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Listen to Black 0:00:49.600 --> 0:00:53.480 Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts, 0:00:53.600 --> 0:00:55.400 or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:00:55.440 --> 0:00:58.240 So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 0:00:58.480 --> 0:01:01.720 From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, 0:01:01.920 --> 0:01:05.600 WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on 0:01:05.640 --> 0:01:09.360 today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with 0:01:09.480 --> 0:01:13.640 experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's 0:01:13.640 --> 0:01:15.880 health news will impact your life tomorrow. 0:01:16.319 --> 0:01:18.600 It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, 0:01:18.640 --> 0:01:21.080 it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 0:01:21.120 --> 0:01:23.440 we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 0:01:23.480 --> 0:01:23.880 each other. 0:01:24.400 --> 0:01:27.840 Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 0:01:27.880 --> 0:01:29.200 wherever you get your podcasts. 0:01:29.440 --> 0:01:32.600 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:01:33.040 --> 0:01:33.880 As the US. 0:01:33.680 --> 0:01:37.440 Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more 0:01:37.480 --> 0:01:41.760 divided than ever, But in a new copule season of 0:01:41.800 --> 0:01:44.959 my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that 0:01:45.000 --> 0:01:47.760 we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 0:01:48.040 --> 0:01:50.880 We all know something is wrong in our culture and 0:01:50.960 --> 0:01:53.640 our politics, and that we need to do better and 0:01:53.680 --> 0:01:54.720 that we can be better. 0:01:54.960 --> 0:01:58.760 Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 0:01:58.800 --> 0:01:59.840 listen to podcasts. 0:02:00.680 --> 0:02:03.800 In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one game on 0:02:03.920 --> 0:02:07.720 their minds, sword Quest, because the company had promised one 0:02:07.800 --> 0:02:10.720 hundred and fifty grand in prizes to four finalists, but 0:02:10.760 --> 0:02:14.600 the prizes disappeared, leading to one of the biggest controversies 0:02:14.639 --> 0:02:18.000 in eighties pop culture. I'm Jamie Loftus. Join me this 0:02:18.080 --> 0:02:21.160 spring for the Legend of sword Quest. We'll follow the 0:02:21.240 --> 0:02:25.040 quest for lost treasure across four decades. Listen to the 0:02:25.120 --> 0:02:28.560 Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts 0:02:28.760 --> 0:02:30.480 or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:02:39.160 --> 0:02:42.040 Hey or Hey, when was the last time your family moved? 0:02:42.720 --> 0:02:45.200 We moved to our house maybe eleven years ago. 0:02:45.480 --> 0:02:48.040 Wow, that's been a while. You know. The longer you 0:02:48.080 --> 0:02:50.000 live somewhere, the harder it is to move. 0:02:50.720 --> 0:02:54.480 What do you think that is? Lake indersia or potential energy? 0:02:54.680 --> 0:02:56.359 Are we trapped in a potential energy? 0:02:56.360 --> 0:03:00.880 Well sort of. I think you're trapped by your You 0:03:00.960 --> 0:03:04.560 gradually accumulate stuff in every corner, makes it impossible to ever. 0:03:04.560 --> 0:03:08.679 Leave because of the gravity or the nostalgia. 0:03:09.600 --> 0:03:12.800 The overwhelming task of packing it all up into boxes. 0:03:12.960 --> 0:03:15.119 Sounds like you need Marie Coonda to do some consulting 0:03:15.160 --> 0:03:15.400 for you. 0:03:15.639 --> 0:03:17.040 It's all right. I try to leave the house as 0:03:17.080 --> 0:03:17.800 little as possible. 0:03:17.840 --> 0:03:28.200 Anyway. 