1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:14,560 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:18,280 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying and our 4 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:21,079 Speaker 1: recent two partern on Harriet Tubman. We talked a little 5 00:00:21,120 --> 00:00:24,639 Speaker 1: bit about the Underground Railroad and it's northern terminus in 6 00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: British North America, which would eventually become Canada, and we 7 00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: talked a little bit about how Harriet Tubman herself and 8 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:32,880 Speaker 1: the people that she guided there had kind of a 9 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:36,000 Speaker 1: rough time when I got there, basically because they were 10 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:40,199 Speaker 1: starting over from scratch having just escaped from bondage. But 11 00:00:40,360 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 1: that is really only one aspect of the hardships that 12 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:46,959 Speaker 1: escaped persons faced in Canada. And after those episodes came out, 13 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:50,280 Speaker 1: we got a wonderful email from listener Derek, which we 14 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:52,280 Speaker 1: are going to read at the end of this episode, 15 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:55,840 Speaker 1: and in it he suggested today's subject for the show. 16 00:00:56,760 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: So today we're going to talk about Marianne Shad Carrie 17 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,360 Speaker 1: was a black Canadian American who was the first black 18 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:06,959 Speaker 1: woman in North America to publish an a newspaper, as 19 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:09,520 Speaker 1: well as a second black woman in the United States 20 00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:12,160 Speaker 1: to become an attorney, and aside from that, she was 21 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:16,800 Speaker 1: also a teacher and a ceaseless advocate against slavery and 22 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:20,160 Speaker 1: four Better Lives for free Black people as well as 23 00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:23,119 Speaker 1: for women's rights. And I had never heard of her 24 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:28,759 Speaker 1: before getting Derek's letter me either, so hooray. And mary 25 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,279 Speaker 1: Anne Shad Carry born Mary Anne Shadd had a family 26 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:36,800 Speaker 1: history that tied to multiple previous podcast subjects. Her great grandfather, 27 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:39,720 Speaker 1: Hans Shad, which is spelled a little bit differently. It's 28 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:42,560 Speaker 1: s c h a D instead of s h A 29 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: d D, was a Hessian soldier. Her great grandmother, Elizabeth, 30 00:01:47,080 --> 00:01:49,280 Speaker 1: was one of two black women who cared for him 31 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:52,600 Speaker 1: when he was injured near Philadelphia in seventeen fifty five. 32 00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 1: Elizabeth and Hans married in January of seventeen fifty six. 33 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:00,919 Speaker 1: Roughly twenty years later, they and their children moved across 34 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:04,120 Speaker 1: the state line into Delaware, which, although they were still 35 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:08,240 Speaker 1: all free, was a slave state. Over the next couple 36 00:02:08,240 --> 00:02:11,760 Speaker 1: of generations, Shad spelled s h A D morphed into 37 00:02:11,840 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: Shad s h A d D, and the family became 38 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:18,639 Speaker 1: a relatively prosperous free family of color and a respected 39 00:02:18,680 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 1: part of Wilmington Delaware's free black community. At the time, 40 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:26,360 Speaker 1: they would have been classified as mulatto's and most of 41 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:29,600 Speaker 1: the family worked in skilled trades and skilled trades and 42 00:02:29,639 --> 00:02:34,120 Speaker 1: made a pretty comfortable living. Mary Anne Camberton Shad was 43 00:02:34,160 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 1: the oldest of Harriet and Abraham Shad's thirteen children. She 44 00:02:38,320 --> 00:02:41,680 Speaker 1: was born on October nine of eighteen twenty three. Her 45 00:02:41,720 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: parents were abolitionists and were actively involved with the Underground Railroad, 46 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:49,200 Speaker 1: and Abraham was also active in organizations trying to improve 47 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 1: the lives and legal protections of free black people, including 48 00:02:53,040 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: being a delicate to the Annual Convention for the Improvement 49 00:02:56,280 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 1: of Free People of Color. When Marianne was worn, slavery 50 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,959 Speaker 1: had really been on the wayne in Delaware for a while, 51 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: and during her early life the vast majority of Delaware's 52 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:12,519 Speaker 1: black population was free. However, Delaware was still a slave 53 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:17,399 Speaker 1: state and concerned that it's sizeable free black population would 54 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:21,560 Speaker 1: inspire a revolt among those who were still enslaved. This 55 00:03:21,639 --> 00:03:24,000 Speaker 1: is why the state started passing a series of so 56 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:27,320 Speaker 1: called Black codes beginning not long after Marianne was born. 57 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:33,400 Speaker 1: These codes were increasingly strict, impunitive, detailing where Delaware's black 58 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 1: residents could congregate and be educated where and whether they 59 00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: could vote or hold public office. That answer was new. 60 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: It went on and on. Churches, schools, and public accommodations 61 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 1: were segregated, and many predominantly white churches stopped allowing black 62 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 1: members to attend. Educational opportunities for black children were severely lacking, 63 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: with the state not funding them and very few charities 64 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:04,160 Speaker 1: and social organizations being willing to do it either. This 65 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: meant that mary Anne sex put her doubly at a disadvantage. 66 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:12,200 Speaker 1: There was one quote female African school in all of Delaware, 67 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:15,440 Speaker 1: which failed when she was about seven and didn't reopen 68 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,040 Speaker 1: again until she was out of her school age years. 69 00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:22,480 Speaker 1: All of this together meant that in the decade or 70 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: so after mary Anne's birth, Delaware became an increasingly untenable 71 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:29,839 Speaker 1: place for the Shad family to be living. So in 72 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:33,840 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty three they moved to Westchester, Pennsylvania, which would 73 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:37,640 Speaker 1: later be home to recent podcast subject Buyard Ruston, with 74 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:40,320 Speaker 1: the hope of finding a more humane place to live, and, 75 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:42,960 Speaker 1: according to the family lure, one in which there would 76 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:47,560 Speaker 1: be more educational opportunities for the family's children, particularly the daughters. 