker 1: go down. If you want to go down the path 441 00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:34,000 Speaker 1: of like finding fundamental principles that force the universe to 442 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:36,159 Speaker 1: be this way, then you can make arguments like the 443 00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:38,920 Speaker 1: ones we make about conservation a momentum. Why does momentum 444 00:23:38,920 --> 00:23:41,960 Speaker 1: seem to be conserved in our universe? We think because 445 00:23:41,960 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: of not H's theorem and various symmetries. That is, because 446 00:23:45,359 --> 00:23:48,040 Speaker 1: space is the same everywhere, And so then you can ask, all, 447 00:23:48,119 --> 00:23:50,200 Speaker 1: why it's space the same everywhere. It's a fun rabbit 448 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: hole to go down, but it's sort of a different 449 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:55,159 Speaker 1: structure of the argument to say that it's constrained by 450 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:58,240 Speaker 1: certain physical principles, and then you can of course ask like, well, 451 00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:01,000 Speaker 1: why those physical principles, So you never really get to 452 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:03,359 Speaker 1: an answer, I think, but it's just sort of like 453 00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: a different direction to try to explore. I don't think 454 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,480 Speaker 1: either one should be called giving up. Giving up is 455 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,960 Speaker 1: like staying at home in your pajamas all day, unless 456 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 1: you're doing physics in your pajamas at home. Isn't that 457 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:16,440 Speaker 1: what you do? A lot of the time too. Yeah, 458 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:18,200 Speaker 1: I stay home, I said, in my pajamas, I eat 459 00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 1: dipping dots and I think about the universe. There you go. See, 460 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:23,560 Speaker 1: inertia can be a good thing. I feel like it 461 00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: gets a bad rap it does. Well, let's talk about 462 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,639 Speaker 1: inertia is a negative thing, whereas momentum, Now that's a 463 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:30,800 Speaker 1: good thing usually. See, I think you're just a shill 464 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:32,679 Speaker 1: for big inertia. I think you're being paid on the 465 00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:37,080 Speaker 1: side by big inertia to rehab its image in the community, 466 00:24:37,119 --> 00:24:41,960 Speaker 1: in the physics community. You're here telling us that it 467 00:24:42,040 --> 00:24:44,280 Speaker 1: shouldn't be a negative thing. You're here telling us that 468 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,080 Speaker 1: it's more fundamental than mass. I mean, these are basically 469 00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:49,560 Speaker 1: big inertias talking points. Well, I think we're all on 470 00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:53,120 Speaker 1: the thumb of inertia. So really I kind of want 471 00:24:53,119 --> 00:24:55,520 Speaker 1: to make it happy, right, You don't want to inertia 472 00:24:55,560 --> 00:24:58,120 Speaker 1: to turn against you. I see now you're resorting to threats. 473 00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,360 Speaker 1: Fall in line everyone, or big inertia will get you. 474 00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:05,479 Speaker 1: I didn't say that you did to any But in 475 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,160 Speaker 1: terms of the question of what is inertia, I guess then, 476 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:11,040 Speaker 1: so which answer are we looking for? Are we looking 477 00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:14,200 Speaker 1: for a way to say that inertia is because the 478 00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,240 Speaker 1: universe couldn't have been any other way without inertia, or 479 00:25:17,240 --> 00:25:20,320 Speaker 1: are we trying to find mechanism for inertia. People are 480 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:22,560 Speaker 1: going in both directions. There are some folks on the 481 00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:25,680 Speaker 1: sort of philosophical side trying to understand whether we can 482 00:25:25,680 --> 00:25:28,879 Speaker 1: connect it to symmetries of the universe, etcetera. But today 483 00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:31,920 Speaker 1: we're gonna dig into this theory of quantized inertia, which 484 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:34,840 Speaker 1: is trying to describe it from the bottom up, explaining 485 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:37,639 Speaker 1: the mechanism of it, from the quantum scale, from the 486 00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:41,120 Speaker 1: microscopic picture of the universe, what is actually out there 487 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:43,560 Speaker 1: pushing back against you when you try to move that 488 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:45,840 Speaker 1: heavy rock? I see. So maybe like you're trying to 489 00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:48,439 Speaker 1: find a way to say that not that inertia is 490 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,320 Speaker 1: just is it's like the result of this other simpler 491 00:25:51,359 --> 00:25:53,840 Speaker 1: theory that we have about the universe, exactly the way that, 492 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: for example, we can explain the mass of little particles 493 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: by saying, oh, it's the interaction with this field. There's 494 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:02,640 Speaker 1: a physical mechanism, the Higgs field that's changing the way 495 00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:05,600 Speaker 1: particles move as if they have mass. Right, that's a 496 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:09,240 Speaker 1: nice mechanistic explanation or why these particles seem to move 497 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:11,560 Speaker 1: in this way. Can we find a more general, similar 498 00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:14,640 Speaker 1: sort of description, an explanation for something that's happening out 499 00:26:14,640 --> 00:26:17,399 Speaker 1: there in space that's pushing back on things, that's changing 500 00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:21,320 Speaker 1: how they move in a way that we describe as innersia, right, 501 00:26:21,359 --> 00:26:23,119 Speaker 1: And I guess this gets us to this kind of 502 00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,960 Speaker 1: very subtle distinction between the inertia of fundamental particles and 503 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,320 Speaker 1: the inertia of objects like you and me. Like, we 504 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:32,960 Speaker 1: know that for small fundamental particles, their inertia comes from 505 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,800 Speaker 1: the interaction with the Higgs field, Right, But we don't 506 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:39,080 Speaker 1: understand is why collections of particles, or when you have 507 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:45,120 Speaker 1: energy like stored in a spot between particles, why that 508 00:26:45,160 --> 00:26:48,120 Speaker 1: has inertia because that's not interacting with the Higgs field. 