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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dality And Katie, I

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Speaker 1: received an email from Caitlin who noticed that our podcasts

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Speaker 1: were keeping pace with her a POS history lessons and

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Speaker 1: Caitlin I also learned about the canning of Charles Sumner

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Speaker 1: in a push, so it must be a standard part

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Speaker 1: of the course. But she also suggested that we look

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Speaker 1: into a little equine history. So consider it done, Caitlin,

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Speaker 1: that's our subject for today. Yeah, we're gonna be talking

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Speaker 1: about all horses today. And when Katie and I were

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Speaker 1: initially planning out this podcast, we were like, Okay, well

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Speaker 1: we can talk about all race horses or miss the

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Speaker 1: biscuit and fatigue or something. But um our research on

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Speaker 1: Alexander the Great's horse Bucephalus for the Battle of the

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Speaker 1: Hydaspes made us curious about the great battle horses and

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Speaker 1: stead whether they're mythological or very real. But first, we're

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Speaker 1: going to give you a little bit of horse history,

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Speaker 1: starting with somewhat distressing a fact, which is that we

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Speaker 1: probably hunted horses for food in prehistoric times. But once

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Speaker 1: they were domesticated, well after dogs and cattle, they became

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Speaker 1: our companions and helpers. Yeah, and according to George Louis

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Speaker 1: le Clerk, who was the Comte de Baufant, a French zoologists,

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Speaker 1: the horse was the proudest conquest of man, which I

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Speaker 1: kind of like that quote. I do too a lot.

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Speaker 1: They were probably first domesticated by a tribe of Indo

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Speaker 1: European origin that lived in the mountains near the Black

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Speaker 1: and Caspian seas, and ever since then we've used them

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Speaker 1: for transportation, checking herds, exploring new lands, carrying us into battle,

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Speaker 1: but also for fun so riding and tournaments and jousts,

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Speaker 1: and we have words like chivalry and cavalier coming from horse.

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Speaker 1: And plus they're just special and honored above most other animals.

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Speaker 1: Greeks built up entire myths around them. Think of centaurs, Pegasus,

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Speaker 1: the hippocamp um, a sea horse, which made sense since

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Speaker 1: Poseidon was god of the sea and a horsons and

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Speaker 1: great men have their horses buried next to them. So

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Speaker 1: we have horses that have been found in the tombs

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Speaker 1: of the Scythian kings or the Egyptian pharaohs, and even

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Speaker 1: the legend of Camelot is completed and rounded out by

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Speaker 1: a horse. Um lambre, who is King Arthur's horse? That's Welsh.

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Speaker 1: I'm not totally share and pronouncing her probably wrong, honest.

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Speaker 1: But onto our list. Um, so why did we pick

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Speaker 1: battle horses? Well, they're obviously really important. Sarah has a

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Speaker 1: good quote for this one from Shakespeare's Richard the Third

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Speaker 1: A horse, A horse, my kingdom for a horse. And yeah,

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Speaker 1: you know that as Richard the Third's line after he's unhorsed,

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Speaker 1: And uh, I'm sure he wasn't really quite so eloquent.

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Speaker 1: But Richard really does go down in the Battle of

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Speaker 1: bossworth Field when he's unhorsed and cut down in the bog.

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Speaker 1: So a good battle horse is important. That's the end

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Speaker 1: of the war the roses. And I guess Richard the

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Speaker 1: Third's horse probably won't make our list just for that reason. Um,

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Speaker 1: we don't know much about it, but we do know

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Speaker 1: about Roan Barbary, who was the steed of Richard the Second,

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Speaker 1: who also gets a reference in Shakespeare. But think about

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Speaker 1: all the attributes a battle horse might be called to have. Um,

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Speaker 1: in the time of armor, you'd have to have a

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Speaker 1: huge horse to be able to support a full grown

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Speaker 1: man wearing just plates and plates of chain mail and

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Speaker 1: armor and armor. And the horse a battle horse might

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Speaker 1: need to be fast, have good stamina, um, and probably

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Speaker 1: the most important aspect is its temperament. You couldn't be

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Speaker 1: too sensitive if you're in the middle of battle with

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Speaker 1: all that noise, I can imagine. Yeah, so time to

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Speaker 1: profile our individual horses. We're going to start with the

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Speaker 1: one that got us started on this topic in the

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Speaker 1: first place, Alexander the Great be Cephalus and the story

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Speaker 1: or perhaps the legend A lot of these are just stories,

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Speaker 1: only very loosely based in historical fact, we should say that.

