WEBVTT - Was Perkin Warbeck a 'Sham' Duke, or the Real Thing? 0:00:02.600 --> 0:00:06.240 Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda Land Audio in 0:00:06.320 --> 0:00:14.920 partnership with I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the 0:00:14.960 --> 0:00:18.400 third season of Criminalia. This season, we are exploring the 0:00:18.440 --> 0:00:21.480 lives and motivations of some of the most notorious impostors 0:00:21.520 --> 0:00:25.440 throughout history. I'm Maria tra Marquis and I'm Holly Fry 0:00:26.040 --> 0:00:27.880 And in this episode, we're going all the way back 0:00:27.880 --> 0:00:31.320 to England in the fourteen hundreds. We're talking about late 0:00:31.360 --> 0:00:34.159 Middle Ages in the very early beginning of the Renaissance. 0:00:34.840 --> 0:00:38.720 So to set the scene, Johannes Guttenberg had invented the 0:00:38.720 --> 0:00:41.040 printing press at this time and had already printed the 0:00:41.040 --> 0:00:44.880 first Bible. Typical jobs during this period would have been 0:00:45.120 --> 0:00:50.280 things like blacksmiths, Stonemason's, minstrels, weavers, farmers, and tax collector. 0:00:50.440 --> 0:00:53.600 Must insert something here that I loved at. One of 0:00:53.600 --> 0:00:56.840 the most popular jobs in like fourteen eighty was a 0:00:56.960 --> 0:01:00.920 tax collector. Listen, you have to finding saw that. I know. 0:01:01.720 --> 0:01:04.880 I'm not I'm not surprised, but I was pleased to 0:01:04.880 --> 0:01:06.440 see that it popped up on the list because it 0:01:06.480 --> 0:01:11.640 seems true. Yes, Uh, common foods that people would be 0:01:11.640 --> 0:01:14.959 eating include a lot of grain, based foods like bread, porridge, 0:01:14.959 --> 0:01:17.880 and beer, and for most people men and women alike, 0:01:18.000 --> 0:01:21.400 tunics were the main fashion statement. It was pretty utilitarian. 0:01:21.800 --> 0:01:24.560 They were usually made of hemp or coarse wool or linen. 0:01:25.200 --> 0:01:27.640 Ladies of a certain class though, and pretty much the 0:01:27.640 --> 0:01:30.000 class that we're gonna be talking about, we're wearing gowns 0:01:30.000 --> 0:01:32.200 with kind of a low waist and a high neckline, 0:01:32.640 --> 0:01:36.800 made a very thick and rich material, often brocaded with gold. 0:01:37.040 --> 0:01:39.600 And this is around the time Leonardo da Vinci was 0:01:39.640 --> 0:01:44.320 painting The Last Supper. This is also the time when Richard, 0:01:44.720 --> 0:01:48.040 Duke of Gloucester, who you might know better as Richard three, 0:01:48.520 --> 0:01:50.920 and his brother Edward the Fourth, who was King of 0:01:50.960 --> 0:01:53.240 England at the time, we're both alive, and they were 0:01:53.280 --> 0:01:59.160 both very hungry for power, specifically Richard. Richard wanted to 0:01:59.160 --> 0:02:03.200 be a king, and power and murder are plentiful in 0:02:03.320 --> 0:02:05.960 his story. But we need to talk about him and 0:02:06.040 --> 0:02:09.200 a few other royals before we can talk about our 0:02:09.240 --> 0:02:14.120 impostor so. King Edward the Fourth death was sudden and unexpected. 0:02:14.360 --> 0:02:16.280 He was just forty one years old at the time, 0:02:16.440 --> 0:02:18.960 and while no one knows for certain what that cause 0:02:19.000 --> 0:02:21.840 of death was, the leading theory is that it was 0:02:21.880 --> 0:02:25.800 from complications of pneumonia. When Edward died, it was not 0:02:26.000 --> 0:02:29.160 his brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who ascended to the throne. 0:02:29.919 --> 0:02:33.840 The king had several children, including two sons, Edward, Prince 0:02:33.840 --> 0:02:37.320 of Wales and Richard, Duke of York. It was Edward 0:02:37.360 --> 0:02:39.760 the Fourth's eldest son, the Prince of Wales, who was 0:02:39.800 --> 0:02:43.160 declared king in fourteen eight three. At this point he 0:02:43.200 --> 0:02:46.120 was only about twelve or thirteen years old, and his 0:02:46.240 --> 0:02:49.800 brother Richard, Duke of York, was named his air presumptive. 0:02:50.360 --> 0:02:54.119 Let's talk about air presumptive and what exactly that means. 