0:03:33.720 --> 0:03:36.160 Hi, I'm Jorge Amy, cartoonists and the author of Oliver's 0:03:36.200 --> 0:03:37.080 Great big universe. 0:03:37.200 --> 0:03:39.840 Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor 0:03:39.920 --> 0:03:42.920 at UC Irvine, and I've moved a lot of times 0:03:42.960 --> 0:03:45.440 in my life and never was it fun. 0:03:45.680 --> 0:03:47.800 Well, there's a certain aspect of getting rid of your 0:03:47.800 --> 0:03:51.160 old stuff that's kind of cathartic. Don't you feel lighter 0:03:51.360 --> 0:03:55.480 after you move? Or did you just bring everything with you? 0:03:55.480 --> 0:03:55.560 No? 0:03:55.680 --> 0:03:58.560 I always start out so optimistic and thinking, Oh, this 0:03:58.680 --> 0:04:01.320 time it's going to be great, and then about halfway 0:04:01.320 --> 0:04:03.800 through I realized I'm only five percent of the way through. 0:04:04.360 --> 0:04:07.160 And then at the end of just throwing random stuff away. 0:04:07.040 --> 0:04:10.680 Of throwing out your stuff, of packing. Oh, but you know, 0:04:10.720 --> 0:04:13.200 you can hire people to do that, right, or ask 0:04:13.240 --> 0:04:14.480 your friends and buy them a peer. 0:04:15.840 --> 0:04:19.280 I usually use moving as an opportunity to cleanse myself 0:04:19.320 --> 0:04:21.159 of all the stuff I should have thrown away earlier. 0:04:22.000 --> 0:04:23.279 When was the last time you moved? 0:04:23.640 --> 0:04:27.359 Between two thousand and seven and twenty twelve, the family 0:04:27.440 --> 0:04:30.760 moved across the Atlantic, I think eleven times. 0:04:31.160 --> 0:04:34.680 I think that's just called going on vacation, isn't. 0:04:34.480 --> 0:04:37.960 It now when you're living there for nine months and 0:04:38.080 --> 0:04:39.920 setting up schools and bank accounts. 0:04:39.920 --> 0:04:42.120 Soul man, But you've been in the same place now 0:04:42.120 --> 0:04:42.880 for twelve years. 0:04:43.040 --> 0:04:45.839 Yeah, since the kids got older, we've stayed in California 0:04:45.839 --> 0:04:47.720 and haven't moved back to the Collider as often. 0:04:48.000 --> 0:04:50.919 Wow, so it's your house now, just the giant pile 0:04:51.040 --> 0:04:51.600 of stuff. 0:04:53.200 --> 0:04:55.320 I can't even close the door, it's so jammed full 0:04:55.320 --> 0:04:55.719 of crap. 0:04:56.960 --> 0:04:59.920 Well, fortunately it makes for a good soundproofing, I guess 0:05:00.080 --> 0:05:01.080 for podcast recording. 0:05:02.560 --> 0:05:03.760 That's why I've been doing it. 0:05:03.880 --> 0:05:06.760 Yes, one positive thing. But anyways, welcome to our podcast 0:05:06.800 --> 0:05:11.080 Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio. 0:05:10.520 --> 0:05:13.360 In which we help you soar through the ever increasing 0:05:13.520 --> 0:05:16.600 piles of knowledge that humanity has accumulated along the way. 0:05:17.040 --> 0:05:19.240 We learned this, we learned that, we learned the other thing, 0:05:19.279 --> 0:05:21.839 and our goal is to organize it to marry condo 0:05:21.960 --> 0:05:25.520 your mind and make it crisp and clean and understandable. 0:05:25.880 --> 0:05:29.159 Because we think, we hope, we assume the universe is understandable, 0:05:29.160 --> 0:05:31.240 that we can make sense of it with our little minds, 0:05:31.560 --> 0:05:33.640 and that we can explain all of it to you. 0:05:34.000 --> 0:05:36.680 That's right. We try to relocate your brain out there 0:05:36.800 --> 0:05:39.760 to the giant, vast cosmos that exists out there for 0:05:39.880 --> 0:05:42.520 us to try to understand, and we try to move 0:05:42.560 --> 0:05:46.080 you with the amazing things that scientists have discovered about 0:05:46.279 --> 0:05:48.080 why we're here and how things work. 0:05:48.520 --> 0:05:50.880 And one thing we'd love our listeners to do is 0:05:50.920 --> 0:05:55.000 to participate in this goal directly by asking their own 0:05:55.160 --> 0:05:58.200 questions about the universe. Don't just sit back and let 0:05:58.240 --> 0:06:01.479 the answers from scientists rain down upon your brain. Go 0:06:01.520 --> 0:06:03.640 out there and ask your own questions about the universe. 