1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:19,280 Speaker 2: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It's been quite a while 4 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:23,680 Speaker 2: since we had an episode on a pirate and also, 5 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:25,799 Speaker 2: I really could have sworn that we had just a 6 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 2: ton of pirate episodes in the catalog. It feels in 7 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:32,440 Speaker 2: my mind like a very frequent theme. Turns out, looking back, 8 00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:38,640 Speaker 2: there are not that many, relatively speaking, today's pirate and outlaw. 9 00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:41,680 Speaker 2: Lived in the thirteenth century and was connected to some 10 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:45,280 Speaker 2: major events in British and French history, but he just 11 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 2: really doesn't have the name recognition today that someone like 12 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 2: Blackbeard or Anne Bonnie and Mary Reid, or thanks in 13 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:56,960 Speaker 2: part to the TV show Our Flag Means Death Steed Bonnet. 14 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 2: I'm so sad that show was canceled me too. This 15 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 2: is about Eustace the Monk. Sometimes it is spelled cche 16 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 2: at the end, almost as though it would be pronounced 17 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:16,039 Speaker 2: to rhyme with mustache. During his lifetime, he was so 18 00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:19,959 Speaker 2: notorious and feared that in areas around the English Channel, 19 00:01:19,959 --> 00:01:22,040 Speaker 2: people would tell their kids that if they were bad, 20 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:24,839 Speaker 2: Eustace the monk would come and take them away. 21 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: He's like the lost Crampus and Friends character. A lot 22 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,680 Speaker 1: of what we know about Eustace the Monk comes from 23 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:38,039 Speaker 1: a biography by an anonymous poet from Picardy in what 24 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:42,040 Speaker 1: is now France. This book was written in Old French 25 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:45,119 Speaker 1: with some Picard dialect as a little more than twenty 26 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:49,559 Speaker 1: three hundred verses in rhymed couplets. There is one known 27 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:51,840 Speaker 1: copy of it today, which is in the collection of 28 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:53,480 Speaker 1: the National Library of France. 29 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:57,720 Speaker 2: So the earliest this biography could have been written is 30 00:01:57,800 --> 00:02:01,360 Speaker 2: the year twelve twenty three, and it definitely existed by 31 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 2: twelve eighty four. It was probably written in the earlier 32 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:09,280 Speaker 2: part of that time span, and that means the events 33 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:13,720 Speaker 2: it describes were in the fairly recent past. It's possible 34 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 2: the author could have talked to people who knew Eustace 35 00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:19,560 Speaker 2: or lived through various events that he was connected to, 36 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:22,360 Speaker 2: or the author could have had some kind of personal 37 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:27,120 Speaker 2: experience with all of this. Various details in the biography 38 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 2: can be corroborated through other historical sources, including some official documents, 39 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:38,959 Speaker 2: so parts of this biography probably pretty accurate. But though 40 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:42,440 Speaker 2: we're calling it a biography, it's not a straightforward biography, 41 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 2: It's a medieval romance. As a genre, medieval romances are 42 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:50,760 Speaker 2: known for their fantastic adventures. The most well known medieval 43 00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:53,800 Speaker 2: romances today are the ones that also focus more on 44 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:57,680 Speaker 2: tales of heroism and chivalry and courtly love. Think of 45 00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:00,680 Speaker 2: all the various stories involving King Arthur and his knights. 46 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:01,280 Speaker 1: For example. 47 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:04,720 Speaker 2: Eustace, on the other hand, is an outlaw and a 48 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:08,360 Speaker 2: pirate whose behavior can really be the opposite of chivalrous, 49 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:12,440 Speaker 2: like propositioning a sergeant well disguised as a woman and 50 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 2: then loudly passing gas and blaming it on his horse's saddle. 51 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:21,080 Speaker 2: Get that incident goes on for much longer than that 52 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:26,120 Speaker 2: one sentence. The Romance of Eustace the Monk has some 53 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 2: parallels with the Romance of Reynard the Fox. The characters 54 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,080 Speaker 2: in Reynard the Fox are anthropomorphized animals, but there are 55 00:03:34,120 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 2: some similarities between Eustace and the trickster character of Renard. 56 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:41,760 Speaker 2: There are also some moments in the romance of Eustace 57 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 2: the Monk that are almost identical to things that happen 58 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 2: in the Romance of fuch Fitzwaren. This was another real 59 00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:54,160 Speaker 2: person and one of Eustace's contemporaries. It's not really clear 60 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:57,640 Speaker 2: whether this overlap came from the authors of each of 61 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 2: these kind of being inspired by each or copying from 62 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:05,760 Speaker 2: each other, or if the common scenes among them are 63 00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 2: more like literary tropes that were just in heavy use 64 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 2: at the time and are probably in lots of other 65 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 2: stories that just haven't survived until today. 66 00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:18,200 Speaker 1: Regardless, nearly two thirds of the Romance of Eustace the 67 00:04:18,240 --> 00:04:21,480 Speaker 1: Monk is focused not on the wars and the monarchs 68 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: and the details that can be more readily substantiated, but 69 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: on the period when he was living as an outlaw 70 00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:31,599 Speaker 1: in the forest of the Boulonnais in northern France. It's 71 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:34,400 Speaker 1: a series of very dramatic sketches that involve a lot 72 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:38,280 Speaker 1: of trickery and theft and disguises and narrow escapes, some 73 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:42,680 Speaker 1: of which really defy reality. So this biography includes details 74 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: that were probably true, details that might have been true, 75 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: and things that were almost certainly made up for the 76 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:52,280 Speaker 1: sake of and entertaining stories, and sometimes it's really tough 77 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: to pick those apart. Eustace was