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Speaker 1: But the idea is that Philinnikis brings a wild horse

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Speaker 1: to Philip the Second of Macedonia, who is Alexander's father,

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Speaker 1: But no one can handle this horse, and Philip the

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Speaker 1: Second has no idea why he's been brought angry about it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he's got this unruly horse on his hands, and what

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Speaker 1: is he supposed to do with it? But Alexander defies

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Speaker 1: his father and says that he can handle it, and

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Speaker 1: so the father and son make a bet together if

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Speaker 1: Alexander can ride the horse, Philip will buy it. If

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Speaker 1: he can't, Alexander will have to buy the horse. And

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Speaker 1: because Alexander is just a boy at the time, this

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Speaker 1: is going to be a pretty hefty purchase for him

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Speaker 1: to make if he loses the bet. But he's smart

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Speaker 1: and he's noticed that the horse shies away from its

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Speaker 1: own shadow, so Alexander leads it into the sun so

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Speaker 1: that its shadow is behind it. And if truly the horse,

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Speaker 1: lets Alexander mount and ride him, and he names him

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Speaker 1: be Cephalis, which means ox head, and rides it on

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Speaker 1: all his campaigns. And we've already talked a bit about

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Speaker 1: Bucephalus's life in the military, but um, when he dies

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Speaker 1: at the Battle of the Hydaspes, Alexander names the city

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Speaker 1: in honor of him. So that brings us to our

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Speaker 1: next horse, which is Elsin's horse, bobby Aca. And there

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Speaker 1: are again several folk tales about how Babieca came to

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Speaker 1: be the favorite steed of el Sid, who, by the way,

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Speaker 1: is the leader of the Reconquista, the rebellion that threw

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Speaker 1: over the moors, and he's the here here saying yeah.

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Speaker 1: So one story is that el Sid got the horse

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Speaker 1: from his godfather, who was a priest Um pare Pringoes

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Speaker 1: or fat Pete, that's his nickname. Um. The priest offers

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Speaker 1: said whichever horse he wants from the monastery, and the

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Speaker 1: monastery has all these beautifully bred horses, and said picks

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Speaker 1: this awkward little cult and his godfather is upset at

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Speaker 1: him and thinks it's an awful choice and shouts babby Aca,

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Speaker 1: which means stupid. And it's unclear if he's shouting at

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Speaker 1: the horse or Elsaid, but I'm going to guess it

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Speaker 1: was at Elsaid. And the second story is that perhaps

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Speaker 1: I'll said won the horse in a battle. The king

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Speaker 1: of Saville rode to meet, I'll said, on this beautiful

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Speaker 1: white horse, which was adorned with purple and gold and

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Speaker 1: silver bells, a jeweled bridle, and Elsaid says his opponent

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Speaker 1: looks more like he's going to a tournament than a battle,

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Speaker 1: so he issues a challenge that whoever wins will get

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Speaker 1: not only Valencia but also the pretty horse, and said

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Speaker 1: routs the moors, and although the king escapes, he leaves

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Speaker 1: behind his horse. So whatever the story is, Babbyaca carries

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Speaker 1: all said for thirty years, even when Elsid is dead.

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Speaker 1: This is in caps in the Atlines's very important, so

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Speaker 1: Elsaid orders his men to array him in his armor

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Speaker 1: and have him ride out on his old horse should

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Speaker 1: he be killed in battle. He does die in his

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Speaker 1: final fight with the Moors, and his men follow his wishes,

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Speaker 1: put him in his armor, prop him up on his horse,

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Speaker 1: and have him ride out promptly at midnight to fight

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Speaker 1: the enemy, backed up by white robe knights. And yeah,

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Speaker 1: it obviously terrifies the men who have seen him mortally

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Speaker 1: wounded the day before, and they're all, oh, Elsid has risen,

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Speaker 1: and I just have to note it's a little bit

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Speaker 1: like it's weekend at Elsa'd the screenplay we're working on together,

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Speaker 1: Babby Aca outlives his master and dies two years after

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Speaker 1: he did, unridden. And an interesting note on breeds here.