0:02:54.160 --> 0:02:57.440 So an air presumptive is the person first in line 0:02:57.480 --> 0:03:01.560 to inherit a title such as king, but they can 0:03:01.560 --> 0:03:04.880 be displaced by a more eligible air such as say 0:03:05.000 --> 0:03:08.320 the birth of a son. The title is not guaranteed 0:03:08.480 --> 0:03:10.919 like it would be if you were named air apparent. 0:03:11.560 --> 0:03:15.280 A modern example of an heir apparent is Charles, Prince 0:03:15.320 --> 0:03:18.239 of Wales, as the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth. The 0:03:18.320 --> 0:03:21.960 second Prince Charles will without a doubt ascend to the 0:03:22.000 --> 0:03:25.280 British throne, and Prince William, who is Charles's eldest son 0:03:25.760 --> 0:03:29.560 will follow his father, and it's just locked in air apparent. 0:03:30.480 --> 0:03:35.840 On May ninete, Edward, Prince of Wales was relocated into 0:03:35.880 --> 0:03:39.040 the Tower of London, which was traditionally where a monarch 0:03:39.080 --> 0:03:42.240 would live prior to their coronation. It kind of functioned 0:03:42.280 --> 0:03:45.880 like a palace slash fortress slash prison, which I think 0:03:46.000 --> 0:03:47.440 is how a lot of people know it as the 0:03:47.480 --> 0:03:51.600 prison part. We'll talk about some of that. And to Edward, 0:03:51.720 --> 0:03:54.840 things seem to be moving along smoothly towards his ascension 0:03:54.880 --> 0:03:58.520 to the throne. About a month later in June, his 0:03:58.680 --> 0:04:01.680 brother Richard, Duke of York, joined him at the tower, 0:04:02.400 --> 0:04:06.240 but just before the big event was supposed to take place, 0:04:06.440 --> 0:04:10.560 his uncle and guardian, Duke of Gloucester, delayed the coronation, 0:04:10.800 --> 0:04:14.960 and he delayed it indefinitely. So keep in mind here though, 0:04:15.000 --> 0:04:19.560 that the Duke of Gloucester is uncle Richard Edward. The 0:04:19.680 --> 0:04:22.479 five did rain, though it was very brief. It was 0:04:22.600 --> 0:04:28.279 just from April nine to June, only seventy eight days. 0:04:28.839 --> 0:04:33.800 He was never actually crowned, and his reign was mostly 0:04:33.920 --> 0:04:37.800 dominated by the influence of his throne hungry uncle Richard, 0:04:38.080 --> 0:04:41.920 Duke of Gloucester, there's a fundamental problem with the setup, 0:04:41.960 --> 0:04:44.640 where like the power hungry person might be in charge 0:04:44.640 --> 0:04:47.760 of the actual person in power, and usually who is 0:04:47.760 --> 0:04:52.920 a child. Right, So Uncle Richard not exactly what you 0:04:53.000 --> 0:04:56.640 might categorize as paternal, not even the kind of uncle 0:04:56.680 --> 0:04:58.920 you might enjoy spending some time with once a year 0:04:59.000 --> 0:05:02.560 during the holidays. He was the opposite. He kind of 0:05:02.600 --> 0:05:06.279 had this role in shorthand versions of the story as 0:05:06.320 --> 0:05:09.679 the evil uncle, which is kind of earned. He forced 0:05:09.760 --> 0:05:13.000 parliament to declare King Edward the fifth and his brother Richard, 0:05:13.080 --> 0:05:16.719 Duke of York, as born out of wedlock. The argument 0:05:16.760 --> 0:05:19.359 here was that the marriage between Edward the fourth and 0:05:19.400 --> 0:05:22.919 Elizabeth Woodbill, their mother, was invalid due to Edward the 0:05:22.960 --> 0:05:26.920 fourth pre contract pre contracts. I feel like I'm kind 0:05:26.960 --> 0:05:30.440 of explaining all these little things today. If your Maria 0:05:30.560 --> 0:05:35.320 in cycling had today, Yes, if there was an existing 0:05:35.320 --> 0:05:39.839 promise of marriage, and in this case, Richard was suggesting 0:05:39.839 --> 0:05:43.400 that the promise was not made to Elizabeth, then the 0:05:43.480 --> 0:05:48.040 pre contract rule would legally void any future marriages. So 0:05:48.240 --> 0:05:51.400 in making the royal marriage void, it made the boys 0:05:51.640 --> 0:05:55.280 illegitimate airs and they weren't in line for anything. So 0:05:55.880 --> 0:05:59.920 in this strategic power play, Richard, Duke of Gloucester see 0:06:00.040 --> 0:06:03.320 used to the throne and became King Richard the Third, 0:06:04.839 --> 0:06:08.440 So not coincidentally, this is also the same time when 0:06:08.560 --> 0:06:12.840 Edward the fourth sons we're never seen again. They disappear 0:06:13.000 --> 0:06:16.240 from the record, And as we mentioned, the boys stayed 0:06:16.279 --> 0:06:19.840 at a luxury area of the Tower of London before Edward, 0:06:19.920 --> 0:06:24.760 Prince of Wales's coronation. But remember also a prison uh 0:06:24.800 --> 0:06:28.080 and execution by beheading there, including that of Anne Boleyn, 0:06:28.120 --> 0:06:31.480 the second wife of Henry the eighth, was not particularly uncommon. 