definitely a real person, 78 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:02,320 Speaker 1: though born around the year seventy, he was the son 79 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:07,440 Speaker 1: of a minor noble named Budwin Busque or Buscit. They 80 00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:10,359 Speaker 1: lived in the County of Bologna, which was in northern 81 00:05:10,440 --> 00:05:14,440 Speaker 1: France along the coast of the English Channel. Boudoin was 82 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:17,799 Speaker 1: a vassal of Renaud de de Martin, count of Bologna, 83 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,400 Speaker 1: and since Eustace was of the nobility, he probably trained 84 00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:24,680 Speaker 1: as a knight, and at some point he also learned 85 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:28,200 Speaker 1: to be a seafarer, although the timeline on that is 86 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: not really clear. According to the Romance of Eustace the Monk, 87 00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:35,800 Speaker 1: Eustace went to Toledo and what's now central Spain to study 88 00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:40,520 Speaker 1: sorcery or necromancy. The romance claims he spent an entire 89 00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:44,960 Speaker 1: summer and winter in an underground chamber there, studying black magic, 90 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:49,679 Speaker 1: including meeting with the devil himself. A nineteenth century essay 91 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:52,640 Speaker 1: by Thomas Wright, who was an antiquarian and an editor 92 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:56,600 Speaker 1: of medieval literature, summed up with the Devil, allegedly foretold 93 00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:59,800 Speaker 1: about Eustace's later life as quote, he should live to 94 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:03,200 Speaker 1: war against nobles and princes, and that he should not 95 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:07,320 Speaker 1: die until he had been concerned in many commotions, after 96 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,000 Speaker 1: which he should be killed on the sea. 97 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,360 Speaker 2: This trip to Toledo is one of the moments in 98 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:17,600 Speaker 2: the Romance of Eustace the Monk that really can't be substantiated, 99 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 2: not even just the part about talking to the devil. 100 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:22,960 Speaker 2: There's not really any evidence that he went to the 101 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 2: Iberian Peninsula at all, but Toledo did have a reputation 102 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:30,160 Speaker 2: and a lot of Europe for being home to all 103 00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:34,840 Speaker 2: kinds of sorcerers and magicians and underground schools of witchcraft. 104 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:38,640 Speaker 2: We also don't really know where the idea of his 105 00:06:38,839 --> 00:06:42,480 Speaker 2: studying sorcery came from, like whether this was a rumor 106 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:46,480 Speaker 2: about Eustace that was circulating during or after his lifetime, 107 00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:49,360 Speaker 2: or whether it was something that the author of this 108 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 2: romance included to kind of spice up the story and 109 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:55,520 Speaker 2: also offer an explanation of what he was up to 110 00:06:56,200 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 2: during a gap in the timeline between when he was 111 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:03,040 Speaker 2: born and the next thing we know happened, along with 112 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:06,320 Speaker 2: explaining how he became such a cunning and ruthless man. 113 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 2: As an example of stuff from the biography that can't 114 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 2: really be substantiated and definitely sounds very fictional. On the 115 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:17,480 Speaker 2: way back from Toledo, Eustace was traveling with some of 116 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 2: his fellow students of sorcery, and they stopped in the 117 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 2: town of Montferrand today that's Clermont Ferrand in central France. 118 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 2: They didn't have any local currency, so at first the 119 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:32,040 Speaker 2: tavern keeper's wife refused to serve them. Then she tried 120 00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 2: to charge them double because they were using foreign coins, 121 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 2: so Eustace cast a spell that made her take all 122 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:41,840 Speaker 2: of her clothes off and release all of the tavern's 123 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:45,280 Speaker 2: wine from the barrels. Other people in town ran up 124 00:07:45,280 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 2: to see what the commotion was about, and they started 125 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,679 Speaker 2: taking their clothes off too. Then Eustace's party tried to leave, 126 00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 2: and the townspeople gave chase. One of his traveling companions 127 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,400 Speaker 2: was an old man, and this old man cast a 128 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 2: spell that caused a huge river to appear and divide 129 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 2: them from their pursuers, And then he cast another spell 130 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 2: that made the townspeople back on the other side of 131 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:12,840 Speaker 2: the river all start fighting each other. Once Eustace felt 132 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:16,640 Speaker 2: like he'd gotten sufficient retribution for their earlier treatment at 133 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:19,720 Speaker 2: the tavern, he threw some grain on the ground, which 134 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 2: caused everything to go back to normal, including making the 135 00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 2: wine go back into the barrels. 136 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 1: Of course, there's no backup documentation for that whole incident, 137 00:08:29,320 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: but sources do generally agree that Eustace became a monk. 138 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:37,320 Speaker 1: He likely joined the Benedictine order at the abbey of 139 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:40,360 Speaker 1: Saint sam Man near Calais, But again most of the 140 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:42,599 Speaker 1: details of his time as a monk come from the 141 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:46,720 Speaker 1: romance in the words of that nineteenth century essay on 142 00:08:46,840 --> 00:08:50,400 Speaker 1: him quote, when Eustace took on himself the religious habit, 143 00:08:50,760 --> 00:08:54,520 Speaker 1: he laid aside none of his former unholy practices. The 144 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:57,720 Speaker 1: whole abbey was troubled by his conjurations, and he turned 145 00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:02,199 Speaker 1: everything upside down, caused the monks, as the story informs us, 146 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:04,959 Speaker 1: to fast when they ought to have been eating, and 147 00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:07,719 Speaker 1: when they ought to have worn their shoes, to go barefoot, 148 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:11,680 Speaker 1: one thousand errors he led them into when they ought 149 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:14,880 Speaker 1: to have been gravely performing the holy services. 