1 00:00:01,920 --> 00:00:05,520 Speaker 1: You're listening to Law and Order Criminal Justice System, a 2 00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:09,000 Speaker 1: production of Wolf Entertainment and iHeart podcasts. 3 00:00:12,560 --> 00:00:16,720 Speaker 2: In the criminal justice system, landmark trials transcend the courtroom 4 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:20,160 Speaker 2: to reshape the law. The brave many women who investigate 5 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:23,040 Speaker 2: and prosecute these cases are part of a select group 6 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:31,200 Speaker 2: that has defined American history. These are their stories. February 7 00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:40,640 Speaker 2: twenty sixth, nineteen ninety three, twelve eighteen pm, New York City. 8 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 1: The CEO of the World Trade Center, Charlie Makish, was 9 00:00:43,520 --> 00:00:47,960 Speaker 1: high above the city alone in his office when suddenly 10 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:50,040 Speaker 1: the floor moved beneath him. 11 00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:54,520 Speaker 3: I was sitting at my desk when I felt the 12 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:58,800 Speaker 3: whole building heath. It actually lifted. My office was on 13 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 3: the thirty sixth floor. I looked out the window on 14 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:05,120 Speaker 3: the side where the Hudson River was, and I actually 15 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:08,440 Speaker 3: saw a ripple go across the Hudson River. I said, 16 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 3: what's going on here? 17 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:12,840 Speaker 1: It didn't take long to get an answer. 18 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:18,280 Speaker 3: Within seconds, my secretary got a call that we had 19 00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:21,240 Speaker 3: a major explosion within the Trade Center itself. 20 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:26,760 Speaker 1: In an instant, an ordinary work day turned into a crisis. 21 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 3: I had let my deputies know that they should organize 22 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:34,040 Speaker 3: the command center I said, get everybody together in the 23 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 3: conference room and I'll see you downstairs. 24 00:01:37,959 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: Every protocol says to stay put, but for Charlie that 25 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:45,920 Speaker 1: wasn't an option. He built the towers and felt responsible 26 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 1: for everyone inside. He needed to find out what was 27 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: going on. 28 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:53,560 Speaker 3: I had a fire key, and I keyed one of 29 00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:56,760 Speaker 3: the elevators so that I could take the elevator down. 30 00:01:57,160 --> 00:02:00,520 Speaker 3: I was down within minutes or two of being to fight. 31 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:04,880 Speaker 1: What waited at the bottom was worse than anything he 32 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:05,840 Speaker 1: could have imagined. 33 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 3: When I came out of the elevator, there was heavy 34 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:12,959 Speaker 3: dog smoke, a lot of players one hundred feet beyond 35 00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 3: where you're looking at, and there's a flash of light 36 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 3: and the building ship flash of light. 37 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:17,320 Speaker 1: You started the pendice. 38 00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:20,040 Speaker 4: You could hear the building actually making noises because like. 39 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:21,639 Speaker 5: Night of a living day, he came out of nowhere. 40 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:25,359 Speaker 5: The whole area is completely distorted, ceiling walls locking. 41 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:28,040 Speaker 3: A tremendous explosion from behind us. The room that we 42 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:37,880 Speaker 3: were in was devastated. I got a call, get out 43 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:39,880 Speaker 3: to LaGuardia Airport. There's been a bombing. 44 00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:42,120 Speaker 5: There was a thirty two foot crater in front of 45 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:43,240 Speaker 5: what was left of the building. 46 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:44,920 Speaker 1: I was trying to figure out am I dead? Am 47 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: I alive? Where am I? I'm aniseg and NICOLASI. 48 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:51,600 Speaker 3: That's why terrorism works. It doesn't care who you are. 49 00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:57,320 Speaker 1: From Wolf Entertainment and iHeart Podcasts, this is law and order, 50 00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:07,520 Speaker 1: criminal justice system. The early nineteen nineties were a time 51 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 1: of transformation. The Cold War was over and global capitalism 52 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 1: was taking root. Skylines stretched higher and borders grew thinner, 53 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,560 Speaker 1: and the United States, especially New York, stood at the 54 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:24,400 Speaker 1: center of it all. But not everyone saw that as progress. 55 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:29,080 Speaker 1: With extremism on the rise, a new kind of anger 56 00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:32,880 Speaker 1: was brewing and found a target in the World Trade Center, 57 00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: a symbol of American economic power, international trade and the 58 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:44,160 Speaker 1: spirit of New York City. The buildings were towering and unmistakable, 59 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:48,400 Speaker 1: and from the day they rose over the skyline, there 60 00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:51,320 Speaker 1: were those determined to bring them crashing down. 61 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:52,560 Speaker 3: Heney. 62 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 4: This has been a terrible day for New York City, 63 00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 4: an apparent active terrorism in the city's tallest building, with 64 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 4: of course, hundreds of innocent victims, and the tragedy speaks 65 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:04,640 Speaker 4: for itself, But it has also been one of those 66 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:08,440 Speaker 4: days that proves New York City's greatness. From the professionalism 67 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 4: of the emergency service workers, the police, and the firefighters, 68 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:14,080 Speaker 4: to the toughness of ordinary New Yorkers. 69 00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:19,200 Speaker 1: Long before the World Trade Center was built in Lower Manhattan, 70 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:22,919 Speaker 1: Charlie Makish was just a kid from the Bronx, still 71 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:23,920 Speaker 1: finding his footing. 72 00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:28,720 Speaker 3: I started with a program at Manhattan College and Engineering, 73 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:32,800 Speaker 3: and I saw myself basically as a civil engineer. But 74 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,280 Speaker 3: I interrupted that study to go into a seminary for 75 00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:39,160 Speaker 3: two years. Once I was told that I started at 76 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:41,479 Speaker 3: the very top, close to God, and then I fell 77 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:43,719 Speaker 3: to the very bottom when I became a lawyer and 78 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:44,239 Speaker 3: a banker. 79 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,200 Speaker 1: He may have wandered for a while, but Charlie soon 80 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:51,400 Speaker 1: found his way back to engineering and onto the most 81 00:04:51,440 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 1: ambitious construction site in New York City. 82 00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:57,719 Speaker 3: I went to work for the Port Authority in nineteen 83 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,880 Speaker 3: sixty eight as a field engineer on the construction of 84 00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:01,839 Speaker 3: the World Trade Center. 85 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:06,520 Speaker 1: This wasn't just any office space. The World Trade Center 86 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:10,520 Speaker 1: promised to attract and house the powerhouses of business from 87 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:13,520 Speaker 1: far and wide. 88 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 3: And that's what authorized the Port Authority to build those towers. 89 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:20,120 Speaker 3: Because the Port Authority was charged with facilitating international trade 90 00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:20,720 Speaker 3: and commerce. 91 00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:25,680 Speaker 1: What began as a construction assignment would evolve into his 92 00:05:25,839 --> 00:05:27,840 Speaker 1: calling and his legacy. 93 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:32,880 Speaker 3: I helped build it, I helped defend it, and then 94 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 3: I was its chief executive. So they were my twins. 95 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 3: I used to refer to them as my twins, and 96 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 3: they were my life for twenty seven years. 97 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:44,040 Speaker 1: And what he helped build was more than a set 98 00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:47,799 Speaker 1: of towers. It was a vision, a bet on scale, 99 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:51,800 Speaker 1: on strength, and on what America could raise from the 100 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:56,360 Speaker 1: river's edge. The ambition wasn't just to build high. It 101 00:05:56,440 --> 00:05:58,160 Speaker 1: was to build differently. 102 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 3: And that was a concept of building a perimidal wall 103 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:06,000 Speaker 3: in panels, so that eventually you had a closed box 104 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:07,279 Speaker 3: that was buried. 105 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,800 Speaker 1: The approach started from beneath, in a pit where the 106 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:16,120 Speaker 1: Hudson River pressed close. What happened there would become the 107 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 1: foundation for one of the most recognizable structures on Earth. 108 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 3: The slurry wall. It was a technology that was used 109 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:28,840 Speaker 3: in Italy to retain the river and the groundwater back 110 00:06:29,279 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 3: and eventually what you wound up with was what we 111 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,279 Speaker 3: called the bathtub, which was an area that was totally excavated, 112 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:37,599 Speaker 3: but there was no bracing on the inside of it. 113 00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 3: Those two towers went down to rock sixty to eighty 114 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,760 Speaker 3: feet below the street level, and it was an eight 115 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 3: acre bath tub, so that was the first time in 116 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:48,760 Speaker 3: the country that it was constructed that way. 117 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:53,560 Speaker 1: Two towers would rise from that space, each with a 118 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:55,799 Speaker 1: structural logic that broke with tradition. 119 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:59,599 Speaker 3: They were basically a box within a box. The exterior 120 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:03,560 Speaker 3: wall of the trade Center towers was structural. It actually 121 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:07,040 Speaker 3: served to support the trade center itself, and then there 122 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 3: was an interior core where the elevators were in all 123 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,160 Speaker 3: the infrastructure, and that was basically very heavy steel and 124 00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 3: concrete construction going up. 125 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 1: The outer walls bore the wind. The inner core carried 126 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:21,600 Speaker 1: the load. 127 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:26,120 Speaker 3: We would have anywhere between four and six thousand people 128 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,120 Speaker 3: in each of the towers every day, and then we 129 00:07:29,160 --> 00:07:32,360 Speaker 3: would have as much as fifty thousand people in the complex. 130 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 3: You had one hundred and ten stories, and it actually 131 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 3: went down six stories. In each of the towers. You 132 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 3: had four million square feet of commercial office space, and 133 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 3: then you had the space below. 134 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:50,480 Speaker 1: As well between them, room to dream and rent. The 135 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:54,520 Speaker 1: twin towers significantly expanded Manhattan's commercial space. 136 00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 3: The floor space within the bathtub comprised ten million square 137 00:07:59,240 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 3: feet of lower Manhattan had one hundred million square feet 138 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,560 Speaker 3: of commercial space we were adding ten percent to that inventory. 139 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:09,680 Speaker 1: It was more than a workplace. It was a world 140 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:15,800 Speaker 1: of its own commerce layered with retail, restaurants, utilities, and transit. 141 00:08:16,480 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 1: But all of it was possible because of its construction. 142 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:24,080 Speaker 3: They would sway three foot off center or six feet 143 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:26,480 Speaker 3: if we had a heavy wind, and you could actually 144 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:29,520 Speaker 3: see the water sloshing in the commodes at the top 145 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:31,640 Speaker 3: of the building. When that happened, it was like being 146 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:34,599 Speaker 3: in a ship sometimes, but you never really felt it 147 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:36,640 Speaker 3: unless you looked out the window, so people did not 148 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 3: get motion sickness as a result of that, and the 149 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:43,080 Speaker 3: windows was small so that people would not feel the 150 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 3: height when they were up there. 151 00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 1: The World Trade Center's towers were much more than just 152 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:54,600 Speaker 1: a pair of unique skyscrapers. Everything about them celebrated globalization 153 00:08:54,880 --> 00:09:00,439 Speaker 1: and the US's economic power. Sixteen acres of intentional ambition 154 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:02,359 Speaker 1: spread across seven buildings. 155 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:06,960 Speaker 3: Surrounding the Trade Center were a number of perimeter buildings. 156 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 3: There was four World Trade Center, five World Trade Center, 157 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:13,360 Speaker 3: and between those buildings and the towers was a plaza, 158 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:15,959 Speaker 3: an eight acre plaza. It could hold as much as 159 00:09:15,960 --> 00:09:17,640 Speaker 3: ten thousand people for an event. 160 00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:22,719 Speaker 1: A transit network underneath linked five subway lines to the 161 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:26,080 Speaker 1: path trains coming from New Jersey, and above it all 162 00:09:26,360 --> 00:09:31,720 Speaker 1: was a rare kind of vertical density, offices stacked over, retailers, embassies, 163 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:35,400 Speaker 1: besides banks. It was an ecosystem. 164 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:38,840 Speaker 3: It was a city within a city, and the jurisdiction 165 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:41,960 Speaker 3: of that area was in the port authority. The city 166 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:45,920 Speaker 3: police didn't have jurisdiction, although the city fire department responded. 167 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 3: Our police were also firemen themselves. It was built as 168 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:52,320 Speaker 3: an independent entity within the complex. 169 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 1: By the end of the nineteen seventies, the World Trade 170 00:09:57,280 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: Center had transformed a neglected corner of Manhattan into a 171 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: global command post. It was built as a symbol of trade, 172 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:08,760 Speaker 1: but by the early nineteen nineties it had come to 173 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:11,199 Speaker 1: represent something else. Power. 174 00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 3: It was the icon or the symbol of Western capitalism, 175 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 3: our way of life. When I traveled internationally to visit 176 00:10:20,679 --> 00:10:24,040 Speaker 3: my tenants, anywhere I went backdrop to CNN was the 177 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:27,199 Speaker 3: World Trade Center TALIS. Whether you were in Japan, whether 178 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:29,840 Speaker 3: you were in China, whether you were in Europe, CNN 179 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:31,760 Speaker 3: always had the Trade Center as the backdrop. 180 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:35,640 Speaker 1: And by then the man in charge of it all 181 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 1: was the same engineer who'd once helped design its foundation. 182 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:44,240 Speaker 3: I was its chief executive. I was the directive. Whether 183 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 3: it was leasing, commercial operations, capital improvements, budget security, all 184 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:52,840 Speaker 3: aspects of the World Trade Center were within my purview 185 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:55,960 Speaker 3: as the executive. I started in sixty eight in the 186 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 3: mud as a young civil engineer and wound up in 187 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:01,640 Speaker 3: the sky ninety three. 188 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:06,400 Speaker 1: The Trade Center was complex and tightly managed. Everyone had 189 00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:10,280 Speaker 1: their role and everything had its place. Then came the 190 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: warning that threatened to destroy it. 191 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:16,160 Speaker 3: My police captain got an alert from the Israelis that 192 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:19,720 Speaker 3: they had intercepted a phone call from a terrorist group 193 00:11:20,120 --> 00:11:23,200 Speaker 3: saying they were going to bomb a commercial office complex 194 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:27,040 Speaker 3: in Manhattan. We took action at that point to shut 195 00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:31,000 Speaker 3: the observation deck, remove all of the trash cans, et cetera, 196 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:33,840 Speaker 3: et cetera, put in an additional police But that never happened 197 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 3: in January. It happened in February. 198 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: Charlie Makish was in his thirty sixth floor office when 199 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 1: the Trade Center lurched beneath him. He saw a ripple 200 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:55,880 Speaker 1: across the Hudson, then got the call there'd been an explosion. 201 00:11:56,840 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: Within minutes, he was heading down into the unknown. Thick 202 00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:02,400 Speaker 1: smoke was everywhere. 203 00:12:03,440 --> 00:12:06,880 Speaker 3: Both towers were affected. The elevator pits were blown out, 204 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:09,800 Speaker 3: the elevators were not operating, and the smoke actually went 205 00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:12,720 Speaker 3: up through the elevator shafts. It acted like a chimney 206 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:16,040 Speaker 3: and spread throughout the entire trade center. People were coming 207 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:18,800 Speaker 3: down the stairs where they were putting their hands on 208 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:20,719 Speaker 3: the shoulders in front of the people in front of 209 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:23,560 Speaker 3: them and moving very slowly to get down, and some 210 00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:26,120 Speaker 3: of them were coming down ninety to one hundred stories. 211 00:12:26,679 --> 00:12:29,480 Speaker 3: We had no lighting in the stairwell, and we had 212 00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:33,080 Speaker 3: no communication in the stairwell. Took about an hour and 213 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:35,800 Speaker 3: twenty minutes to get down, no public announcement system. Didn't 214 00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:39,680 Speaker 3: know whether they could go and stay there. 215 00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:43,439 Speaker 1: And while they weren't yet sure what happened, they knew 216 00:12:43,559 --> 00:12:44,559 Speaker 1: this was a disaster. 217 00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:48,040 Speaker 3: It was pretty messy, glad to brie all over the place. 218 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:51,400 Speaker 3: Fire broke out, electrical wires. 219 00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:53,840 Speaker 5: Well, was it just an explosion. 220 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:55,040 Speaker 3: I don't know what it was yet. 221 00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:57,679 Speaker 6: We're still trying to verify what it was. 222 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:01,120 Speaker 3: But it felt it felt like the walls collapses. The 223 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:03,120 Speaker 3: world just like blew up and came towards you. 224 00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,200 Speaker 1: There was smoke all over the place. You could not 225 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:07,280 Speaker 1: see you couldn't see the next step you were going 226 00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:11,400 Speaker 1: to take. Here, Charlie soon saw the first of what 227 00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:15,560 Speaker 1: would become a steady stream of survivors, wounded and stunned 228 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:17,199 Speaker 1: by the blast devastation. 229 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 3: We had airline ticket booths along the south wall in 230 00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:26,240 Speaker 3: the concourse of one World Trade Center. One of the 231 00:13:26,280 --> 00:13:29,079 Speaker 3: ticket agents, a young lady, came around the corner and 232 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:32,200 Speaker 3: she was bleeding. She had been injured, her face was cut, 233 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 3: and she was somewhat hysterical. And I grabbed her, and 234 00:13:34,880 --> 00:13:36,960 Speaker 3: I grabbed the concierge. I said, if you have a towel, 235 00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:39,839 Speaker 3: put the towel on her face. Get her some help. 236 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:44,280 Speaker 1: Charlie could tell that this impact was much bigger than 237 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:48,319 Speaker 1: a single hallway or a storefront. Crowds were streaming through 238 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: the concourse. 239 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:52,680 Speaker 3: The lobby of the Trade Center was evacuated. Everybody was 240 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 3: going out to West Street. 241 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:57,959 Speaker 1: It was there that the World Trade Center CEO got 242 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,280 Speaker 1: his first look at the gaping void that marked the 243 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:03,120 Speaker 1: epicenter of the explosion. 244 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:06,960 Speaker 3: And I could see heavy dog smoke coming out of 245 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 3: the two ramps that fed the parking for the Trade 246 00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 3: Center under the towers. 247 00:14:12,960 --> 00:14:18,280 Speaker 1: Next he realized the scale, Then the human toll. 248 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:21,840 Speaker 5: There was a litany of more serious injuries, cardiac arrests, 249 00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:26,360 Speaker 5: concussion injuries, trauma from the explosion itself, plus fractured and 250 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:27,200 Speaker 5: broken bones. 251 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,760 Speaker 1: Some of the injured didn't retreat, they returned. 252 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:35,520 Speaker 3: I had a lieutenant, his name was Lieutenant Gebora, and 253 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 3: this is an interesting fact. He was taking the Beakman 254 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:41,320 Speaker 3: Downtown Hospital because he was injured. He received the head injury. 255 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:44,520 Speaker 3: He came back bandage, put on a Scott airpack and 256 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,240 Speaker 3: went up into the towers. That's how dedicated these people. 257 00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:53,680 Speaker 1: Were, but not everyone survived. The grim reality and the 258 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,160 Speaker 1: magnitude of this disaster quickly set in. 259 00:14:57,440 --> 00:14:59,640 Speaker 3: We knew that the people in the lunchrom had died. 260 00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 3: We knew that there were other people injured. Ambulances had responded, 261 00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:05,600 Speaker 3: and we knew that people were being injured coming down 262 00:15:05,680 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 3: the stalewell because they were breathing in this dark, heavy smoke, 263 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:12,600 Speaker 3: so we had smoke inhalation problems. We knew that people 264 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:15,680 Speaker 3: were psychologically damaged as a result of the terror that 265 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,800 Speaker 3: they felt coming down those stairwells. We had up to 266 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:21,480 Speaker 3: ten thousand people between the two towers. 267 00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:26,400 Speaker 1: It only took minutes before sirens were converging from every 268 00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: corner up Manhattan. 269 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 4: Suddenly, the street surrounding the one hundred and ten story 270 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:33,920 Speaker 4: building turned into a sea of rescue equipment. 271 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:35,440 Speaker 6: Thousands of people. 272 00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,560 Speaker 4: Were trying to escape the smoke billowing into their offices 273 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:39,680 Speaker 4: at hallways. 274 00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:44,240 Speaker 3: The fire department had already responded. It was an all 275 00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:47,080 Speaker 3: city response meeting. Every piece of equipment in the City 276 00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:48,720 Speaker 3: of New York was called to respond. 277 00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:53,680 Speaker 1: While the city's first responders were in motion, Charlie secured 278 00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,920 Speaker 1: a base of operations and began mobilizing his ranks. 279 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:01,680 Speaker 3: My staff started to arrive on West Street. I told 280 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:04,560 Speaker 3: them that we would set up a command center in 281 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:08,440 Speaker 3: the ballroom of the Vista Hotel right off of West Street. 282 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 3: I made contact with the police desk at the Holland Tunnel. 283 00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 3: They had a van that they sent over, and the 284 00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 3: police captain used that as his command center for the 285 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:20,040 Speaker 3: Port Authority police. 286 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 1: The question soon turned to what happened. At this point, 287 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:29,880 Speaker 1: there was only speculation, and back in nineteen ninety three, 288 00:16:30,560 --> 00:16:33,200 Speaker 1: terrorism wasn't the first thought that came to mind. 289 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 3: Think back to the sixties. You could go to an 290 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 3: airport and walk through to the gate before there was 291 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:43,960 Speaker 3: any security that would affect your boarding the aircraft. You know, 292 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 3: you could get ticketed at the gate and go right up. 293 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:49,040 Speaker 3: So that's when the Trade Center was designed. It was 294 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:52,760 Speaker 3: designed in the early sixties and terrorism was not a factor. 295 00:16:53,320 --> 00:16:56,920 Speaker 1: And as a result, modern day protective measures weren't yet 296 00:16:56,920 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 1: a consideration. 297 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:02,840 Speaker 3: In fact, in ninety three, security started at the tenant's door. 298 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:08,200 Speaker 3: We had no turnstiles, We had no package delivery vetting system, 299 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:11,680 Speaker 3: we had no visitor vetting system. You didn't see bollards 300 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:14,320 Speaker 3: all over the city around buildings, and you didn't see 301 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:16,960 Speaker 3: visitor desks in the buildings where you had to be 302 00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:21,480 Speaker 3: checked in, et cetera. Because the concept of terrorism and 303 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:25,040 Speaker 3: commercial office space was not joined together before ninety three. 304 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:30,000 Speaker 1: So when the explosion occurred, no one assumed wrongdoing, not 305 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:33,679 Speaker 1: even Charlie. He thought it was the systems beneath the 306 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:38,119 Speaker 1: blast zone, the machinery that powered the towers in. 307 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,720 Speaker 3: The refrigeration plant, which was directly below where this bomb 308 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,119 Speaker 3: went off. We had large transformers for stepping power down 309 00:17:45,359 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 3: to basically power these seven ton refrigeration plants. We had 310 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 3: enough cooling capacity in the Trade Center again to cool 311 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:57,159 Speaker 3: all the homes in Cleveland. That's how big it was. 312 00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:01,199 Speaker 3: It was fifty thousand puns of air condition capacity in 313 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 3: the trade center. So the first thing that I thought 314 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:06,600 Speaker 3: of is that we have multiple transformers explode. 315 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:11,040 Speaker 1: But within hours one of the investigators came to a 316 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:12,200 Speaker 1: different conclusion. 317 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:17,760 Speaker 3: ATF and FBI responded immediately. The ATF guy was a 318 00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:22,440 Speaker 3: bomb expert, and he identified very quickly from the residue 319 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:24,880 Speaker 3: that it was a bomb, what they call an iod, 320 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:28,200 Speaker 3: a truck bomb. It created a crater half the size 321 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:29,200 Speaker 3: of a football field. 322 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:33,920 Speaker 1: And the FBI agent Charlie's talking about. 323 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:38,199 Speaker 5: David Williams, I go by Dave, and I spent a 324 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:41,720 Speaker 5: total of twenty seven years with the FBI, the majority 325 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:45,919 Speaker 5: of it in the FBI Explosives Unit Laboratory. I was 326 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:51,840 Speaker 5: a supervisory special Agent Hazardous material and Explosives specialist at 327 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:53,720 Speaker 5: the FBI lab in Washington. 328 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: That morning, Dave wasn't at his desk in Washington, he 329 00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: wasn't in New York and nowhere near a crime scene. 330 00:19:01,920 --> 00:19:04,919 Speaker 5: Well, I was on a golf course in Maryland, and 331 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,719 Speaker 5: of course it was snowing. We got the call on 332 00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:10,080 Speaker 5: our shoe phone, and back then they were as big 333 00:19:10,119 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 5: as a car battery. Said, there's been an explosion at 334 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,720 Speaker 5: the Trade Center and looks like you have the ticket 335 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:18,920 Speaker 5: to go up there, And at the time they thought 336 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:22,160 Speaker 5: it may have been a generator that exploded. So we 337 00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:25,520 Speaker 5: took Amtrak up to New York because the airports were 338 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:28,160 Speaker 5: shutting down because of the amount of snow. It took 339 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:30,880 Speaker 5: us six hours to get from DC to New York 340 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,879 Speaker 5: Penn Station, so by the time we got there it 341 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:37,600 Speaker 5: was well after midnight, checked in the hotel, changed clothes, 342 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:40,480 Speaker 5: where we were escorted to the crime scene itself. 343 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:44,679 Speaker 1: By the time Dave arrived, the smoke had begun to 344 00:19:44,720 --> 00:19:46,560 Speaker 1: clear and he got right to work. 345 00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:50,640 Speaker 5: When I walked down the West Street exit rampant by 346 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,680 Speaker 5: the South Tower, one of the first things I saw 347 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:57,159 Speaker 5: was a crater, the widest part being on the B 348 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,720 Speaker 5: two level at one hundred and twenty some feet diameter. 349 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:04,560 Speaker 5: Gradually it tapered down to the lowest level on BE 350 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 5: four that was breached, so you can imagine an ice 351 00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:11,440 Speaker 5: creaking cone if you will. As far as the crater itself. 352 00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:15,680 Speaker 1: And what he saw didn't look like an explosion resulting 353 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:16,880 Speaker 1: from mechanical failure. 354 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:21,760 Speaker 5: By looking at that crater area, it was obvious that 355 00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:26,679 Speaker 5: the device exploded right on the B two level, and 356 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:30,800 Speaker 5: there was no other components there that could have exploded, 357 00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,040 Speaker 5: so that immediately suggested that it was not something mechanical. 358 00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:39,080 Speaker 1: For Dave, the scene read like a crime. 359 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:45,680 Speaker 5: The automobiles were caved in or overturned, and a lot 360 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:49,040 Speaker 5: of the different materials suggested to me that the explosive 361 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,280 Speaker 5: that was present in there from the time it initiated 362 00:20:52,359 --> 00:20:55,760 Speaker 5: till the event was over, the velocity of detonation was 363 00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:59,480 Speaker 5: about fifteen thousand feet per second, and by looking at 364 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:03,280 Speaker 5: the totality of the damage, I was able to guess, 365 00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 5: if you will, that there was about fifteen hundred pounds 366 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,800 Speaker 5: shy of a ton of explosives that caused that kind 367 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:11,640 Speaker 5: of damage. 368 00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:16,119 Speaker 1: And from there what caused it, or should I say, 369 00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 1: what carried it in soon came into focus. 370 00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:24,320 Speaker 5: Fifteen hundred pounds likely didn't come in in a sedan, 371 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:27,240 Speaker 5: an automobile, and it's unlikely it was in the back 372 00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 5: of a pickup truck. It's in Manhattan, you don't see 373 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:33,960 Speaker 5: a lot of pickup trucks, probably a panel truck, a van, 374 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:38,520 Speaker 5: and the clearance in that area to get into that 375 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:43,040 Speaker 5: specific spot was only six foot eight inches. That eliminated 376 00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:48,200 Speaker 5: Dodge and Chevrolet vehicles to make the clearance, so that 377 00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:51,520 Speaker 5: probably came in in a Ford panel truck. 378 00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:56,680 Speaker 1: The Trade Center didn't fall that day, but it did fracture, 379 00:21:57,080 --> 00:22:00,240 Speaker 1: and in the hours that followed the priority went from 380 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:05,280 Speaker 1: rescue and recovery to keeping the towers from collapsing. Thousands 381 00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:07,280 Speaker 1: made it out of the buildings to safety. 382 00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 3: We evacuated the other buildings as well, the Customs House 383 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,560 Speaker 3: and the Northeast and Southeast Plaza building. 384 00:22:14,359 --> 00:22:17,960 Speaker 1: But none of what remained of the complex itself, including 385 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:21,160 Speaker 1: Charlie's command center, was safe. 386 00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:23,720 Speaker 3: We had gathered in the ballroom of the Vista Hotel. 387 00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:28,440 Speaker 3: The chief engineer, Jean Fassolo, came down. We got Les Robinson, 388 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:30,960 Speaker 3: who was the engineer of record, to come down and 389 00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:34,000 Speaker 3: less in Gene while the place was still burning. I 390 00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:36,600 Speaker 3: went down into the below grade area to take a 391 00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:40,359 Speaker 3: look at the structural damage. And they came back and 392 00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,719 Speaker 3: they said, the flaws under the Vista Hotel, which are 393 00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:47,639 Speaker 3: the lateral support for the columns, is gone, so the 394 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 3: Vista Hotel is actually sitting on stilts. They said to me, 395 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:53,640 Speaker 3: you've got to empty this because this is in jeopardy. 396 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:57,040 Speaker 3: The hotel itself could collapse. So I got up on 397 00:22:57,119 --> 00:23:00,000 Speaker 3: the stage in that ballroom and I said to everybody, 398 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:02,879 Speaker 3: you have to leave, and we're going over to the 399 00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:05,520 Speaker 3: Big Kitchen, which was vacant space in the concourse, and 400 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:08,520 Speaker 3: set up a command center. Nobody listened to me. So 401 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,720 Speaker 3: I got a bullhorn and I said, listen, it's structurally 402 00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,800 Speaker 3: unsound below this floor. You all have to leave. 403 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:17,560 Speaker 1: Next came fast decisions. 404 00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 3: When we went over to the big kitchen, I called 405 00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:24,520 Speaker 3: for a conference of the top leaders in the various agencies. 406 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:27,160 Speaker 3: We got around in a circle and I said, we're 407 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:28,720 Speaker 3: not going to deal with what we're going to do 408 00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:30,439 Speaker 3: tomorrow with the next day. We're going to deal with 409 00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:32,160 Speaker 3: what we're going to do with the next three, six 410 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 3: and nine hours. 411 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:38,520 Speaker 1: First on that list, who was in charge of what We. 412 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:42,119 Speaker 3: Had three different police jurisdictions present there. My police captain 413 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:44,879 Speaker 3: was there, and Fox, the regional director of the FBI, 414 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,080 Speaker 3: was standing there. He said to me, you know this 415 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:49,600 Speaker 3: is a crime scene. It's a federal crime scene. We 416 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 3: have jurisdiction. I said, define for me the federal crime scene. 417 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:56,640 Speaker 3: He said, anything affected by the bomb. I said, that's 418 00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,679 Speaker 3: the whole trade center. I said, mister Fox, if you 419 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 3: don't let us do what I want to do. You're 420 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:04,320 Speaker 3: gonna have a hotel sitting in your crime scene because 421 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:06,960 Speaker 3: it's going to collapse. So he said, all right, He said, 422 00:24:07,119 --> 00:24:10,200 Speaker 3: I'll define the crime scene as the crater, and everything 423 00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:13,840 Speaker 3: around the crater is the federal crime scene. Fine, you've 424 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 3: got that, I told Ray Kelly, the police commissioner. He said, 425 00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:20,679 Speaker 3: the Portathori police have jurisdiction within the trade center. We 426 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,280 Speaker 3: need New York City Police to secure the perimeter of 427 00:24:23,320 --> 00:24:24,879 Speaker 3: the trade center. He says, you got it. 428 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:28,920 Speaker 1: Their next priority was the buildings themselves. 429 00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:32,720 Speaker 3: Second thing we needed to do was to establish the 430 00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:35,960 Speaker 3: structural integrity where the tower is going to collapse. We 431 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:39,320 Speaker 3: were concerned about the slurry wall collapsing and the Hudson 432 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 3: River pouring into the basement of the Trade Center because 433 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 3: the below grade flows had been compromised. If that had 434 00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,520 Speaker 3: come to fruition, we could have lost part of West Street, 435 00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,520 Speaker 3: which was a major thoroughfare. As you know, as the 436 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:54,879 Speaker 3: slurry wall collapse, what would have come in is mud 437 00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:56,879 Speaker 3: and water. That roadway would have. 438 00:24:56,920 --> 00:25:02,040 Speaker 1: Collapsed, and if that happened, it wouldn't stop at the pavement. 439 00:25:03,280 --> 00:25:06,280 Speaker 3: It may have caused the same to occur to the 440 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,600 Speaker 3: telephone building that was on the corner of VZ and 441 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:13,159 Speaker 3: nine A, and that was a major, major telephone switch 442 00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:16,840 Speaker 3: facility for the region. Actually the international phone lines went 443 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:17,320 Speaker 3: through there. 444 00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:24,240 Speaker 1: Another mission also pressed forward, controlling misinformation and preventing panic. 445 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:27,199 Speaker 3: The third thing that we needed to do was to 446 00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:30,040 Speaker 3: ensure the public that the smoke and the air quality 447 00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:33,040 Speaker 3: was okay. It was lightly snowing that day, and the 448 00:25:33,119 --> 00:25:36,800 Speaker 3: press was reporting that the snow was actually asbestos when 449 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:37,359 Speaker 3: it wasn't. 450 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,680 Speaker 1: I can just imagine the mayhem that report caused. 451 00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,200 Speaker 3: Oh it did it cause mayhem. We took air samples, 452 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:46,879 Speaker 3: and we took soot samples, and we were going to 453 00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,359 Speaker 3: put out a press release saying that the air was 454 00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:51,080 Speaker 3: safe around the trade center. 455 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:56,600 Speaker 1: All the necessary to do lists were physically and mentally exhausting. 456 00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:58,399 Speaker 1: Next came the lights. 457 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:01,560 Speaker 3: I got to get Jean McGrath, the head of Connett, 458 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 3: isn't really credit for this. I said to him, you know, 459 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:06,879 Speaker 3: we got to get power restored to the towers. And 460 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:10,080 Speaker 3: Jean said, I can run temporary lines. And I said 461 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:12,439 Speaker 3: to him, the towers will not stand dark against the 462 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 3: skyline because it would send the wrong message to those 463 00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 3: that try to impose terror upon us. 464 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:24,359 Speaker 1: Through the night, Cruz stabilized steel braced walls, and kept 465 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:28,240 Speaker 1: watch on the river. The towers were still standing, the 466 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,760 Speaker 1: city was still connected, but what caused this catastrophe was 467 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,760 Speaker 1: still a mystery because the next morning's headlines still hadn't 468 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:40,840 Speaker 1: caught up with the reality being uncovered underground, and at 469 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:42,840 Speaker 1: dawn politics arrived. 470 00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 3: Governor Cuomo was told that it was a transformer explosion. 471 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:49,919 Speaker 3: And when I saw him early the next morning, the 472 00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:52,720 Speaker 3: Governor got out of his Christ's Look. You wouldn't catch 473 00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:55,800 Speaker 3: him in a Mercedes Pepatone was his advanced man, and 474 00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:58,119 Speaker 3: he had a state trooper with him who was his driver. 475 00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:01,480 Speaker 3: And the governor said to me, who are you. I said, 476 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,240 Speaker 3: I'm the director of the Trade Center. And he said 477 00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:04,720 Speaker 3: to me, oh, you're the guy I'm going to fire. 478 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 3: You can't even handle a transformer explosion. And I said 479 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:09,720 Speaker 3: to him, Governor, you know you're a lawyer with whole 480 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:11,639 Speaker 3: judgment until you see what I'm going to show you. 481 00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:14,240 Speaker 3: I took him into the center of the Trade Center, 482 00:27:14,560 --> 00:27:18,600 Speaker 3: to the center stairwell, and we started walking down to 483 00:27:18,640 --> 00:27:21,640 Speaker 3: the below grade and there was water still coming down 484 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:24,399 Speaker 3: the stairs and Peppertone said to me, he's not going 485 00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:26,359 Speaker 3: to get his shoes wet, is he? And I said why, 486 00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:29,840 Speaker 3: he said, because he's very particular about his shoes. I 487 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:32,119 Speaker 3: walked him in water up to his ankles, and I 488 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:36,520 Speaker 3: walked him through collapsed banks of conduit the international telephone 489 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:39,320 Speaker 3: lines to the edge of the crater. And actually the 490 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:41,000 Speaker 3: troopers said to me, you're going to kill the governor. 491 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:42,720 Speaker 3: I said, I'm not going to kill the governor, but 492 00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:44,600 Speaker 3: he needs to see this. And that's when he saw 493 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:47,720 Speaker 3: the crater and he said, this wasn't a transformer explosion, 494 00:27:47,720 --> 00:27:48,439 Speaker 3: it was a bomb. 495 00:28:03,359 --> 00:28:06,719 Speaker 1: The day after the nineteen ninety three World Trade Center attack, 496 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:11,120 Speaker 1: the wreckage was unmistakable, and the silence that left behind 497 00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:15,600 Speaker 1: was even louder. The human toll was beginning to sink in. 498 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:18,560 Speaker 3: The last thing that I needed to get done was 499 00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:20,960 Speaker 3: to notify the families of those that had been killed. 500 00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:24,520 Speaker 3: On my staff. Six people in an unborn child were. 501 00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:31,800 Speaker 1: Killed John di Giovanni, Robert Kirkpatrick, Stephen Knapp, William Mako, 502 00:28:32,359 --> 00:28:37,480 Speaker 1: Bofredo Mercado, and Monica Rodriguez Smith. She was pregnant when 503 00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:42,080 Speaker 1: she died. Who lived and who died came down to 504 00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 1: nothing more than timing and location, a margin measured in 505 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: moments and mere feet. The list of survivors was enormous. 506 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:54,280 Speaker 3: We had thousands of others that were injured as a 507 00:28:54,280 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 3: result of this, whether it be smoke inhalation or whether 508 00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,520 Speaker 3: it be the impact of the bomb itself, and they 509 00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 3: were in the low grade area, they were injured. 510 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: The odds that day had been razor. 511 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:09,560 Speaker 3: Then we had at least in the buildings themselves, anywhere 512 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,680 Speaker 3: between ten and fifteen thousand people evacuated. And then you 513 00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,120 Speaker 3: had people in the concourse and in the retail, and 514 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,000 Speaker 3: on the observation deck, and in windows on the world, 515 00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:21,760 Speaker 3: in the restaurants. We could have as much as fifty 516 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:25,640 Speaker 3: thousand people in the complex on any day that day. 517 00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:29,200 Speaker 3: It's hard to say it happened at lunchtime too, And 518 00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:31,880 Speaker 3: if the bomb had been moved one hundred feet west, 519 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 3: it would have exploded under the concourse and killed many 520 00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:38,720 Speaker 3: more people. It basically exploded between the two towers, where 521 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,200 Speaker 3: there was very few people except white people in the 522 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:43,760 Speaker 3: lunch room and the people that were in the parking garages. 523 00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:48,440 Speaker 1: As the families and friends began to grieve and others 524 00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:53,000 Speaker 1: worked to secure the buildings themselves. The question remained, if 525 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:56,240 Speaker 1: this attack was intentional, then who was responsible. 526 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:01,320 Speaker 7: The FBI is confirming what was suspected all along. The 527 00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:04,400 Speaker 7: massive explosion at the World Trade Center was caused by 528 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:04,920 Speaker 7: a bomb. 529 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:10,520 Speaker 1: The question now is who planted it and what kind 530 00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:14,760 Speaker 1: of bomb could do this. The theories were flying, but 531 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:18,600 Speaker 1: once the investigators got in, one thing was clear. It 532 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,720 Speaker 1: would take an army to process the wreckage. What started 533 00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:26,840 Speaker 1: as a local emergency ultimately triggered one of the largest 534 00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 1: joint responses in the city's history. 535 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:33,280 Speaker 5: Right off the bat, it was immediately determined to be 536 00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:37,360 Speaker 5: a task force project. So we had local law enforcement, 537 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:41,040 Speaker 5: state and federal agencies all in the same group, and 538 00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,520 Speaker 5: by the time it became daylight, we had an office 539 00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:47,719 Speaker 5: set up for our evidence response team, and we had 540 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,080 Speaker 5: a place to take the evidence. 541 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: The tools they needed weren't guns or handcuffs. They were 542 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:55,840 Speaker 1: ones you'd find in a hardware store. 543 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,600 Speaker 5: I grabbed the one agent and said, I need five 544 00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:04,000 Speaker 5: hundred rakes, five hundred shovels, I need two hundred sifting 545 00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:08,280 Speaker 5: screens with quarter inch mesh, and get it done. 546 00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:12,280 Speaker 1: Every inch of rubble might hold a clue, every scrap 547 00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:15,880 Speaker 1: of metal might tell a piece of the story. As 548 00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: the equipment arrived, so did the manpower. 549 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:22,680 Speaker 5: We were running twenty four hours a day, usually eight 550 00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:25,360 Speaker 5: to ten hours per shift, with a little bit of overlap, 551 00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:29,280 Speaker 5: and in total we had seventeen hundred people processing that 552 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:32,840 Speaker 5: crime scene. Some of them had knowledge of post last 553 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:36,960 Speaker 5: some of them were for encounter intelligence or white collar 554 00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:40,200 Speaker 5: crime agents, so they had no knowledge. So in the 555 00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,080 Speaker 5: process of processing the crime scene, we also educated the 556 00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:45,560 Speaker 5: people picking up the pieces. 557 00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: This was a collaboration in full force behind the scenes. 558 00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:56,640 Speaker 1: It was a masterclass in coordination, agencies from every corner 559 00:31:56,760 --> 00:32:00,880 Speaker 1: coming together with a single mission to piece together what happened. 560 00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:04,600 Speaker 1: Investigators first had to preserve what was left. 561 00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 5: Before human intervention gets in there, and before too much 562 00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:11,400 Speaker 5: water is put on the crime scene. We want to 563 00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:14,560 Speaker 5: get chemists in there to start taking samples to try 564 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 5: to determine explosive residue. It was probably about two am 565 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 5: when I had three teams. Each team consisted of two 566 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,840 Speaker 5: chemists and two bomb texts to escort the chemists, because 567 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:29,040 Speaker 5: when you put a chemist in an environment like that 568 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:32,520 Speaker 5: twisted steel, they're going to be not paying attention to 569 00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:35,200 Speaker 5: where they're going. So the bomb. Text job was to 570 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:36,160 Speaker 5: keep them safe. 571 00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:43,520 Speaker 1: They worked tirelessly collecting chemical traces from the crater, essentially 572 00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:47,280 Speaker 1: reconstructing the bomb from the inside out, not just how 573 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:49,760 Speaker 1: it exploded, but what it was meant to do. 574 00:32:50,960 --> 00:32:53,720 Speaker 3: There was a sixteen hundred pound bomb in a van, 575 00:32:54,560 --> 00:32:57,640 Speaker 3: made up a fertilizer and oil, and they laced it 576 00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:00,960 Speaker 3: with cyanide. It was ignited by a fuse, and the 577 00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:04,480 Speaker 3: fuse was in tubing wrapped around the inside of the van. 578 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:07,120 Speaker 3: It was self oxygen eating and it was a time fuse. 579 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 3: They actually laid cylinders of hydrogen on top of the 580 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:16,200 Speaker 3: bomb itself to accelerate the bomb and to vaporize the 581 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:19,840 Speaker 3: cyanide into a gas, but it didn't. What happened is 582 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:21,160 Speaker 3: the cyanides just burned. 583 00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:25,640 Speaker 1: The architects of the bomb had placed it with surgical intent. 584 00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:29,720 Speaker 3: They were trying to collapse the trade Center from the 585 00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:33,280 Speaker 3: south wall of the North tower and hopefully hit the 586 00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:36,720 Speaker 3: South tower. They were trying to kill everybody in the complex. 587 00:33:37,960 --> 00:33:41,760 Speaker 1: They had the bomb, the fuse, and the target, but 588 00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:45,320 Speaker 1: what they lacked was an understanding of the engineering. 589 00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:49,800 Speaker 3: What they didn't realize was that the steel columns that 590 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:52,920 Speaker 3: supported the Trade Center at that point were mass huge. 591 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:56,040 Speaker 3: They were four inch plates steeled each column which went 592 00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:58,480 Speaker 3: up three stories, weighed fifty tons. 593 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:03,520 Speaker 1: And even with out structural collapse, the device still achieved 594 00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:06,960 Speaker 1: what it was meant to do. It wounded and it killed, 595 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:11,279 Speaker 1: It terrorized thousands, and it marked the start of a 596 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:14,960 Speaker 1: new era in American law enforcement. This was one of 597 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:18,760 Speaker 1: the first major terror investigations run through the Joint Terrorism 598 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:22,600 Speaker 1: Task Force or JTTF, and one of their first orders 599 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:25,279 Speaker 1: of business was to find the truck that brought in 600 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:29,319 Speaker 1: the bomb, and utilizing their pooled resources, it didn't take 601 00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:29,799 Speaker 1: them long. 602 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,920 Speaker 8: The World Trade Center bombing investigation is a perfect example 603 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:39,319 Speaker 8: of how the Joint Terrorist Task Force concept works that 604 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:43,200 Speaker 8: we use not just federal resources, but stayed local as well. 605 00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:47,000 Speaker 8: We had our Evidence Response Team, our ERT team, and 606 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:49,480 Speaker 8: they were key to breaking this case. 607 00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:54,000 Speaker 1: That's Jim Maxwell, who by ninety three was already a 608 00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:57,719 Speaker 1: veteran FBI agent out of Trenton, New Jersey, assigned to 609 00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:01,680 Speaker 1: violent crime and drug cases by day, but also trained 610 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:06,600 Speaker 1: and working SWAT as a SWAT operator and defensive tactics instructor. 611 00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:09,240 Speaker 1: He was one of the bureau's boots on the ground 612 00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:13,279 Speaker 1: responders when their specialized skill set was needed. So when 613 00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,880 Speaker 1: the call came in about the World Trade Center bombing, 614 00:35:16,239 --> 00:35:19,319 Speaker 1: Jim and his team were ready and that's where he 615 00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:22,320 Speaker 1: got a front row seat to the JTTF. 616 00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:27,160 Speaker 8: In action, it expands the eyes and ears of law enforcement. 617 00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:31,880 Speaker 8: The FBI doesn't do traffic stops. Local police officers do that, 618 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,480 Speaker 8: and sometimes they encounter or come across things that we 619 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:39,240 Speaker 8: would never see while they're doing their normal duties. 620 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:43,120 Speaker 1: Like a serial number found in the middle of a 621 00:35:43,239 --> 00:35:44,000 Speaker 1: massive crater. 