77 00:04:48,279 --> 00:04:51,480 Speaker 1: Pennsylvania was a free state and was in some ways 78 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:55,039 Speaker 1: definitely better for the family than Delaware had been. However, 79 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: black people still couldn't vote and weren't represented in the government, 80 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: and the state was still home to racial tensions and 81 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:05,680 Speaker 1: racial violence. For example, on August twelve through the fourteenth 82 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:09,680 Speaker 1: of eighteen thirty four, a white mob destroyed businesses and 83 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:13,520 Speaker 1: at least forty homes in one of Philadelphia's black neighborhoods 84 00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:16,520 Speaker 1: following an argument on the eleventh at a carousel that 85 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:20,560 Speaker 1: led to the rumors that black residents had insulted white residents. 86 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:25,120 Speaker 1: Just to boil that down, a white mob destroyed a 87 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: large part of a black neighborhood based on the rumor 88 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:31,240 Speaker 1: of insults in case that was not quite clear enough. 89 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:35,280 Speaker 1: Marianne's father, Abraham, worked as a shoemaker after they got 90 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:37,839 Speaker 1: to Westchester until the family saved enough money to buy 91 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,080 Speaker 1: a small farm. He continued his work as an activist 92 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:44,160 Speaker 1: and the family continued their work with the Underground Railroad. 93 00:05:44,680 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: And although the records are kind of spotty, it does 94 00:05:47,160 --> 00:05:49,960 Speaker 1: seem that Marianne was able to get an education through 95 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: private Westchester schools. Pennsylvania did have state supported public schools, 96 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:58,279 Speaker 1: but they were unofficially not open to black children, and 97 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,880 Speaker 1: all of this prime to lead Marianne into the adult 98 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:04,680 Speaker 1: life that she would live. And we're gonna talk about that, 99 00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:07,080 Speaker 1: but first we're gonna pause really quickly for a word 100 00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:17,200 Speaker 1: from one of our fantastic sponsors. To get back to 101 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: Mary Anne Chad as she was then, as we talked 102 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:22,560 Speaker 1: about before the break, she had spent her earliest years 103 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:25,880 Speaker 1: in Delaware, watching the state's black community become subject to 104 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: increasingly harsh black codes. She'd been raised by activist parents 105 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:34,000 Speaker 1: who wanted their children to be educated, but did not 106 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: have very many schools available to them, especially when it 107 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:40,160 Speaker 1: came to their daughters. So once she got the education 108 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:42,800 Speaker 1: that her parents had worked so hard to secure for her, 109 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:45,360 Speaker 1: she used it to educate people where she thought it 110 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:49,240 Speaker 1: was needed most, which began back in Delaware. From there, 111 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:52,279 Speaker 1: she also went on to teach in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and Trenton, 112 00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:56,600 Speaker 1: New Jersey through the eighteen forties. Being a teacher at 113 00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:00,440 Speaker 1: a school for black children was extraordinarily difficult during the time, 114 00:07:00,680 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: whether the school was in a free state or a 115 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:06,960 Speaker 1: slave state. In general, either by custom or by specific law, 116 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 1: state funded schools were for white children, only, and the 117 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:14,080 Speaker 1: States offered little to no funding for schools for black children. 118 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 1: The charities running schools for black children were generally doing 119 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 1: so on almost no money in places like church basements. 120 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:27,600 Speaker 1: Keeping schools for black children afloat required an extended network 121 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: of mutual aid societies, small businesses, and charities, all pulling 122 00:07:31,720 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: together to keep them funded, staffed, and equipped. The teachers, 123 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: most of whom were black women, worked for exceptionally low 124 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,560 Speaker 1: pay and virtually no job security. Schools ran out of 125 00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 1: money and closed down frequently, which was one of the 126 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: reasons that Shad taught in so many different places. All 127 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 1: of this was in addition to increasing levels of discrimination, segregation, 128 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:55,280 Speaker 1: and racist violence that grew in the wake of increasing 129 00:07:55,360 --> 00:08:00,480 Speaker 1: numbers of free black people moving to the North. Nonetheless, 130 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:03,360 Speaker 1: she had acquired about a decade of teaching experience by 131 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:05,760 Speaker 1: the time she wrote a letter to Frederick Douglas in 132 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: January of eighteen forty nine. He had asked for suggestions 133 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:12,760 Speaker 1: on how to make real positive changes in the lives 134 00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:16,080 Speaker 1: of free black people living in the North. Shad's letter, 135 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: which was published in Douglas's anti slavery newspaper, The North Star, 136 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:24,920 Speaker 1: criticized free black activists, including herself, for spending too much 137 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:28,480 Speaker 1: time talking and debating at conventions and not enough time 138 00:08:28,520 --> 00:08:32,280 Speaker 1: on effective action. We should do more, she wrote, and 139 00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:36,360 Speaker 1: talk less. One of the things Chad would do for 140 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:39,640 Speaker 1: the next few years was teach. In eighteen fifty one, 141 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:41,719 Speaker 1: she moved to New York City to teach at a 142 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:44,559 Speaker 1: school formed by the Society for the Promotion of Education 143 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: among Colored Children. Not long after, she heard about a 144 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: Great North American Anti Slavery Convention to be held in Toronto, 145 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:56,840 Speaker 1: which she decided to attend. By this point, escaped slaves 146 00:08:56,880 --> 00:09:00,720 Speaker 1: had established several communities in Canada, particularly along a border 147 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: with the United States in Canada West, which is now Ontario. 