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Speaker 1: Babby Eca was an end illusion which is considered by

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Speaker 1: many to be the epitome of a Spanish horse. And

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Speaker 1: another famous and illusion was William the Conqueror's horse, who

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Speaker 1: he rode in the Battle of Hastings. We could talk

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Speaker 1: about him if we knew his name, but we don't,

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Speaker 1: so that horse's name did not go down in history,

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Speaker 1: unlike Elmore Ceo, who was the pride and joy of

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Speaker 1: one of our most famous conquistadors, Cortez. Elmo SiO was

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Speaker 1: a black Spanish barbed stallion and his name means black

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Speaker 1: with a reddish luster. And the story goes on the

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Speaker 1: way to Honduras, Elmo Cio gets a large splinter in

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Speaker 1: his hoof and he's really debilitated by this, and he's

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Speaker 1: ferried across the river. You know, they're trying to help

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Speaker 1: him out, but he's not well. He's got bad water,

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Speaker 1: low rations, and vampire bats keep on attacking him and

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Speaker 1: sucking his blood at night. Um. And it's gone to

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Speaker 1: the point where Cortez has to press on and leave

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Speaker 1: behind his horse, but he wants to make sure he's

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Speaker 1: taken care of, so he leaves him with the Indians

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Speaker 1: near like Patain, and you know, says, please take good

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Speaker 1: care of my horse. And the Indians take this very

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Speaker 1: seriously and treat Elmsio like a god, feeding him tropical ours,

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Speaker 1: fruits and chicken. And I don't know if you know

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Speaker 1: much about horses, but they don't eat chicken that so

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Speaker 1: the poor horse starves. Yeah, And so the Aztecs are

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Speaker 1: obviously concerned about the potential wrath of Cortez, and they

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Speaker 1: carve a stone statue of the deceased horse sitting on

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Speaker 1: his haunches, which is an odd position for a horse

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Speaker 1: to be in, and they call the effigy Ziminchak, possibly,

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Speaker 1: which is the god of thunder and lightning. But later

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Speaker 1: Spanish missionaries destroy the statue, so you cannot go and

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Speaker 1: see it for yourself. So skipping ahead a bit in time,

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Speaker 1: we get to Napoleon's famous horse, Marengo. He had three

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Speaker 1: white horses. Although you were telling me, one historian was

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Speaker 1: saying that right. She wrote a book on Morango, an

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Speaker 1: entire book just on him, and she said that his

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Speaker 1: white chargers that are so famous in paintings were actually gray,

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Speaker 1: and they were just neted white in the pictures, you know,

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Speaker 1: just to show off Napoleon. But Napoleon's favorite horse was Marango,

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Speaker 1: who was an Arabian and he's a small, high spirited charger,

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Speaker 1: much like Napoleon. When Napoleon was exiled, he took some

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Speaker 1: of his horses with him, but he left Marango in Paris.

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Speaker 1: He was of course planning to return, which he did.

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Speaker 1: He even rode Marango in Waterloo, and we know how

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Speaker 1: that went, and that's where the horse was injured for

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Speaker 1: Mango No, And on his retreat Marango lags behind somehow

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Speaker 1: and he's captured by another general, General J. J Engerstein,

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Speaker 1: who tried to use him as a stud but also

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Speaker 1: that apparently didn't go well. So Marango outlives Napoleon by

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Speaker 1: eight years as a trophy horse essentially, and dies at

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Speaker 1: thirty eight. A lot of these horses also die at

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Speaker 1: very old ages. It's kind of a common theme. Uh.

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Speaker 1: But Marengo skeleton is mounted in Whitehall, and another common theme.

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Speaker 1: None of them I mounted, and a snuff box is

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Speaker 1: made out of one of his hoofs has a silver

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Speaker 1: lid on it. As far as the horses on the

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Speaker 1: other side go, we have the Duke of Wellington's horse, Copenhagen,

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Speaker 1: who was the Iron Duke's very best charger. Copenhagen was

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Speaker 1: a difficult horse even after Waterloo. When Wellington is dismounted

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Speaker 1: to give Copenhagen a congratulatory pat on the on the rump,

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Speaker 1: the horse almost kicks him. So I just think of

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Speaker 1: Wellington having dodged death all day long. Almost he was

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Speaker 1: kicked by his own horse. But as difficult as Copenhagen

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Speaker 1: may have been. He was very good at what he did,

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Speaker 1: known for being unflinching and gunfire and cannon fire. And

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Speaker 1: he was also a surprise full Um Copenhagen's mother, Lady Catherine,

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Speaker 1: which is a little confusing when you see it in print.

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Speaker 1: Reading this outline, I just kept reading that the Duke

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Speaker 1: of Wellington's mother was in full. It didn't really understand.

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Speaker 1: So Copenhag Haagan's mother Um had been sent on a

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Speaker 1: British military expedition to Denmark in eighteen o seven, and

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Speaker 1: Um she would They didn't know that she was in

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Speaker 1: full and the Duke of Wellington was in charge of

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Speaker 1: a division in the Fourth at the time, but the

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Speaker 1: mayor ended up producing her full when she got home,

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Speaker 1: and it was named Copenhagen in honor of the siege.