509 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:50,200 Speaker 1: So what you're saying, it's a good question. I mean, 510 00:26:50,240 --> 00:26:53,520 Speaker 1: we can describe what happens when an electron is moving 511 00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:56,360 Speaker 1: through the universe and interacting with the Higgs field as 512 00:26:56,400 --> 00:26:59,919 Speaker 1: certain mathematical properties of that interaction. We think the electro 513 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:02,720 Speaker 1: on by itself without the Higgs field would have no mass. 514 00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: We travel always at the speed of life, for example, 515 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 1: and we can describe exactly how the interaction of the 516 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,119 Speaker 1: electron with the Higgs field changes this motion just the 517 00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:13,600 Speaker 1: same way as if you sort of like created mass 518 00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:17,000 Speaker 1: for this particle, if you just gave it inherently this inertia. 519 00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:19,000 Speaker 1: We don't have a mechanism for the Higgs boson to 520 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:23,400 Speaker 1: do that to like a collection of electrons. Differently than 521 00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:26,959 Speaker 1: it's just its interaction with the individual electrons. Like we 522 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:29,280 Speaker 1: can describe how the Higgs talks to one electron, but 523 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,879 Speaker 1: now put a thousand electrons together in a box and 524 00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:35,200 Speaker 1: give them energy, it has more inertia. We can't explain 525 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:37,400 Speaker 1: that using the Higgs field. The Higgs field just interacts 526 00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:40,439 Speaker 1: with the individual electrons. So then the inertia of a 527 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:44,080 Speaker 1: box field of electrons is due to something else Entirely, 528 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: you're saying, we don't understand the source of that inertia, 529 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:49,280 Speaker 1: but it sort of acts exactly like the Higgs field 530 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:52,720 Speaker 1: acts on fundamental particles in the sense that they both 531 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:55,320 Speaker 1: have inertia. Yes, they both have inertia, which we can 532 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:59,239 Speaker 1: describe as mass. They resist changes in their motion, right, 533 00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:01,720 Speaker 1: But isn't it this vicious that it's exactly the same, 534 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:03,840 Speaker 1: like you know, an electronics just a little bit of 535 00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,080 Speaker 1: energy and it interacts with the Higgs field, and that's 536 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:08,199 Speaker 1: how it gets its inertia. But then, when you have 537 00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:12,160 Speaker 1: a whole bunch of energy together from multiple particles, wouldn't 538 00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:14,840 Speaker 1: you think that also interacts with the Higgs field. You might, 539 00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:17,320 Speaker 1: but we don't think the Higgs boson has a monopoly 540 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:20,000 Speaker 1: on inertia or on mass. We think that there are 541 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:24,240 Speaker 1: other ways even fundamental particles might get mass. For example, 542 00:28:24,359 --> 00:28:27,879 Speaker 1: dark matter we suspect is a particle. We're also fairly 543 00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:30,560 Speaker 1: certain it doesn't get its mass from the Higgs boson, 544 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,680 Speaker 1: because the Higgs boson only interacts with particles that feel 545 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,439 Speaker 1: the weak force, and we're pretty sure dark matter doesn't 546 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: feel the weak force. Neutrinos even might get their mass 547 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: not from the Higgs boson, through some other mechanism if 548 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,640 Speaker 1: they are Myrona particles. Check out our whole episode about 549 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:49,640 Speaker 1: neutrino masses. So we think that there might be multiple 550 00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:53,360 Speaker 1: ways for even fundamental particles to get mass. The Higgs 551 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:56,440 Speaker 1: boson is not the only way, and so more broadly, 552 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:58,640 Speaker 1: we think it might be possible for collections of these 553 00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:02,160 Speaker 1: objects to get mass via other mechanisms. And that's exactly 554 00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,920 Speaker 1: what quantized inertia is is another way to give mass 555 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,440 Speaker 1: to objects. All right, let's get into this theory of 556 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:11,479 Speaker 1: quantized inertia. It's a recent theory right by one person. 557 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:14,640 Speaker 1: It is a fairly recent idea and it's championed by 558 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:17,880 Speaker 1: one particular physicist in the UK, Mike McCullough, and has 559 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:21,800 Speaker 1: a sort of nice collection of ideas inspired by black 560 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:25,880 Speaker 1: holes and event horizons and quantum mechanics all mixed together 561 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: and sort of clever package. He's like, let's throw everything 562 00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:30,680 Speaker 1: that we can into this to give it a more 563 00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:34,760 Speaker 1: inertia or momentum, whichever sounds better. It is a bit 564 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:36,960 Speaker 1: of a grab bag, and recently he's used this theory 565 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:40,520 Speaker 1: quantized inertia to try to explain mysteries like dark matter 566 00:29:40,920 --> 00:29:45,200 Speaker 1: and also things like sono luminescence and the Pioneer anomaly 567 00:29:45,640 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: and free energy and also dark energy in the expansion 568 00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:51,360 