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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V.

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Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. In our most recent installments

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Speaker 1: of Unearthed, we talked about a hand prosthesis that had

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Speaker 1: been discovered in Bavaria that dated back to sometime between

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Speaker 1: the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, and in reading about this,

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Speaker 1: articles mentioned various other prostcees that had been found in

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Speaker 1: archaeological sites and a mention of Gutfried von Berlisingen, also

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Speaker 1: known as Goods of the Iron hand. What really caught

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Speaker 1: my attention and that this mention was that his prosthesis

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Speaker 1: sounded a lot more complex than I really would have

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Speaker 1: imagined for the time that he was living in. I

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Speaker 1: want to stress upfront that more complex prostses are not

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Speaker 1: inherently better than less complex ones. So much depends on

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Speaker 1: what the person actually using the prostsis needs and wants

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Speaker 1: and can find most comfortable and can access and afford,

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Speaker 1: and some people don't want to use one at all.

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Speaker 1: We also live in an age in which there are

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Speaker 1: a lot of very well meaning engineers designing very complex

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Speaker 1: prosthetic limbs without the involvement of the people who would

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Speaker 1: actually be using them. That has started to shift a

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Speaker 1: little bit, but the prosthetics industry is still really not

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Speaker 1: being led by prosthetics users, which is something that applies

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Speaker 1: to adaptive technology more broadly. Also, so I don't want

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Speaker 1: to give the impression that the prostsis there's two of

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Speaker 1: them that the process we're going to be talking about

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Speaker 1: today were like automatically better than ones that were a

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Speaker 1: little simpler, like what we talked about on on Earthed. Also,

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Speaker 1: some aspects of this research were complicated because a lot

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Speaker 1: of what is out there about him is in German.

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Speaker 1: Some of the more recent English language work has been

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Speaker 1: written or published by white nationalists. Aside from his own story,

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Speaker 1: which is a story about you know, historic German figure.

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Speaker 1: There was an ss Panzergnadier division named after him during

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Speaker 1: World War Two, So he's somebody that white nationalists have

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Speaker 1: kind of appropriated in some ways. We'll talk about this

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Speaker 1: more in the Friday Behind the Scenes, but it did

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Speaker 1: mean that there was some stuff that was off the

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Speaker 1: table as research material because I'm not buying a book

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Speaker 1: from a white nationalist publisher for the podcast What all Right?

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Speaker 1: So Guttfried von Berlishingen lived during the transition from what

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Speaker 1: we think of as the Medieval period to the Renaissance.

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Speaker 1: Most historians frame the Medieval period in Europe as starting

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Speaker 1: with the end of the Roman Empire in the fifth century,

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Speaker 1: although there are various arguments for earlier and later events

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Speaker 1: and dates. In terms of the start of the Renaissance,

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Speaker 1: different scholars cite different years, stretching all the way from

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Speaker 1: the thirteen hundreds to the fifteen hundreds. So we've talked

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Speaker 1: about on the show before. These historical periods are a

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Speaker 1: framework that scholars have created to help us understand and

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Speaker 1: conceptualize the past. And one reason that the end of

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Speaker 1: the Medieval period and that transition to the Renaissance can

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Speaker 1: seem a little fuzzy, maybe more so than the beginning

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Speaker 1: of the Medieval period, is that a lot of the

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Speaker 1: changes involved were really gradual. It was not like somebody

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Speaker 1: flipped a switch and Europe was suddenly in the Renaissance.

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Speaker 1: There were changes in political, religious, and economic structures that

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Speaker 1: took decades to really develop. A lot of the time,

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Speaker 1: you can point to various pretty clear cut historical moments

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Speaker 1: like the Black Death from thirteen forty seven to thirteen

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Speaker 1: fifty one, or Martin Luther writing his ninety five THESS

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Speaker 1: in fifteen seventeen. But these more discrete moments were part

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Speaker 1: of these ongoing, overlapping changes, and some of these gradual

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Speaker 1: changes from the Medieval period to the Renaissance were happening

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Speaker 1: over the course of Gutfried's lifetime. They affected him directly,

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Speaker 1: and this included the Protestant Reformation and a military shift

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Speaker 1: from knights to professional military forces. Gutfried von Berlishingen was

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Speaker 1: born in fourteen eighty or fourteen eighty one in the

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Speaker 1: Duchy of Wurtemberg, presumably at Jagdousand Castle also called Gutzenburg,

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Speaker 1: which was the Berlishingen family home today. This is in

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Speaker 1: the German state of Baden Wurtemberg, and at the time

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Speaker 1: it was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Guttfried's father,

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Speaker 1: Killian von Berlishingen, was a reich Ritter or an imperial

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Speaker 1: knight of the Holy Roman Empire, meaning his fealty was

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Speaker 1: to the Holy Roman Emperor, not to the Duke of Wurtemberg.