0:06:32.000 --> 0:06:34.039 So we're going to take a quick break for a 0:06:34.080 --> 0:06:37.120 word from our sponsor. But when we come back, we'll 0:06:37.160 --> 0:06:52.039 talk about Richard, Duke of York. Welcome back to Criminalia 0:06:52.920 --> 0:06:56.040 for anyone who's not a big fan of this time 0:06:56.040 --> 0:06:58.279 and maybe knows about it already. We're going to start 0:06:58.640 --> 0:07:01.080 by talking a bit about the princes in the Tower. 0:07:02.160 --> 0:07:04.800 So the story of the two princes in the Tower 0:07:04.920 --> 0:07:09.479 is actually pretty unsettling. Richard, Duke of York and his 0:07:09.600 --> 0:07:13.920 brother Edward, Prince of Wales mysteriously disappeared after having been 0:07:13.960 --> 0:07:18.320 seen taken to the heavily guarded Tower of London. No 0:07:18.360 --> 0:07:23.080 one saw Edward or Richard again, so, imagining the worst, 0:07:23.520 --> 0:07:25.800 many hoped that the boys had been smuggled out of 0:07:25.840 --> 0:07:29.320 the tower and whisked away to safety and away from 0:07:29.320 --> 0:07:32.440 the king, because who wouldn't want to hope that, But 0:07:32.600 --> 0:07:36.160 no one was actually whisked away to safety. Richard, Duke 0:07:36.200 --> 0:07:39.200 of Gloucester became King Richard the third and four three, 0:07:39.240 --> 0:07:42.400 and very quickly after Richard, Duke of York and Edward 0:07:42.480 --> 0:07:48.880 the Fifth had disappeared completely because Richard the Third was feared, uh, 0:07:49.200 --> 0:07:51.640 everybody knew he was not somebody to mess with, so 0:07:51.720 --> 0:07:54.640 nobody dared to ask him what had become of the boys, 0:07:55.480 --> 0:07:58.120 whether or not Edward and Richard were or were not 0:07:58.280 --> 0:08:01.840 killed in that tower. His historians do agree that Richard 0:08:01.880 --> 0:08:06.360 the third did order the murder of his nephews. Technology, 0:08:06.400 --> 0:08:11.640 though during this time, wasn't at all like what's available today, 0:08:11.720 --> 0:08:14.880 So even if he suspected or knew that Richard had 0:08:15.000 --> 0:08:17.280 killed or ordered the murder of his nephews, it was 0:08:17.320 --> 0:08:20.000 going to be difficult to prove. There was really no 0:08:20.080 --> 0:08:23.080 way to work with forensic evidence, and that meant there 0:08:23.160 --> 0:08:27.880 was no way to conclusively identify anybody, whether it was 0:08:27.920 --> 0:08:31.080 a royal body or a not royal body, including the 0:08:31.120 --> 0:08:35.200 two skeletons that were later found in the tower. Famously, 0:08:35.360 --> 0:08:37.800 William Shakespeare wrote a play about Richard the Third, and 0:08:37.880 --> 0:08:40.080 in it he portrayed him as a villain and the 0:08:40.120 --> 0:08:44.800 most evil and controversial king imaginable. The play, aptly called 0:08:45.000 --> 0:08:47.800 Richard the Third, is widely considered to be actually a 0:08:47.840 --> 0:08:50.760 factual telling of the authentic story of the tyrant king 0:08:51.120 --> 0:08:54.160 who was killed in battle. Specifically, this was the battle 0:08:54.200 --> 0:08:57.240 that ended the War of the Roses, So super fast 0:08:57.280 --> 0:09:00.000 refresh about the War of the Roses? Were the Roses 0:09:00.080 --> 0:09:03.000 is bloody civil wars thought over who was going to 0:09:03.120 --> 0:09:05.760 rule England that was between the House of York and 0:09:05.800 --> 0:09:08.640 the House of Lancaster. The War of the Roses lasted 0:09:08.720 --> 0:09:13.800 decades between fourteen fifty five and four five. So King 0:09:13.920 --> 0:09:16.679 Richard