Speaker 1: of the universe. So it's sort of a very useful 569 00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:54,960 Speaker 1: toolbox for him. Can I come up with cartoon ideas 570 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,280 Speaker 1: also that would be more helpful for being I'm thinking 571 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:00,680 Speaker 1: maybe you can also explain who sha j K. I mean, 572 00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,560 Speaker 1: let's just solve all the mysteries while we're at it. Well, 573 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:07,760 Speaker 1: technically inertia did kill you kids. But I guess the 574 00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:10,720 Speaker 1: main question here that we're the physicist are trying to 575 00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:14,840 Speaker 1: solve is why do collections of energy, like when you 576 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:16,880 Speaker 1: pull energy together, why is it hard to move it 577 00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:19,280 Speaker 1: from one place to another? And this theory says that 578 00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:21,640 Speaker 1: maybe it's due to quantum effects. That's what it's called 579 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:24,320 Speaker 1: quantized inertion, right exactly. He takes the picture of the 580 00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: universe as filled with quantum particles. Right, All space has fields, 581 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:31,880 Speaker 1: and these fields can't have zero energy, so they're always 582 00:30:31,920 --> 00:30:34,600 Speaker 1: sort of oscillating out there in the universe, and in 583 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:38,640 Speaker 1: certain situations these fields do weird things, like, for example, 584 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:40,600 Speaker 1: if you have a black hole, you have an event 585 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:44,200 Speaker 1: horizon beyond which you can't see anything. Stephen Hawking predicted 586 00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:46,280 Speaker 1: that if you have these fields near an event horizon, 587 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: it generates radiation, so it's called Hawking radiation. It's the 588 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:53,760 Speaker 1: particular combination of having these quantum fields and an event horizon. 589 00:30:53,920 --> 00:30:56,000 Speaker 1: Nor for those fields to be sort of self consistent, 590 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:58,560 Speaker 1: you need the black hole to be generating some radiation. 591 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: You need to propagation of waves through that field outward 592 00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:05,680 Speaker 1: from the event horizon in order for sort of mathematically 593 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:08,200 Speaker 1: things to add up. So the lesson there is that 594 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:12,560 Speaker 1: event horizons tend to cause radiation. Right, That's why they 595 00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:15,920 Speaker 1: say that a black hole will eventually evaporate, right, or 596 00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:19,240 Speaker 1: black holes are always evaporating. Although has this been actually 597 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:22,120 Speaker 1: observed or is this just a theory that black holes 598 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:25,640 Speaker 1: have radiation just a theory, definitely never observed. Talking radiation, 599 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:29,720 Speaker 1: if it exists, would be extremely faint. For small black holes, 600 00:31:29,720 --> 00:31:31,680 Speaker 1: it's quite bright, but for the black holes we expect 601 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: are out there in the universe, it would be very 602 00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:37,360 Speaker 1: very low intensity, so very difficult to observe, especially this 603 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:40,120 Speaker 1: far from black holes. So we don't know for sure 604 00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:42,600 Speaker 1: that it exists. But in the theory, these quantum waves 605 00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,800 Speaker 1: which fill the universe, if they encounter an event horizon, 606 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:49,080 Speaker 1: it generates radiation in the other direction. And it's this 607 00:31:49,280 --> 00:31:53,440 Speaker 1: kind of radiation that mccaullus suspects causes inertia. Wait, what 608 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 1: do you mean, So if I have a black hole, 609 00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:57,280 Speaker 1: it has an event horizon, which is like the edge 610 00:31:57,280 --> 00:31:59,360 Speaker 1: of the black hole where stuff can fall in and 611 00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,040 Speaker 1: will never it out. You see a quantum wave hits it, 612 00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:04,840 Speaker 1: or a quantum field interacts with it, what's the difference. 613 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 1: Quantum fields exists all through space. If you're going to 614 00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:09,960 Speaker 1: solve the equations for that field, to get a consistent solution, 615 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:12,160 Speaker 1: you have to figure out what happens to those fields 616 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,120 Speaker 1: at the event horizon. So Hockeings derivation shows that in 617 00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,520 Speaker 1: order to satisfy the wave equations of quantum fields, there 618 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:20,880 Speaker 1: has to be outward radiation. And so you're saying this 619 00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:24,200 Speaker 1: is kind of an example of what's also happening with inertia. 620 00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:26,360 Speaker 1: It's an example of an important principle at the heart 621 00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:30,000 Speaker 1: of quantized inertia, which is event horizons cause radiation. It's 622 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,959 Speaker 1: not suggesting that black holes cause inertia. Is just an 623 00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,840 Speaker 1: example of how event horizons cause radiation. These argument needs 624 00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:39,480 Speaker 1: one more piece, which is how every time we move, 625 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:44,240 Speaker 1: we're basically creating event horizons. What what do you mean 626 00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:47,800 Speaker 1: every time we move where I'm creating like lack a 627 00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:50,440 Speaker 1: black hole, sort of like a black hole. We did 628 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:52,720 Speaker 1: an episode once about whether or not it's possible to 629 00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:56,000 Speaker 1: outrun a beam of light. Right, you might imagine that 630 00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:58,200 Speaker 1: if somebody shoots a beam of light at you, that 631 00:32:58,240 --> 00:33:01,480 Speaker 1: there's no way you can run fast and to avoid it, Right, 632 00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:03,080 Speaker 1: if you run away from me and then I turn 633 00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: on my flashlight, that eventually that light will catch up 634 00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:08,240 Speaker 1: to you because it's traveling at the speed of lighting. 