148 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:07,880 Speaker 1: These communities had become sort of test cases for self 149 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 1: sufficiency and uplift strategies within the evolutionist movement. After discussing 150 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:17,600 Speaker 1: the challenges and issues that were faced both in the 151 00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:20,560 Speaker 1: United States and in Canada, several of the delegates to 152 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: this meeting came to the conclusion that immigration to Canada 153 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: was the best way to ensure self sufficiency and equality 154 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 1: for the United States black population. There was still racism 155 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:33,920 Speaker 1: in Canada, but the theory was that it would be 156 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:37,880 Speaker 1: easier for black newcomers to Canada to achieve true equality 157 00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 1: in that nation which didn't have slavery and established discriminatory laws. 158 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:46,600 Speaker 1: So it's sort of this idea that, Okay, we can 159 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: move to Canada and kind of start fresh and have 160 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:51,960 Speaker 1: a better shot at true equality than we do in 161 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:56,040 Speaker 1: the United States. This was not a new idea at all. 162 00:09:56,720 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: Various people in organizations, both black and white and operating 163 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:03,480 Speaker 1: with a whole range of philosophies and goals, had been 164 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 1: advocating the idea of resettling freed slaves for decades. Marianne's father, 165 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:12,679 Speaker 1: Abraham had actually been an advocate against this idea at 166 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: the time, largely focused on resettlement to Africa during his 167 00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: years of activism before Marianne's birth and into her early life. 168 00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:24,120 Speaker 1: There were definitely a lot of different motivations and points 169 00:10:24,160 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: of view that people had for this idea of resettlement 170 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:30,560 Speaker 1: to Africa. There were there were African American leaders who 171 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:33,920 Speaker 1: were like, Okay, we should move and we'll have a 172 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:36,360 Speaker 1: better chance there, and then there were also people that 173 00:10:36,440 --> 00:10:39,400 Speaker 1: were working from a more like white nationalist point of 174 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:41,880 Speaker 1: view who were like, we should move the black people 175 00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:45,080 Speaker 1: out of our country back to Africa, like, you can't 176 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:49,400 Speaker 1: boil down that whole uh, that whole movement into just 177 00:10:49,559 --> 00:10:52,760 Speaker 1: one perspective, because there were a lot of different people 178 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:58,640 Speaker 1: working towards the same goal from vastly different points of view. Abraham, 179 00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: for example, felt that black people had a constitutional right 180 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:04,920 Speaker 1: to live full, free lives in the United States, so 181 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: he was against the idea of resettlement to Africa at all. Maryanne, 182 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:11,400 Speaker 1: on the other hand, found the arguments that she heard 183 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:14,080 Speaker 1: at this eighteen fifty one meeting really appealing, and within 184 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:16,959 Speaker 1: days she had decided to move to Canada to address 185 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:18,880 Speaker 1: one of the issues that had been brought up at 186 00:11:18,880 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 1: this meeting that was facing Canada West's black communities, and 187 00:11:22,440 --> 00:11:26,839 Speaker 1: that was a lack of opportunity for education. She moved 188 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: to Windsor, just over the border from Michigan on the 189 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:33,240 Speaker 1: Detroit River to open a school, and the school was 190 00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:35,240 Speaker 1: housed in the barracks left over from the War of 191 00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: eighteen twelve. Shad was a huge believer in integration. She 192 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:43,480 Speaker 1: wanted to encourage integrated communities of equals rather than separate, 193 00:11:43,520 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 1: segregated cities and facilities for black residents. So she wanted 194 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:52,199 Speaker 1: her school to admit anybody that wanted to learn. Tuition 195 00:11:52,360 --> 00:11:54,320 Speaker 1: was a shilling a week, but she promised not to 196 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:58,079 Speaker 1: turn away someone because they couldn't pay. This, however, proved 197 00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:01,199 Speaker 1: to be an enormously difficult promise to keep. She very 198 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,439 Speaker 1: quickly found twenty five students, but twenty of them were 199 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: too poor to afford the tuition, and she was sure 200 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:09,840 Speaker 1: that there were lots of other potential students in Windsor 201 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,199 Speaker 1: who just couldn't afford to attend school at all because 202 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:16,440 Speaker 1: they needed basically to work even though they were children, 203 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:21,160 Speaker 1: to bring in the money for their family. So with 204 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,280 Speaker 1: the small number of students that she had that could 205 00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:26,320 Speaker 1: pay their tuition, there just wasn't enough to make ends meet. 206 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:30,400 Speaker 1: Within months, Chad was living on charitable donations and money 207 00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:33,400 Speaker 1: her family sent her from home, and she doubted her 208 00:12:33,440 --> 00:12:36,840 Speaker 1: ability to keep the school heated in the oncoming Canadian winter. 209 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: She finally applied to the American Missionary Association, which was 210 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:45,200 Speaker 1: hiring teachers for mission schools in Canada, to ask for funds. 211 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,120 Speaker 1: After some reluctance on the a m a's part, she 212 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,000 Speaker 1: was finally granted a hundred and twenty five dollars a 213 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:53,520 Speaker 1: year that was half of what she said the school 214 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:56,800 Speaker 1: would need to stay running, and soon her students numbered 215 00:12:56,800 --> 00:13:00,880 Speaker 1: twenty three children in the day and ten adults at night. 216 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,559 Speaker 1: While she was in Ontario, Shad proved herself to be 217 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:09,280 Speaker 1: a really contentious figure. In June of eight fifty two, 218 00:13:09,280 --> 00:13:13,040 Speaker 1: she published a pamphlet entitled a Plea for Immigration or 219 00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 1: Notes of Canada West in its Moral, social and Political aspect, 220 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:21,920 Speaker 1: with suggestions respecting Mexico, West Indies and Vancouver's Island for 221 00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:25,720 Speaker 1: the information of Colored Immigrants. This was a forty four 222 00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:32,160 Speaker 1: page document primarily detailing information about Canada West's economy, politics, agriculture, 223 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:36,600 Speaker 1: and society. Notes of Canada West was basically promotional material, 224 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:41,200 Speaker 1: maybe even propaganda for the idea of immigration to Canada. 225 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:46,640 Speaker 1: It definitely hyped Canada's advantages and glossed over its downsides. 226 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: This pamphlet exacerbated an already festering disagreement with Henry and 227 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:56,160 Speaker 1: Mary Bibb. Henry Bibb was one of Canada's most prominent 228 00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:59,240 Speaker 1: black leaders. It was actually the Bibbs who had encouraged 229 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:01,240 Speaker 1: Shad to come to wins Are in the first place. 