0:06:03.920 --> 0:06:06.320 What doesn't make sense to you, how do you think 0:06:06.360 --> 0:06:09.520 it works, Why isn't your idea the right one about 0:06:09.560 --> 0:06:12.520 the universe? And so On this podcast we talk to 0:06:12.560 --> 0:06:14.560 you about the universe, but we also want to hear 0:06:14.839 --> 0:06:18.839 from you. Send us your questions to questions at Danielandjorge 0:06:19.000 --> 0:06:19.640 dot com. 0:06:19.800 --> 0:06:22.279 That's right, because it's not just scientists that have questions, 0:06:22.279 --> 0:06:25.080 it's everybody. We all look at the night sky, the 0:06:25.200 --> 0:06:28.000 day sky, all of the guys, and we wonder about 0:06:28.000 --> 0:06:30.839 what's out there and how to make sense of it all. 0:06:31.080 --> 0:06:33.480 It's a part of being human trying to make sense 0:06:33.480 --> 0:06:37.159 of the universe, wanting to understand it, and it's something 0:06:37.160 --> 0:06:39.200 that everybody can do. You don't have to be a 0:06:39.240 --> 0:06:41.560 professional scientist to look up at the night sky, and 0:06:41.760 --> 0:06:44.960 wonder what it all means. Or if you've been listening 0:06:44.960 --> 0:06:47.000 to the podcast and there's some ideas that don't quite 0:06:47.080 --> 0:06:49.880 fit into your mind together, they don't click the way 0:06:49.920 --> 0:06:52.440 that you want them to, then write to me questions 0:06:52.480 --> 0:06:55.640 at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Everybody gets an answer, 0:06:56.040 --> 0:06:58.159 and sometimes I got a question that we answer right 0:06:58.200 --> 0:06:59.360 here on the podcast. 0:06:59.760 --> 0:07:02.560 Yeah, and sometimes we'd like to answer your questions. And 0:07:02.640 --> 0:07:10.840 so today on the program, we'll be tackling listener questions 0:07:11.160 --> 0:07:13.800 number sixty seven over five dozen. 0:07:15.200 --> 0:07:18.320 These are questions for listeners that tickled me, or I 0:07:18.360 --> 0:07:21.440 thought we would have fun talking about, or I needed 0:07:21.440 --> 0:07:24.040 a little extra time to do some research before answering. 0:07:24.440 --> 0:07:27.320 So we have three awesome questions here today. They are 0:07:27.400 --> 0:07:32.240 about habitable moons, about the Higgs field, and about Daniel's 0:07:32.240 --> 0:07:36.000 favorite subject, particle colliders and moving it. Right, are we 0:07:36.040 --> 0:07:37.560 going to move the particle collider? 0:07:38.360 --> 0:07:40.480 We're not going to move the particle collider, but we 0:07:40.560 --> 0:07:43.560 might spend tens of billions of dollars on a new one. 0:07:44.000 --> 0:07:46.080 Oh boy, isn't it easier just to move it? 0:07:48.560 --> 0:07:51.280 You don't gain anything from moving it. You need a bigger, 0:07:51.360 --> 0:07:54.840 fancier one or a different flavor of one and those 0:07:54.840 --> 0:07:55.600 are expensive. 0:07:56.000 --> 0:07:58.760 Oh boy, Well we'll dig into that, but first we'll 0:07:58.760 --> 0:08:02.880 tackle a question from Lydia, who is eleven years old. 0:08:03.520 --> 0:08:07.080 Hi, Daniel Jorge. My name is Lydia and I'm eleven 0:08:07.160 --> 0:08:09.840 years old. I have a question for you. Do you 0:08:09.880 --> 0:08:12.400 think it will ever be possible to move planets or 0:08:12.440 --> 0:08:15.760 moons into more habitable zones? And if you could, which 0:08:15.800 --> 0:08:18.120 planet or moon in our Solar System. 