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Speaker 1: This was both a military and administrative role. Reichs Ritter

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Speaker 1: were typically both warriors and landlords. Killian had been married

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Speaker 1: twice before marrying Gutfried's mother, and Gutfried was the youngest

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Speaker 1: of all of his children. So Gutfried had a lot

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Speaker 1: more wealth and influence than say, people in the peasant

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Speaker 1: class and even some of the members of the more

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Speaker 1: provincial nobility, but being the youngest son of a minor

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Speaker 1: noble put him at a disadvantage compared to people like

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Speaker 1: his older brothers and a lot of other men in

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Speaker 1: the same class. Much later in his life, his autobiography

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Speaker 1: would frame this as having pulled himself out of just

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Speaker 1: total poverty through his valorous service as a knight. When

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Speaker 1: he was young, Gutfried went to school for about a year,

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Speaker 1: but he was far more interested in horsemanship than in studying.

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Speaker 1: When he was fourteen, he became a page to a

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Speaker 1: knight named Konrad von Berlishingen, who was one of his

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Speaker 1: father's cousins. Conrad died in fourteen ninety seven, at which

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Speaker 1: point Gutfried was sent to serve in the court of

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Speaker 1: the Margrave of Ansbach, which was another principality of the

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Speaker 1: Holy Roman Empire. This apparently did not go well. Gutfried

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Speaker 1: was described in terms like wilful, hot headed, and headstrong,

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Speaker 1: and he also doesn't seem to have been at all

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Speaker 1: interested in what was going on at court, so he

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Speaker 1: was squired to another knight, Vite von Leedersheim, who was

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Speaker 1: in the service of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian the First.

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Speaker 1: In fourteen ninety nine, at the age of about nineteen,

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Speaker 1: Gutfried was considered to have completed his training as a knight,

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Speaker 1: and at first it seems like he wanted to follow

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Speaker 1: in his father's footsteps as a reichsch Ridder, but it

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Speaker 1: also seems like he decided he wanted a life that

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Speaker 1: had more excitement and less responsibility instead, so within a

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Speaker 1: year he had left the service of the empire and

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Speaker 1: joined up with a robber knight known as Hans Talliker

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Speaker 1: von Messenbach. Earlier, we mentioned a shift in the way

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Speaker 1: that militaries worked, with knights being replaced by soldiers. Knights

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Speaker 1: typically went through a lengthy training period with other knights,

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Speaker 1: like Gutfried's time as a page and a squire, but

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Speaker 1: soldiers were being recruited from outside the nobility, and they

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Speaker 1: were trained more quickly by professional military instructors. Knights had

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Speaker 1: been sworn to serve members of the nobility and they

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Speaker 1: were typically of noble birth themselves. So this shift meant

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Speaker 1: that knights and nobles had progressively less power and influence.

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Speaker 1: Some of them then turned to other means to try

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Speaker 1: to gain power and wealth. The term robber knight could

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Speaker 1: encompass anything from a landlord who was treating his tenants

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Speaker 1: unethically to try to bring in more money to knights

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Speaker 1: who literally robbed people or kidnapped them and held them

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Speaker 1: for ransom.

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Speaker 2: Hans Talliker von Messenbach was apparently more of the latter.

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Speaker 2: One of the sources that was used in this episode

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Speaker 2: described him as notorious. He and his men attacked trading caravans,

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Speaker 2: and they ransacked villages, and they did so much of

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Speaker 2: this that the Swabian League took up arms against them.

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Speaker 2: The Swabian League was an alliance of cities, states, and

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Speaker 2: individual nobles who mutually agreed to defend one another from

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Speaker 2: this kind of rating and to band together against things

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Speaker 2: like imperial tax increases and land seizures. Gutfried von Berlishingen

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Speaker 2: and the Swabian League had a lot of encounters over

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Speaker 2: the course of his life. One of Gutfried's cousins decided

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Speaker 2: that he was going to get himself killed if he

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Speaker 2: didn't find something else to do with his life, and

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Speaker 2: he convinced Gutfried to leave Hans Talliker. After this, Gutfried

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Speaker 2: became a mercenary during the Lanschut War of succession, which

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Speaker 2: we will get into after we pause for a sponsor break. Briefly,

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Speaker 2: the Landshad War of succession was a dispute within the

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Speaker 2: House of Vittelsbach, which ruled Bavaria. In thirteen twenty nine,

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Speaker 2: Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Fourth, who was a Vittelsbach,

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Speaker 2: had signed the Treaty of Pavia, which divided Bavaria into

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Speaker 2: two portions, with each of those portions ruled by one

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Speaker 2: of his brother's sons. Under the terms of this treaty,

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Speaker 2: if the family line that was ruling either one of

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Speaker 2: these regions came to an end, meaning if somebody died

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Speaker 2: without a male heir, the other one would take possession

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Speaker 2: of it. More than one hundred and fifty years later, George,

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Speaker 2: Duke of Bavaria Landshut, had no son and tried to

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Speaker 2: name his daughter Elizabeth as his heir.