230 00:14:02,120 --> 00:14:05,160 Speaker 1: Notes of Canada West set Shad up as the foremost 231 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,480 Speaker 1: authority on what life was like for black immigrants to Canada, 232 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:12,280 Speaker 1: which meant that Henry Bibb had been upstaged, and he 233 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:15,840 Speaker 1: had been upstaged by a woman. Shad and the Bibbs 234 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,360 Speaker 1: also fundamentally disagreed about how life for black immigrants should 235 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:24,360 Speaker 1: be supported in Canada. Henry Bibb ran a settlement organization 236 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:28,440 Speaker 1: called the Refugee Home Society or RHS, which solicited their 237 00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:32,720 Speaker 1: nations of both money and goods, and redistributed land. Shad 238 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: thought of this as begging. She strongly believed that the 239 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:39,160 Speaker 1: black community needed to be self sufficient and not rely 240 00:14:39,280 --> 00:14:42,360 Speaker 1: on cast off clothing and second hand donations, and she 241 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:48,120 Speaker 1: also suspected mismanagement in the RHSS finances assigned from their 242 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,840 Speaker 1: differences of opinion, Shad was direct and even aggressive when 243 00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:56,840 Speaker 1: she criticized people in organizations. Sometimes her writing was flecked 244 00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: with sarcasm as well. So these disagreements awsomed into a 245 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: full blown feud, and this feud went on until the 246 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,840 Speaker 1: summer of eighteen fifty two, when a cholera epidemic in 247 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:12,200 Speaker 1: Windsor drew people's attention to more urgent matters. However, even 248 00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:15,240 Speaker 1: though it sort of was diverted for from existing. This 249 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:19,120 Speaker 1: feud did have consequences for Shad and it's wake. The 250 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 1: American Missionary Association voted not to fund her anymore once 251 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:25,680 Speaker 1: her contract was up at the school, citing that she 252 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:29,160 Speaker 1: had a lack of evangelical views. This was in spite 253 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:32,040 Speaker 1: of the fact that they that they had just reviewed 254 00:15:32,040 --> 00:15:34,600 Speaker 1: her work and called it quote full and satisfactory a 255 00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:38,040 Speaker 1: month before she wound up closing her school on March 256 00:15:38,760 --> 00:15:43,160 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty three. The day after the school closed, the 257 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:47,560 Speaker 1: first issue of The Provincial Freeman, a newspaper Chad largely wrote, 258 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:50,720 Speaker 1: edited and produced, was published. And we're going to talk 259 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 1: about her new career as a newspaper editor. But first 260 00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: we're going to pause one more time for a word 261 00:15:55,520 --> 00:16:01,240 Speaker 1: from one of the great sponsors that keeps us going. Story. 262 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: When Mary Anne Shad learned her contract with the American 263 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:12,360 Speaker 1: Missionaries Association was not going to be renewed, she began 264 00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,880 Speaker 1: working on a newspaper. She wanted a publication that could 265 00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:19,000 Speaker 1: counter the viewpoints and expressed in the voice of the 266 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:22,440 Speaker 1: Fugitive which the Bibbs were involved with. Apart from the 267 00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:25,200 Speaker 1: fact that her disagreement with the Bibbs played out in 268 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:28,440 Speaker 1: part when letters and columns published in the Voice of 269 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:33,080 Speaker 1: the Fugitive. This newspaper also published editorials on women's role 270 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:36,080 Speaker 1: in the world. These are editorials that promoted the very 271 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:40,480 Speaker 1: Victorian view of women's domesticity. This was not a view 272 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: that she agreed with at all. She enlisted the help 273 00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:50,000 Speaker 1: of experienced newspaper editor Samuel ringold Ward. However, Ward's name 274 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 1: was mostly for the sake of name recognition and to 275 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:58,040 Speaker 1: shield the publication from sexism. His direct involvement was pretty minimal, though, 276 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:00,600 Speaker 1: since he lived in Toronto, which was more than three 277 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:04,679 Speaker 1: d and fifty miles away. That first issue of The 278 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:07,359 Speaker 1: Provincial Freeman was something of a prototype, and it would 279 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:10,240 Speaker 1: be a while before there were regular issues that came out. 280 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:13,840 Speaker 1: Although one of her goals had been to published opinions 281 00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:16,440 Speaker 1: counter to those that were in the Voice of the Fugitive, 282 00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:20,800 Speaker 1: this actually turned out to be unnecessary. That publication folded 283 00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:23,200 Speaker 1: not long after all of its presses were destroyed in 284 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:27,200 Speaker 1: a fire in late eighteen fifty three. The Provincial Freeman 285 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:31,399 Speaker 1: began regular publishing on March eighteen fifty four, which was 286 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:35,720 Speaker 1: one year after the publication of that initial issue. It's 287 00:17:35,720 --> 00:17:38,440 Speaker 1: still listed some of the same names on the masthead 288 00:17:38,520 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 1: and that new year later issue, but Shad was still 289 00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:45,919 Speaker 1: doing pretty much all the editorial work. Soon the paper 290 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,200 Speaker 1: was being published every Saturday, and it featured editorials written 291 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: by Shad, articles picked up from other anti slavery and 292 00:17:52,359 --> 00:17:56,720 Speaker 1: religious publications, and local news and politics in particular as 293 00:17:56,840 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 1: was relevant to black residents of Canada. Um Among the topics, 294 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:04,600 Speaker 1: it covered the debate about mass immigration of black residents 295 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:07,120 Speaker 1: of the US and whether it was better to stay 296 00:18:07,119 --> 00:18:10,000 Speaker 1: in the US and fight for equal rights there uh, 297 00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:12,959 Speaker 1: the progress of the abolitionist movement in the United States 298 00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:16,600 Speaker 1: and its failure to have achieved nationwide abolition, and the 299 00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:20,840 Speaker 1: hypocrisy of legislators who adopted an anti slavery platform because 300 00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:24,640 Speaker 1: it was politically advantageous where they lived, not because they 301 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: actually believed that slavery was evil. It also published a 302 00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: lot of work on women's rights. For this newspaper's entire existence, 303 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: Shad would aggressively try to raise raise funds to keep 304 00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:40,800 Speaker 1: it afloat. She actually went on a fundraising tour. This 305 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:42,600 Speaker 1: is the first of many, and it was at this 306 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:45,160 Speaker 1: point that she could no longer effectively hide the fact 307 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:46,879 Speaker 1: that she was the one who had been editing it 308 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:50,119 Speaker 1: behind the scenes this whole time, apart from her being 309 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:54,040 Speaker 1: its public spokesperson on the tour. The number of unsigned 310 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:58,080 Speaker 1: editorials that the paper was publishing dropped really dramatically while 311 00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:00,399 Speaker 1: she was away, and they were replaced by notes on 312 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:03,200 Speaker 1: her travel around Canada, which under the byline M. A. 313 00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,119 Speaker 1: Shad it was not hard to put two and two together. 