635 00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:11,120 Speaker 1: You can't travel at the speed of light, so eventually, 636 00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: given infinite time, it will catch you. That's not actually 637 00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:18,240 Speaker 1: true if you run away with constant acceleration. So if 638 00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:21,240 Speaker 1: you move with constant acceleration, it actually creates an event 639 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:24,680 Speaker 1: horizon behind you, a part of the universe which no 640 00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,360 Speaker 1: longer can reach you. We did a whole episode about 641 00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:33,320 Speaker 1: this counterintuitive principle where acceleration itself causes event horizons. Right, 642 00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: although it seems impossible to have constant acceleration forever, wouldn't 643 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:39,320 Speaker 1: that take an infinite amount of energy? It definitely would 644 00:33:39,360 --> 00:33:41,840 Speaker 1: take an infinite amount of energy. Practically, it's not something 645 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:44,360 Speaker 1: I know how you could achieve or I would recommend. 646 00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:48,960 Speaker 1: But in principle, mathematically, if you are undergoing constant acceleration, 647 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:52,000 Speaker 1: then you are cutting yourself off from part of the universe, 648 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:55,080 Speaker 1: as part of the universe whose messages will never reach you, 649 00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:57,560 Speaker 1: and those light beams will get closer and closer to 650 00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: you every year, but never actually touched your back. Basically, 651 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:04,040 Speaker 1: you're leaving the rest of the universe that's behind you 652 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:06,600 Speaker 1: in the dust kind of what you're saying, right Like, 653 00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:09,319 Speaker 1: if I move with coustant acceleration in one direction, I'll 654 00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:12,120 Speaker 1: never kind of see the stuff behind me, maybe forever. 655 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,120 Speaker 1: But then, how does this related to inertia. Now, take 656 00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:18,680 Speaker 1: these two ideas. One is event horizons caused radiation. Its 657 00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:22,000 Speaker 1: second is acceleration causes event horizons. Put them together and 658 00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:27,040 Speaker 1: you get acceleration causes event horizons, which cause radiation. So 659 00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:29,760 Speaker 1: now every time you accelerate, you're creating an event horizon 660 00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,279 Speaker 1: behind you that's sort of similar to the end of 661 00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:35,440 Speaker 1: a black hole, which is going to create radiation for 662 00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:38,319 Speaker 1: the same reason you get hawking radiation. So every time 663 00:34:38,360 --> 00:34:41,319 Speaker 1: you accelerate, you're creating this event horizon behind you, which 664 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:44,719 Speaker 1: is going to generate a kind of radiation behind you 665 00:34:45,280 --> 00:34:48,560 Speaker 1: and basically bathe you in radiation from the universe. Because 666 00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,359 Speaker 1: this radiation is not the same in all directions, because 667 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:53,759 Speaker 1: the event horizon is behind you and not ahead of you, 668 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:56,680 Speaker 1: it can change the way you move. And that's the 669 00:34:56,680 --> 00:34:59,839 Speaker 1: core principle of quantized inertia, that the way you move 670 00:34:59,880 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 1: is changed by this quantum radiation caused by the event 671 00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:08,600 Speaker 1: horizons created as you accelerate. That's a long sentence there. 672 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,000 Speaker 1: I guess I'm still stuck in this idea that every 673 00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:12,719 Speaker 1: time I move. You're saying, every time I move or 674 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:16,239 Speaker 1: accelerate even my hand, I'm creating an event horizon. But 675 00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:19,160 Speaker 1: earlier you said I need an infinite amount of acceleration 676 00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:21,600 Speaker 1: to generate that event horizon. What are you trying to 677 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:23,719 Speaker 1: say that even a little bit of acceleration causes an 678 00:35:23,719 --> 00:35:26,359 Speaker 1: event horizon right behind it a really far away or 679 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:28,439 Speaker 1: how does it work? In order to outrun the beam 680 00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:30,839 Speaker 1: of light? You would need to accelerate forever. You need 681 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,720 Speaker 1: to create that event horizon and never let it dissipate. 682 00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:36,360 Speaker 1: So you need to accelerate forever, and that would require 683 00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,520 Speaker 1: infinite energy, not necessarily infinite acceleration, but you'd have to 684 00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:42,080 Speaker 1: be accelerating till the end of time to avoid that 685 00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:44,880 Speaker 1: beam of light. But every time you accelerate, you do 686 00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:47,880 Speaker 1: create an event horizon. That event horizon collapses when you 687 00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:50,319 Speaker 1: stop accelerating, because now those parts of the universe can 688 00:35:50,440 --> 00:35:53,719 Speaker 1: reach you. So you create an event horizon temporarily when 689 00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:56,880 Speaker 1: you accelerate, it collapses when you stop accelerating. If you 690 00:35:56,880 --> 00:35:59,000 Speaker 1: want to maintain it. You need to keep going forever. 691 00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:02,400 Speaker 1: Where does that if horizon get formed? Not right behind me? Right? 