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Speaker 1: And even after the battles were over, the Iron Duke

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Speaker 1: and Copenhagen stuck together. And when Wellington became prime minister,

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Speaker 1: he rode Copenhagen up Downing Street to number ten, which

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Speaker 1: of course is the Prime Minister's residence. Yeah, and he

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Speaker 1: must have mellowed a little bit with age Copenhagen, that

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Speaker 1: is Um. He was regularly ridden by children and friends

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Speaker 1: at the Duke's country house, and I liked this detail.

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Speaker 1: To the Duchess regularly gave him treats of bread. So

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Speaker 1: Copenhagen seemed to think that he might have a chance

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Speaker 1: with all ladies getting a little bread snack, and would

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Speaker 1: come up to them very friendly. I would kept Cope

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Speaker 1: and Hickins and Brown. He died at again a very

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Speaker 1: old age, and the War Museum was interested in displaying

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Speaker 1: his bones with those of Marengo, but the Duke preferred

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Speaker 1: to keep his horse at home and buried under an oak,

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Speaker 1: which is nice. So moving on to some famous American

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Speaker 1: horses Traveler who I think we both agree it is

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Speaker 1: probably the most best known famous American horse um Traveler

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Speaker 1: is General Roberty Lee's horse, and he's a Confederate gray

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Speaker 1: cultum who was born Jeff Davis and was a show

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Speaker 1: horse apparently a very good one too, right, But then

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Speaker 1: he became part of the Confederate cavalry and eventually caught

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Speaker 1: Lee's I and his owner, Major Thomas Brown offered the

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Speaker 1: horse to Lee as a gift, but Lee said he

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Speaker 1: was far too valuable for him to accept without payment,

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Speaker 1: so he buys him from Brown and renames him Traveler.

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Speaker 1: And Traveler has amazing stamina, and he's very brave, and

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Speaker 1: he even saves Lee's life on occasion. At one point

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Speaker 1: he dodges a Union cannon ball by rearing up on

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Speaker 1: his hind legs um and they're together everywhere, all the

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Speaker 1: way up until the end. At Lee's surrender at Appomattics,

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Speaker 1: as one of the terms of surrender, Lee asked Grant

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Speaker 1: that the Confederate soldiers be allowed to take to home

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Speaker 1: their own horses, and Grant, considering his own horse Cincinnati,

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Speaker 1: agreed to the terms. Lee and Traveler also share their

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Speaker 1: retirement together, and Travelers Lee's companion at Washington and Lee Um.

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Speaker 1: When Lee dies, Traveler actually walks immediately behind his hearse

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Speaker 1: in this position of honor, and Traveler was buried on

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Speaker 1: Washington and Lee grounds, but because he was so popular,

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Speaker 1: he was exhumed. Are occurring podcast theme even applies to force.

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Speaker 1: His skeleton was mounted and displayed at the school, but

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Speaker 1: after you know, sixty years on display, his bones began

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Speaker 1: to crumble, so the horse was reburied outside the Lee

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Speaker 1: Chapel at the University, near the Lee family crypt and

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Speaker 1: a random note. Just looking over w n l's website,

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Speaker 1: it looks like they're safe ride program might be called Traveler,

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Speaker 1: which I really liked. We called our watchdogs. We didn't

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Speaker 1: have a horse. We had a bulldog. We had a bulldog. Um.

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Speaker 1: Another famous Confederate horse was Little Sorrel, who was Stonewall

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Speaker 1: Jackson's horse, and he was captured by the Confederates and

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Speaker 1: chosen as a as a horse for Mrs Jackson, but

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Speaker 1: Stonewall takes him on after his horse Big Sorrel doesn't

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Speaker 1: do very well in battle, but Stonewall was wounded accidentally

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Speaker 1: by his own men while he was riding Little Sorrel

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Speaker 1: and died shortly thereafter. UM so, maybe not our most

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Speaker 1: successful of horses. But Little Sorrel later became a mascot

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Speaker 1: of the Virginia Military Institute, and he dies at the

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Speaker 1: Confederate Soldiers Home, which I also thought was interesting. And

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Speaker 1: another horse on display. He's at v m i As

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Speaker 1: Museum in Lexington if you want to go see him.

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Speaker 1: So our next hour. Comanche is known not as a

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Speaker 1: um not for his victories, but for being a survivor

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Speaker 1: at the Battle of a Little Bighorn, and he's frequently

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Speaker 1: thought to have been um Clusters horse, but that's not true.