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Speaker 1: Instead. Duke Albert the fourth of Bavaria Munich, who was

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Speaker 1: supposed to inherit Bavaria Lanshut. If George died without an

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Speaker 1: heir went to war over this. Gutfried von Berlishingen fought

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Speaker 1: on Albert the fourth side, working as a mercenary. In

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Speaker 1: this case, Gutfried and the Swabian League were on the

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Speaker 1: same side, but he was fighting against two of his

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Speaker 1: brothers who had sided with Bavaria Lanschut. Another of Albert's

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Speaker 1: allies was the Imperial city of Nurnberg, and on July fourteenth,

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Speaker 1: fifteen oh four, Gutfried was injured when a cannon fire

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Speaker 1: from Nurnberg's forces hit their allies lines and a cannon

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Speaker 1: ball struck his right hand. Goodfried was fully armored, but

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Speaker 1: the impact of this cannon ball forced the pommel of

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Speaker 1: his sword in between his gauntlet and his arm piece,

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Speaker 1: and it crushed and nearly severed his hand. His injured

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Speaker 1: hand had to be amputated at the wrist. He was

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Speaker 1: lucky to survive this injury. We've talked on the show

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Speaker 1: before about the work of surgeon Amboise Parret, who made

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Speaker 1: huge advances in European methods for performing amputations. We're going

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Speaker 1: to have that as an upcoming Saturday Classic, and some

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Speaker 1: of the techniques typically involved in amputation before Parrey did

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Speaker 1: his work actually damaged the tissue and made it harder

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Speaker 1: for people to recover. Parret's work included things like the

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Speaker 1: reintroduction of ligatures to control bleeding, and this work was

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Speaker 1: still about forty years away when Gutfried was injured. Joseph

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Speaker 1: Lister's antiseptic surgical techniques and even developments like the turn

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Speaker 1: kit disclosevere bleeding, those were all still centuries away. Gutfried

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Speaker 1: spent more than six months recuperating, barely leaving his bed

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Speaker 1: until February of fifteen oh five.

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Speaker 2: Even given the state of medicine and surgery at this time,

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Speaker 2: there were, of course other people who had also survived

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Speaker 2: these kinds of injuries and amputations, And while Gutfried was recovering,

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Speaker 2: he remembered another Knight who had used a prosthetic hand.

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Speaker 2: He decided that he would have one made for himself,

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Speaker 2: so once he was well enough, he went to a

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Speaker 2: blacksmith to commission one. This prosthesis was made of sheet

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Speaker 2: iron about a millimeter thick and painted to resemble his

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Speaker 2: skin color. It was attached to a cuff to fit

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Speaker 2: it to the wrist. The fingers moved in pairs, so

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Speaker 2: the index and middle finger moved together, and the ring

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Speaker 2: and pinky finger moved together, and the thumb could move

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Speaker 2: as well. Using the other hand, Gutfried could move the

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Speaker 2: fingers and thumb into different positions and lock them into place,

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Speaker 2: and he could release those with a button.

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Speaker 1: For a long.

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Speaker 2: Time, it was assumed that this prosthesis allowed Gudfried to

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Speaker 2: wield a sword with his right hand, and he may

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Speaker 2: have held a sword with this prosthesis, but he probably

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Speaker 2: did not fight with it. It wouldn't really have been

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Speaker 2: strong enough for that kind of movement and impact, so

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Speaker 2: he learned to fight left handed.

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Speaker 1: But he could have.

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Speaker 2: Used this prosthesis to hold like the reins of his

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Speaker 2: horse or the strap of a shield or other similar objects.

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Speaker 2: And this prosethsis also had a more cosmetic function. Wearing

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Speaker 2: it meant that he still looked like people expected a

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Speaker 2: knight to look. Soon he was being known as Goods

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Speaker 2: of the iron hand or the Knight of the iron hand.

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Speaker 2: Gufried's return to combat involved a lot of feuding over

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Speaker 2: the years. Historians within and outside of Germany have offered

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Speaker 2: different interpretations about the feuds that were such a big

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Speaker 2: part of life among the nobility the Holy Roman Empire.

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Speaker 2: Some have framed feuds as a way for the nobility

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Speaker 2: to preserve their rights going into battle against other nobles

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Speaker 2: or cities or states that threatened them in some way.

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Speaker 2: Others have viewed feuding more as an almost ritualized way

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Speaker 2: for nobles to try to preserve their honor or to

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Speaker 2: seek retribution after being wronged. There were also some connections

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Speaker 2: to the world of robber knights that we talked about earlier.

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Speaker 2: Aside from all these nuances, though, feuding overall was a

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Speaker 2: way of using violence to resolve conflicts. Unsurprisingly, this caused problems,

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Speaker 2: and it caused enough problems that in fourteen ninety five,

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Speaker 2: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian the First issued the eveger Landfrieda,

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Speaker 2: translated as the Perpetual Public Peace or Eternal Domestic Piece.

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Speaker 2: This outlawed feuding. After this, disputing nobles were supposed to

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Speaker 2: resolve their problems through legal channels, not through fighting. A

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Speaker 2: lot of nobles, though, they just ignored it and kept

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Speaker 2: feuding with one another anyway.

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Speaker 1: It's a way of life. In fifteen eleven, the Electorate

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Speaker 1: of Cologne demanded that Guts repay a debt. He refused,

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Speaker 1: and he raised a mercenary company to fight a years

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Speaker 1: long feud about it. Then, in fifteen twelve, he in

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Speaker 1: about one hundred and thirty mounted mercenaries attacked a merchant caravan,

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Speaker 1: leading to feuds with multiple cities who either had merchants

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Speaker 1: or travelers in that convoy or sent forces to try

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Speaker 1: to deal with the attack. After the caravan attack, Maximilian

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Speaker 1: the First placed Goots under an imperial ban and tried

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Speaker 1: to seize all of his estates, but he managed to

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Speaker 1: transfer them to family members. Before that could happen, the

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Speaker 1: Swabian League demanded he pay reparations, and ultimately the imperial

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Speaker 1: ban was lifted in May of fifteen fourteen after Guts

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Speaker 1: paid fourteen thousand guilders. Also in fifteen f fourteen, peasants

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Speaker 1: in the Duchy of Wurttemberg rose up with members of

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Speaker 1: the poorer urban classes and they rebelled against the duke.