692 00:36:02,520 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 1: Probably super far away, isn't It depends on how fast 693 00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:07,680 Speaker 1: you're going and how much you accelerate. The faster you're going, 694 00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:10,680 Speaker 1: the closer that event horizon is to you. Okay, So 695 00:36:10,719 --> 00:36:12,439 Speaker 1: then if I move my hand. Let' say I'm waving 696 00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:14,480 Speaker 1: my hands here in front of me, where is the 697 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,480 Speaker 1: event horizon for me? Well, you're moving at fairly slow velocity, 698 00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:19,799 Speaker 1: I'm assuming, and so that event horizon would be like 699 00:36:20,040 --> 00:36:22,440 Speaker 1: light years away. Okay. So you're saying, like, if I 700 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:25,719 Speaker 1: move my hand forward, it's someone during that brief time 701 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:29,160 Speaker 1: that I'm moving my hand, someone in Alpha Centauri shooting 702 00:36:29,160 --> 00:36:32,480 Speaker 1: a laser on me. Technically that in theory, like, if 703 00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:34,600 Speaker 1: you do the math, that laser won't reach my hand, 704 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,560 Speaker 1: and if you kept accelerating your hand, that laser would 705 00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:40,799 Speaker 1: never hit your hand. Since you probably stopped accelerating your hand, 706 00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:44,640 Speaker 1: that event horizon collapses and it will eventually fry you. Right. Okay, 707 00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:48,480 Speaker 1: So now I created a little event horizon with respect 708 00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:51,560 Speaker 1: to my hand. Is event horizon is light years away 709 00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:54,480 Speaker 1: in Alpha cent Tori? How is this related to internship 710 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,680 Speaker 1: because event horizons create radiation. So when you did that, 711 00:36:57,719 --> 00:37:01,280 Speaker 1: you generated a kind of radiation from the quantum fields 712 00:37:01,320 --> 00:37:04,680 Speaker 1: of the universe. This is called Unrue radiation, named after 713 00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:07,800 Speaker 1: a physicist whose last name is unru U n r 714 00:37:07,920 --> 00:37:11,920 Speaker 1: u h. And so this radiation generated by this event horizon, 715 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:14,800 Speaker 1: Mike McCullough thinks is the source of inertia because it 716 00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:17,279 Speaker 1: basically is pushing against you. I feel like you're saying 717 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,400 Speaker 1: that me moving my hand is creating particles in Alpha Centaur. 718 00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:23,040 Speaker 1: Is that what you're saying. It's creating radiation from the 719 00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:27,080 Speaker 1: event horizon that may be very very far away. Yes, so, 720 00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:30,040 Speaker 1: and it's instantly community Like the movement of my hand 721 00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:33,680 Speaker 1: is instantly communicating to Alpha Centauri to make particles out 722 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:35,960 Speaker 1: of nothing. It's not making particles out of nothing. The 723 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:39,640 Speaker 1: event horizon that you created in Alpha Centauri triggers radiation 724 00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:42,680 Speaker 1: in the rest of the universe is quantum fields. So 725 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,720 Speaker 1: Unrue radiation, which is a whole interesting thing that people 726 00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:50,120 Speaker 1: actually believe exists, suggests that anybody who's accelerating will feel 727 00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:53,640 Speaker 1: this quantum radiation from the universe. And Mike McCullough suggests 728 00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:56,839 Speaker 1: that quantum radiation is responsible for inertia, right. I guess 729 00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:59,520 Speaker 1: it's a little hard to I guess process this because 730 00:37:59,719 --> 00:38:02,160 Speaker 1: if like you're saying that the rest of the universe 731 00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: somehow cares if I move my hand forward, we're all 732 00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:08,200 Speaker 1: tied together by these quantum fields. But it's light years away. 733 00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:11,600 Speaker 1: But I'm feeling the inertiative of my hand right now. Yeah, 734 00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:13,400 Speaker 1: it definitely doesn't take millions of years for you to 735 00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:16,320 Speaker 1: feel that inertia. I think that's because the event horizon 736 00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:20,080 Speaker 1: that's created as you accelerate isn't immediately formed really far 737 00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:22,359 Speaker 1: away from you, sort of like sweeping away from you 738 00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:25,480 Speaker 1: as you accelerate, because even in Alpha Centauri, they don't 739 00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:28,080 Speaker 1: know that you've moved your hand. So that event horizon 740 00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:31,520 Speaker 1: is sort of like being created as the information propagates 741 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,400 Speaker 1: out to Alpha Centauri, and as it's doing so, it 742 00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:38,160 Speaker 1: can also generate this quantum radiation that's pushing back at you. 743 00:38:38,440 --> 00:38:40,239 Speaker 1: All right, I'm feeling a lot of inertia in my 744 00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:42,680 Speaker 1: head right now. I'm sure a lot of people are. 745 00:38:43,239 --> 00:38:45,640 Speaker 1: So let's dig into this a little bit more and 746 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:51,480 Speaker 1: figure out how this crazy quantum radiation gives us inertia. 