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Speaker 1: One of the most respected and best known oncologists in

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Speaker 1: the world is doctor David Aegis. He leads the Ellison

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Speaker 1: Medical Institute at the University of Southern California, where he's

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Speaker 1: also a Professor of Medicine. I had a chance racing

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Speaker 1: to sit down with him to talk about the high

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Speaker 1: incidence of cancer now and how one treats cancer in

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Speaker 1: modern life. Cancer has been around for thousands of years.

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Speaker 1: How does one get cancer? Is it genetic? Is it

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Speaker 1: a behavioral or environmental?

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Speaker 2: Yes?

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Speaker 3: Yes, and yes so there certainly are what we call

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Speaker 3: genetic predispositions. There's a several dozen genes that if you

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Speaker 3: inherit a faulty copy of it, your risk of cancer

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Speaker 3: is dramatically higher than the average population.

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Speaker 2: But cancer is a change in the genome. Sometimes behavior, sometimes.

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Speaker 3: Things you smoke, things you do can cause or induce

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Speaker 3: changes in DNA.

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Speaker 2: So you don't get it from your parents.

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Speaker 3: You can cause them through what you do. But there

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Speaker 3: has to be a change in DNA to get cancer.

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Speaker 2: Has it.

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Speaker 1: Nixon said that we're going to have a war on

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Speaker 1: cancer when he was president, and that was more than

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Speaker 1: fifty years ago. Have we really made progress in combating

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Speaker 1: cancer in the last fifty years.

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Speaker 3: The answer is we've made tremendous progress, but it's not enough.

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Speaker 3: So we now have immunetherapy right your own immune system

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Speaker 3: can attack the cancer. We now have molecularly targeted therapy

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Speaker 3: with every single patient in the country it's covered by Medicare,

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Speaker 3: can have their cancer DNA sequenced and we can potentially

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Speaker 3: use a pill to target a molecular alteration or an

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Speaker 3: on switch in his cancer and turn it off. All

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Speaker 3: of those by time, but we haven't cured the disease.

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Speaker 1: Now. Some people say they get full body scans, and

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Speaker 1: other people say that's not good for you because it's

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Speaker 1: not cost effective and also you might get too much radiation.

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Speaker 1: What do you think about full body scans as a

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Speaker 1: way to take whether you have cancer or not.

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Speaker 3: So there are MRIs now which don't have radiation to

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Speaker 3: do full body scans, so certainly looking on a scan

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Speaker 3: can be helpful. Many times one centimeter cancer is still

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Speaker 3: many one hundred million cells. So it has yet to

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Speaker 3: be proven that using anology like that with the exceptional

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Speaker 3: lung cancer where it clearly works in smokers, So smokers

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Speaker 3: every year should get a scan.

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Speaker 2: You catch it early. You can cure the lung cancer, but.

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Speaker 3: In other cancer really hasn't been shown to make a

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Speaker 3: dramatic difference. Breast cancer it does, lung cancer it does,

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Speaker 3: but many of the others it hasn't.

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Speaker 2: Yet.

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Speaker 3: We need better imaging technology, we need better blood tests,

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Speaker 3: but most of our resources are spent on treating and

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Speaker 3: figuring out new ways to understand the biology of cancer,

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Speaker 3: very little on the diagnosis and the identifying early of cancer.

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Speaker 1: Now, there are different types of cancer in terms of

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Speaker 1: its potential fatality, and you measure cancer by how long

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Speaker 1: one survives after five years? Is that more or less it?

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Speaker 2: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: I mean from diagnosis, cancer is categorized by having stage one,

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Speaker 1: stage two, stage three, stage four. What does that really mean?

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Speaker 3: They're all a little bit different depending on the type

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Speaker 3: of the cancer. Stage four means it's all over the body.

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Speaker 3: It's metastasized to different parts of the body. Stage one

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Speaker 3: means it's confined. Stage two normally means it's spread but

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Speaker 3: in a local area, and stage three means it's spread

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Speaker 3: a little bit more than local, but it's still in

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Speaker 3: half of the body. And again the stage four is

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Speaker 3: all over. So as you go up in stages survival goes.

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Speaker 2: Down and outcome goes down.