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Speaker 1: This was an uprising that came to be known as

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Speaker 1: the Poor Conrad movement. Guts was one of the people

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Speaker 1: who was hired to suppress this uprising, and he also

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Speaker 1: kept feuding and captured nobles to hold them for ransom.

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Speaker 1: He made a lot of money through these various feuds

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Speaker 1: and kidnappings and mercenary work. In fifteen seventeen he bought

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Speaker 1: Hornberg Castle as his personal stronghold in residence. In fifteen nineteen,

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Speaker 1: Gutz was hired by Duke Ulrich von Wurttemberg to fight

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Speaker 1: in a war against the Swabian League, during which he

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Speaker 1: was captured. He was held at an Inn for three years.

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Speaker 1: In fifteen twenty two, he finally negotiated a settlement for

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Speaker 1: his release, including taking a vow not to participate in

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Speaker 1: any more feuding.

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Speaker 2: Goods basically retired at this point, and it seems that

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Speaker 2: he also converted tot Stanism. He doesn't spell that out

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Speaker 2: in his autobiography, but reading between the lines, this seems

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Speaker 2: to have been. When this happened, he went back to

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Speaker 2: Hornberg Castle. He spent some time with his family, but

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Speaker 2: a few years later he was drawn into another conflict

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Speaker 2: that took him out of retirement. We will get to

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Speaker 2: that after a sponsor break. The Poor Conrad movement that

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Speaker 2: we mentioned earlier was one of a series of peasant

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Speaker 2: uprisings in the sixteenth century. Another is known as the

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Speaker 2: German Peasants War of fifteen twenty five. Like the Poor

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Speaker 2: Conrad movement, this was a response to taxes and duties

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Speaker 2: that had been imposed upon the peasant class by the

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Speaker 2: Swabian League. The Peasant's War was also connected to the

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Speaker 2: Protestant Reformation and the idea of a person's individual faith

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Speaker 2: and relationship with God rather than the supremacy of the

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Speaker 2: Catholic Church. The peasants involved in this uprising drafted a

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Speaker 2: set of demands to present to the Swabian League, known

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Speaker 2: as the Twelve Articles. These included the right for each

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Speaker 2: community to choose its own pastor, and provisions for how

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Speaker 2: tides given to the Church should be used. Some of

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Speaker 2: the demands really highlight how few rights the peasant class had.

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Speaker 2: They included things like the freedom to own property and

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Speaker 2: the freedom to hunt fish and cut wood. These are

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Speaker 2: things most peasants could not do since nearly all the

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Speaker 2: land was owned by the nobility, who did not allow

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Speaker 2: anyone else to use it. There were also articles about

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Speaker 2: fair rent and an end to oppression by the nobility. Yeah,

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Speaker 2: this is a pretty interesting human rights document. By late

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Speaker 2: April of fifteen twenty five, the Protestant Fraternity of Peasants

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Speaker 2: had a fighting force numbering about twelve thousand, known as

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Speaker 2: the Bright Shining Band, led by George Metzler and vandel Hips.

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Speaker 2: Their numbers and the fact that about a quarter.

291
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Speaker 1: Of them had firearms meant that they had successfully attacked

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Speaker 1: some nobles estates, but it was clear that they needed

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Speaker 1: somebody more experience to lead them. In some accounts, this

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Speaker 1: was motivated by an incident in which the peasants had

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Speaker 1: massacred the nobles in a city they had attacked. That

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Speaker 1: had caused reformer Martin Luther to denounce them, So they

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00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:26,320
Speaker 1: decided they needed to find a leader who would not

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Speaker 1: let something like that happen again. Regardless of the exact motivations, though,

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Speaker 1: they went to Hornberg Castle and they lay siege to it,

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Speaker 1: demanding that Gutfrid Vaughan Relishingen joined them. According to his

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Speaker 1: later court testimony and his autobiography, he really did not

302
00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:46,840
Speaker 1: have a choice in this, and he probably could not

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Speaker 1: have withstood an ongoing siege at Hornberg Castle against a

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Speaker 1: force that large. While he probably wasn't all that moved

305
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Speaker 1: by the Peasants' situation or their demands, aligning with them

306
00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:01,920
Speaker 1: did pit him against Thisabian league and against a lot

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Speaker 1: of nobles he'd previously had feuds or other disputes with.

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Speaker 1: So while some of the more modern accounts kind of

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Speaker 1: paint him as kind of an early Renaissance robin Hood

310
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Speaker 1: rising up with the poor against the nobility, he really

311
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,400
Speaker 1: had his own reasons to participate, which seemed pretty self serving.