747 00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:54,399 Speaker 1: And also how true this theory is. But first, let's 748 00:38:54,440 --> 00:39:11,040 Speaker 1: take another quick break or I we're talking about quantized inertia, 749 00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:13,479 Speaker 1: which is not like inertia chopped up with the little bits. 750 00:39:13,640 --> 00:39:16,400 Speaker 1: It's more like the idea that inertia is caused by 751 00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:19,160 Speaker 1: quantum effects. Yeah, I think that the picture of quantized 752 00:39:19,160 --> 00:39:23,080 Speaker 1: inertia is that accelerating things in the universe generate this 753 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:26,719 Speaker 1: radiation from the background quantum fields that change the way 754 00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:29,680 Speaker 1: they move. It's sort of similar to the way electron 755 00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:32,439 Speaker 1: gets mass from the Higgs field. Right as electron moves 756 00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:34,920 Speaker 1: to the Higgs field, it's interacting with that field and 757 00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:38,160 Speaker 1: that interaction changes the way it moves. So here the 758 00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:41,400 Speaker 1: picture is you're moving through the universe and your acceleration 759 00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,719 Speaker 1: is now creating these virtual particles, which you can think 760 00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:47,880 Speaker 1: of as interacting with the background quantum fields of the 761 00:39:47,960 --> 00:39:50,719 Speaker 1: universe in such a way to change your motion and 762 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:53,839 Speaker 1: effectively give you inertia. Right, And you said, it's because 763 00:39:53,880 --> 00:39:56,400 Speaker 1: when I move my hand, I'm creating an event horizon 764 00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:59,240 Speaker 1: of a point that things that move at the speed 765 00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:02,280 Speaker 1: of like can't each my hand. And somebody that creates 766 00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:05,440 Speaker 1: particles out of thin air, which in creating these particles, 767 00:40:05,480 --> 00:40:09,960 Speaker 1: I guess takes energy, which then means that I need 768 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:12,480 Speaker 1: energy to move my hand. Yes, somehow they all work 769 00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:14,880 Speaker 1: together so that when you're trying to accelerate, you basically 770 00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:19,880 Speaker 1: running into this quantum wind of virtual particles pushing you back. So, 771 00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:22,239 Speaker 1: according to this theory, the reason it's hard to get 772 00:40:22,280 --> 00:40:25,040 Speaker 1: a blob of energy going is that when you push 773 00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:27,040 Speaker 1: on it, the universe sort of pushes back with all 774 00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:29,759 Speaker 1: these virtual particles. But it pushes you back, or it 775 00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:32,319 Speaker 1: pulls you back. I feel like it's pulls you back 776 00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:35,000 Speaker 1: because you're creating an event horizon behind you. Right. Remember 777 00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,120 Speaker 1: that quantum interaction, especially with the virtual particles, can also 778 00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:41,439 Speaker 1: pass negative momentum, so it's a little bit counterintuitive whether 779 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:43,360 Speaker 1: to think about that as a push or a pull. 780 00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,400 Speaker 1: Like with quantum particles. I can throw you a ball 781 00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:48,960 Speaker 1: that has a negative momentum, which is sort of like 782 00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:52,040 Speaker 1: pulling on you even though I've thrown something to you, right, 783 00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:54,319 Speaker 1: it pushes your back, which I think most people would 784 00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:56,920 Speaker 1: say is pulls you back, all right. Cool. So it's 785 00:40:56,920 --> 00:41:00,600 Speaker 1: an interesting combination of ideas. This idea of unrue radiation 786 00:41:00,719 --> 00:41:03,920 Speaker 1: is a real idea that's taken very seriously quantized inertia 787 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:05,920 Speaker 1: sort of co opted it to try to use it 788 00:41:05,960 --> 00:41:09,320 Speaker 1: to explain inertia. One big problem with it, though, is 789 00:41:09,360 --> 00:41:12,440 Speaker 1: that people don't expect unrue radiation sort of way that 790 00:41:12,560 --> 00:41:15,400 Speaker 1: virtual particles will hit you when you accelerate, to be 791 00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:18,319 Speaker 1: something we could ever actually measure. It's predicted to be 792 00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,680 Speaker 1: like super duper duper tiny. What does that mean? Isn't 793 00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:24,040 Speaker 1: inertia pretty significant? Like if you have a big block 794 00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:27,000 Speaker 1: of lead or iron, it feels a lot inertia, So 795 00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:30,839 Speaker 1: it's unrue radiation should be pretty significant. You're exactly right. 796 00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:33,359 Speaker 1: And that's a big problem for quantized inertia because if 797 00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:37,720 Speaker 1: you calculate the unrue radiation you get for reasonable accelerations, 798 00:41:37,719 --> 00:41:40,960 Speaker 1: it just isn't enough to explain the effects we see 799 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:44,240 Speaker 1: from inertia. So, for example, if you accelerate an object 800 00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:47,560 Speaker 1: that one ms per second squared, and you calculate how 801 00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:51,440 Speaker 1: much is unru radiation heating that object up or pushing 802 00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:54,239 Speaker 1: back on, how much energy is bathing that object from 803 00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:57,320 Speaker 1: unrue radiation, it's usually measured is how much you would 804 00:41:57,320 --> 00:42:00,120 Speaker 1: heat that object up. You get like tend them in 805 00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:04,279 Speaker 1: this twenty one degrees kelvin so one meter per second 806 00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:07,040 Speaker 1: squared acceleration, which is pretty typical normal kind of thing 807 00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:11,680 Speaker 1: to feel on Earth, is basically imperceptible amounts of radiation 808 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:14,400 Speaker 1: you would get from the quantum fields. So it doesn't 809 00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:18,759 Speaker 1: seem like enough to explain actual inertia. You mean, like 810 00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:21,800 Speaker 1: if you apply the theory of under radiation, it wouldn't 811 00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:23,920 Speaker 1: be enough to count for innerttion. Also, like if you're 812 00:42:23,920 --> 00:42:26,200 Speaker 1: creating a bunch of particles in your wake every time 813 00:42:26,239 --> 00:42:28,960 Speaker 1: you move, wouldn't you like see these particles. People have 814 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,319 Speaker 1: looked for unreradiation, but nobody's ever seen it because it's 815 00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:35,560 Speaker 1: so tiny. It's sort of like looking for Hawking radiation. 