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Speaker 1: Now I've been told that the cancer that is the

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Speaker 1: most survivable is breast cancer if detected in stage one

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Speaker 1: I think a ninety eight percent survival rate or something

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Speaker 1: like that, and we detect this by having mammograms. Right,

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Speaker 1: So what should men get? Should men get a PSA

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Speaker 1: every year which helps with prostate cancer detection?

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Speaker 2: Why not?

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Speaker 3: I mean, so there's an argument that you know, well,

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Speaker 3: if you find a PSA test and PSA is high,

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Speaker 3: we're doing over number, too many biopses, too many prostate surgeries,

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Speaker 3: and too many reiation.

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Speaker 2: And that's true.

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Speaker 3: So finding a cancer doesn't necessarily mean you need to

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Speaker 3: treat it, which I know which is a weird statement.

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Speaker 3: But there are many cancers, some indolent prostate cancer, indolent

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Speaker 3: thyroid cancer, some indolent breast cancer, so that don't necessarily

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Speaker 3: need aggressive treatments but can be followed. So we call

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Speaker 3: that active surveillance. So we need to develop better guidelines,

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Speaker 3: better ways of framing or talking about them. I say, cancer,

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Speaker 3: you panic, I want treatment, But in many of them

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Speaker 3: there's no benefit to doing treatment and lots of side effects.

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Speaker 1: Now, some people say that the incidence of cancer, which

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Speaker 1: is to say people getting it is higher than it

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Speaker 1: was twenty or thirty or forty years ago. Is that

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Speaker 1: because detection is better than it used to be.

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Speaker 3: All right, So the dirty secret is we have no idea.

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Speaker 3: We don't collect data well in the United States. What

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Speaker 3: we do know is that there's not a dramatic rise

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Speaker 3: in cancer in the United States. But what we are

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Speaker 3: seeing is a troubling trend is younger people are getting

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Speaker 3: more cancers.

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Speaker 2: That's real.

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Speaker 3: We have no idea why, but we are seeing younger people,

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Speaker 3: more colon cancer, more breast cancer, and other cancers in

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Speaker 3: younger individuals twenty thirty forty year olds that we never

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Speaker 3: used to see.

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Speaker 1: What do you think could possibly be the cause? I

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Speaker 1: assume pollution or the environment.

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Speaker 3: In some ways, we assume it's either something in the environment.

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Speaker 3: We assume its diet, it's ultra process foods, it's microplastics,

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Speaker 3: it changes in the microbiome. We really don't know until

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Speaker 3: we start to collect data we can, and we don't

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Speaker 3: really have a data collection system unfortunately in the United States.

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Speaker 1: So when younger people get cancer, what is their prognosis

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Speaker 1: these days? And what can they really do to deal

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Speaker 1: with cancer.

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Speaker 3: So it's interesting all of the regimens we have surgery,

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Speaker 3: chemotherapy were designed around people who were older with cancer.

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Speaker 3: I do think the biology of younger cancer is very different.

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Speaker 2: So first of all, we need to.

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Speaker 3: Develop regimens meant for younger people. That being said, we

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Speaker 3: also have to start screening younger people for cancer. The

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Speaker 3: age of colon cancer screening dropped from fifty to forty

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Speaker 3: five recently, and it probably should drop even further. So

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Speaker 3: if you have any family history of cancer, we probably

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Speaker 3: should start screening earlier.

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Speaker 1: So the best way somebody can prevent cancer is eat well, exercise,

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Speaker 1: get an annual check up, and what else can you

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Speaker 1: do well?

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Speaker 2: I think there's a cadre of blood tests. You should

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Speaker 2: get an irregular cadence.

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Speaker 3: I think that you need to talk to your doctor

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Speaker 3: about potential medicines that can lower risk. Things like aspirins,

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Speaker 3: statins and other things can lower cancer risk in the

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Speaker 3: right individuals. If you have a family history or others,

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Speaker 3: and it's know your family history, figure out what Aunt

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Speaker 3: Marge died from and really understand because many of those

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Speaker 3: family histories carry down from person to person. Important to

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Speaker 3: know in today's world. I can sequence your genome literally

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Speaker 3: overnight and know if you would inherited the gene that

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Speaker 3: gave you higher risk for those diseases, and then we

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Speaker 3: get a target of prevention based on that gene that

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Speaker 3: you have.