314 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:09,879 Speaker 1: It's a very simple math on that one. Uh. In 315 00:19:09,920 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 1: August of eighteen fifty four, someone wrote a letter to Mr. M. A. 316 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,280 Speaker 1: Shad which praised the newspaper and the ingenuity of the 317 00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: colored man who published it. At this point, Marianne, having 318 00:19:21,359 --> 00:19:24,440 Speaker 1: grown increasingly frustrated that people didn't know that it was 319 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:28,200 Speaker 1: a woman running the paper, published a biting response under 320 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 1: her own full name. She dropped the pretense of Samuel 321 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:34,840 Speaker 1: Ward's editorship and removed his name from the mass head 322 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:40,640 Speaker 1: on the October fifty four issue. From this point, Chad 323 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:44,440 Speaker 1: increased her touring and speaking schedule to try to raise funds, 324 00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:47,800 Speaker 1: and she gradually more put more trust than other people 325 00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: to keep the paper running while she was away. One 326 00:19:50,119 --> 00:19:53,679 Speaker 1: of these people was her sister, Amelia. Although Shad's father 327 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,600 Speaker 1: had been generally opposed to immigration of the black community 328 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:00,480 Speaker 1: out of the United States after the message of the 329 00:20:00,520 --> 00:20:03,840 Speaker 1: Fugitive Slave Law of eighteen fifty most of her family 330 00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 1: had gradually moved to Canada, primarily for their own safety. 331 00:20:08,359 --> 00:20:11,359 Speaker 1: Several of her other siblings eventually worked on the paper 332 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:15,199 Speaker 1: as well. Shadd resigned from editing the Provincial Freeman in 333 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:18,600 Speaker 1: June of eighteen fifty five, believing that sexism was at 334 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,639 Speaker 1: the root of its failure to thrive. It had barely 335 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: broken even in spite of her relentless fundraising. She also 336 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:27,960 Speaker 1: moved it to Chatham, which is between Lake Erie and 337 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:30,919 Speaker 1: Lake St. Clair, taking a three month hiatus for the 338 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:36,200 Speaker 1: relocation and re establishment of their offices. They were entirely 339 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:39,440 Speaker 1: welcome in Chatham, though an existing paper in that part 340 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:43,960 Speaker 1: of Canada West, the Kent Advisor, published an editorial claiming 341 00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:47,679 Speaker 1: that Chatham's black population had a hefty criminal element and 342 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:51,639 Speaker 1: that a black newspaper would probably promote lawlessness. The town 343 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:55,720 Speaker 1: itself was also racially very divided. Its population was about 344 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:58,800 Speaker 1: twenty five percent black, and churches and schools were segregated, 345 00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:01,720 Speaker 1: and the local paper, as as evidenced by the thing 346 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:05,920 Speaker 1: I just said, had no qualms about publishing blatantly racist work. 347 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:11,200 Speaker 1: Not long after Shad and her newspaper moved to Chatham, 348 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:13,720 Speaker 1: Chad was drawn into a dispute that shared a lot 349 00:21:13,760 --> 00:21:17,679 Speaker 1: of similarities with her earlier dispute with the Refugee Home Society. 350 00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:21,480 Speaker 1: A one thousand, five hundred acre settlement known as Dawn 351 00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:24,720 Speaker 1: was home to a black community, but its leaders and 352 00:21:24,720 --> 00:21:28,920 Speaker 1: the people administrating it, including British abolitionist John Scobell, had 353 00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:33,600 Speaker 1: been suspected of mismanagement and extortion. Scobel and Shad had 354 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:37,040 Speaker 1: butted heads before, and they once again had a public dispute, 355 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:40,000 Speaker 1: in which Shad wrote a series of letters in the paper. 356 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:44,680 Speaker 1: This dispute over who should have financial control over Dawn 357 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:47,560 Speaker 1: went on until the eighteen sixties and ultimately ended in 358 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,320 Speaker 1: a lawsuit that allowed its black residents to take over 359 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:54,359 Speaker 1: controlling it themselves. In Chatham, Shad spent a lot of 360 00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:59,880 Speaker 1: time investigating and reporting on suspected wrongdoing among Canada's abolitionist community. 361 00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:04,600 Speaker 1: She uncovered corruption among aid organizations and ferreted out white 362 00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:07,880 Speaker 1: abolitionists who had been putting funds raised for the cause 363 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:13,160 Speaker 1: to their own personal use. In October of eighteen fifty five, 364 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:16,440 Speaker 1: she attended the Colored National Convention in Philadelphia as one 365 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,880 Speaker 1: of only two women present and the only one from Canada. 366 00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:22,960 Speaker 1: She was admitted to the convention as a delegate after 367 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,840 Speaker 1: a vote of thirty eight to twenty three. Although Frederick 368 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:30,600 Speaker 1: Douglas and many of the other convention organizers were against 369 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 1: mass immigration of the United States Black community to other nations, 370 00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: Shad gave a really forceful speech in favor of relocation 371 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,119 Speaker 1: to Canada. Even though so many of the other delegates 372 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:44,760 Speaker 1: were really opposed to the message of her speech. A 373 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:48,160 Speaker 1: lot of people praised the speech itself and her speaking ability, 374 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:51,199 Speaker 1: and this led to several other speaking engagements while she 375 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,159 Speaker 1: was in Philadelphia. One of these was a debate on 376 00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,639 Speaker 1: the subject of immigration, in which Shad was declared the winner. 377 00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: On January three of eighteen fifty six, mary Anne Shad 378 00:23:02,520 --> 00:23:05,680 Speaker 1: married Thomas F. Carey in St. Catharine's at the home 379 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:09,040 Speaker 1: of her sister Amelia. He had three children from a 380 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:12,439 Speaker 1: previous marriage, and Carrie had been an early investor in 381 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:17,199 Speaker 1: mary Anne's newspaper. They did not have a particularly conventional marriage. 