816 00:42:35,640 --> 00:42:38,360 Speaker 1: We think maybe it's there, but nobody's ever seen it 817 00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,719 Speaker 1: because it's so faint it's so difficult to detect. Also, 818 00:42:41,719 --> 00:42:44,319 Speaker 1: it would technically be really far away, right like when 819 00:42:44,320 --> 00:42:46,640 Speaker 1: I moved my arm, you said that my the event 820 00:42:46,719 --> 00:42:49,799 Speaker 1: horizon that forms is like light years away. Wouldn't that 821 00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:52,839 Speaker 1: be there were the particles form. It's difficult to pin 822 00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:55,839 Speaker 1: these things down because we're talking about quantum waves, which 823 00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:59,520 Speaker 1: aren't necessarily always very well localized. Right, as we said before, 824 00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:02,360 Speaker 1: the eventure rice is probably created as an outgoing wave 825 00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:05,000 Speaker 1: in these quantum fields. So I think it's tricky to 826 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,920 Speaker 1: think about the sort of special relativity of the motion 827 00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:11,840 Speaker 1: of these quantum fields. But I guess where is this 828 00:43:11,920 --> 00:43:14,239 Speaker 1: theory now, Like does it work out mathematically or is 829 00:43:14,239 --> 00:43:16,640 Speaker 1: it still kind of a stretch. It's not taken very 830 00:43:16,640 --> 00:43:20,680 Speaker 1: seriously in mainstream physics. People don't think that mechanistically it works. 831 00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:22,640 Speaker 1: I've read a paper analyzing and carefully they found a 832 00:43:22,640 --> 00:43:27,080 Speaker 1: bunch of flaws in the derivation of quantized inertia. Wouldn't 833 00:43:27,120 --> 00:43:31,160 Speaker 1: that just kill it? If there are flaws mathematically. I 834 00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:33,520 Speaker 1: think that's one reason why it's not taken very seriously 835 00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:36,000 Speaker 1: in mainstream physics. But it has gotten a lot of press, 836 00:43:36,040 --> 00:43:38,680 Speaker 1: and one reason is that it's been used to try 837 00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:42,600 Speaker 1: to explain some other big mysteries in the universe. So like, 838 00:43:42,680 --> 00:43:46,120 Speaker 1: maybe it explains inertia, maybe not. But the proponent of 839 00:43:46,200 --> 00:43:49,719 Speaker 1: quantized inertia has also suggested that maybe it can explain 840 00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,160 Speaker 1: dark matter, and maybe it can explain how to build 841 00:43:53,160 --> 00:43:55,960 Speaker 1: warp drives, and maybe you can explain the pioneer anomally, 842 00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,560 Speaker 1: and maybe you can explain dark energy. Sort of sort 843 00:43:58,560 --> 00:44:00,399 Speaker 1: of taking this tool and trying to apply to all 844 00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:02,640 Speaker 1: the big mysteries of the day, which makes it easier 845 00:44:02,680 --> 00:44:05,120 Speaker 1: to get like click bait articles. Wait to how would 846 00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:08,120 Speaker 1: it explain things like dark matter just because it would 847 00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:12,239 Speaker 1: give dark matter inertia or mass with that can't be 848 00:44:12,320 --> 00:44:14,919 Speaker 1: explained any other way. So we can explain dark matter 849 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:19,399 Speaker 1: by changing how much inertial mass we think stars might have. 850 00:44:20,040 --> 00:44:22,640 Speaker 1: Remember that one of the origins of the whole idea 851 00:44:22,680 --> 00:44:26,000 Speaker 1: of dark matter was that galaxies are spinning, and they're 852 00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:30,080 Speaker 1: spinning way too fast for the gravity of those galaxies 853 00:44:30,120 --> 00:44:32,600 Speaker 1: to hold them together. And in order to do that calculation, 854 00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:36,160 Speaker 1: you have to assume you understand how stars move. Do 855 00:44:36,160 --> 00:44:39,080 Speaker 1: you understand their inertia and the force of gravity on 856 00:44:39,160 --> 00:44:42,960 Speaker 1: those stars quantized inertia? Says, well, maybe we've been miscalculating 857 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:46,319 Speaker 1: the inertia of these stars, or that maybe for things 858 00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:49,520 Speaker 1: that are not accelerated very much, they have less inertia. 859 00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:53,000 Speaker 1: So he poses a different relationship between inertia and acceleration. 860 00:44:53,320 --> 00:44:57,640 Speaker 1: He says that really small accelerations, maybe things have less inertia. 861 00:44:58,360 --> 00:45:01,719 Speaker 1: And so the picture then is that maybe these stars 862 00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:03,759 Speaker 1: at the edge of the galaxy you don't need as 863 00:45:03,880 --> 00:45:06,200 Speaker 1: much gravity to hold onto them. Because they actually have 864 00:45:06,360 --> 00:45:09,160 Speaker 1: less inertia than we thought they did. So you solve 865 00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:11,040 Speaker 1: the problem not by saying, oh, there's more matter, which 866 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:13,759 Speaker 1: provides more gravity, but by saying you don't need as 867 00:45:13,840 --> 00:45:16,400 Speaker 1: much gravity because those stars can be held in without 868 00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:19,440 Speaker 1: a stronger force because they have less inertia than you thought. 869 00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:23,480 Speaker 1: So this quantitized inertia isn't explaining dark matter. It's just 870 00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:26,920 Speaker 1: it's actually saying it doesn't exist. It's saying that there 871 00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:30,120 Speaker 1: is no dark matter. What we're seeing is really just 872 00:45:30,320 --> 00:45:33,320 Speaker 1: that inertia doesn't scale the way we think it does exactly. 873 00:45:33,360 --> 00:45:37,000 Speaker 1: It's more similar to Mond the idea that gravity changes 874 00:45:37,120 --> 00:45:40,080 Speaker 1: over very very large distances. You're right, it doesn't explain 875 00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:43,680 Speaker 1: dark matter. It explains the mysteries that originated the ideas 876 00:45:43,719 --> 00:45:46,160 Speaker 1: of dark matter, but without dark matter. So it's an 877 00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:49,799 Speaker 1: alternative to dark matter, and some people actually like it 878 00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:53,560 Speaker 1: better than Mond. Mond members the theory that gravity works 879 00:45:53,640 --> 00:45:56,640 Speaker 1: differently at different distances. But Mind has a sort of 880 00:45:56,719 --> 00:46:00,160 Speaker 1: arbitrary parameter, and it says like below some acceleration, and 881 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,920 Speaker 1: gravity works differently than above some acceleration. People don't like 882 00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:06,319 Speaker 1: when it's like an arbitrary number in a theory like 883 00:46:06,360 --> 00:46:09,200 Speaker 1: why that number? Why not something else? And so people 884 00:46:09,239 --> 00:46:12,839 Speaker 1: have argued that quantized inertia is a more elegant explanation 885 00:46:12,920 --> 00:46:16,000 Speaker 1: for this because it doesn't have this arbitrary parameter in it. 886 00:46:16,239 --> 00:46:21,320 Speaker 1: But then again, also it doesn't really work, so yeah, 887 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:24,200 Speaker 1: so um and and is it well known that this 888 00:46:24,320 --> 00:46:27,759 Speaker 1: theory doesn't work mathematically or is it just like a setback, like, oh, 889 00:46:28,080 --> 00:46:30,759 Speaker 1: you have this error, but you know, eventually they might 890 00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:32,680 Speaker 1: be able to fix that error, Like why are we 891 00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:35,680 Speaker 1: still talking about this if the math doesn't work? We're 892 00:46:35,680 --> 00:46:38,000 Speaker 1: talking about ever? Two reasons. One is that a bunch 893 00:46:38,040 --> 00:46:40,120 Speaker 1: of listeners wrote in and saying, hey, what is this 894 00:46:40,239 --> 00:46:43,040 Speaker 1: theory of quantized innertia? I keep hearing about it because 895 00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:44,960 Speaker 1: the main proponent of it has been successful in like 896 00:46:45,040 --> 00:46:48,240 Speaker 1: giving ted talks and writing public articles and getting attention 897 00:46:48,280 --> 00:46:50,560 Speaker 1: for it. So it's an idea that's out there in 898 00:46:50,600 --> 00:46:54,000 Speaker 1: the community about like explaining this deep mystery of inertia. 899 00:46:54,320 --> 00:46:56,440 Speaker 1: I don't think that it works. I think most mainstream 900 00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:59,320 Speaker 1: physicists think it has big problems with it. That doesn't 901 00:46:59,360 --> 00:47:01,960 Speaker 1: mean it's raw long, it doesn't mean that those problems 902 00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,680 Speaker 1: might not be solvable at some point in the future. 903 00:47:04,920 --> 00:47:07,120 Speaker 1: But as it stands today, it's sort of like a 904 00:47:07,239 --> 00:47:10,080 Speaker 1: vague idea that doesn't really hang together to actually explain 905 00:47:10,120 --> 00:47:15,120 Speaker 1: anything I see. So like the specific ideation or instance 906 00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:17,680 Speaker 1: of it right now doesn't seem to quite work. But 907 00:47:18,360 --> 00:47:21,480 Speaker 1: it's still an interesting idea to think that maybe what 908 00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,080 Speaker 1: we think is stuff like dark matter, or maybe the 909 00:47:24,120 --> 00:47:27,120 Speaker 1: way we can explain things like inertia is you know, 910 00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:32,440 Speaker 1: matter and energies interaction with the quantized fields and the 911 00:47:32,880 --> 00:47:35,600 Speaker 1: creation of these event horizons. That's the idea that maybe 912 00:47:35,920 --> 00:47:38,720 Speaker 1: is still sticking around. Yeah, and it's important to remember 913 00:47:38,800 --> 00:47:41,600 Speaker 1: that we can't solve these problems all at once. He's 914 00:47:41,640 --> 00:47:44,600 Speaker 1: taking out a really big problem like what is inertia, 915 00:47:45,080 --> 00:47:46,840 Speaker 1: and you don't expect somebody to come up with the 916 00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:49,759 Speaker 1: complete explanation in their basement all by themselves. And the 917 00:47:49,800 --> 00:47:52,239 Speaker 1: way the process works is somebody has an idea which 918 00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:54,080 Speaker 1: sort of takes you in a certain direction and maybe 919 00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:56,480 Speaker 1: doesn't work, and five years later somebody comes up with 920 00:47:56,520 --> 00:47:59,080 Speaker 1: another idea and maybe solve the problem and makes it 921 00:47:59,120 --> 00:48:01,440 Speaker 1: work or brings you closer. So it's sort of this 922 00:48:01,520 --> 00:48:04,040 Speaker 1: iterative search. It's not like evolution, where theory has to 923 00:48:04,040 --> 00:48:06,600 Speaker 1: work at every stage to survive. We can keep a 924 00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:09,160 Speaker 1: theory around even if it's not quite working yet because 925 00:48:09,160 --> 00:48:12,759 Speaker 1: it might potentially come together later. Al Right, Well, it 926 00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:15,440 Speaker 1: sounds like an interesting idea that might solve a pretty 927 00:48:15,480 --> 00:48:20,000 Speaker 1: fundamental question about our universe. Why do things have inertia? 928 00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:24,120 Speaker 1: Because without inertia, the universe would be totally different, right, 929 00:48:24,120 --> 00:48:27,839 Speaker 1: Without inertia, things would be pretty chaotic. Yeah, our entire 930 00:48:27,920 --> 00:48:30,920 Speaker 1: experience of the universe would be very different without inertia. 931 00:48:30,960 --> 00:48:34,719 Speaker 1: Inertia is a basic property of matter and motion, and 932 00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:38,200 Speaker 1: yet it's something we still don't really understand. So I 933 00:48:38,239 --> 00:48:40,839 Speaker 1: love when people take on these deep questions and think 934 00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:43,319 Speaker 1: out of the box and try to combine ideas they've 935 00:48:43,360 --> 00:48:45,919 Speaker 1: heard in the ways that might explain them. Doesn't mean 936 00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:48,280 Speaker 1: that their first idea will be right, but it's definitely 937 00:48:48,320 --> 00:48:50,520 Speaker 1: the kind of thing that's worth pursuing, right right. I 938 00:48:50,560 --> 00:48:52,200 Speaker 1: think what you just said is that inertia is a 939 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:56,400 Speaker 1: good thing. Right, Am I getting some of that sweet 940 00:48:56,400 --> 00:49:02,720 Speaker 1: big inertia money. I'm getting the money to turn you alright, 941 00:49:03,239 --> 00:49:05,600 Speaker 1: you don't get a cut, alright, put me on your 942 00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:09,080 Speaker 1: list of converts. I' pro inertia. Al right. Well, hopefully 943 00:49:09,120 --> 00:49:12,440 Speaker 1: these ideas fit inside your head and maybe nudged them 944 00:49:12,520 --> 00:49:14,080 Speaker 1: with a little bit of inertia, a little bit of 945 00:49:14,080 --> 00:49:17,360 Speaker 1: momentum to think differently about the world around you and 946 00:49:17,480 --> 00:49:21,000 Speaker 1: about how interesting things that we maybe never thought about 947 00:49:21,080 --> 00:49:23,920 Speaker 1: could explain why things are the way they are. And too, 948 00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:26,960 Speaker 1: those young scientists out there being encouraged because there are 949 00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:30,080 Speaker 1: still deep and basic questions about the universe. We do 950 00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:33,040 Speaker 1: not know the institute. Somebody out there and will figure 951 00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:36,239 Speaker 1: these things out. It might be even those of you 952 00:49:36,280 --> 00:49:38,759 Speaker 1: sitting in your pajamas at home. Well, we hope you 953 00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:41,879 Speaker 1: enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, see you next time. 954 00:49:49,719 --> 00:49:52,560 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained 955 00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:55,480 Speaker 1: the universe. Is a production of I Heart Radio. For 956 00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:58,520 Speaker 1: more podcast from my Heart Radio, visit the i heart 957 00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:01,960 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Io, guests, or wherever you listen to 958 00:50:02,040 --> 00:50:04,920 Speaker 1: your favorite shows. H