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Speaker 1: He signed an agreement to take command on April twenty fourth,

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Speaker 1: fifteen twenty five. He and the Bright Shining Band then

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Speaker 1: went around to other estates recruiting, that is, forcing other

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00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:34,800
Speaker 1: nobles to join them. This meant that there were progressively

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Speaker 1: more and more people with the bands who had experience

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Speaker 1: in combat and tactics, and it also meant that Goods

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00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:43,800
Speaker 1: had more people to back up his story that he

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00:19:43,880 --> 00:19:47,199
Speaker 1: had been forced into this as well. On May fifth,

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00:19:47,359 --> 00:19:51,600
Speaker 1: Goods and Vendall Hipler issued a declaration that significantly weakened

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Speaker 1: the demands made in the twelve articles. Goods had already

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Speaker 1: faced criticism from within the band, since there were people

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Speaker 1: who knew about the role that he'd played putting down

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Speaker 1: the poor Conrad rebellion, but this weakening of their demands

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00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:08,560
Speaker 1: made people dislike him even more. On May eighth, the

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Speaker 1: Bright Shining Band lay siege to Wurtzburg, and eventually Marienberg

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Speaker 1: Fortress was the only thing there they hadn't captured. The

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Speaker 1: band tried to lay siege to it, but this was

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Speaker 1: not nearly as effective as their earlier attacks on other

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Speaker 1: towns and estates had been. This fortress was up on

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Speaker 1: top of a hill, and it was very well fortified,

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Speaker 1: and the land around it had been entirely cleared of

333
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Speaker 1: trees and other cover as a precautionary measure as word

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00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,640
Speaker 1: had spread about this advancing peasant army. So if they

335
00:20:40,640 --> 00:20:45,280
Speaker 1: wanted to attack, it was up a hill. There's plenty

336
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Speaker 1: of like line of sight from the people being besieged,

337
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Speaker 1: and like nowhere to hide on the way to get

338
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Speaker 1: up there. The Peasant's army assaulted the walls of the

339
00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:57,480
Speaker 1: fortress on May fifteenth, which was something else. The force

340
00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,159
Speaker 1: inside had already taken steps to get ready for. Although

341
00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,800
Speaker 1: the nobles were vastly outnumbered, they had prepared things like

342
00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:08,760
Speaker 1: boiling water and pitched to dump on the attackers. This

343
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:11,879
Speaker 1: whole thing sounds like it was a truly gruesome battle,

344
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Speaker 1: and the Peasants army faced heavy losses. They didn't give up, though,

345
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Speaker 1: and after this they got some miners who had joined

346
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Speaker 1: their cause to try to tunnel under the walls. Eventually, though,

347
00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:26,879
Speaker 1: reinforcements arrived from the Swabian League and Goots and the

348
00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:31,280
Speaker 1: peasants withdrew. Morale started to fall in the Bright Shining

349
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Speaker 1: Band after this, and people started deserting. On May twenty eighth,

350
00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:37,399
Speaker 1: Gutz said he was going out to do some recon

351
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Speaker 1: and he left and he never came back. In some accounts,

352
00:21:41,119 --> 00:21:44,439
Speaker 1: he then led a force that destroyed another branch of

353
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Speaker 1: the peasant's army. Ultimately, whether he was involved or not,

354
00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,439
Speaker 1: the peasant armies were defeated and a lot of the

355
00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:55,240
Speaker 1: people who had joined them were killed. Guts was subpoenaed

356
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Speaker 1: to answer for his role in all of this in

357
00:21:57,359 --> 00:22:00,919
Speaker 1: fifteen twenty six. He argued that he had been forced

358
00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:04,480
Speaker 1: into helping the peasants, and he said he'd strategically tried

359
00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:07,280
Speaker 1: to minimize the damage that they were doing without them

360
00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:12,000
Speaker 1: realizing it. He was exonerated by the Imperial Court that October,

361
00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:15,480
Speaker 1: but the Swabian League, who at this point had a

362
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:19,800
Speaker 1: very long and checkered history with Gutz van Berlishingen, they

363
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:23,199
Speaker 1: were not satisfied. They either lured him to a meeting

364
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Speaker 1: by saying that they were going to clear him of

365
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:29,359
Speaker 1: some charges related to an earlier war, or they just

366
00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:32,800
Speaker 1: captured him while he was traveling. Either way, he was

367
00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,840
Speaker 1: imprisoned for two more years and only released in thirteen

368
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,479
Speaker 1: fifty after he paid reparations and swore an oath that

369
00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:42,399
Speaker 1: he would not go far from home or even mount

370
00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:47,280
Speaker 1: a horse. His second prosthesis was probably made some time

371
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,760
Speaker 1: after he was released. This one was more complex than

372
00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:52,960
Speaker 1: the one that he'd had made in fifteen oh four.

373
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:55,800
Speaker 1: It went up to his elbow, and each of the

374
00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:59,520
Speaker 1: fingers had three articulated joints, while his thumb had two

375
00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:03,920
Speaker 1: ratchet Mechanisms inside the fingers and thumb meant they could

376
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:07,680
Speaker 1: individually be locked into position and a button released them.