0:08:17.800 --> 0:08:18.520 Would you move? 0:08:18.920 --> 0:08:23.040 All right, pretty interesting question about lots of things here, 0:08:23.120 --> 0:08:28.160 about habitable zones and solar systems and about I guess 0:08:28.200 --> 0:08:30.800 planet orbits. That's a lot going on in the mind 0:08:30.840 --> 0:08:31.680 of an eleven year old. 0:08:32.400 --> 0:08:35.320 I love that Lydia is thinking about the future. She's 0:08:35.360 --> 0:08:39.000 trying to make the Solar System a better place for humanity, 0:08:39.480 --> 0:08:41.960 and she's wondering about all the details of it. So 0:08:42.040 --> 0:08:44.080 good job, Lydia. Thanks for your forward thinking. 0:08:44.520 --> 0:08:50.960 Yeah, future president, hopefully seems like we could use some 0:08:50.960 --> 0:08:54.960 some forward thinking in our leadership. But the question is interesting. 0:08:55.160 --> 0:08:57.839 It sounds like she's asking whether there are planets out 0:08:57.840 --> 0:09:01.000 there that we can't live in or move us, whether 0:09:01.120 --> 0:09:04.600 we can somehow not terraform it or change it, but 0:09:04.679 --> 0:09:07.520 actually just move it. To a cozier spot. 0:09:07.760 --> 0:09:10.400 Yeah. For example, some of the planets that are closer 0:09:10.440 --> 0:09:13.240 to the Sun than Earth, Venus and Mercury, are very 0:09:13.320 --> 0:09:16.920 very hot, and planets that are further from Earth, like Mars, 0:09:16.960 --> 0:09:19.960 are very very cold. Neither of those seem very cozy 0:09:20.000 --> 0:09:22.120 to live on. And so I think Lydia's ideas like 0:09:22.280 --> 0:09:26.040 could we bring Mars closer? Could we push Venus further out? 0:09:26.280 --> 0:09:28.440 Or I love that she even mentions moons. You know, 0:09:28.559 --> 0:09:32.160 Jupiter and Saturn have some huge moons. Could we snag 0:09:32.240 --> 0:09:35.000 one of those and bring them closer and make it 0:09:35.040 --> 0:09:36.720 a place that humanity could survive. 0:09:38.640 --> 0:09:40.559 You need a lot of friends and a lot of 0:09:40.600 --> 0:09:43.280 beer to get your friends to move a whole moon. 0:09:45.800 --> 0:09:48.679 Depends how much stuff it's accumulated in the years. Right, 0:09:48.920 --> 0:09:51.440 If you've been keeping it clean and crisp, maybe it's 0:09:51.440 --> 0:09:53.040 a little easier to pack everything up. 0:09:53.920 --> 0:09:55.600 I think it just depends on how many friends you have. 0:09:56.800 --> 0:09:58.559 Can you call a moving company and be like, hey, 0:09:58.600 --> 0:10:01.280 do you have a box big enough to fit like Europa? 0:10:02.720 --> 0:10:06.920 I'm sure U haul has something for that. You haul 0:10:06.960 --> 0:10:13.200 the moon, you haul a planet. I mean, they just 0:10:13.280 --> 0:10:15.360 rent you the vehicle of stuff. Then you have to 0:10:15.360 --> 0:10:15.600 do it. 0:10:15.679 --> 0:10:17.880 Hey, if they have a device capable of moving a moon, 0:10:18.000 --> 0:10:20.440 I'll drive it. That sounds like fun. I compare aalletl 0:10:20.480 --> 0:10:21.040 park that thing. 0:10:21.880 --> 0:10:23.160 Don't you need a special license? 0:10:23.200 --> 0:10:25.319 Though only if you get pulled over. 0:10:25.440 --> 0:10:28.959 By the Solar syst the police. But anyways, it's a 0:10:28.960 --> 0:10:32.280 pretty interesting question, and so let's dig into it, Daniel, 0:10:32.360 --> 0:10:35.240 Is it possible to move a planet to a different orbit? 0:10:35.440 --> 0:10:39.200 So it definitely is possible, like the physics doesn't say no, 0:10:39.960 --> 0:10:42.800 But in the case of some planets or moons, it's 0:10:42.960 --> 0:10:45.520 not necessarily a good idea, Like, even if you could 0:10:45.559 --> 0:10:48.240 do it, it wouldn't really give you a place humans 0:10:48.280 --> 0:10:52.520 could live. And in other cases, like Mars, it's possible 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:54.760 and it might solve some of the problems, but it 0:10:54.800 --> 0:10:57.080 would cost an enormous amount of energy. 