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Speaker 1: Command She was actually owned by Captain Miles Walter Ko. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and he's famous for being the sole survivor of the

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Speaker 1: Battle of Little Big Horn. And I see this in

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Speaker 1: almost every account that command she is the only survivor.

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Speaker 1: But I did notice Kenneth Davis mentioned that uh a

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Speaker 1: scout was allowed to escape by the Native American So

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Speaker 1: I don't know, do you know anything more about that?

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Speaker 1: Email us at History podcast at how Stuff Works dot

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Speaker 1: com and tell us. But commanches of Mustang lineage and

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Speaker 1: he's captured in a wild horse round up in the

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixties and he's sold to the U. S. Cavalry

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Speaker 1: after he's guelded. And we liked this one little detail

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Speaker 1: about him. Not the gelding um, but he had a

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Speaker 1: all white star on his forehead. So he's the favorite

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Speaker 1: horse of the seventh Cavalies Captain Miles Kio, as we mentioned,

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Speaker 1: and he sustains twelve wounds in his service for the

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Speaker 1: seventh Cavalry. UM. But after Custer's defeat at Little Big Horn, Um,

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Speaker 1: when everyone has been killed, a burial party goes scoping

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Speaker 1: out the site of the battle, and they find one

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Speaker 1: severely wounded horse, and that's Commande, of course, and transport

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Speaker 1: him to Fort Lincoln to recover. And he stayed in

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Speaker 1: the seventh Cavalry, but he was excused from all duties,

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Speaker 1: although he did appear at formal regimental functions wearing black

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Speaker 1: with backward facing boots in this trip leading the seventh Cavalry, right.

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Speaker 1: And he died at about the age of twenty nine

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Speaker 1: and is mounted for a fee and on the condition

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Speaker 1: that the taxidermist would be able to show him at

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Speaker 1: the Chicago Exposition, and he's still on display. You can

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Speaker 1: see him at the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History.

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Speaker 1: And that brings us to what we were referring to

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Speaker 1: as our bonus horse, because he's not technically a military horse.

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Speaker 1: But you'll see why why we had to include. He's

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Speaker 1: pretty cool. This is Caligula's horse in Catatas, and there

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Speaker 1: is an old tale about Caligula's love for his horse.

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Speaker 1: And if you'll remember the last time you mentioned Caligula,

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Speaker 1: it was when he was busy having Jubitu murdered, which

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Speaker 1: I really hold against him. Oh, of course, so the

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Speaker 1: Roman historian Setonius relates the story without thoroughly looking into

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Speaker 1: whether it's true or not. So this also fits in

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Speaker 1: with a kind of mythological quality of a lot of

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Speaker 1: these horse tails. Um but he notes that in Catatas

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Speaker 1: had a stall of marble, a manger of ivory purple blankets,

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Speaker 1: and a collar of precious stones. And Caligula even gave

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Speaker 1: this horse a house, and it's also said that he

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Speaker 1: intended to make him a consul. I also read that

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Speaker 1: he was fed gold dusted barley, and this is again

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Speaker 1: probably just some ridiculousness, but it was just so entertaining

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Speaker 1: I had to add it. But this fact about all

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Speaker 1: of the trappings that in Catatas is entitled to under

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Speaker 1: Caligula is passed on his fact between historians. In the

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Speaker 1: second century, we have Dio Cassius recounting basically the same thing,

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Speaker 1: saying Caligula even promised to appoint his horse console, a

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Speaker 1: promise that he would certainly have carried out if he

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Speaker 1: had lived longer. So check your facts, historians. So this

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Speaker 1: makes us tempted to talk about Caligula more on a

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Speaker 1: later podcast. I think you guys can expect that The

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Speaker 1: Monsters of History could be a series we're thinking about

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Speaker 1: it so all week pretty much, I've been sending Katie

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Speaker 1: pictures of horses and these famous horses on most of

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Speaker 1: my emails, but I have not been posting them to

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Speaker 1: our brand new Twitter account. I've been restraining myself from

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Speaker 1: too many horse facts that you should check us out.

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Speaker 1: It's called Missed in History and we're on Twitter. I

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Speaker 1: did put the gold flaked barley thing on there, so

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Speaker 1: and you would have known that before now if you

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Speaker 1: were one of our followers. So, if you'd like to

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Speaker 1: learn more about animal domestication, we have a wonderful article

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Speaker 1: written by former Stuff you Missed in History host Jane McGrath,

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Speaker 1: and you can come to our web page and search

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Speaker 1: for it at www dot how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com and be sure to check

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Speaker 1: out the Stuff you Missed in History class blog on

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Speaker 1: the how stuff works dot com home page