377
00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: The wrist could also be rotated fifteen degrees in either direction,

378
00:23:12,119 --> 00:23:15,959
Speaker 1: changing the angle of the hand. This allowed him to

379
00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:18,480
Speaker 1: use the prosthesis to grip things that needed to be

380
00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:21,280
Speaker 1: held at different angles, like the angle needed to hold

381
00:23:21,280 --> 00:23:24,840
Speaker 1: a quill versus the angle needed to hold playing cards.

382
00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:28,560
Speaker 1: There were pros and cons with this prosthesis Compared to

383
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,439
Speaker 1: the earlier one. The fingers could be moved individually, and

384
00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:36,400
Speaker 1: the joints could be locked into more positions. In general,

385
00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:39,560
Speaker 1: the second prosthesis could also be used to grip smaller,

386
00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:43,639
Speaker 1: more delicate objects, but it wasn't as sturdy as the

387
00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:46,040
Speaker 1: older prostsis had been, and at the same time, it

388
00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:49,840
Speaker 1: was a lot heavier. It weighed about fifteen hundred grams

389
00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:53,000
Speaker 1: while the older one was only about six hundred that's

390
00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,960
Speaker 1: about fifty two ounces or three point three pounds, as

391
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,280
Speaker 1: compared to the smaller prosthesis, which was only about twenty

392
00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,840
Speaker 1: one ounces or one point three pounds. It's possible that

393
00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,760
Speaker 1: he used both both prostises for the rest of his

394
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,960
Speaker 1: life for different purposes, like one for combat and the

395
00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:13,400
Speaker 1: other one for leisure and sundays. I don't know why

396
00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:15,560
Speaker 1: the idea that one is for leisure cracks me up,

397
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:20,320
Speaker 1: but it does, especially because it's heavy. Like if it's heavy,

398
00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:22,720
Speaker 1: but you can hold your playing cards with it, maybe

399
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:26,359
Speaker 1: better than the other one. Yeah, presumably your year also

400
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:29,560
Speaker 1: supporting it with maybe a table, because yeah, if you

401
00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:32,760
Speaker 1: carry around three point three pounds, that sounds like not much,

402
00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,280
Speaker 1: but over the course of like a day or even

403
00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,280
Speaker 1: a couple hours, it starts to feel really heavy. Well,

404
00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:42,800
Speaker 1: and this is one of the criticisms of like today's

405
00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:48,640
Speaker 1: increasingly complex pristisis like made without input from prosthetics users

406
00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:51,320
Speaker 1: of This is so much heavier than the other one

407
00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:55,280
Speaker 1: that I had before. This does not help me. We

408
00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:58,760
Speaker 1: mentioned that he might use one for combat, and that's

409
00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:01,280
Speaker 1: because in spite of the that oath he took, he

410
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:05,399
Speaker 1: did return to combat. In fifteen forty Charles the Fifth

411
00:25:05,480 --> 00:25:07,840
Speaker 1: released him from his oath so that he could fight

412
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:11,480
Speaker 1: against the Ottoman Empire. In fifteen forty four. He was

413
00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:15,679
Speaker 1: also part of Charles's campaigns against the French. He did

414
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:19,880
Speaker 1: finally really retire sometime after the French campaign, and he

415
00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:22,159
Speaker 1: really spent most of the rest of his life living

416
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,359
Speaker 1: at Hornberg Castle. He had been married twice, and over

417
00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:28,280
Speaker 1: the course of his life he had ten children. He

418
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,560
Speaker 1: died in his sleep on July twenty third, fifteen sixty two,

419
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,679
Speaker 1: at the age of eighty two, which I just find

420
00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:38,240
Speaker 1: incredible given that he spent so much of his life

421
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:41,480
Speaker 1: at combat. He spent a lot of his time in

422
00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,280
Speaker 1: deadly situations and lived until the age of eighty two.

423
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:49,760
Speaker 1: His tomb is at Chantal Abbey in Baden Wurttemberg. In

424
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,520
Speaker 1: the last years of his life, good to become blind,

425
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,280
Speaker 1: and a year or so before his death, he narrated

426
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:59,880
Speaker 1: an autobiography to a scribe. Tracy has not read this since,

427
00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:02,679
Speaker 1: she said earlier. The only English language version that she

428
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,520
Speaker 1: could find was published by a white nationalist publisher, but,

429
00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:11,199
Speaker 1: based on critical commentary on older German language versions, is

430
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:14,800
Speaker 1: a pretty self aggrandizing work which often does not match

431
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,960
Speaker 1: up with the historical record. Like we said, it makes

432
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,800
Speaker 1: it sound like he pulled himself up from poverty through

433
00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:26,120
Speaker 1: knightly valor. This autobiography stayed within the family in manuscript

434
00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:29,600
Speaker 1: form until the eighteenth century, and then about twenty years

435
00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:33,440
Speaker 1: after it was first published, Johann Wolfgang von Goutte used

436
00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:36,520
Speaker 1: it as the basis for his first play that was

437
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:40,639
Speaker 1: called Gouts Fund Bernish Gent, which debuted in seventeen seventy three.