0:10:57.520 --> 0:11:00.199 Hmm, Well, you mentioned Mars, so maybe let's start but 0:11:00.320 --> 0:11:03.880 that what's wrong with Mars now, isn't it sort of 0:11:03.920 --> 0:11:05.640 already in the habitable zone? 0:11:05.840 --> 0:11:07.880 So Mars is a lot smaller than Earth and a 0:11:07.920 --> 0:11:10.360 little further out, so it gets a lot less sun 0:11:10.400 --> 0:11:13.080 than Earth does, which makes it very very cold. It 0:11:13.080 --> 0:11:15.280 also has a very dilute atmosphere, so it has trouble 0:11:15.320 --> 0:11:17.760 hanging on to any of the heat that it does 0:11:17.800 --> 0:11:21.240 get from the Sun. So bringing Mars closer Earth would 0:11:21.280 --> 0:11:24.160 definitely help that. You also need to increase the atmosphere, 0:11:24.200 --> 0:11:27.440 so you couldn't totally avoid doing terraforming. You need to 0:11:27.480 --> 0:11:29.760 make an oxygen rich atmosphere unless you want to live 0:11:29.760 --> 0:11:32.800 in bubbles your whole life. But bringing it closer to 0:11:32.880 --> 0:11:35.199 Earth would be handy. It would also make it easier 0:11:35.520 --> 0:11:38.520 to colonize Mars, like the round trip time would be shorter, 0:11:39.040 --> 0:11:43.440 connections between the two civilizations could be crisper, So there'd 0:11:43.440 --> 0:11:45.959 be a lot of advantages to having Mars closer in. 0:11:46.520 --> 0:11:48.400 Oh, I see, it's sort of like that saying, right, 0:11:48.440 --> 0:11:50.360 like if Muhammad can't go to the mountain, then you 0:11:50.400 --> 0:11:51.320 bring the mountain to you. 0:11:53.160 --> 0:11:55.400 Yeah, exactly. It's sort of like where you're going to 0:11:55.440 --> 0:11:57.679 buy your vacation house. Is it just going to be 0:11:57.720 --> 0:12:00.360 half an hour away or is it a nine our 0:12:00.480 --> 0:12:03.319 plane flight. It's a lot easier if it's just the 0:12:03.400 --> 0:12:04.000 short drive. 0:12:04.720 --> 0:12:07.800 But is he the biggest problem for Mars? It's I 0:12:07.840 --> 0:12:10.920 know it's cold, but it's not like crazy cold. 0:12:11.200 --> 0:12:14.880 I mean, Mars is definitely like less comfortable than Antarctica, 0:12:15.400 --> 0:12:17.360 so it's not cold the way like the surface of 0:12:17.400 --> 0:12:21.040 Pluto is, but it's definitely very cold, too cold for humans. 0:12:21.800 --> 0:12:24.079 But that's all connected to the atmosphere, right. It has 0:12:24.120 --> 0:12:27.079 a very dilute atmosphere, so it doesn't hold in that temperature. 0:12:27.400 --> 0:12:30.160 That thin atmosphere also means that it doesn't protect you 0:12:30.200 --> 0:12:33.400 from cosmic rays the way the Earth's atmosphere does. It 0:12:33.440 --> 0:12:35.560 also doesn't have a magnetic field to do a lot 0:12:35.600 --> 0:12:38.840 of shielding. So yeah, there's big problems with Mars that 0:12:38.880 --> 0:12:40.600 you couldn't solve even by moving it. 0:12:40.880 --> 0:12:43.400 So then would it even help to move it, Like 0:12:43.480 --> 0:12:46.439 if it got warmer, would it maybe just blow off 0:12:46.440 --> 0:12:49.560 all the atmosphere or is this an actual working proposal. 0:12:49.679 --> 0:12:51.840 No, that's definitely an issue. Now you bring it warmer, 0:12:51.960 --> 0:12:54.200 you're going to melt some of the frozen CO two 0:12:54.320 --> 0:12:56.160 for example that's at the poles, and that's going to 0:12:56.200 --> 0:12:59.439 increase the atmosphere, but you might also blow it off. Right, 0:12:59.480 --> 0:13:03.120 as you say, is increasing radiation because Mars is smaller, 0:13:03.160 --> 0:13:04.800 so it doesn't have the same gravity as Earth, so 0:13:04.800 --> 0:13:07.160 it's harder for it to hang onto its atmosphere. That's 0:13:07.200 --> 0:13:10.559 a bigger issue for the moons for example, like Europa, 0:13:10.640 --> 0:13:13.800 or Enceladus or Io. All these big moons of the 0:13:13.880 --> 0:13:17.240 gas giants. A lot of them have frozen surfaces, and 0:13:17.280 --> 0:13:19.840 some of them even have like liquid oceans underneath them. 0:13:20.080 --> 0:13:22.520 But if you brought them into the habitable zone, you 0:13:22.559 --> 0:13:25.920 would melt those surfaces and boil off those oceans and 0:13:26.000 --> 0:13:29.559 leave yourself with just a rocky core. So moving these 0:13:29.559 --> 0:13:31.959 things to the habitable zone wouldn't necessarily work. 0:13:32.480 --> 0:13:36.240 Well, let's say that we try with Mars and we 0:13:36.280 --> 0:13:38.559 wanted to make it as warm as Earth. How much 0:13:38.600 --> 0:13:39.000 would you. 0:13:38.960 --> 0:13:41.439 Have to move it in Well, given the current atmosphere, 0:13:41.520 --> 0:13:43.800 you'd have to have Mars be closer to the Sun 0:13:43.840 --> 0:13:46.880 than Earth, because Mars can't hang on to the heat. 0:13:47.120 --> 0:13:49.480 But if you just wanted to move Mars like near 0:13:49.600 --> 0:13:51.920 the Earth's orbit so that it was in the same 0:13:52.000 --> 0:13:54.000 zone it was easier to go back and forth, which 0:13:54.080 --> 0:13:57.280 might make terraforming and building an atmosphere easier as well. 0:13:58.040 --> 0:14:01.439 Then you'd need to do what's called a a Homan transfer, 0:14:01.800 --> 0:14:04.120 which is a way to like change orbits. This is 0:14:04.160 --> 0:14:06.640 what spaceships do. For example, if they're orbiting high and 0:14:06.640 --> 0:14:08.240 they want to go low, or they're orbiting low and 0:14:08.240 --> 0:14:10.560 they want to go high. It's a classic way to 0:14:10.679 --> 0:14:13.719 change your orbit by firing your rocket thrusters. 0:14:14.360 --> 0:14:16.800 How does it work? Do you have to like accelerate 0:14:17.720 --> 0:14:20.920 or just move away from the sun or towards the Sun? 0:14:20.960 --> 0:14:21.720 How does that work? 0:14:21.920 --> 0:14:24.040 So there's a zillion different ways you could do it, 0:14:24.080 --> 0:14:25.960 but the Homan transfer is the one that requires the 0:14:26.040 --> 0:14:29.880 least energy, and it definitely requires some force, some acceleration. 0:14:30.200 --> 0:14:32.320 Imagine you're in a circular orbits you have a particular 0:14:32.400 --> 0:14:35.400 velocity and a particular radius, and that's all aligned and nice, 0:14:35.560 --> 0:14:37.640 and now you want to be in a different circular orbit, 0:14:37.720 --> 0:14:41.000 maybe larger, maybe smaller. What you need to do is 0:14:41.120 --> 0:14:44.760 change to an elliptical orbit. So you fire your thrusters, 0:14:44.800 --> 0:14:46.720 so you move out of your circular orbit into an 0:14:46.760 --> 0:14:50.720 elliptical orbit. Elliptical orbit, because an ellipse doesn't have a 0:14:50.760 --> 0:14:53.200 fixed radius, right, a circle is a fixed radius. You're 0:14:53.200 --> 0:14:56.400 always the same distance from the Sun or whatever. An 0:14:56.400 --> 0:15:00.120 ellipse you get closer sometimes and further other times. You 0:15:00.160 --> 0:15:02.480 go on this elliptical orbit temporarily, and then when you 0:15:02.480 --> 0:15:04.880 get to the radius you want, you fire your rockets 0:15:04.920 --> 0:15:07.880 again to put yourself back into a circular orbit at 0:15:07.880 --> 0:15:10.920 that new radius. So it's two firings of your rocket, 0:15:10.960 --> 0:15:14.440 two accelerations, two delta vs as they call them in 0:15:14.480 --> 0:15:15.360 the space business. 0:15:15.760 --> 0:15:17.840 Oh, I see. So you wouldn't have to fire your 0:15:17.960 --> 0:15:20.760 rockets or push the planet the w hallway. You just 0:15:20.800 --> 0:15:24.360 give it like a one initial push, and then later, 0:15:24.520 --> 0:15:26.640 when you're further where you want to be, you give 0:15:26.680 --> 0:15:27.360 it another push. 0:15:27.480 --> 0:15:28.440 Yeah, exactly. 