150 00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,840 Speaker 2: Eustace later left the monastery, and there are two different 151 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:21,040 Speaker 2: accounts of why. 152 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:23,360 Speaker 1: Neither of them is. 153 00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 2: That the other monks got sick of him using black 154 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:30,440 Speaker 2: magic to just continually disrupt their religious community. The Chronica 155 00:09:30,520 --> 00:09:34,560 Speaker 2: Majora by Benedictine monk Matthew Parris, was first published in 156 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 2: twelve fifty nine and it says that Eustace's father, Buduin Buscuaye, 157 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:44,720 Speaker 2: died and then Eustace was the only surviving heir. His 158 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 2: father probably did die sometime around eleven ninety. His name 159 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 2: shows up as a witness in various legal documents before 160 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:58,439 Speaker 2: eleven ninety, but then not afterward. Eustace could not inherit 161 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 2: that estate as long as as he was a monk, 162 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 2: so he renounced the order. If this is what happened, though, 163 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:07,760 Speaker 2: if he left the order so that he could get 164 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:11,599 Speaker 2: this inheritance, some of the details are wrong because Eustace 165 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:15,679 Speaker 2: seems to have still had surviving brothers. There's not I mean, 166 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 2: that's possible. Maybe that like his mother remarried and had 167 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:21,720 Speaker 2: children with somebody else, but he has brothers who show 168 00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:24,280 Speaker 2: up in the historical record later on. 169 00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:28,600 Speaker 1: The other explanation is also connected to the death of 170 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:32,000 Speaker 1: Eustace's father, and that's that Eustace left the order so 171 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 1: that he could try to get revenge on the man 172 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:38,360 Speaker 1: who killed him. Boudoin had some kind of dispute with 173 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 1: Hanphoi de Harris and Jin, possibly over control of a fifdom. 174 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:48,559 Speaker 1: This escalated into a physical altercation in which Boudoin struck 175 00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:53,079 Speaker 1: Hanphoi and Hanfoix retaliated, either by killing him or by 176 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:57,320 Speaker 1: arranging an ambush in which someone else killed him. Eustace 177 00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:01,040 Speaker 1: petitioned Renault de de Martin for justice, leading to a 178 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:05,720 Speaker 1: judicial duel to settle the matter. Hanphoas's champion was another 179 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:10,640 Speaker 1: man named Eustace Eustace de Marquise. Eustace the Monk's champion 180 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:14,480 Speaker 1: was his cousin Monsier, who was killed in the duel, 181 00:11:14,559 --> 00:11:16,240 Speaker 1: making Hanphois the victor. 182 00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 2: And even though Eustace's petition to Reynald de de Martine 183 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,959 Speaker 2: did not work out in his favor, he later entered 184 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:28,840 Speaker 2: the count's service. By twelve oh three, Eustace had become 185 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:33,520 Speaker 2: rend Seneschal, but his time in this role did not 186 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:36,320 Speaker 2: go all that smoothly. Based on what we know, and 187 00:11:36,360 --> 00:11:48,360 Speaker 2: we'll get to that after a sponsor break. Eustace the 188 00:11:48,440 --> 00:11:51,960 Speaker 2: Monk's life up to this point, as we have told 189 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:55,840 Speaker 2: it so far, has had a fair amount of silliness. 190 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:58,200 Speaker 2: But before we go on, we need to set up 191 00:11:58,360 --> 00:12:01,760 Speaker 2: some more serious context for what was happening between England 192 00:12:01,920 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 2: and France, because that is going to be a recurring 193 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:08,320 Speaker 2: part of the rest of the episode. England was being 194 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,760 Speaker 2: ruled by the Plantagenets also known as the Angevints or 195 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:15,240 Speaker 2: the House of Anjou, depending on who's describing them and 196 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:19,640 Speaker 2: exactly when we are talking about, and France was being 197 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 2: ruled by the Capitian dynasty. The Plantagenets controlled most of 198 00:12:24,559 --> 00:12:28,080 Speaker 2: what's now England, as well as parts of Ireland and Wales, 199 00:12:28,679 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 2: and thanks to various marriages and inheritances going back to 200 00:12:32,679 --> 00:12:36,080 Speaker 2: the later part of the twelfth century, the Plantagenets also 201 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:39,320 Speaker 2: were controlling about half of what's now France, with this 202 00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:43,439 Speaker 2: combined territory later described as the Angevin Empire. 203 00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:47,720 Speaker 1: In eleven ninety nine, English King Richard the First also 204 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:51,160 Speaker 1: known as Richard the Lionheart, died without a direct heir. 205 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:55,239 Speaker 1: He had previously named his nephew Arthur as his successor, 206 00:12:55,480 --> 00:12:58,959 Speaker 1: but then changed his selection to his brother John, also 207 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:03,160 Speaker 1: known as John Lackland. John had previously tried to take 208 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,680 Speaker 1: control of England while Richard was imprisoned during the Third Crusade. 209 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,640 Speaker 1: But Richard had a few reasons for making this switch 210 00:13:09,720 --> 00:13:12,439 Speaker 1: in spite of all that. One is that Arthur was 211 00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:15,200 Speaker 1: still a child while John was in his early thirties. 212 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:19,320 Speaker 1: Another is that after some convoluted and failed attempts to 213 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:23,360 Speaker 1: create an alliance between the Plantagenets and the Kapecians. Young 214 00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:26,160 Speaker 1: Arthur had wound up being fostered in the court of 215 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:29,880 Speaker 1: Philip the Second of France. He's also called Philip Augustus. 216 00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,240 Speaker 1: Of course, this meant that Philip Augustus supported Arthur's claim 217 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:37,760 Speaker 1: to the English throne. Among other things, an English king 218 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:40,760 Speaker 1: who had been fostered in French court might pave the 219 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,400 Speaker 1: way for the French to regain control of some of 220 00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:44,239 Speaker 1: that territory. 