438
00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:44,199
Speaker 1: Guts had not really been a well known figure in

439
00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:47,520
Speaker 1: Germany before that, but Gutta's play framed him as a

440
00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:49,760
Speaker 1: freedom fighter and it turned him into something of a

441
00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:53,959
Speaker 1: national hero. And then he became a character in multiple

442
00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:58,120
Speaker 1: other German works, including operas, poems, and novels, and then

443
00:26:58,680 --> 00:27:03,439
Speaker 1: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart referenced him in at least two musical works,

444
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:08,000
Speaker 1: one of them being a cannon called lechmia marche or

445
00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:13,000
Speaker 1: lick my arse. This title is a reference to a

446
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:17,360
Speaker 1: quote attributed to Gutz Vanderlishingen, which was popularized in various

447
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,800
Speaker 1: fictional works about him. The story is that in one

448
00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:23,919
Speaker 1: of his encounters with the Swabian League, he was besieged

449
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:27,359
Speaker 1: in order to surrender, and he refused, calling out the

450
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:31,120
Speaker 1: window quote, tell your captain that for his imperial majesty

451
00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:34,760
Speaker 1: I entertain as ever all due respect, but for himself

452
00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:39,240
Speaker 1: he may kiss my arse. Sometimes that epithet is known

453
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:40,760
Speaker 1: as the Swabian salute.

454
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,360
Speaker 2: Gouts von Berlishingen's two hand prostthecees have gotten a lot

455
00:27:45,359 --> 00:27:49,720
Speaker 2: of attention over the years. In eighteen fifteen, engraver Christian

456
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,600
Speaker 2: van Mechel produced detailed diagrams of the second prosthesis and

457
00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:57,320
Speaker 2: its inner workings. He had the actual prosthesis, or what

458
00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:01,360
Speaker 2: we believe may have been the actual prost thesis, and

459
00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:03,720
Speaker 2: he had permission from the family to take it apart

460
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:07,240
Speaker 2: for this purpose. Much more recently, in nineteen eighty two,

461
00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:11,200
Speaker 2: Guncher Quasi Crook worked with the same prosthesis, although without

462
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,159
Speaker 2: dismantling it, concluding that it had not been used for

463
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,680
Speaker 2: actual sword fighting. In more recent years, there have also

464
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:21,080
Speaker 2: been a number of projects to build three D recreations

465
00:28:21,119 --> 00:28:26,440
Speaker 2: of both prostses and computer aided design reconstructions. There are

466
00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:31,240
Speaker 2: two Prosses in the collection of Yaks Thousand Castle Museum today.

467
00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:35,159
Speaker 2: They are generally described as the ones that actually belonged

468
00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:37,959
Speaker 2: to Goods of the Iron Hand, but it is not

469
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,800
Speaker 2: one hundred percent certain that they actually were the ones

470
00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:41,640
Speaker 2: used by him.

471
00:28:42,440 --> 00:28:47,640
Speaker 1: Oh Goods. Oh Goods. That'd be a great name for

472
00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:50,600
Speaker 1: a cat. By the way, Yeah, except that it has

473
00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:54,720
Speaker 1: now weird associations. Yeah, a little bit. We'll talk about

474
00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:58,680
Speaker 1: them more Friday. Do you have unweird association email? I do.

475
00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:03,320
Speaker 2: This is from Kathy and Kathy wrote, Dear Holly and Tracy.

476
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:05,800
Speaker 2: I'm a longtime listener of Stephi misson history class and

477
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:09,000
Speaker 2: a proud Philadelphian. I was just listening to the behind

478
00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:11,760
Speaker 2: the scenes on Rebecca Crumpler when you mentioned an archive

479
00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:15,880
Speaker 2: collection at Drexel University about early black doctors, compiled by

480
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,400
Speaker 2: Margaret Jaredo. I thought to myself, that has to be

481
00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:23,600
Speaker 2: the same collection. Let me explain. Two years ago, I

482
00:29:23,680 --> 00:29:26,520
Speaker 2: was privileged enough to take a special section of the

483
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:31,560
Speaker 2: course Web du Blois and Philadelphia's seventh Ward for Philadelphia

484
00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:36,040
Speaker 2: Teachers with doctor Amy Hiller at the University of Pennsylvania

485
00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:40,840
Speaker 2: through the Teachers Institute of Philadelphia. The next year, doctor

486
00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:44,240
Speaker 2: Hiller taught this course again for penn first year students.

487
00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,600
Speaker 2: She invited the teachers who had taken her class previously

488
00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:53,040
Speaker 2: to watch her current students present their final projects. I'm

489
00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:58,200
Speaker 2: gonna pause from the letter to say the next Kathy

490
00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:01,440
Speaker 2: describes this project by these two first year students at Penn.

491
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:05,520
Speaker 2: I listened to this podcast that they made. I thought

492
00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:09,200
Speaker 2: it was very good. I don't want to like direct

493
00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:13,360
Speaker 2: people to it. It makes me uncomfortable to like send

494
00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:19,320
Speaker 2: a big podcast listenership toward first year college students school project, uh,

495
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,880
Speaker 2: because I know what can happen when things escape the

496
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:27,200
Speaker 2: sphere you made them for on the internet, right right.

497
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,080
Speaker 2: It was a very good episode of the podcast, though,

498
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:34,440
Speaker 2: And you know, if I were to hear from either

499
00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:36,840
Speaker 2: of them that they were totally comfortable with me sharing

500
00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:38,680
Speaker 2: it with the entire world, I would do that, but

501
00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,640
Speaker 2: I don't want to do that without their permission. Back

502
00:30:41,680 --> 00:30:44,000
Speaker 2: to the email, you will hear in it that the

503
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,560
Speaker 2: collection was not easy to access. So don't feel bad

504
00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:48,880
Speaker 2: that you did not go to it on your last trip.