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Speaker 1: Well, should everybody get their geneme tested or because is

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Speaker 1: it expensive to do that?

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Speaker 3: You can look at all the cancer risk genes for

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Speaker 3: about one hundred dollars in today's world, and I think

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Speaker 3: it's important.

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Speaker 2: Knowledge is power.

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Speaker 3: Okay, Remember the generation before us, if they had cancer

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Speaker 3: was considered a sign of weakness, and many never talked

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Speaker 3: about it. So getting a real accurate family history sometimes

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Speaker 3: is really hard.

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Speaker 1: I've been told that if a man lives long enough,

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Speaker 1: he will get prostaate cancer. Now, if you're eighty or older,

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Speaker 1: you're going to die of something else, probably, But is

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Speaker 1: that true that every man, probably, if he lives long enough,

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Speaker 1: will get prostaate cancer.

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Speaker 3: So there's no question that the indulin prostate cancers are

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Speaker 3: very common. If I walk through the streets of New

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Speaker 3: York City and bib seed everybody over sixty, I'd find,

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Speaker 3: you know, thirty five or so prostate cancers.

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Speaker 2: But again, most of them won't cause a problem.

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Speaker 3: What we know is we can grade the aggressivity of

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Speaker 3: the cancer and know which are the ones that are

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Speaker 3: going to cause a problem. We have a blood test

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Speaker 3: called PSA that is very good based on the slope

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Speaker 3: of the curve, the change in the number, it's starting

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Speaker 3: to identify which are the more aggressive ones. Doing a

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Speaker 3: biopsy is not a horrible procedure, and under the microscope

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Speaker 3: we can say, hey, this is going to be bad

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Speaker 3: or don't worry about this one. So we're getting a

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Speaker 3: lot better about dealing with them now.

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Speaker 1: At Johns Hopkins, where you trained, a famous procedure was

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Speaker 1: developed for prostate cancer. They kind of minimize some of

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Speaker 1: the adverse effects of a prostate surgery. Is that a

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Speaker 1: good thing to do? If you're going to prostate surgery?

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Speaker 1: Have this kind of procedure. It's done by a computer

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Speaker 1: and it's a robot. I guess i'd should say that

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Speaker 1: does the actual surgery.

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Speaker 2: Patrick Walsh was a rock star.

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Speaker 3: Patrick Walls was a young urologist at Hopkins who at

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Speaker 3: the time people took out the whole prostant and the

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Speaker 3: problem is the nerve looked like the prostate tissue. So

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Speaker 3: they were taking out the nerve and they had continence problems.

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Speaker 2: Impotency problem and all the men.

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Speaker 3: So Patrick looked in kids who had basically died during childbirth,

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Speaker 3: young kids and was able in those kids to know

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Speaker 3: where the nerve was and develop what's called the nerve

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Speaker 3: sparing prostatectomy and started to pioneer that approach. Now with

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Speaker 3: a robot, we can go on through a small incision,

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Speaker 3: blow up the abdomen so there's a high pressure so

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Speaker 3: there's almost no bleeding. And instead of looking down a

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Speaker 3: cave where the prostate is deep in the abdomen, you

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Speaker 3: blow it up on a.

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Speaker 2: Big sony screen, great visualization.

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Speaker 3: You could take out that prostate and have better outcomes

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Speaker 3: in terms of side effects, and the patient literally can

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Speaker 3: go home the same day.

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Speaker 1: So I know you do things other than on college

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Speaker 1: sheep and tell us what does the Ellison Institute do.

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Speaker 3: We are at Technology Application Institute, so we develop drugs.

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Speaker 3: We now have a large AI group that can design

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Speaker 3: molecules targeting areas of cancer. So we're designing a molecule

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Speaker 3: that hits part of the prostate cancer signaling cascade to

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Speaker 3: block it. That'll go into the clinic next year. We

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Speaker 3: have a breast cancer molecule that we're made with AI.

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Speaker 3: So with AI, we can actually use AI to what

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Speaker 3: is the structure of the target and then what is

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Speaker 3: the structure of the molecule, And what would have taken

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Speaker 3: many years, we literally can do it in months is

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Speaker 3: design a molecule to go into the clinic. So that's

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Speaker 3: been a tremendous advance for us and enable us to

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Speaker 3: have a whole pipeline of drugs to treat cancer.