382 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:20,000 Speaker 1: She continued to speak and to work as an activist 383 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,640 Speaker 1: and to raise money for the Freeman and the two 384 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,919 Speaker 1: of them never had a home together. It would actually 385 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:29,000 Speaker 1: be six months before mary Anne shadd became mary Anne 386 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:34,639 Speaker 1: Shad Carrie in print. In late eighteen fifty seven, after 387 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:38,000 Speaker 1: the birth of Shad Carrie's first child, the newspaper briefly 388 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:43,320 Speaker 1: stopped publishing new issues. It's not entirely clear when publication resumed, 389 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,480 Speaker 1: because the issues weren't numbered, and physical copies of them 390 00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:50,359 Speaker 1: haven't survived until today, but the newspaper was not the 391 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:52,840 Speaker 1: only thing she was working on at this point. In 392 00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:56,480 Speaker 1: April of eighteen fifty eight, John Brown visited Canada West 393 00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:59,480 Speaker 1: to try to raise support for an armed slave insurrection 394 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:03,200 Speaker 1: he hoped to rally in North America. Shad Carey wasn't 395 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:06,520 Speaker 1: at the meeting of supporters he attended. There women weren't allowed, 396 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,359 Speaker 1: but later on William Wells Brown wrote that if she 397 00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:11,399 Speaker 1: had been a man, she probably would have been with 398 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:15,359 Speaker 1: him at Harper's Ferry. I think John Brown's raid on 399 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,639 Speaker 1: Harper's Ferry has come up in enough episode I know 400 00:24:18,840 --> 00:24:22,280 Speaker 1: we probably should do one on it. Mary Anne Shad 401 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:26,080 Speaker 1: Carrey's laughed. Existing editorial and The Provincial Freeman ran on 402 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: June eighth, eighteen fifty nine, In it, she spoke out 403 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:33,679 Speaker 1: against the rise in quote Negro haters in Canada West. 404 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:36,399 Speaker 1: The last issue of the paper came out within a 405 00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:41,040 Speaker 1: few months after that. Shad Carey's husband died on November 406 00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: twenty nine, eighteen sixty, at which point she was pregnant 407 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,280 Speaker 1: with their second child. Although shad Carey had never stopped 408 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 1: working during their marriage, her income wasn't enough to look 409 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: after herself and her children. She wound up having to 410 00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:57,119 Speaker 1: get support from her family to make ends meet, and 411 00:24:57,160 --> 00:24:59,760 Speaker 1: she went back to teaching at a school. So under 412 00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:02,680 Speaker 1: did that she eventually had to ask the Refugee Home 413 00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,760 Speaker 1: Society for funding. That name rings a bell. It's because 414 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,520 Speaker 1: that was the one of the organizations she had such 415 00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,639 Speaker 1: a public feud with. I can only she seems like 416 00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:18,199 Speaker 1: such a an exacting and proud person. I can only 417 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:23,879 Speaker 1: imagine how desperate her circumstances must have been to go 418 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:28,680 Speaker 1: to an organization whose views she disagreed with so vehemently 419 00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:34,480 Speaker 1: to ask them for help. The Civil War started not 420 00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:37,840 Speaker 1: long after, and that sparked fears that the United States 421 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:40,960 Speaker 1: would try to annex Canada or that the South would 422 00:25:40,960 --> 00:25:43,600 Speaker 1: win the war. And escaped slaves in Canada would be 423 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:48,600 Speaker 1: extradited back there. Within Canada, the racial climate was becoming 424 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:52,919 Speaker 1: increasingly hostile as well as the black population increased. The 425 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:56,760 Speaker 1: Canadian government had originally really encouraged escaping slaves to come 426 00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:00,600 Speaker 1: to Canada. They had offered assistance through things like land 427 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: grants as well, But as more and more enslaved people 428 00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:07,920 Speaker 1: and free black people left the United States for Canada, 429 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,560 Speaker 1: that really started to change. There was this increasing amount 430 00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:15,600 Speaker 1: of not in my backyard style opposition two attempts to 431 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:19,320 Speaker 1: settle in various parts of Canada. In the face of 432 00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:22,879 Speaker 1: all of this, shad Carry eased back on her opposition 433 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: to immigration to Africa and asked the American Missionary Association 434 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:30,560 Speaker 1: if she might get a missionary appointment in Africa. That 435 00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:34,040 Speaker 1: was denied. In December of eighteen sixty three, she became 436 00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:37,359 Speaker 1: a recruiter for the Union Army. She began that in 437 00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: Chatham before going to Indiana to continue the effort there 438 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:43,880 Speaker 1: as well as to help escaping slaves get to Canada. 439 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: Once the war was over and slavery was abolished in 440 00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:51,159 Speaker 1: the United States, a lot of previous black immigrants to 441 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 1: Canada decided to return back home. This was eventually true 442 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:58,240 Speaker 1: of several people from the shad family as well. Shad 443 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,560 Speaker 1: Carry eventually closed her tool and several of her family 444 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:04,760 Speaker 1: moved back to the United States. She was really reluctant 445 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,360 Speaker 1: to follow them, though, and was actually issued at Canadian 446 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,240 Speaker 1: passport in eighteen sixty five. She finally returned to the 447 00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:14,400 Speaker 1: United States after the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, which 448 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,919 Speaker 1: she saw as a commitment to the Reconstruction era policies 449 00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:21,760 Speaker 1: that were intended to secure real equality for the black 450 00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,760 Speaker 1: population of the United States. As you know if you 451 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:28,800 Speaker 1: have listened to our podcast on Robert Small's that is 452 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:33,920 Speaker 1: not how that played out. Shad Carey moved to Detroit, 453 00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:36,520 Speaker 1: where she became a teacher and for the first time, 454 00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:39,320 Speaker 1: got a job at a public city school that she 455 00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:42,280 Speaker 1: did not have to fund through her own efforts. She 456 00:27:42,359 --> 00:27:45,639 Speaker 1: became active in local politics, and she began to advocate 457 00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:48,199 Speaker 1: more strongly for labor rights and the rights of women. 