the Third of the House of York was the 0:09:16.760 --> 0:09:20.480 last English king to die on the battlefield, and as 0:09:20.520 --> 0:09:23.440 he was such an unpopular King of England, there were 0:09:23.480 --> 0:09:27.240 many people who believed that he deserved his faith. On 0:09:27.360 --> 0:09:31.640 August eighty five, at the Battle of boss Worth, Richard 0:09:31.640 --> 0:09:34.520 the Third was killed at age thirty two by Henry 0:09:34.520 --> 0:09:38.160 the Seventh of the House of Lancaster. That event marked 0:09:38.200 --> 0:09:40.840 both the end of the York dynasty, which had ruled 0:09:40.840 --> 0:09:43.560 for more than three hundred years, and the beginning of 0:09:43.600 --> 0:09:46.520 the Tutor period. The Tutors rose to power as a 0:09:46.600 --> 0:09:49.840 direct result of Henry the seventh victory for the House 0:09:49.880 --> 0:09:53.440 of Lancaster and his subsequent marriage to Elizabeth of York. 0:09:54.280 --> 0:09:57.679 That marriage, you could tell a York and a Lancaster 0:09:58.400 --> 0:10:03.400 joined these two houses. The Tutor period lasted for eighteen years. 0:10:04.080 --> 0:10:07.040 So Richard, Duke of York, as you'll remember from before 0:10:07.040 --> 0:10:09.520 our break that we took, was the second son of 0:10:09.600 --> 0:10:12.199 King Edward the fourth and one of the two princes 0:10:12.240 --> 0:10:14.640 in the tower. And you may have heard of him 0:10:14.679 --> 0:10:17.200 by the name of Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, 0:10:17.600 --> 0:10:20.880 probably just Richard. We're going to call him Richard, Duke 0:10:20.880 --> 0:10:23.120 of York because that is the title that he seemed 0:10:23.160 --> 0:10:26.200 to use the most. Plus there are multiple Richards in 0:10:26.240 --> 0:10:27.960 this story, so that's the way that we can help 0:10:28.040 --> 0:10:32.280 keep track of. Wow, Richard third evil uncle, Richard Duke 0:10:32.280 --> 0:10:36.640 of York, little kid nephew, and it was probably murdered 0:10:36.640 --> 0:10:39.640 by it, right, I mean, if Edward was twelve or thirteen, 0:10:39.720 --> 0:10:42.760 you know, I mean, these are kids. These are kids, Uncle, 0:10:43.000 --> 0:10:47.839 uncle Richard, please remember that. So um. At this point 0:10:47.880 --> 0:10:50.440 in the story, it's assumed that Richard, Duke of York 0:10:50.520 --> 0:10:53.439 and his brother Edward, Prince of Wales had been executed 0:10:53.480 --> 0:10:57.760 by order of their uncle Richard in three. But a 0:10:57.840 --> 0:11:02.040 man pretending to be Richard, Duke of York now enters 0:11:02.240 --> 0:11:05.240 this story. Yeah, you've noticed. We haven't gotten to the 0:11:05.280 --> 0:11:08.120 impostor yet, but it's time. We're going to take a 0:11:08.200 --> 0:11:10.480 quick break for a word from our sponsor, and when 0:11:10.480 --> 0:11:21.880 we get back we will meet that impostor. Welcome back 0:11:21.880 --> 0:11:27.240 to Criminalia. Let's now meet a man named Perkin Warbeck. 0:11:28.840 --> 0:11:32.800 Upon Richard the third death in five, that man, Perkin Warbeck, 0:11:33.160 --> 0:11:37.200 saw an opportunity. Since there was no firm evidence as 0:11:37.240 --> 0:11:39.640 to the fate of either of the princes in the tower, 0:11:40.200 --> 0:11:43.280 what should stop him? Perkin decided from claiming one of 0:11:43.320 --> 0:11:46.679 their identities. So he did just that, and he laid 0:11:46.720 --> 0:11:49.600 claim to the throne of the first Tutor King of England, 0:11:49.720 --> 0:11:56.520 Henry the seventh, because why not. During his masquarade, Perkin 0:11:56.600 --> 0:11:59.920 claimed to be Richard Shrewsbury, Duke of York, the second 0:12:00.160 --> 0:12:03.160 son of King Edward the fourth. He claimed he was 0:12:03.200 --> 0:12:06.400 one of the princes in the tower and confirmed that Edward, 0:12:06.480 --> 0:12:09.880 Prince of Wales, his brother, had indeed died in the 0:12:09.960 --> 0:12:13.800 Tower of London. He though, was spared from death because 0:12:13.800 --> 0:12:16.080 of how young he'd been, and he kept a story going. 