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Speaker 1: Now I am now seventy five years old, and when

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Speaker 1: you get to be seventy five, you worry about your

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Speaker 1: body collapsing and not working. You also worry about your

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Speaker 1: mind not working so much so on Alzheimer's, what's the

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Speaker 1: best way for me to prevent myself from getting Alzheimer's

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Speaker 1: or some kind of dementia.

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Speaker 3: So one of the largest studies ever done in Europe,

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Speaker 3: what they showed is every year you delay retirement, you

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Speaker 3: reduce the incidents of Alzheimer's by three percent.

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Speaker 2: So it's the old adage you don't use it, you

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Speaker 2: lose it.

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Speaker 3: So keeping your brain engaged making yourself uncomfortable, which you

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Speaker 3: are good at doing with your myriad of activities, is

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Speaker 3: fantastic And I love that.

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Speaker 1: Now you've had a lot of very famous patients, like

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Speaker 1: Steve Jobs. Our famous patients are more difficult to deal

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Speaker 1: with than the average person because they have big egos,

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Speaker 1: or they're easier to deal with because they just say,

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Speaker 1: take care of this problem and I'll trust you.

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Speaker 3: They're all different. I mean, you know, there are people

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Speaker 3: I take care of who are amazing. You know, Jack

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Speaker 3: Kemp was a remarkable individual.

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Speaker 2: And when I first started care of him, he goes,

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Speaker 2: you need to do me a favor and I want

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Speaker 2: you to come to my house.

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Speaker 3: And I go, okay, thinking we're going to discuss his

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Speaker 3: case and what's going on. And what he did was

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Speaker 3: he had his whole family sitting in a long table

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Speaker 3: and he had his church come and serve them dinner.

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Speaker 3: He wanted me to see who he was and he said, listen,

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Speaker 3: you make all the decisions. I trust you, but I

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Speaker 3: want you to understand my value system. And it really

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Speaker 3: was a beautiful way of approaching things. And it's a

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Speaker 3: privilege to take care of anybody that they put their

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Speaker 3: health their future into my hands.

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Speaker 1: Let's talk about your own background. So where were you born?

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Speaker 2: Baltimore, Maryland?

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Speaker 1: Balmer as they call were okay, And was your father

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Speaker 1: at Hopkins.

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Speaker 3: My father went to Hopkins Undergraduate and University of Maryland

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Speaker 3: Medical School.

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Speaker 1: Where did you go to school in Baltimore or somewhere else?

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Speaker 3: I went to school in Philadelphia. My father had moved

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Speaker 3: as a professor. He was initially drafted from Baltimore.

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Speaker 2: To the Air Force.

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Speaker 3: We went to San Antonio, Texas, and I went to

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Speaker 3: Saint Mary's Hall. I was the first one of the

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Speaker 3: first two boys that went into a school that went

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Speaker 3: from nursery all the way through college. And you know,

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Speaker 3: I still remember first grade. I was one of two

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Speaker 3: boys in the school. Then we went to Philadelphia, and

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Speaker 3: then I went undergraduate to Princeton and med school at

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Speaker 3: University of Pennsylvania, and then internship in residency at Johns Hopkins,

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Speaker 3: fellowship at Sloan Kettering, and then to the NIH for

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Speaker 3: a few years.

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Speaker 1: And so did you know from the beginning you wanted

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Speaker 1: to be an oncologist or a medical researcher? When did

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Speaker 1: you realize what you wanted to do?

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Speaker 2: Well? I was a geek as a kid. You know.

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Speaker 3: It was about ten years after Sputnik and I did

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Speaker 3: this little competition where you had to do this test,

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Speaker 3: and we were one of four kids chosen and we

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Speaker 3: went lab to lab across the country where we kind of,

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Speaker 3: you know, got to tinker in the labs. And I

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Speaker 3: loved being in the lab, and so as I got older,

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Speaker 3: I kind of realized that I wanted to apply the

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Speaker 3: lab to patients.

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Speaker 2: I couldn't just be in the lab. Oncology.

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Speaker 3: Cancer was an amazing place because something in the lab

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Speaker 3: could be translated right away to patients. Patients were willing

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Speaker 3: to take the risk. I was willing to take the risk.

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Speaker 3: So that got me into cancer.

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Speaker 1: So today, how many people work at the institute.

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Speaker 2: Now about two hundred and fifty.

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Speaker 1: And so you're teaching at the medical school and also

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Speaker 1: running the institute, and you also do clinical work for patients. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so how do you take care of your own health?

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Speaker 2: You know, you have to set priorities and you have

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Speaker 2: to learn to say no. So I'd be at home

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Speaker 2: every day of the week for dinner.

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Speaker 3: I don't go out. I say no to a lot

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Speaker 3: of things my business. It's easy to say no, Oh,

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Speaker 3: I have a patient emergency, I can't go to this,

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Speaker 3: I can't go to that. It makes it very easy

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Speaker 3: to say no. I really try to make my schedule regular.

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Speaker 3: You know, it turns out if you snack in between

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Speaker 3: a meal the next day, your body expects that snack

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Speaker 3: and insulin corts. All the stress hormones go up, You

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Speaker 3: lose productivity, your metabolism goes down, you gain weight. It's

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Speaker 3: really tough on the body. So I'm very regular with

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Speaker 3: when I get up, when I eat, when I go

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Speaker 3: to bed, and that makes an enormous impact on your

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Speaker 3: overall health.

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Speaker 1: Well, you have two children. Were you able to convince

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Speaker 1: them to go to medical school?

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Speaker 3: One of them went to medical school, the youngest I

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Speaker 3: didn't convince him.

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Speaker 2: You know, he wasn't going to go. He was, you know,

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Speaker 2: went to MIT. Was a total.

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Speaker 3: Techie, totally into programming, AI and data. And then COVID

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Speaker 3: happened and he was privileged to work for a group

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Speaker 3: analyzing data on COVID and trying to help with some

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Speaker 3: of the COVID software for some of the clinical trials,

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Speaker 3: and he kind of learned, you know, I want to

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Speaker 3: do things to help people.

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Speaker 2: I want to do things that matter.

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Speaker 1: So what about some free medical advice? What about a statin?

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Speaker 1: Shouldn't everybody take a statin? There for a certain age, they.

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Speaker 3: Are remarkable drugs lowering LDL, which is a surrogate many

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Speaker 3: camps for inflammation in the body. Lowering that LDL has

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Speaker 3: a benefit in heart disease, and there is a risk

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Speaker 3: reduction in cancer. And so I certainly am a believer

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Speaker 3: if you have a family history of heart disease or cancer,

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Speaker 3: that you want an LDL in the more acceptable range

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Speaker 3: or the lower risk range.

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Speaker 2: And it makes sense.

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Speaker 1: What about red meat. I don't eat red meat, but

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Speaker 1: I don't know why that's going to make me live

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Speaker 1: longer or not. Is red meat healthy for you?

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Speaker 3: Well, in a large study in Europe, they show that

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Speaker 3: three servings a week.

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Speaker 2: Had no health detriment.

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Speaker 3: There is a health benefit in several studies with grass

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Speaker 3: fed beef.

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Speaker 2: So it's the key is moderation. Don't eat process meat.

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Speaker 2: People who had processed meat every.

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Speaker 3: Day for twenty years had about a twenty percent increase

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Speaker 3: in colon cancer. So yeah, if you have a hot

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Speaker 3: dog a day for twenty years, it can increase colon cancer.

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Speaker 3: So I probably wouldn't do that, but a moderation it's fine.

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Speaker 1: I don't drink alcohol either. Is that going to make

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Speaker 1: me live longer?

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Speaker 2: Not necessarily.

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Speaker 3: Again, the warnings on alcohol, So there's an association small

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Speaker 3: with alcohol and cancer, particularly women and breast cancer. There's

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Speaker 3: also an association of things like toast and coffee with cancer.

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Speaker 3: When you burn the coffee bean or toast, that brownness

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Speaker 3: is a krylamide which has carcinogenic properties just like alcohol does.

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Speaker 3: But it's a very, very minor contributor. Despite all the

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Speaker 3: hullabaloo that was made over the last couple of months.

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Speaker 1: So today, if I wanted to live another ten or

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Speaker 1: fifteen or twenty years in a healthy way, your recommendations

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Speaker 1: to me, if I can summarize it, is, maybe take

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Speaker 1: a baby aspirin, maybe take a statin, exercise a little

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Speaker 1: bit every day, don't eat too much red meat, don't

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Speaker 1: drink too much alcohol, and pray a little.

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Speaker 2: Bit, and consider heart imaging. Okay, figure out where we are,

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Speaker 2: where we're starting from.

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Speaker 3: Look at all you be up to date with all

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Speaker 3: your vaccines, which is critical. Make sure that regular blood

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Speaker 3: values are on good order, and then consider genetic testing

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Speaker 3: if you have a family history of anything.

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Speaker 1: One thing I've often wondered about, and maybe you, based

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Speaker 1: on your experience, you can tell me what age do

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Speaker 1: people really begin to think about dying. In other words,

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Speaker 1: what age they really go to their lawyer and say,

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Speaker 1: all right, I really want to worry about my will,

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Speaker 1: or I really go to the doctor and say I

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Speaker 1: want to live longer. Is that at age sixty, sixty five, seventy,

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Speaker 1: Where do you see it? Based on your pages that

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Speaker 1: are really beginning to think about death for the first time.

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Speaker 2: So it's interesting.

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Speaker 3: A study came out earlier last year or later at

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Speaker 3: the end of last year that was looked at biologic

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Speaker 3: age and said the biggest change in health happened.

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Speaker 2: At age forty three in age sixty, so.

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Speaker 3: That's when you know medical issues change the most forty

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Speaker 3: three and sixty and both of those time points when

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Speaker 3: things happen is when you start to kind of realize

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Speaker 3: that you're not immortal. And so I see that very

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Speaker 3: commonly in patients. You know, most of my patients. You know,

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Speaker 3: the first thing I have is listen, you have a cancer.

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Speaker 3: I'm gonna be able to control it. I don't think

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Speaker 3: you'll die from it, but I would recommend getting your

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Speaker 3: affairs in order.

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Speaker 2: There's nothing wrong with being prepared.

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Speaker 3: You know, hope for the best, but plan for the

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Speaker 3: worst is a very reasonable thing. I've seen too many,

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Speaker 3: and I'm sure you have too people who weren't prepared

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Speaker 3: and horrible fights within family because they weren't prepared, and

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Speaker 3: that's not a good thing.

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Speaker 1: So I guess the most dangerous words in English language

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Speaker 1: are maybe, get your affairs in order.

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Speaker 2: No, I think it's a reasonable thing. I think it's

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Speaker 2: an important thing.

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Speaker 3: There's nothing wrong with it, And I'm not saying it

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Speaker 3: is an alarmist thing.

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Speaker 2: I just believe in it.

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Speaker 1: People live to one hundred, but they're really have a

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Speaker 1: lot of physical and mental problems. But you think we

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Speaker 1: can ever get to people living to one hundred and

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Speaker 1: actually have the physical and mental abilities of somebody who's

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Speaker 1: eighty or seventy.

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Speaker 2: One hundred percent. We can, and I think we will.

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Speaker 3: I can't see a reason why all of us can't

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Speaker 3: live in a healthy, quality way till that point. You know,

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Speaker 3: the early nineteen sixties was the last time in the

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Speaker 3: United States you can die with the cause of death

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Speaker 3: being old age on a death certificate. Now you need

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Speaker 3: a death Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer. I want to go

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Speaker 3: back to people dying of old age.

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Speaker 1: Can you go to a cocktail party with out people

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Speaker 1: are saying I got this pain here, I got this

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Speaker 1: pain here. What should I do about you? Ever get that?

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Speaker 2: I get that constantly and again?

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Speaker 1: What do you tell people?

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Speaker 2: I consider it a privilege to talk to them.

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Speaker 3: It doesn't bother me. It bothers my wife, believe me,

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Speaker 3: but it doesn't bother me. And I'm happy to try

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Speaker 3: to help them. I mean the ability to help someone,

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Speaker 3: you know, I look at it is that it takes

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Speaker 3: two seconds of my brain time to help them, and

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Speaker 3: the benefit to.

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Speaker 2: Them can be very signifant.

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Speaker 3: So there's an asymmetric part of the relationship here.

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Speaker 1: For new kinds of treatments like stem cell treatments and

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Speaker 1: things like this. Are these the kind of things that

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Speaker 1: medicine's working on in ten years from today? What do

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Speaker 1: you think we will be able to do that we

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Speaker 1: can't do today?

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Speaker 3: So, first of all, when you go to any mall now,

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Speaker 3: you know, and you go to a mini mall in

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Speaker 3: California or a mall here, you see a stem cell center,

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00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:54,280
Speaker 3: you know, a nutritional center of selling nad and vitamins

438
00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:57,520
Speaker 3: and supplements, all of them promising you the fountain of youth.

439
00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,040
Speaker 3: Every single one of them is of fraud. And I

440
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Speaker 3: think the important to say that there is no data

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Speaker 3: behind them, and so it's difficult because they have great marketing.

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Speaker 3: It makes intuitive sense. Well, stem cell. I read in

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Speaker 3: the New York Times stem cells were good. This says

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Speaker 3: stem cells, therefore I want them. And that's the reductionist

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Speaker 3: approach many people take when they see these buzzwords. So

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Speaker 3: these are the future, but they're not here today, is

447
00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:28,159
Speaker 3: the important message. There's no question we will at some

448
00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:30,640
Speaker 3: point get to them. There now are ways of turning

449
00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,560
Speaker 3: the stem cells back on, and so there are clinical

450
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:36,000
Speaker 3: trials now doing things to turn them on back in

451
00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:39,400
Speaker 3: the hip and elderly people who broke their hip after repair,

452
00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:43,520
Speaker 3: in the heart, in the eye, in the hair, other places,

453
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:46,080
Speaker 3: and it's going to be very exciting. It's still early

454
00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:49,359
Speaker 3: days and we have to perfect that science, but this

455
00:20:49,440 --> 00:20:52,480
Speaker 3: is something in the future to turn on. The regenerative

456
00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:55,560
Speaker 3: capacity of our body is something that will enable us

457
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:58,680
Speaker 3: to have you alluded to it before is quality years

458
00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:01,960
Speaker 3: in our eighties, nine, nine, and one hundred. With stem

459
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,199
Speaker 3: cell technologies, we're going to be able to reverse that.

460
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:06,720
Speaker 1: Well, what do you most enjoy about the profession you have.

461
00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:09,520
Speaker 1: It's helping other people solving these problems that are help

462
00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:11,920
Speaker 1: people you may not know, but people around the world.

463
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,320
Speaker 3: When people come to see me, I mean most of

464
00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:17,880
Speaker 3: the time, they have advanced cancers, so they failed conventional treatment.

465
00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:19,920
Speaker 3: So I get to think out of the box, look

466
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:23,040
Speaker 3: at all of the data, and come up before AI

467
00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:25,760
Speaker 3: with something that I think can work for them and

468
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,639
Speaker 3: try it. I get to watch evolution happen. When I

469
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:32,240
Speaker 3: give a drug to a patient that cancer evolves. I'm

470
00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:36,159
Speaker 3: watching evolution happen in weeks to months in my patient

471
00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:39,720
Speaker 3: and learning the biology of cancer from perturbing it. Believe

472
00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:42,159
Speaker 3: it or not, I'm a weird species and that I

473
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:44,440
Speaker 3: work in the lab and I see patients.

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Speaker 2: There aren't many of us left in.

475
00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,679
Speaker 3: The world, and to be able to do both, I

476
00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:52,880
Speaker 3: do autopsies on my patients who pass away. So I

477
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,160
Speaker 3: see what I missed, where I was right, where I

478
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:57,960
Speaker 3: was wrong, and I learned to get better.

479
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Speaker 1: Have you ever thought, if you were in college today,

480
00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:03,879
Speaker 1: whether you would go in today's environment go to medical

481
00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:05,919
Speaker 1: school or would you go to Silicon Valley.

482
00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:07,639
Speaker 3: Well, first of all, I would never get into medical

483
00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:09,560
Speaker 3: school today. I look at what they do in the

484
00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:12,880
Speaker 3: tests and whatever it is hard. Back when I did

485
00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:17,280
Speaker 3: it it seemed easier. I probably would still going to medicine.

486
00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:20,760
Speaker 2: I love it. I pinched myself every day I get

487
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:21,560
Speaker 2: to do what I do.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for listening to hear more of my interviews. You

489
00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:29,879
Speaker 1: can subscribe and download my podcast on Spotify, Apple, or

490
00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:30,720
Speaker 1: wherever you listen