221 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:49,120 Speaker 2: Yeaes switcheroo was confirmed, and near the very end of 222 00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:51,200 Speaker 2: the of Richard the first life, after he had been 223 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:55,280 Speaker 2: shot with a crossbow bolt, and that had become gangrenous, 224 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 2: and it was clear that he was dying, so to 225 00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 2: get back to Eustace. While he was in the service 226 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:04,719 Speaker 2: of Renaud de de Martines, Renaud was supporting Philip Augustus's 227 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 2: efforts to retake this territory in France by force. And 228 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,280 Speaker 2: we don't know the full story of all of Eustace's service, 229 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:14,840 Speaker 2: but one portion of it did not go all that 230 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,800 Speaker 2: well for him or for Renaud. Eustace had been ordered 231 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,040 Speaker 2: to oversee the improvement of a road that was going 232 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:27,240 Speaker 2: to help strengthen communication between Bologna and Calais. This road 233 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,080 Speaker 2: was going to be on land that belonged to Baldwin, 234 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:33,080 Speaker 2: Count of Guineas, who was opposed to the whole project, 235 00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 2: because this improved road was going to improve that connection, 236 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:39,360 Speaker 2: but it was going to cut off some of his 237 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:44,000 Speaker 2: own access routes. This led to a standoff between Eustace 238 00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:47,280 Speaker 2: and Baldwin, with Baldwin finally showing up with men to 239 00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 2: confront Eustace's workforce. Eustace's workers fled, and while it doesn't 240 00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,880 Speaker 2: seem like anybody was killed in this altercation, some of 241 00:14:55,920 --> 00:14:58,800 Speaker 2: those workers were captured, and Baldwin also seized all of 242 00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 2: their tools and materials. 243 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:04,280 Speaker 1: Eustace left Renault's service in twelve oh four, or perhaps 244 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,360 Speaker 1: a little later, and according to the Romance of Eustace 245 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,560 Speaker 1: the Monk, this traced back to his dispute with han 246 00:15:10,640 --> 00:15:15,200 Speaker 1: Foi de Harris engine as Seneschal. Eustace was managing Reynauld's 247 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:19,200 Speaker 1: accounts and han Foix raised all kinds of suspicions that 248 00:15:19,240 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 1: Eustace was mishandling Reynauld's money. Renault eventually summoned Eustace to 249 00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:29,359 Speaker 1: his castle to answer these charges, but instead of answering 250 00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:33,240 Speaker 1: that call, Eustace fled, burning down Renauld's mills on his 251 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:37,200 Speaker 1: way out. According to the romance, after this, Eustace spent 252 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: some time as an outlaw, hiding out in the woods 253 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:44,320 Speaker 1: of Boulonnai, trying to both humiliate Renault and rob him 254 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:45,440 Speaker 1: at every opportunity. 255 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:51,080 Speaker 2: This probably was a real dispute Eustace and Reynauld. Probably 256 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:54,400 Speaker 2: we were fighting with each other, but the account of 257 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:57,240 Speaker 2: it in the Romance of Eustace the Monk is very colorful. 258 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 2: This is also the longest part of the Row Romance, 259 00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:02,960 Speaker 2: set up at the top of the show. This part 260 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 2: of the romance has some parallels with Reynard the Fox 261 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 2: and the Romance of fu Fitzwarren, especially this part of it. 262 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,240 Speaker 2: Like Eustace and fuch Fitzwarren, both have their horses shoes 263 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:19,720 Speaker 2: put on backward so people will think they're traveling in 264 00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:23,200 Speaker 2: the opposite direction based on the tracks they left. They 265 00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:27,280 Speaker 2: both disguise themselves as charcoal burners, that is, somebody who 266 00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:30,440 Speaker 2: makes and sell charcoal, and people in that role typically 267 00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:33,040 Speaker 2: were just covered in charcoal dust. Because of the nature 268 00:16:33,080 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 2: of the work. There are a lot of chases and escapes, 269 00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:40,920 Speaker 2: and there's speculation that Eustace the Monk or fuch Fitzwarren, 270 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:43,960 Speaker 2: or both of them may have been inspirations for the 271 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 2: character of Robin Hood From. 272 00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:50,560 Speaker 1: Time to time. Eustace's exploits as an outlaw also touched 273 00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:54,600 Speaker 1: on the bigger political situation in France. When Philip Augustus 274 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:58,040 Speaker 1: visited the region, Reynauld's men acted as his rear guard 275 00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:02,440 Speaker 1: and Eustace's force, not because he had any issue with 276 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,160 Speaker 1: Philip Augustus, but because he wanted to mess things up 277 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:10,199 Speaker 1: for Renaud. Renaud managed to capture Eustace after Eustace's saddle 278 00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:13,040 Speaker 1: slipped while he was being pursued, causing him to fall 279 00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: off his horse. We don't know if it made a 280 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:19,640 Speaker 1: farting sound or not. Some of Eustace's allies convinced Renaud 281 00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:23,640 Speaker 1: to send Eustace to Philip Augustus to stand trial rather 282 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:28,120 Speaker 1: than just executing him himself. But those same allies came 283 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:31,520 Speaker 1: to Eustace's rescue while he was being transported and got 284 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 1: him to the border of Boolinais. From there, Eustace fled 285 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:38,120 Speaker 1: to England, and once he arrived, he pledged his service 286 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:38,960 Speaker 1: to King John. 287 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:43,800 Speaker 2: As we said earlier, we don't know exactly when Eustace 288 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:47,440 Speaker 2: trained to be a seafarer, but it had happened already 289 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:50,399 Speaker 2: by the time he got to England. King John put 290 00:17:50,480 --> 00:17:53,760 Speaker 2: him in control of a fleet of ships. There's documentation 291 00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:56,720 Speaker 2: of eight of them, but the Romance puts that number 292 00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 2: at thirty. Eustace attacked the King's enemy and was part 293 00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:05,359 Speaker 2: of English efforts to retake Normandy, which England had lost 294 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:09,880 Speaker 2: to France in twelve oh four. The term privateer and 295 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:13,879 Speaker 2: letters of mark these things were still centuries away, but 296 00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 2: that's basically what Eustace was doing. He was acting as 297 00:18:17,119 --> 00:18:21,280 Speaker 2: a maritime mercenary at the behest of the king. King 298 00:18:21,359 --> 00:18:25,240 Speaker 2: John was reportedly so impressed with Eustace that he built 299 00:18:25,320 --> 00:18:28,159 Speaker 2: him a palace in London as a thank you gift, 300 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:34,840 Speaker 2: but there's no documentation of this palace actually existing. As 301 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:37,800 Speaker 2: he fought for the King, Eustace was also acting more 302 00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:40,919 Speaker 2: like a pirate, operating out of the Channel Islands and 303 00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:44,920 Speaker 2: attacking the King's allies as well. He built a stronghold 304 00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:47,520 Speaker 2: on the island of Sark and treated the whole island 305 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:51,399 Speaker 2: as his own property. At various points, John had to 306 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,320 Speaker 2: smooth things over with various barons and other high ranking 307 00:18:54,359 --> 00:18:59,639 Speaker 2: people after Eustace attacked their ships. Eventually, Eusas made so 308 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:02,280 Speaker 2: many any English enemies, and any time he needed to 309 00:19:02,359 --> 00:19:04,679 Speaker 2: visit the King, he had to do so with a 310 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 2: letter of safe passage, and these are on record as 311 00:19:08,119 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 2: being issued in May of twelve oh six and April 312 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 2: of twelve oh seven. And Eustace reportedly made so much 313 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:18,920 Speaker 2: money through piracy that he tore down that undocumented palace 314 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:21,280 Speaker 2: that John had built for him and replaced it with 315 00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:29,159 Speaker 2: a bigger, better one, also undocumented. Unsurprisingly, Eustace's relationship with 316 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:35,080 Speaker 2: King John eventually soured one John understandably got tired of 317 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:38,880 Speaker 2: having to pay off or otherwise placate people who Eustace 318 00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:43,200 Speaker 2: and his fleet attacked or harassed. Eustace was also probably 319 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 2: tired of the King constantly getting on his case about 320 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:49,159 Speaker 2: how he should stop attacking the King's allies, and then 321 00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:52,159 Speaker 2: in twelve twelve, the King also informed the Sheriff of 322 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:55,720 Speaker 2: Nottingham that Eustace owed a debt of twenty marks and 323 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 2: that he had a deadline to pay it. When Eustace 324 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:01,560 Speaker 2: failed to pay the debt by the deadline, the sheriff 325 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:06,000 Speaker 2: seized all of his lands for unclear reasons, though this 326 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:10,760 Speaker 2: consequence did not really stick. The king allowed Eustace to 327 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 2: start occupying those lands again, but John did also imprison 328 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:19,679 Speaker 2: some of Eustace's men, possibly including one of his brothers, 329 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 2: and he took Eustace's daughter and possibly also his wife hostage. 330 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:28,720 Speaker 2: We really don't know anything about his wife or children, 331 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 2: aside from scattered mentions of their existence in various documents. 332 00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:38,000 Speaker 2: The final straw seems to have come sometime after May 333 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:41,960 Speaker 2: of twelve twelve, when Renauld did de Martesse switched sides, 334 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:46,919 Speaker 2: leaving France and pledging his fealty to King John. Either 335 00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 2: Eustace could not stand the idea of fighting on the 336 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,360 Speaker 2: same side as Renaud, or Renaud worked to turn King 337 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 2: John against him. It's possible that it was more the latter, 338 00:20:57,119 --> 00:21:00,560 Speaker 2: because there's some indication that Eustace stayed in john service 339 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:04,200 Speaker 2: until twelve fourteen, rather than leaving as soon as Renaud 340 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:08,240 Speaker 2: showed up. According to the romance, when Eustace left his service, 341 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:13,199 Speaker 2: King John had his daughter burned and then killed. After 342 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:17,639 Speaker 2: returning to France, Eustace allied with Philip Augustus and worked 343 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:22,919 Speaker 2: particularly closely with Philip's son, Prince Louis later King Louis 344 00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:26,840 Speaker 2: the eighth. Eustace became an admiral in the French Navy, 345 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:29,719 Speaker 2: and one of his assignments was to try to retake 346 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:34,560 Speaker 2: the Channel Islands from England. Control of the Channel Islands 347 00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,359 Speaker 2: went back and forth between England and France during this 348 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:42,240 Speaker 2: whole period. He also fought against England's efforts to retake 349 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:46,880 Speaker 2: Normandy from the French. This conflict between England and France 350 00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:49,800 Speaker 2: became known as the Anglo French War of twelve thirteen 351 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,880 Speaker 2: to twelve fourteen. As it went on, England didn't manage 352 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 2: to retake its lost possessions in France, and France started 353 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:02,240 Speaker 2: preparing for a direct invasion of Inga, with Eustace transporting 354 00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:06,520 Speaker 2: knights and siege weapons to support that planned invasion. This 355 00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:10,480 Speaker 2: conflict also went beyond England and France, drawing in other 356 00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 2: kingdoms and the Holy Roman Empire. The last major battle 357 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 2: in this particular war between England and France was the 358 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:23,720 Speaker 2: Battle of Mouvin, which ended in a French victory. The 359 00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:28,040 Speaker 2: French at this battle captured Renault de de Martines, and 360 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,720 Speaker 2: he remained in prison until his death in twelve twenty seven, 361 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:33,760 Speaker 2: at the age of about sixty one. 362 00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:37,199 Speaker 1: Although the Anglo French War ended with the Truce of 363 00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:40,639 Speaker 1: Chinol in twelve fourteen, it did not take long for 364 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:43,719 Speaker 1: England and France to be at war again. More on 365 00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: that after a sponsor break. 366 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,399 Speaker 2: The English losses in the Anglo French War fed into 367 00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:03,000 Speaker 2: long standing tension between the English monarch and the barons, 368 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:06,920 Speaker 2: or the landowners who made up the nobility. This included 369 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:11,600 Speaker 2: disputes over things like taxes and administrative issues, and those 370 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 2: questions about who Richard the First's successor should be had 371 00:23:16,680 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 2: contributed to a lack of confidence in the monarchy. John's 372 00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:26,199 Speaker 2: reputation as king was really not good, and after the 373 00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:30,320 Speaker 2: Anglo French War, the barons were also angry about the 374 00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:35,879 Speaker 2: loss of nearly all of England's territory in France. Same time, 375 00:23:36,119 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 2: there were also disputes between the crown and Pope Innocent 376 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:44,040 Speaker 2: the Second. The Pope excommunicated King John in twelve oh nine, 377 00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:48,800 Speaker 2: although that was later rescinded. Efforts to resolve these issues 378 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:51,240 Speaker 2: and to try to prevent a civil war in England 379 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 2: ultimately led to the creation of the Magna Carta in 380 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:58,399 Speaker 2: June of twelve fifteen. The Magna Carta or Great Charter, 381 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 2: outlined the rights and freedoms of the barons and of 382 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:04,480 Speaker 2: the Church, as well as outlining limits of power for 383 00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:09,000 Speaker 2: the monarch. Some of its clauses also outlined basic civil rights, 384 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:15,000 Speaker 2: such as no freeman shall be seized, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, exiled, 385 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:18,800 Speaker 2: or ruined in any way, nor in any way proceeded against, 386 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,919 Speaker 2: except by the lawful judgment of his peers and the 387 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:22,919 Speaker 2: law of the land. 388 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:25,880 Speaker 1: That's one of the four clauses of the Magna Carta 389 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,359 Speaker 1: that are still in effect today. The Magna Carta is 390 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,360 Speaker 1: considered to be one of the most important and influential 391 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: legal documents in English history, and it's one that people 392 00:24:35,720 --> 00:24:39,119 Speaker 1: who have studied English history in any way have probably 393 00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:39,879 Speaker 1: at least heard of. 394 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,920 Speaker 2: There's some speculation that those sieged weapons that Eustace had 395 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:48,480 Speaker 2: transported on behalf of Prince Louis of France, which we 396 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:51,960 Speaker 2: talked about before the break. There's speculation that those were 397 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,600 Speaker 2: a factor in King John agreeing to the terms of 398 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:59,840 Speaker 2: the Magna Carta. John was hoping to prevent the possibility 399 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 2: of the dissatisfied barons. Basically inviting the French to invade England. 400 00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,680 Speaker 2: Knowing that the French already had siege weapons ready to go, 401 00:25:10,359 --> 00:25:13,480 Speaker 2: might have been a motivating factor for King John in this. 402 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:16,639 Speaker 1: But John's attempt to prevent a civil war and a 403 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: French invasion did not work out. The barons didn't think 404 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:22,639 Speaker 1: it was likely that the King would actually uphold the 405 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,040 Speaker 1: terms of the Magna cartam and then Pope Innocent the 406 00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:28,879 Speaker 1: third declared that he didn't have to. So some of 407 00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,160 Speaker 1: these barons rose up against the king and invited Prince 408 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,240 Speaker 1: Louis of France to invade England and try to take over, 409 00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:38,400 Speaker 1: and this came to be known as the First Baron's War. 410 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:43,560 Speaker 1: When Prince Louis crossed the Channel on May twentieth, twelve sixteen, 411 00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:46,560 Speaker 1: it was against the wishes of both his father and 412 00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 1: the Pope. Pope actually excommunicated him over it. He also 413 00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:56,560 Speaker 1: crossed the Channel aboard Eustace's flagship. Meanwhile, the rebelling barons 414 00:25:56,560 --> 00:25:59,360 Speaker 1: in England took control of parts of the country, including 415 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: the Tower of London. Then King John died of dysentery 416 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:07,960 Speaker 1: on October twelfth, twelve sixteen. His son Henry the Third 417 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:11,240 Speaker 1: was his successor, but Henry was only nine years old. 418 00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,520 Speaker 1: Henry's regent, William Marshall, took over the defense of England, 419 00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: and he was much more effective at it than John 420 00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:21,679 Speaker 1: had been. He started driving the French back, and eventually 421 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,520 Speaker 1: Louis had to return to France to regroup and to 422 00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:28,160 Speaker 1: get reinforcements. But as the French tried to leave England 423 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:32,360 Speaker 1: via the town of Wenchelsea, they were trapped by a blockade. 424 00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,679 Speaker 1: The townspeople had sabotaged the mills there, so the French 425 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:38,879 Speaker 1: had plenty of grain but no easy way to grind 426 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:42,919 Speaker 1: it into something edible. They lived for a while on forage, nuts, 427 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:46,280 Speaker 1: and flour that they did manage to grind themselves by hand. 428 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:51,120 Speaker 1: It's not totally clear whether Eustace was with Louis when 429 00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:55,160 Speaker 1: his army became trapped in Wenchelsea, or if Eustace managed 430 00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:59,040 Speaker 1: to sneak through that blackade. The sources are contradictory on 431 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:03,560 Speaker 1: that detail. But Eustace eventually built a perrier, which is 432 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:06,880 Speaker 1: kind of like a trebochet, to attack the blockading ships, 433 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:09,480 Speaker 1: and he also built a large fortification on one of 434 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:12,560 Speaker 1: the ships that was trapped in the harbor. Although the 435 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:17,320 Speaker 1: English captured this fortified ship. The French were eventually relieved 436 00:27:17,359 --> 00:27:20,200 Speaker 1: by a force that arrived from Artois, and they were 437 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 1: able to get out of Winchelsea and return to France. 438 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:27,399 Speaker 1: The French returned to England with still more reinforcements, but 439 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:30,360 Speaker 1: faced another defeat at the Battle of Lincoln also called 440 00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:33,439 Speaker 1: the Battle of Lincoln Castle in May of twelve seventeen. 441 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:37,120 Speaker 1: But they returned yet again, this time with a plan 442 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 1: to try to sail a fleet up the River Thames 443 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: to London. They faced an English force commanded by Hubert 444 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,560 Speaker 1: de Burgh at the Battle of Sandwich on August twenty fourth, 445 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:47,679 Speaker 1: twelve seventeen. 446 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:52,560 Speaker 2: This was really very early in the history of nautical 447 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:57,840 Speaker 2: warfare in this part of Europe. Most ocean vessels in 448 00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:01,080 Speaker 2: this part of the world generally stuck very close to 449 00:28:01,160 --> 00:28:04,280 Speaker 2: the coasts. They carried armies that were going to fight 450 00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:06,880 Speaker 2: once they were on land, and so the ships would 451 00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:09,639 Speaker 2: try to outmaneuver or outrun one another to get to 452 00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:13,040 Speaker 2: the land where the fighting was going to happen. The 453 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 2: ships themselves weren't really equipped to fight other ships at sea, 454 00:28:18,119 --> 00:28:22,879 Speaker 2: so those huge warships armed with cannons firing broadside volleys 455 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:28,000 Speaker 2: at one another those were still centuries away. Instead, sailors 456 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:30,560 Speaker 2: might try to board enemy ships and take them over, 457 00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:34,560 Speaker 2: possibly with the support of archers or various types of weaponry, 458 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:38,120 Speaker 2: but eventually the battles were always winding up on land. 459 00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:41,560 Speaker 2: The Battle of Sandwich was the first battle in the 460 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,760 Speaker 2: history of Northern Europe to be fought entirely at sea. 461 00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:49,040 Speaker 2: The details of how this battle played out are sketchy, 462 00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,800 Speaker 2: and details from various sources are contradictory, possibly because there 463 00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,480 Speaker 2: were a lot of things happening all at once. The 464 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:58,960 Speaker 2: English fleet was only about half the size of the 465 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,520 Speaker 2: French fleet, but the French ships were heavily laden with cargo, 466 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 2: including siege weapons, knights, and horses, so they couldn't maneuver 467 00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 2: very well. The French ships were also downwind of the English, 468 00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:13,239 Speaker 2: who came at them from behind, and this made it 469 00:29:13,280 --> 00:29:15,920 Speaker 2: possible for the English to throw powdered lime at the 470 00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:20,720 Speaker 2: French without being affected by it themselves. That lime blinded 471 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:23,840 Speaker 2: the enemy sailors, so they couldn't effectively fight back or 472 00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:27,120 Speaker 2: control their ships. Once the English caught up to the 473 00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:30,480 Speaker 2: now disabled French ships, they cut down their sails, which 474 00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:35,120 Speaker 2: fell on and around those blinded sailors. The English force 475 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:40,520 Speaker 2: also focused its attention on Eustace's flagship. Specifically, it was 476 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:43,240 Speaker 2: one of the ones that was carrying siege weapons, so 477 00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:47,840 Speaker 2: its cargo was particularly valuable in the context of this war. Plus, 478 00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:51,440 Speaker 2: the English hoped if they defeated this flagship, the rest 479 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:54,920 Speaker 2: of the French fleet would just scatter or surrender. There's 480 00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,440 Speaker 2: also an English account of the battle that puts a 481 00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:01,800 Speaker 2: magical spin on this, saying that Eustace had enchanted his 482 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:04,719 Speaker 2: ship to be invisible to the English and so they 483 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:07,280 Speaker 2: were only able to see it once he had been killed. 484 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,840 Speaker 2: In the end, focusing on Eustace worked out for the English. 485 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:15,680 Speaker 2: They successfully boarded Eustace's ship, where he was found hiding 486 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:18,120 Speaker 2: in the bilge or in the hold, depending on what 487 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:20,960 Speaker 2: account you read, and he tried to buy his freedom, 488 00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:24,000 Speaker 2: but was beheaded on the spot, dying at the age 489 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,800 Speaker 2: of about forty seven. The French effort really fell apart 490 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:31,440 Speaker 2: after that. This was a pivotal moment in the history 491 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:34,440 Speaker 2: of this part of Europe, in addition to its place 492 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:38,640 Speaker 2: in the history of naval warfare and of British naval power. 493 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,280 Speaker 2: The Battle of sandwhich was a decisive defeat for the French. 494 00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:46,480 Speaker 2: None of the English ships were lost, while sixty five 495 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:51,120 Speaker 2: of eighty French ships were captured. Other ships were sunk, 496 00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:55,520 Speaker 2: and estimated four thousand French sailors died at the Battle 497 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:59,880 Speaker 2: of Sandwich and thirty six French knights were captured. The 498 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:03,840 Speaker 2: battle was over, Eustace's head was taken to Canterbury and 499 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:06,640 Speaker 2: paraded around on display at the end of a lance, 500 00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:10,920 Speaker 2: The Romance of Eustace the Monk ends with quote no 501 00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:15,080 Speaker 2: man can live long who spends his days doing ill. 502 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:19,040 Speaker 2: Louis also abandoned his claim to the English throne after 503 00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:23,600 Speaker 2: this defeat, and that defeat also effectively ended the First 504 00:31:23,640 --> 00:31:27,720 Speaker 2: Baron's War. The war formally ended with the Treaty of 505 00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:32,760 Speaker 2: Kingston Lambeth in September of twelve seventeen. There's no surviving 506 00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,120 Speaker 2: copy of this treaty, so we don't have all of 507 00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 2: its language, but its terms did include that Prince Louis 508 00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,920 Speaker 2: would order Eustace's brothers to return control of the Channel 509 00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,640 Speaker 2: islands they were occupying to England. Louis also abandoned all 510 00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 2: claims to the English throne under the terms of the treaty, 511 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:56,480 Speaker 2: but received ten thousand marks and then the Pope later 512 00:31:56,840 --> 00:32:01,920 Speaker 2: lifted Louie's excommunication. Twenty fourth, when the Battle of Sandwich 513 00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:05,440 Speaker 2: took place, is also the feast of Saint Bartholomew, and 514 00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:09,240 Speaker 2: in some accounts of the battle, Saint Bartholomew appeared bolstering 515 00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:12,880 Speaker 2: or comforting the English force. After the battle, the people 516 00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:15,920 Speaker 2: of Sandwich used the spoils to build a chapel dedicated 517 00:32:15,960 --> 00:32:19,160 Speaker 2: to Saint Bartholomew, and houses for the poor and aged, 518 00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 2: and a hospital, and it became a tradition for the 519 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:25,760 Speaker 2: townspeople to quote make a solemn procession to the aforesaid 520 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:31,280 Speaker 2: hospital with tapers in their hands every year on Saint Bartholomew's. 521 00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:39,800 Speaker 1: Day, that is Eustace the Monk. I have a little 522 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:41,960 Speaker 1: bit of listener mail. Bring it on. 523 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 2: This listener mail is from Janine who wrote after we 524 00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:51,440 Speaker 2: talked about Connie Willis in the behind the scenes of 525 00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:54,880 Speaker 2: our episode on the Doomsday Book, and Janine wrote, Hi, 526 00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:57,440 Speaker 2: Holly and Tracy, I just listened to your episode on 527 00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:01,280 Speaker 2: Doomsday Book and Tracy's plug for Connie Willis's Doomsday Book 528 00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:03,920 Speaker 2: and the behind the scenes and had to comment I 529 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,480 Speaker 2: loved Doomsday Book and all of Connie Willis's time traveling 530 00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:11,360 Speaker 2: historians of Oxford Books. I read Doomsday Book for the 531 00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:14,280 Speaker 2: first time ages ago, but I did reread it in 532 00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:19,120 Speaker 2: twenty twenty during lockdown, and it was definitely something. Mostly 533 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,800 Speaker 2: it was just a real sense of familiarity, but there's 534 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:25,000 Speaker 2: one scene that stood out. There's a group of Americans 535 00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:28,360 Speaker 2: visiting Oxford when the city is locked down, and they 536 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,880 Speaker 2: complain vociferously about how they need to move on with 537 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,240 Speaker 2: their tour and this kind of lockdown would never happen 538 00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:38,960 Speaker 2: in America, and the main character thinks, yes, this is 539 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:43,440 Speaker 2: why thirty million Americans died during the pandemic, referring to 540 00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:47,080 Speaker 2: a global pandemic that happens in twenty eighteen. In the books, 541 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:51,560 Speaker 2: Doomsday Book was published in nineteen ninety two. Connie Willis 542 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:55,000 Speaker 2: was extremely prescient and oof that one really hit home 543 00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 2: in December of twenty twenty. Anyway, still an excellent book 544 00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:01,840 Speaker 2: and worth the reread, but it certainly is an experience 545 00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:05,320 Speaker 2: reading it in a post pandemic world. I have sent 546 00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:07,880 Speaker 2: pictures of my cats before, but I've attached to another 547 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:11,160 Speaker 2: couple as pet tacks because they remain extremely cute. Here's 548 00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:13,799 Speaker 2: the two of them cuddling together, and also my friendliest 549 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,240 Speaker 2: cat on her favorite perch, my shoulder. Thanks for the podcast. 550 00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:19,720 Speaker 2: Love catching up when I'm doing chores around the house. 551 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:23,120 Speaker 2: Thank you for this email, Jeanine. Like I said in 552 00:34:23,120 --> 00:34:25,000 Speaker 2: that behind the scenes, it's been so long since I 553 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:27,360 Speaker 2: read Doomsday book, I did not remember that detail. 554 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,359 Speaker 1: I think I have read all of the books. 555 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,480 Speaker 2: In that series, but it's possible that there's one that 556 00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:39,080 Speaker 2: was written after I had read the others that I 557 00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:40,239 Speaker 2: did not pick up. 558 00:34:40,840 --> 00:34:42,280 Speaker 1: I feel like that's. 559 00:34:42,120 --> 00:34:43,880 Speaker 2: Something I heard about at one point and I was like, 560 00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:46,319 Speaker 2: I should I should get that, and then have not 561 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,719 Speaker 2: done it. These cat pictures, let's. 562 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:51,479 Speaker 1: Look Katie's keys. 563 00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:57,480 Speaker 2: Oh my goodness. We have a like a black cat 564 00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:03,399 Speaker 2: and a kind of orange just tabby cat, and they 565 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:08,920 Speaker 2: are curled up together so cute. One is basically on 566 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:14,279 Speaker 2: top of the other. Sometimes mine will do this, but 567 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:19,160 Speaker 2: sometimes something that has started happening at my house is 568 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:24,560 Speaker 2: Opel will be asleep in the old office chair that 569 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:27,399 Speaker 2: I can't get rid of because it's the cat's chair now, 570 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:30,560 Speaker 2: and on ex will decide she wants to be up there, 571 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,319 Speaker 2: and she'll just basically go ahead and jump on up 572 00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:35,240 Speaker 2: directly on top of her sisters. 573 00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:37,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, that sounds great. 574 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:40,640 Speaker 2: Yeah, And sometimes they work it out and they curl 575 00:35:40,719 --> 00:35:44,000 Speaker 2: up together and it's incredibly cute. But yesterday when this happened, 576 00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,400 Speaker 2: ople was like, Nope, I'm not doing this today. She 577 00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:50,799 Speaker 2: got down and went somewhere else. A cat perched on 578 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:53,400 Speaker 2: a shoulder. I love this. This is something that happens 579 00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:55,919 Speaker 2: at my house often. If I let a cat into 580 00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:58,800 Speaker 2: the bathroom while I'm brushing my teeth and I bend 581 00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:03,200 Speaker 2: over to spit out the toothpaste, kitty Kat will take 582 00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 2: that opportunity to jump directly onto my back. Anyway, thank 583 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:11,400 Speaker 2: you for these adorable pictures and this email about Connie 584 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:14,759 Speaker 2: Willis's doomsday book. If you'd like to send us a note, 585 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,839 Speaker 2: we're at History podcast atiheartradio dot com and you can 586 00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:22,440 Speaker 2: subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app, which is 587 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:26,359 Speaker 2: now searchable by episode, or wherever you like to get 588 00:36:26,360 --> 00:36:34,040 Speaker 2: your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a 589 00:36:34,080 --> 00:36:38,480 Speaker 2: production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the 590 00:36:38,480 --> 00:36:42,000 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 591 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,760 Speaker 2: favorite shows.