505
00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:50,880
Speaker 2: But maybe one day you'll have the time to return,

506
00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:53,800
Speaker 2: search through it, and do a podcast on several on

507
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:56,360
Speaker 2: what you found out. I loved the podcast the two

508
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:59,160
Speaker 2: students made, but it left me wanting to learn more.

509
00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:02,360
Speaker 2: Thank you for all that you do has a history

510
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:05,360
Speaker 2: nerd and history teacher, I appreciate your podcast both professionally

511
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,200
Speaker 2: and personally. PS I am allergic to shedding animals, but

512
00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,120
Speaker 2: as a pet tax here is a picture of some

513
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:16,200
Speaker 2: of the beautiful snails in our fish tank. Sincerely, Kathy.

514
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:21,560
Speaker 2: These snails are beautiful in the fish tank. It looks

515
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:25,479
Speaker 2: like there are two of them, and the shell of

516
00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:29,240
Speaker 2: one of them has this very lovely pink tone on it,

517
00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:35,520
Speaker 2: and what I think is the snail's face is also pink.

518
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:40,040
Speaker 2: This is a very beautiful picture. So yes, as I said,

519
00:31:40,080 --> 00:31:43,440
Speaker 2: I listened to this podcast episode that these students made.

520
00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:44,080
Speaker 1: I really like it.

521
00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:48,920
Speaker 2: What Kathy is referencing regarding the collection not being easy

522
00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:53,560
Speaker 2: to access is they make a point that the library

523
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:56,760
Speaker 2: facility that it is in is open in sort of

524
00:31:56,760 --> 00:32:00,680
Speaker 2: a Monday through Friday nine to five situation, and it's

525
00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:03,080
Speaker 2: also not at the main library branch. It's in a

526
00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 2: residential area. So like, personally, had I been in Philadelphia

527
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:13,120
Speaker 2: with a day off during the week, that would have

528
00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:15,040
Speaker 2: been something that I could have dealt with. But like,

529
00:32:16,320 --> 00:32:19,120
Speaker 2: having your collection only open from nine to five Monday

530
00:32:19,160 --> 00:32:21,120
Speaker 2: through Friday means that it's like out of bounds for

531
00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:26,400
Speaker 2: a lot of researchers, especially since another point that's made

532
00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:29,920
Speaker 2: in the interview with Margaret Jaredo, like there's just not

533
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,120
Speaker 2: a lot of funding and there's especially not a lot

534
00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:36,600
Speaker 2: of funding for black historians trying to research black history,

535
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:39,960
Speaker 2: and so a lot of people are doing this work

536
00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:43,800
Speaker 2: in addition to other jobs. So having a collection that

537
00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:46,960
Speaker 2: is only opened during the week in quote business hours

538
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,440
Speaker 2: and is not like with the rest of the library

539
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:54,239
Speaker 2: facility just makes it harder for people to access that.

540
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,360
Speaker 2: So thank you so much, Kathy for this email. Thank

541
00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:59,920
Speaker 2: you so much for sending me the link to the

542
00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:04,720
Speaker 2: podcast episode that the students did. Thank you for snails

543
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 2: and the snail picts are really really pretty.

544
00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:10,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, I will take a snail. I'm telling you, I

545
00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:13,200
Speaker 1: can't think of an animal that's off limits, even if

546
00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:18,320
Speaker 1: you have a pet, roach, tarantula, scorpion, I love tarantula there.

547
00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:23,360
Speaker 1: My brother had a tarantula when we were kids. He

548
00:33:23,480 --> 00:33:28,240
Speaker 1: sort of inherited the classroom tarantula. I don't. There was

549
00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:30,400
Speaker 1: a whole story of like how this tarantula came to

550
00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:33,480
Speaker 1: live in the classroom. Tarantulas can live for a very

551
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:36,080
Speaker 1: long time. We had to keep crickets in the basement

552
00:33:36,240 --> 00:33:39,400
Speaker 1: to feed to the tarantula. There are still crickets down there.

553
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:43,840
Speaker 1: I had lots of tarantulis as a kid because we

554
00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:46,120
Speaker 1: lived in Arizona, and I would scoop them up off

555
00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:51,560
Speaker 1: the street like a dummy. Oh fun, Okay, then, uh so,

556
00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:53,360
Speaker 1: if you'd like to write to us about this or

557
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:56,680
Speaker 1: any other podcast, we're a history podcast at iHeartRadio dot

558
00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:59,640
Speaker 1: com and we're on social media at miss and History.

559
00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:03,960
Speaker 1: It's where you'll find our Facebook and whatnot, mostly just

560
00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:07,960
Speaker 1: where we put notifications. The new episodes are live.

561
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:12,320
Speaker 2: You can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app

562
00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:20,360
Speaker 2: and wherever else you want to get your podcasts. Stuff

563
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:23,160
Speaker 2: you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio.

564
00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:28,120
Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

565
00:34:28,239 --> 00:34:32,120
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows,