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Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you

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Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events

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Speaker 1: in history in this episode, one from me and one

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Speaker 1: from Tracy V. Wilson. They're both good, if I do

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Speaker 1: say so myself. On with the show. Welcome to this

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Speaker 1: Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com

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Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class.

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Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day

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Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened

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Speaker 1: today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson and it's January sevent Lilio Kolani, the

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Speaker 1: last Queen of Hawaii, was overthrown on this day in

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Speaker 1: eighte Hawaii as one, unified kingdom of islands was relatively

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Speaker 1: new at this point. Kama the First had founded the

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Speaker 1: Kingdom of Hawaii in eighteen ten after consolidating the islands

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Speaker 1: until one kingdom. Liliuokalani became the queen eighty one years

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Speaker 1: after that and was Hawaii's only reigning queen. Her brother

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Speaker 1: had been monarch during a time when the United States

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Speaker 1: was aggressively trying to establish business interests in Hawaii. And

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Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy five he had signed a reciprocity treaty

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Speaker 1: that allowed the US to establish a naval base at

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Speaker 1: Pearl Harbor and allowed the free trade of sugar between

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Speaker 1: the US and Hawaii. That agreement was renewed two years later.

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Speaker 1: Even though American influence on Hawaii had been really increasing,

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Speaker 1: he had been trying to bolster the monarchy and to

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Speaker 1: revive some Hawaiian traditions that threatened the white businessman and

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Speaker 1: the lawyers who were trying to establish a more American

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Speaker 1: foothold on island. So these white businessmen and lawyers wrote

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Speaker 1: a new constitution for Hawaii, and they brought an armed

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Speaker 1: militia called the Honolulu League to force the king to

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Speaker 1: sign it at gunpoint. This was understandably nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution.

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Speaker 1: This constitution reduced the power of the Hawaiian monarchy and

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Speaker 1: it dis franchised a lot of Hawaiians by requiring property

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Speaker 1: ownership in order to vote. It also allowed Americans to

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Speaker 1: vote because it got rid of the citizenship requirement for

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Speaker 1: that Lelio Kalani took the throne after her brother's death

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Speaker 1: in and she started out a lot more loyal to

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Speaker 1: the people of Hawaii than to the US business interests

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Speaker 1: that had become so prominent. She started trying to find

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Speaker 1: a way to overturn the band at constitution. And then,

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Speaker 1: at about the same time, changes to the tariff in

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Speaker 1: the United States made sugar production in Hawaii a lot

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Speaker 1: less profitable, so American sugar growers started planning to have

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Speaker 1: Hawaii annex to be part of the United States to

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Speaker 1: get back to being more profitable. On January six, eighteen four,

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Speaker 1: boats of US marines arrived in Hawaii, and the American

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Speaker 1: business interests in Hawaii used these troops to overthrow the

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Speaker 1: Hawaiian monarchy. They went to the palace on the seventeenth

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Speaker 1: and they worst the queens, who abdicate at gunpoint. Lawyer

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Speaker 1: Sandford Dole, who had been part of the Hawaii Supreme

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Speaker 1: Court since eighteen eighty six, established a temporary government. It's

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Speaker 1: a common misconception that he was part of Dole Pineapples.

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Speaker 1: That was really his cousin, James Dole, So there were

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Speaker 1: definitely some family connections there, and having Sandford in Hawaii

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Speaker 1: for sure made things easier for James. But Sandford himself

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Speaker 1: was not the person who later became known as the

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Speaker 1: Pineapple King. Sandford Dole claimed that the Hawaiian government was

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Speaker 1: corrupt and that the overthrow of the monarchy was meant

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Speaker 1: to spread democracy. He started to petition the United States

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Speaker 1: to annex Hawaii, and the U. S. Minister to Hawaii,

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Speaker 1: John Stevens, backed him up. In all of this, Stevens

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Speaker 1: recognized Dole's temporary government and proclaimed the Hawaii was a U.

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Speaker 1: S protectorate. None of this had been approved by the U. S.

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Speaker 1: State Department at all, but President Benjamin Harrison signed the

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Speaker 1: treaty of Annexation that was sent to him, and then

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Speaker 1: sent that onto the Senate before the Senate could ratify it.

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Speaker 1: Though Grover Cleveland was elected president, and he ordered an

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Speaker 1: investigation which found that these actions in Hawaii were not proper. Dole, however,

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Speaker 1: refused to restore the crown to the queen. Albert S. Willis,

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Speaker 1: who was Minister to Hawaii under Cleveland, offered the crown

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Speaker 1: back to the queen in exchanged for her pardoning the

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Speaker 1: people who had overthrown her. She understandably said no. Later

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Speaker 1: she changed her mind, but she had kind of lost

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Speaker 1: her window of opportunity at that point. In Cleveland sent

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Speaker 1: the matter to Congress. On July four, Sandford Dole declared

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Speaker 1: Hawaii to be a republic, and he declared himself to

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Speaker 1: be president. There was no voting about any of this,

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Speaker 1: but the US recognized this republic he created anyway. Although

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Speaker 1: the initial coup was bloodless, after lul Ukolani finally informally

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Speaker 1: gave up her crown on January, most of her supporters

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Speaker 1: were arrested or killed. This, of course, is only one

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Speaker 1: piece of Hawaii eventually becoming a state of the United States.

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Speaker 1: And there's more to all of this. On the July

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Speaker 1: twelve episode of Stuff You Miss in History Class, and

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Speaker 1: then the episode before that from July seventh of that

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Speaker 1: year provides more of the historical context. Thanks to Casey

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Speaker 1: Pegraham and Chandler Mays for their audio work on the show.

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Speaker 1: You can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on

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Speaker 1: Apple podcast, Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and

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Speaker 1: wherever you get your podcasts, and tune in tomorrow for

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Speaker 1: a totally different doll. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and welcome

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Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a podcast where we

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Speaker 1: rip out a page from the history books every day.

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Speaker 1: The day was January. Elizabeth Bennett became the first documented

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Speaker 1: person in the US to successfully give birth to a

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Speaker 1: child by Cesian section, also known as C section. The

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Speaker 1: origins of the cesian section aren't completely clear, but it

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Speaker 1: is known to be an old operation. The practice of

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Speaker 1: cutting open the uterus to deliver a baby dates back

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Speaker 1: thousands of years. References to the procedure appear in Hindu, Egyptian, Greek, Roman,

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Speaker 1: and Chinese folklore and mythology, as well as that of

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Speaker 1: other cultures. Some scholars note laws that required abdominal delivery

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Speaker 1: from a dead parent that date back to three thousand BC.

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Speaker 1: The goal was usually to get the baby when the

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Speaker 1: parent was dying or dead, so that the child could

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Speaker 1: be saved or buried separately from the parents. In these

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Speaker 1: early years, the procedure was usually a last resort. The

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Speaker 1: point was not to save the parents life. The operation

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Speaker 1: was associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality for

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Speaker 1: the birthing parents. There are recorded ass of attempts to

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Speaker 1: save the parent. In the sixteenth century, a swissman named

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Speaker 1: Jacob Newfer helped his wife deliver a baby abdominantly after

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Speaker 1: she spent days in labor. The mother lived and reportedly

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Speaker 1: went on to give birth to more children. That said,

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Speaker 1: the story of this delivery was published decades after it

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Speaker 1: supposedly happened, so it's authenticity is questionable. The origins of

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Speaker 1: the term Cycerian section are also unclear. Julius Caesar has

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Speaker 1: been cited as being borne by and named after, the

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Speaker 1: Cisterian section, but this is likely not true. Caesar's mother

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Speaker 1: survived his birth, and there are no records of parents

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Speaker 1: surviving after surgical delivery during this time. There was also

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Speaker 1: a legend about another Caesar, an ancestor, who was born

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Speaker 1: by c section, which may have caused some of the

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Speaker 1: confusion either way. More plausible theories linked the name Csian

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Speaker 1: section to the Latin word kai dare, which means to cut.

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Speaker 1: Others suggests that the procedures name came from the licks cisaria,

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Speaker 1: a Roman law that required the fetus to be removed

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Speaker 1: from the uterus if a pregnant parent died. The term

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Speaker 1: section was used in association with the procedure before French

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Speaker 1: surgeon Jock Giamo used it in his book on Midwifery,

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Speaker 1: but the term Cycian operation was more commonly used until

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Speaker 1: usage of Cesarian section picked up in the twentieth century

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Speaker 1: back to the operation itself. Physicians began performing c sections

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Speaker 1: on living people and trying to save the child and

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Speaker 1: the parent in the sixteenth century, but it was still

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Speaker 1: risky and could cause shots, sepsist hemorrhage, and other complications

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Speaker 1: that were often fatal. Elizabeth Bennett is cited as the

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Speaker 1: first documented woman in the US to give birth by

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Speaker 1: C section and survive. She went through a prolonged labor

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Speaker 1: and wanted a C section, but her doctor refused, so

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Speaker 1: her husband, Jesse in It, performed the surgery himself in

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Speaker 1: their home after putting her to sleep with a tincture

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Speaker 1: of opium called Latnum. Better anesthetic and surgical techniques, as

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Speaker 1: well as the introduction of antibiotics and blood transfusions, lead

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Speaker 1: to safer c sections. The procedure became common in the

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Speaker 1: nineteen forties. Today, it's performed when vaginal delivery is considered

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Speaker 1: too dangerous for the parent or fetus. The surgery still

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Speaker 1: comes with risks, and there's debate over the high rate

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Speaker 1: of C sections in some countries. I'm Eve Steff Coote,

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Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today

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Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. Give us a shout or a

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Speaker 1: share on social media at t d I h C Podcast.

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Speaker 1: If you prefer something a little bit more formal, then

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Speaker 1: you can write us at this Day at I heart

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Speaker 1: media dot com. I truly hope you enjoy today's show.

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Speaker 1: We'll be back tomorrow with another episode eight