622 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,400 Speaker 8: They located the VIN number off the rider truck that 623 00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:50,640 Speaker 8: was used in the bombing. 624 00:35:51,640 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 1: Dave Williams remembers the moment of discovery. 625 00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:57,480 Speaker 5: I guess it was about four o'clock in the morning. 626 00:35:57,640 --> 00:35:59,920 Speaker 5: I walked back into the crime scene and I saw 627 00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,720 Speaker 5: two two of the bomb techs carrying a stretcher out, 628 00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:05,759 Speaker 5: and I thought, oh man, one of our chemists bit 629 00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:08,920 Speaker 5: the dust. But it turns out in the bottom of 630 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,320 Speaker 5: that crater they found what appeared to be the frame 631 00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:16,359 Speaker 5: rail with explosive damage. It was that frame rail they 632 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:19,880 Speaker 5: were carrying out. On that frame rail was a dot 633 00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:25,080 Speaker 5: Matrix number, which was the confidential vehicle identification number of 634 00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:28,400 Speaker 5: a vehicle, and by looking at that frame rail, you 635 00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:31,080 Speaker 5: could tell that it was very near the seat of 636 00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:34,880 Speaker 5: the explosion. Not to mention it was found directly under 637 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:37,440 Speaker 5: where the seat was on the B two level, but 638 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:39,040 Speaker 5: down in the B five level. 639 00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:43,239 Speaker 1: Every car has a signature, you just have to know 640 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:44,000 Speaker 1: where to look. 641 00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:50,080 Speaker 5: All vehicles have a vehicle identification plate, usually on the windshield, 642 00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:52,640 Speaker 5: on the dash. It's also on the inside of the 643 00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:56,200 Speaker 5: door on a vinyl sticker, but on two, three or 644 00:36:56,280 --> 00:36:59,799 Speaker 5: four different places, depending on the vehicle. There will be 645 00:36:59,840 --> 00:37:02,839 Speaker 5: a dot matrix number. It would be stamped in the 646 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:08,000 Speaker 5: frame rail, this particular one on the left rear frame. 647 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:11,640 Speaker 8: Rail, and from that identification they were able to determine 648 00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:15,200 Speaker 8: who rented the vehicle, and the rest of the case blossomed. 649 00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,080 Speaker 7: Mayor Dinkin started his day by meeting with the heads 650 00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:24,120 Speaker 7: of city, state, and federal agencies that are investigating the explosion. Later, 651 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:26,840 Speaker 7: he said that the city must assume that the bombing 652 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:30,719 Speaker 7: was the work of terrorists until it is proven otherwise. 653 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:37,920 Speaker 1: While the FBI hunted for the men responsible, another kind 654 00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:41,600 Speaker 1: of urgency was building across the street. Because the World 655 00:37:41,640 --> 00:37:45,360 Speaker 1: Trade Center wasn't just a crime scene, it was a symbol. 656 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,920 Speaker 1: It was home to more than three hundred and fifty businesses, 657 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:52,839 Speaker 1: and shutting it down also meant shutting down a part 658 00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:56,000 Speaker 1: of the city's economy, and the pressure to bring it 659 00:37:56,040 --> 00:37:57,600 Speaker 1: back to life was mounting. 660 00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:02,000 Speaker 3: Governor Cuomo asked me the very pointed question. He said, Charlie, 661 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:03,359 Speaker 3: how long is it going to take you to bring 662 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:06,360 Speaker 3: the trade center back? And what I said to him is, Governor, 663 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:09,680 Speaker 3: we have no way of cooling the trade Center. By 664 00:38:09,719 --> 00:38:12,839 Speaker 3: the time we get the refrigeration plant back, I said, 665 00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:16,120 Speaker 3: it's gonna be months. I said, we're talking about probably 666 00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:19,520 Speaker 3: next four six to nine months. And he said to me, 667 00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:21,919 Speaker 3: you don't have six to nine weeks, Charlie. He said, 668 00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:24,759 Speaker 3: because if the trade Center is not reopened and functioning 669 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:27,560 Speaker 3: within that period of time, it's going to have a 670 00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:31,160 Speaker 3: major impact on the economy of Lower Manhattan. It's going 671 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:33,279 Speaker 3: to have a major impact upon the economy of the 672 00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:34,120 Speaker 3: state and the nation. 673 00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:38,359 Speaker 1: What was at risk was clear, and. 674 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:40,360 Speaker 3: Then he said, you have all of the resources of 675 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:42,840 Speaker 3: the state available to you to get this done. I 676 00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:44,320 Speaker 3: said to myself, I don't know how I'm going to 677 00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:48,160 Speaker 3: do this, but we'll get it done. That night, the 678 00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:51,799 Speaker 3: Board of the Port Authority met passed the resolution authorizing 679 00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:54,360 Speaker 3: the Executive Director and the Director of World Trade to 680 00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:57,520 Speaker 3: take any and all actions necessary for the full recovery 681 00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:00,960 Speaker 3: and restoration of the Trade Center without my mind miltary limitation. 682 00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:05,840 Speaker 1: There were two races now, one to reopen the trade 683 00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:09,920 Speaker 1: Center and another to find the men who tried to 684 00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:10,680 Speaker 1: bring it down. 685 00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:20,239 Speaker 2: Next time on Law and Order Criminal Justice System. 686 00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:24,520 Speaker 5: They were actually manufacturing their own nitriglacering. In that storage area. 687 00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:28,800 Speaker 5: We found one two court glass bottle that was about 688 00:39:28,880 --> 00:39:31,440 Speaker 5: half full of liquid nitroglasering. 689 00:39:31,760 --> 00:39:35,960 Speaker 8: That one piece of evidence really broke the whole case open. 690 00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:40,919 Speaker 6: We ultimately figured out at least one suspect and within 691 00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:44,840 Speaker 6: a few days had search warrants being executed and the 692 00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:47,799 Speaker 6: rest and within a couple of days, I'm in court 693 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:48,680 Speaker 6: doing an arrangement. 694 00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:57,400 Speaker 2: Law and Order Criminal Justice System is a production of 695 00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:03,040 Speaker 2: Wolf Entertainment and iHeart Podcasts. Our host is Anna Sega Nicolaze. 696 00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:07,520 Speaker 2: The show was written by Cooper Mall, executive produced by 697 00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:11,880 Speaker 2: Dick Wolf, Elliot Wolf and Stephen Michael at Wolf Entertainment 698 00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:17,239 Speaker 2: on behalf of iHeart Podcasts. Executive producers Trevor Young and 699 00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:23,640 Speaker 2: Matt Frederick, with supervising producer Chandler Mays and producer Jesse Funk. 700 00:40:24,360 --> 00:40:28,839 Speaker 2: This season is executive produced by Anna Sega Nicolaze. Our 701 00:40:28,920 --> 00:40:33,320 Speaker 2: researchers are Luke Stantz and Carolyn Tolmidge. Editing and sound 702 00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:37,920 Speaker 2: designed by Trevor Young and Jesse Funk. Original music by 703 00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:43,000 Speaker 2: John O'Hara, original theme by Mike Post with additional music 704 00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:47,839 Speaker 2: by Steve Moore and additional voice over by me Steve Zarnkelton. 705 00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:52,040 Speaker 2: Special thanks to Fox five in New York for providing 706 00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:56,320 Speaker 2: archival material for the show. For more podcasts from iHeart 707 00:40:56,320 --> 00:41:00,480 Speaker 2: in Wolf Entertainment, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Pope podcast, 708 00:41:00,920 --> 00:41:04,480 Speaker 2: or wherever you get your favorite shows. Thanks for listening.