0:12:16.559 --> 0:12:19.079 He said, then he was smuggled into Europe, where he'd 0:12:19.080 --> 0:12:22.760 been living under cover all these years. There's a lot 0:12:22.960 --> 0:12:25.920 about Warbeck that we're never gonna know, because of course 0:12:26.040 --> 0:12:28.480 this is hundreds and hundreds of years ago, and some 0:12:28.559 --> 0:12:31.480 details have been lost through the centuries. Here's what we 0:12:31.520 --> 0:12:34.600 do know. He was born as Pierre shon d Warbeck, 0:12:34.800 --> 0:12:37.520 who went by Perkin Warbeck, and was the son of 0:12:37.600 --> 0:12:41.280 Johanda Warbeck also known as John Warbeck, and Catherine de 0:12:41.360 --> 0:12:45.440 Faroh in Tournai in fourteen seventy four. Turn I was 0:12:45.559 --> 0:12:48.920 at the time located in France. Today, of course, borders 0:12:48.920 --> 0:12:52.000 have shifted a bit and Tournai is now part of Belgium, 0:12:52.120 --> 0:12:55.920 very near the French border. Perkin grew up in Antwerp 0:12:56.120 --> 0:12:59.080 and was working a series of domestic jobs until he 0:12:59.120 --> 0:13:02.439 was hired by a silk merchant named Pierre may Know. 0:13:03.320 --> 0:13:07.679 May Know brought Prkin to Cork, Ireland, probably around four 0:13:08.880 --> 0:13:13.320 one ish, when people saw Richard modeling may No silks 0:13:13.320 --> 0:13:15.960 and other works. It was rumored that he was actually 0:13:16.000 --> 0:13:19.040 a son born out of wedlock to the late George, 0:13:19.160 --> 0:13:23.240 Duke of Clarence. Or and this one'll get you, perhaps 0:13:23.360 --> 0:13:27.600 even King Richard the Third. So Richard, Duke of York 0:13:27.679 --> 0:13:32.640 stood out, and he stood out as perhaps royalty. So 0:13:32.760 --> 0:13:36.440 Perkin initially called himself the Earl of Warwick, but there 0:13:36.520 --> 0:13:39.920 was actually already another person impersonating the Earl of Warwick. 0:13:42.400 --> 0:13:44.840 Back off, this is my corner. Such were the times 0:13:46.480 --> 0:13:49.040 Lambert Simmel was trying to claim the throne of England 0:13:49.040 --> 0:13:52.160 by pretending to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, nephew of 0:13:52.240 --> 0:13:55.800 Richard the third. Lambert, who was only ten years old, 0:13:56.080 --> 0:13:59.040 was it was presumed, being used by adults seeking to 0:13:59.120 --> 0:14:01.640 re establish the House of York's claim to the throne. 0:14:02.280 --> 0:14:04.600 But there can only be one fake Earl of Warwick, 0:14:04.720 --> 0:14:07.520 so Perkin shifted instead to claiming that he was the 0:14:07.600 --> 0:14:11.400 Duke of York. Perkin is like the Highlander of Monsters. 0:14:13.160 --> 0:14:16.400 Very soon after this, Perkin began using the new identity 0:14:16.520 --> 0:14:20.080 full time, adopting it during his time in Ireland in November. 0:14:21.760 --> 0:14:24.640 The first we hear of Perkin officially claiming to be 0:14:24.720 --> 0:14:27.120 the son of King Edward the Fourth, though, is when 0:14:27.360 --> 0:14:30.120 he announced himself as Richard, Duke of York and the 0:14:30.200 --> 0:14:32.680 younger of the two Princes of the Tower at the 0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:36.200 Court of Burgundy. He also began his campaign to take 0:14:36.240 --> 0:14:40.400 the English throne. So around this time Perkin decided it 0:14:40.480 --> 0:14:42.880 was time to up his game and get people in 0:14:42.960 --> 0:14:46.760 powerful places to identify him as Richard, Duke of York. 0:14:47.400 --> 0:14:50.040 That would you know, bolster his entire little plan here, 0:14:50.240 --> 0:14:53.120 and considering there was a Larry Simil, he needed to 0:14:53.120 --> 0:14:57.520 do this before other royal impersonators got there. First. Invited 0:14:57.560 --> 0:15:00.720 to Paris, shortly after his visit to Ireland, the would 0:15:00.720 --> 0:15:03.920 be Richard was recognized as Duke of York by King 0:15:04.040 --> 0:15:09.760 Charles the Eight. That was big. Important people in general, though, 0:15:09.880 --> 0:15:13.720 were taken in by Perkin as Richard, Duke of York, 0:15:14.000 --> 0:15:17.280 and it wasn't just the King of France. In May 0:15:17.440 --> 0:15:21.480 fourteen ninety four, Maximilian the First, the Holy Roman Emperor, 0:15:21.920 --> 0:15:26.240 recognized Warbeck as the rightful King of England. By February four, 0:15:27.240 --> 0:15:30.480 Sir William Stanley, the Lord Chamberlain was found guilty of 0:15:30.520 --> 0:15:35.280 treason and executed for his support of Perkin Warbeck. One 0:15:35.320 --> 0:15:38.520 of the most influential supporters of the fake Richard, Duke 0:15:38.560 --> 0:15:42.040 of York, though, was Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. 