458 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:51,160 Speaker 1: Women's rights would be a primary focus for the rest 459 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,440 Speaker 1: of her life. She eventually moved to Washington, d C. 460 00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,760 Speaker 1: Throughout Reconstruction, she continued to speak and write on all 461 00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:02,320 Speaker 1: the areous causes that she was advocating, and then she 462 00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:05,639 Speaker 1: joined the first Law class at Howard Law School in 463 00:28:05,680 --> 00:28:08,840 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine. This is a two year program, and 464 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:11,120 Speaker 1: if she had finished it in two years, she would 465 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:13,520 Speaker 1: have been the first woman to become an attorney in 466 00:28:13,560 --> 00:28:17,160 Speaker 1: the United States. Shouldn't wind up graduating with her class 467 00:28:17,240 --> 00:28:21,480 Speaker 1: for reasons that aren't entirely clear, although there's some suggestion 468 00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:23,800 Speaker 1: that it might have been because it was questionably legal 469 00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:27,240 Speaker 1: for a woman to be practicing law. She finally finished 470 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:29,320 Speaker 1: her law degree in eighteen eighty three at the age 471 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: of sixty, making her only the second black woman in 472 00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:35,679 Speaker 1: the United States to become an attorney. In between, she 473 00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:38,960 Speaker 1: joined the suffrage movement, including trying to register to vote 474 00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:41,800 Speaker 1: in the spring of eighteen seventy one, even though it 475 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,400 Speaker 1: was not legal for her to do so, and for 476 00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:47,160 Speaker 1: the rest of her life she continually spoke, wrote, and 477 00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:50,240 Speaker 1: advocated for equal rights for black people and for women, 478 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:53,480 Speaker 1: slowing down only in the last ten years of her life. 479 00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:58,240 Speaker 1: She died of stomach cancer on June five, at the 480 00:28:58,240 --> 00:29:02,760 Speaker 1: age of sixty nine. Frederick Douglas praised her as having 481 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:07,520 Speaker 1: quote unconquerable zeal and commendable ability, but he also said 482 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:10,040 Speaker 1: quote the tone of her paper has been at times 483 00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:14,880 Speaker 1: harsh and complaining. That comes up again and again, like 484 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:20,680 Speaker 1: all all of these biographical sources have commentary on her 485 00:29:20,920 --> 00:29:25,120 Speaker 1: her manner of writing and and speaking that boils down 486 00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:27,000 Speaker 1: to like, why does she have to be so shrill? 487 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:33,000 Speaker 1: And number one, that's a really gendered complaint that a 488 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:35,160 Speaker 1: lot of the same people writing about it are like this. 489 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:37,880 Speaker 1: Probably she would not have earned this criticism if she 490 00:29:37,920 --> 00:29:41,320 Speaker 1: had been a man. But then when I went and 491 00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:45,600 Speaker 1: read a lot of of pieces from the Provincial Freeman 492 00:29:45,640 --> 00:29:48,480 Speaker 1: that still exists that you can read online, I tried 493 00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:50,720 Speaker 1: to pick ones that seemed like she would be the maddest, 494 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:54,560 Speaker 1: like which ones would she really be head up about? 495 00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:58,960 Speaker 1: And and like say, whatever things we're making people say, Wow, 496 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:02,920 Speaker 1: she sure is scranky and her writing, and I like, 497 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,600 Speaker 1: I don't see it. So I think definitely, uh, when 498 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:08,840 Speaker 1: you when you read descriptions of her as being like 499 00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:12,640 Speaker 1: a shrill, complaining person, a lot of that does seem 500 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 1: to boil down to the fact that she was a 501 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,280 Speaker 1: woman while saying these things, because had the same things 502 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:20,000 Speaker 1: been said by a man, I don't think they would 503 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,800 Speaker 1: have raised nearly as much comment about their tone. And 504 00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:26,360 Speaker 1: now I have the listener Maal that inspired this episode. 505 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:30,440 Speaker 1: This is as we said from Derek, and Derek says, 506 00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:32,840 Speaker 1: Dear Tracy and Holly, I just finished listening to your 507 00:30:32,880 --> 00:30:36,000 Speaker 1: fantastic double episode about Harriet Tubban, and I was thinking 508 00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:40,719 Speaker 1: about the narrative of Canada as a sanctuary for escaped 509 00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:43,840 Speaker 1: or even emancipated slaves. I am Canadian, and I am 510 00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:47,080 Speaker 1: a victim of a lot of aggrandizing narratives about my country, which, 511 00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: while painting us in a very kind light, are problematic 512 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:53,320 Speaker 1: in terms of how we think of our identity. For example, 513 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:55,640 Speaker 1: because of the fact that we talk about ourselves as 514 00:30:55,680 --> 00:30:58,320 Speaker 1: the terminus of the underground Yil Road, we tend to 515 00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:01,680 Speaker 1: absolve ourselves of the same says History as the United States. 516 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:05,720 Speaker 1: In short, our cultural narrative places racism as a United 517 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: States problem. This, I feel is dangerous in addition to 518 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,160 Speaker 1: being historically inaccurate. As such, I was wondering if you 519 00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:15,000 Speaker 1: would be willing to explore Canada's role in the underground 520 00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:18,440 Speaker 1: railroad and black immigration. Maryann Shad, for example, if she 521 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,360 Speaker 1: was mentioned at all in history classes, has a narrative 522 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:24,640 Speaker 1: of moving to Canada, starting the provincial Freeman, opening an 523 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: integrated school, and fighting for assimilation, which is a great narrative. 524 00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,400 Speaker 1: It actually ignores the fact that Shadd, like many other 525 00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:36,000 Speaker 1: African American immigrants, experienced a tremendous amount of racism in Canada. 526 00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:39,440 Speaker 1: Shad documented this very well and is this an interesting figure. 527 00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:41,920 Speaker 1: I should say that I remember reading this as a 528 00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:46,400 Speaker 1: Canadian anthology of literature, and university cannot actually find examples 529 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:48,280 Speaker 1: of the racism that she experienced, but I think it's 530 00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 1: worth investigation. I really do love being Canadian, so I 531 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:54,280 Speaker 1: don't say this to be defamatory. I'm a teacher who 532 00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:57,520 Speaker 1: specializes in English language, arts and social studies, and thus 533 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:00,880 Speaker 1: believe that complicating a national narrative is the way that 534 00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: society can progress. I also understand that you were an 535 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: American podcast and that Canadian content can con as we 536 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:10,200 Speaker 1: call it here, is something that is not necessarily a 537 00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: concern for you as it is here. However, I think 538 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: that it ties into and complicates the story of abolition 539 00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:19,280 Speaker 1: and is often missed in Canadian history. Thank you for reading, 540 00:32:19,360 --> 00:32:22,719 Speaker 1: and sorry about using the word narrative so much, and 541 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,320 Speaker 1: thank you for your podcast. I've learned from it. I've 542 00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,200 Speaker 1: learned a lot from it. Derek, thank you so much. Derek, 543 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:30,680 Speaker 1: I just this is the letter is great for so 544 00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:35,600 Speaker 1: many reasons, Like number one, Uh, I literally never considered 545 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:42,719 Speaker 1: that ever, like me either in my not at all. Uh. 546 00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:44,880 Speaker 1: And so number one having to somebody point out a 547 00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:49,520 Speaker 1: thing that had never crossed either of our minds. Uh, 548 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:54,040 Speaker 1: It's always really interesting, um because, like like Derek said, 549 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:56,280 Speaker 1: you and I are both American and we have both 550 00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:59,360 Speaker 1: grown up with this narrative of the underground railroad is 551 00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,920 Speaker 1: a place where people wound up in Canada and everything 552 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:06,680 Speaker 1: was better and that like better sure relatively speaking, probably 553 00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:11,320 Speaker 1: better than being enslaved, but definitely still a lot of 554 00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:15,160 Speaker 1: racism present. And then Marianne Shad Carrie herself is just 555 00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:19,720 Speaker 1: an incredibly complicated person. I feel like, as I often say, 556 00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: we've only kind of scratched the surface here. Um. There 557 00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:26,000 Speaker 1: was a lot of disagreement within the time about like 558 00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:31,480 Speaker 1: what was the best way for free black people and 559 00:33:31,880 --> 00:33:35,360 Speaker 1: people who had either been emancipated or emancipated themselves, Like 560 00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:40,080 Speaker 1: what was the best way to secure equality and secure uh, 561 00:33:40,120 --> 00:33:44,440 Speaker 1: the the best life for people, and like there was 562 00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:48,000 Speaker 1: just a lot of disagreement within like the black community 563 00:33:48,080 --> 00:33:51,720 Speaker 1: and within the white abolitionist community, and then also within 564 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,600 Speaker 1: like the racist community, that was more of a like, 565 00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,480 Speaker 1: let's just make everybody move to Africa to get them 566 00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: out of our faces. Like that really as a driving 567 00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:03,880 Speaker 1: thought among people, and a lot of the things she 568 00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:07,240 Speaker 1: was advocating ruffled a lot of feathers for sure. So 569 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:09,360 Speaker 1: if you would like to learn more about her, I 570 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:12,440 Speaker 1: strongly recommend the book Mary Anne shad Carry, the Black 571 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:15,440 Speaker 1: Press and Protests in the nineteenth Century by Jane Rhodes. 572 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,719 Speaker 1: It gets into a lot more detail about things that 573 00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:22,920 Speaker 1: we didn't really touch on, various beliefs that she held that, 574 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:25,560 Speaker 1: you know, some of which people would totally get behind today, 575 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:27,520 Speaker 1: and others people will be like, I'm not sure I 576 00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:31,200 Speaker 1: can support that idea. But she was a really interesting 577 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:34,440 Speaker 1: and complicated person who was living in a really interesting 578 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:37,200 Speaker 1: and complicated time that in a lot of ways we 579 00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 1: tend to oversimplify when we're talking about in history. So 580 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:45,120 Speaker 1: thank you again, Derek. That's like the great email. That's 581 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:47,160 Speaker 1: a great example of a great email. I literally stopped 582 00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:49,200 Speaker 1: what I was doing and forwarded at the Holly who 583 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:50,880 Speaker 1: would already read it, to say, I guess I know 584 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:54,239 Speaker 1: what I'm talking about. Next. Uh, if you would like 585 00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:56,440 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast 586 00:34:56,440 --> 00:34:59,520 Speaker 1: where History podcast at how stuffworks dot com, russo on 587 00:34:59,560 --> 00:35:01,920 Speaker 1: Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss in history, and 588 00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:04,239 Speaker 1: on Twitter at miss in history. Are Tumbler is miss 589 00:35:04,239 --> 00:35:06,600 Speaker 1: in History at tumbler dot com, Our Pinterest at pinterest 590 00:35:06,640 --> 00:35:09,080 Speaker 1: dot com slash miss in history, and our instagram is 591 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:11,720 Speaker 1: missed in History. We try to keep all the names 592 00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:14,560 Speaker 1: as consistent as possible for the ease of finding us 593 00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,000 Speaker 1: in all the places. If you would like to learn 594 00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:19,719 Speaker 1: more about what we have talked about today, you can 595 00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:22,239 Speaker 1: under our parents site, which is how stuff works dot com, 596 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:24,480 Speaker 1: and you can put the word underground railroad in the 597 00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:26,520 Speaker 1: search bar and find an article on how the underground 598 00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:29,799 Speaker 1: mail road works or worked. You can also come to 599 00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:31,960 Speaker 1: our website, which is missing history dot com, where you 600 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:34,120 Speaker 1: will find show notes for every episode that Holly and 601 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,520 Speaker 1: I have ever worked on. You will find an archive 602 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:39,720 Speaker 1: of every episode we have ever done. You will find 603 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,440 Speaker 1: all the details about the book that I just referenced 604 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,120 Speaker 1: then where you can learn more about it. You can 605 00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:46,440 Speaker 1: do all that and a whole lot more at how 606 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:53,359 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com or missed in history dot com 607 00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:55,840 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics. Is 608 00:35:55,880 --> 00:36:00,360 Speaker 1: it how stuff works? Dott In