0:15:42.280 --> 0:15:45.120 Margaret was the real aunt of the real Richard, but 0:15:45.480 --> 0:15:49.160 she believed the disappearance slash reappearance story that he gave. 0:15:49.880 --> 0:15:52.880 She gave him the title of the White Rose of England, 0:15:53.000 --> 0:15:55.400 the symbol of the House of York, and she referred 0:15:55.400 --> 0:15:59.320 to him as her nephew. With all of this acceptance 0:15:59.360 --> 0:16:02.960 that he just Perkin was feeling pretty successful with his 0:16:03.000 --> 0:16:07.120 new identity, and there were even many aristocrats promising to 0:16:07.240 --> 0:16:10.200 aid him in his effort to recover the throne and 0:16:10.440 --> 0:16:14.360 his inheritance. The news about the Duke of York being 0:16:14.400 --> 0:16:18.560 alive and found in Flanders didn't reach England until free 0:16:19.400 --> 0:16:22.040 and they believed it was really him because the Duchess 0:16:22.040 --> 0:16:26.400 of Burgundy herself identified and acknowledged him as so a 0:16:26.560 --> 0:16:29.680 lot of high ranking men became very interested in this 0:16:29.840 --> 0:16:33.480 Richard has returned story, including nobleman named things such as 0:16:33.520 --> 0:16:37.160 Lord Fitzwater and Sir Simon Montfort, who were actual people 0:16:37.200 --> 0:16:41.280 with wonderful monikers and other lords and sirs who openly 0:16:41.320 --> 0:16:44.200 liked him and really just considered him to be Richard, 0:16:44.280 --> 0:16:47.600 Duke of York. There were also the people, including Sir 0:16:47.680 --> 0:16:51.600 Robert Clifford and William Barley, who openly referred to Perkin instead, 0:16:52.080 --> 0:16:54.840 not as the Duke of York, but as the sham Duke. 0:16:55.160 --> 0:17:01.280 I really like that. Um. So we do need a 0:17:01.320 --> 0:17:05.000 little bit more context, though, to help understand why powerful 0:17:05.119 --> 0:17:08.240 royals would back this man and buy into this ruse. 0:17:09.200 --> 0:17:13.439 There were so many unsettled battles over power and control 0:17:13.560 --> 0:17:16.240 in Europe at this time, and even for people who 0:17:16.400 --> 0:17:19.800 maybe didn't believe that Perkin was royal, it was in 0:17:19.840 --> 0:17:24.080 their interest to to destabilize the English government and possibly 0:17:24.119 --> 0:17:27.240 install a monarch who was loyal to them all in 0:17:27.400 --> 0:17:31.560 one go. There are historians who believe that both Charles 0:17:31.560 --> 0:17:34.719 the eighth of France and Margaret of Burgundy were using 0:17:34.760 --> 0:17:39.160 Perkin actually to undermine Henry the seventh and the Holy 0:17:39.280 --> 0:17:43.639 Roman Emperor Maximilian's recognition of Perkin Warbeck as King Richard 0:17:43.760 --> 0:17:47.520 the Fourth could have been devastating if the Emperor had 0:17:47.560 --> 0:17:50.520 been more powerful and able to leverage his influence a 0:17:50.560 --> 0:17:53.720 little more effectively. Yeah, if any of these people who 0:17:53.720 --> 0:17:57.679 backed him had had just a little more yeah, we 0:17:57.800 --> 0:18:02.000 might be living in a very different history. But throughout 0:18:02.080 --> 0:18:05.119 all of these mack nations, Henry the seventh was doing 0:18:05.200 --> 0:18:08.040 his own work to ensure that this pretender did not 0:18:08.280 --> 0:18:10.880 gain the support that would have been needed to unseat him. 0:18:11.520 --> 0:18:14.480 The King of England was carefully and quietly through a 0:18:14.560 --> 0:18:18.760 Spye network, gathering intelligence and assessing the threat level, as 0:18:18.760 --> 0:18:22.240 well as identifying people who were not loyal to him. 0:18:22.280 --> 0:18:25.879 In several cases, acts of attainder were passed in Parliament 0:18:26.000 --> 0:18:29.280 naming specific people as guilty of conspiracy against the king. 0:18:30.119 --> 0:18:33.439 This legislation essentially bypassed at trial. It's sort of just 0:18:33.560 --> 0:18:36.680 legally declared a person guilty, and it opened the door 0:18:36.760 --> 0:18:40.359 for punishment, often execution, without all of that pain in 0:18:40.359 --> 0:18:45.120 the neck legal rambling. Henry the seventh, you may surmise, 0:18:45.280 --> 0:18:48.520 was not messing around with this faux Duke of York situation. 0:18:49.160 --> 0:18:52.800 Perkin made a number of tries at taking the throne, 0:18:52.840 --> 0:18:56.200 but he never actually amassed enough power to do it. 0:18:56.920 --> 0:18:59.520 He tried to land intent to march on London in 0:18:59.560 --> 0:19:03.679 summer four, but the whole thing was really just a 0:19:03.800 --> 0:19:08.200 poorly planned mess. Warbeck abandoned some of his supporters to 0:19:08.320 --> 0:19:11.560 while he fled to Ireland, which is never a good 0:19:11.680 --> 0:19:15.120 look for a would be leader. Similar scenarios played out 0:19:15.160 --> 0:19:18.879 on subsequent attempts, as Perkin gained supporters and then lost 0:19:18.960 --> 0:19:23.920 them through blunders and just an overall lack of leadership abilities. Yeah, 0:19:23.960 --> 0:19:25.320 it was like, we're with you, We're with you. What 0:19:25.520 --> 0:19:31.879 you left more? Yeah? Now, after several failed attempts to 0:19:31.920 --> 0:19:35.080 secure the throne, Perkins thought sanctuary at an abbey in 0:19:35.119 --> 0:19:39.240 Hampshire before surrendering to Henry's men. When he was taken 0:19:39.280 --> 0:19:43.440 into custody, Perkin did confess his true identity. He also 0:19:43.520 --> 0:19:46.400 confessed that he had a wife, Lady Catherine Gordon, who 0:19:46.440 --> 0:19:51.000 he had married in March of that was also under 0:19:51.040 --> 0:19:53.840 the ruse because her family had approved of that marriage 0:19:53.920 --> 0:19:56.359 based on the identity he was claiming at the time 0:19:56.440 --> 0:20:02.000 of Richard, Duke of York. Surprise. So he spent six 0:20:02.280 --> 0:20:06.040 years pretending to be Richard, Duke of York, and now 0:20:06.080 --> 0:20:09.800 it had come to an end. Perkin confessed to being 0:20:09.840 --> 0:20:13.520 an impostor, but because he wasn't a British subject, he 0:20:13.560 --> 0:20:17.560 couldn't be tried for treason. Initially, Henry the seventh was 0:20:18.000 --> 0:20:21.119 fairly lenient with warback. He gave his approval for the 0:20:21.160 --> 0:20:23.840 pretender to stay at court. He was pushed like a 0:20:23.880 --> 0:20:26.520 hawk though that he was still able to live at court, 0:20:26.560 --> 0:20:28.320 So that's you know what I mean, that's not too bad. 0:20:28.920 --> 0:20:33.800 But then he tried to escape Perkin. It was after 0:20:33.840 --> 0:20:37.359 that attempt in four nine when he was put in 0:20:37.359 --> 0:20:39.479 the stocks and then sent to the Tower of London. 0:20:40.119 --> 0:20:43.920 He was later executed, but that punishment actually was not 0:20:44.080 --> 0:20:48.640 for imitating a Yorkist royal, right, that was for participating 0:20:48.640 --> 0:20:52.760 in a plot to overthrow King Henry the seventh, and 0:20:52.800 --> 0:20:55.680 for conspiring to escape the tower where he had been 0:20:55.680 --> 0:20:59.200 held for his crimes. Uh, don't don't run away from 0:20:59.240 --> 0:21:03.520 a comfy house. Arrest is the lesson. Maybe. He was 0:21:03.560 --> 0:21:07.800 hanged on November twenty three, and upon his death, his wife, 0:21:07.880 --> 0:21:10.919 Lady Catherine, was under strict orders of the king to 0:21:11.000 --> 0:21:13.800 be kept at the palace, and there she became Lady 0:21:13.840 --> 0:21:20.760 in waiting for the Queen Elizabeth of York. So, Holly, 0:21:20.840 --> 0:21:24.679 let's move onto mocktails. Who was your inspiration from this? 0:21:24.880 --> 0:21:27.920 For what she made for us today? Well? So there 0:21:27.920 --> 0:21:29.920 were a couple of things that I took into account here. 0:21:29.960 --> 0:21:31.600 I was trying to think at things that were very 0:21:31.680 --> 0:21:36.879 commonly imbibed during this time. He'll always see that thing 0:21:36.920 --> 0:21:39.159 of like everybody drank alcohol all the time because the 0:21:39.160 --> 0:21:44.160 water was dirty. That's that's not entirely accurate. But people 0:21:44.160 --> 0:21:48.000 find alcohol because it's good, right. So one of the 0:21:48.080 --> 0:21:52.040 things that was very common was cider, and so I 0:21:52.080 --> 0:21:54.640 was thinking something appily as a base might be fun. 0:21:55.320 --> 0:21:59.240 And then, of course, because I'm predictable, as I'll get out, 0:22:00.680 --> 0:22:03.159 he was nicknamed the white Rose. At one point, I 0:22:03.200 --> 0:22:05.440 was like, well, we had to get some rose flavor involved. 0:22:05.600 --> 0:22:06.920 I was just gonna say, when you said that you 0:22:06.960 --> 0:22:09.439 were predictable, I'm like, hire comes the rose paddles. Yes, 0:22:09.560 --> 0:22:14.440 you're coming the roses. There are numerous reasons do you 0:22:14.520 --> 0:22:17.679 use the roses here? Or so delicious um, although the 0:22:17.760 --> 0:22:20.240 rose flavor does not drive the bus in this instance, 0:22:20.280 --> 0:22:23.280 so hold on because there's other stuff. So I'm calling 0:22:23.359 --> 0:22:27.359 this the Rosy Pretender. It starts with five ounces of 0:22:27.400 --> 0:22:30.879 apple juice, and unless you really love very very sweet things, 0:22:30.960 --> 0:22:33.520 go with the lowest sugar option you can find here, 0:22:33.760 --> 0:22:36.720 because this does get very sweet in a hurry. The 0:22:36.760 --> 0:22:38.919 next thing you're gonna add, and I would put this 0:22:38.960 --> 0:22:43.240 in a shaker, is one ounce of tart cherry concentrate. 0:22:43.560 --> 0:22:45.439 This is not hard to find. I literally found it 0:22:45.440 --> 0:22:47.560 at my local grocery store. It's in the juice aile 0:22:48.280 --> 0:22:50.920 and then an ounce of rose syrup. And you're gonna 0:22:51.040 --> 0:22:53.760 shake this like the Dickens, because you really want everything 0:22:53.800 --> 0:22:55.640 to incorporate and for it to get just a little 0:22:55.680 --> 0:22:58.840 bit frothy. And then that's it poured over a ton 0:22:58.840 --> 0:23:01.680 of ice, because the ice as it melts will also 0:23:01.720 --> 0:23:04.439 help dilute that sweetness a little bit. And in the shaking, 0:23:04.480 --> 0:23:06.200 when you're shaking it with ice, that will also help 0:23:06.240 --> 0:23:10.960 dilute that sweetness. It's very bright and delicious, so um. 0:23:10.960 --> 0:23:14.760 This is a very good one for summer sipping. You 0:23:14.800 --> 0:23:16.879 can just pop your straw right in there. If you 0:23:16.960 --> 0:23:20.359 want to mess around with things, you could put some 0:23:20.440 --> 0:23:23.000 bitters in here and do something very interesting. I think 0:23:23.640 --> 0:23:25.720 some people that would want to drink a mocktail don't 0:23:25.720 --> 0:23:28.120 want to touch a bitter, but there are some very 0:23:28.160 --> 0:23:30.320 good cherry bitters. It would be lovely. You could also 0:23:30.400 --> 0:23:32.199 toss an angi stir in here and just get a 0:23:32.200 --> 0:23:35.400 different flavor profile that kind of deepens the whole thing 0:23:36.040 --> 0:23:38.239 for my drinkers in the crowd. If you want to 0:23:38.320 --> 0:23:42.080 make this into an alcoholic version, um, I think to 0:23:42.200 --> 0:23:45.280 retain those flavors, you really want to go with a 0:23:45.280 --> 0:23:49.240 neutral spirit, which means, you know, vodka essentially, because otherwise 0:23:49.280 --> 0:23:52.080 things are going to play with those berry and rose 0:23:52.119 --> 0:23:55.600 flavors together. What happens when you sip it is, even 0:23:55.640 --> 0:23:58.680 though it's all been incorporated, the flavors hit you kind 0:23:58.680 --> 0:24:01.680 of in a row. So you get apple heart upfront 0:24:01.720 --> 0:24:04.919 with that cherry flavor, and then the roses kind of 0:24:04.960 --> 0:24:07.840 like at the end goes hello, I'm roses, um, and 0:24:09.600 --> 0:24:12.840 it's very very yummy. My rose petals talk to me 0:24:12.880 --> 0:24:15.920 as well, Like is that not how flavors reveal themselves 0:24:15.920 --> 0:24:20.320