0:15:28.560 --> 0:15:30.200 And in the case where you want to get closer 0:15:30.200 --> 0:15:34.840 to the Sun, you're talking about slowing down the planet, right, you. 0:15:34.800 --> 0:15:36.560 Want to slow it down, you also have to change 0:15:36.600 --> 0:15:39.880 its direction, right, because in an elliptical orbit operates differently 0:15:39.880 --> 0:15:42.040 from a circular orbit, So you want to change your 0:15:42.080 --> 0:15:43.880 whole vector, not just the magnitude. 0:15:44.200 --> 0:15:47.120 But yeah, okay, so we have to slow down Mars. 0:15:47.760 --> 0:15:50.680 And then once it gets closer to Earth, or maybe 0:15:50.760 --> 0:15:54.080 even beyond Earth or its orbit, then you want to 0:15:54.120 --> 0:15:55.160 slow it down some more. 0:15:55.640 --> 0:15:58.520 Well, things in the inner Solar System orbit at a 0:15:58.600 --> 0:16:02.080 higher velocity than things in the outer Solar System, and 0:16:02.120 --> 0:16:06.120 that's just basic circular motion. So for example, Earth is 0:16:06.200 --> 0:16:09.360 moving at thirty kilometers per second relative to the Sun 0:16:09.400 --> 0:16:11.960 and Mars is moving at twenty four kilometers per second. 0:16:11.960 --> 0:16:14.480 Relative to the Sun, and that doesn't depend on mass, 0:16:14.520 --> 0:16:17.440 It just depends on radius. At every radius is a 0:16:17.440 --> 0:16:19.960 certain velocity you need in order to move in a 0:16:19.960 --> 0:16:23.080 circular orbit. In the end, you'd have to speed Mars 0:16:23.200 --> 0:16:25.080 up in order to get it to move at the 0:16:25.120 --> 0:16:25.880 Earth's orbit. 0:16:26.240 --> 0:16:28.680 All right, So then once you're in this closer orbit 0:16:28.720 --> 0:16:31.160 to the Sun, then you'll eat in a stable orbit. 0:16:31.480 --> 0:16:34.640 Yeah, exactly, And so it did the calculation for like 0:16:34.800 --> 0:16:37.120 how much of a kick would you need to give 0:16:37.240 --> 0:16:41.840 Mars in order to accomplish this, And so initially, to 0:16:41.880 --> 0:16:44.240 move Mars into an elliptical orbit, you have to change 0:16:44.280 --> 0:16:48.320 its velocity by like two and a half kilometers per second, 0:16:49.120 --> 0:16:51.800 which is not a small amount. I mean Mars is 0:16:51.840 --> 0:16:55.800 currently going like twenty four kilometers per second, so it's 0:16:55.840 --> 0:16:58.320 like more than ten percent of the speed of Mars. 0:16:59.000 --> 0:17:01.200 And then you're in the elyptical orbit. And then to 0:17:01.280 --> 0:17:03.280 kick it back into a circular orbit, you have to 0:17:03.280 --> 0:17:07.000 give it a delta v of almost three kilometers per second. 0:17:07.760 --> 0:17:09.840 And so those are the two kicks that you have 0:17:09.880 --> 0:17:12.040 to give Mars in order to change its orbit to 0:17:12.080 --> 0:17:13.880 have the same radius as the Earth's orbit. 0:17:14.200 --> 0:17:17.240 Oh interesting, And so it sort of sounds like it's 0:17:17.280 --> 0:17:18.720 going to be hard, right, because you have to sloid 0:17:18.760 --> 0:17:21.280 down by ten percent of a whole giant planet. 0:17:21.480 --> 0:17:24.439 Yeah, exactly. And it's fascinating because these numbers don't depend 0:17:24.560 --> 0:17:26.600 on mass, Like it's the same for a proton as 0:17:26.600 --> 0:17:28.680 it is for a planet when you're talking in terms 0:17:28.680 --> 0:17:30.720 of delta V. But then when you think about it 0:17:30.720 --> 0:17:33.280 in terms of energy, right, the energy is like one 0:17:33.359 --> 0:17:37.920 half mv squared, Then the mass really does affect it. 0:17:37.920 --> 0:17:40.560 It takes a lot more energy to change the orbit 0:17:40.600 --> 0:17:44.080 of a planet relative to a proton. And these planets 0:17:44.119 --> 0:17:46.840 just have so much mass. Even Mars, which is kind 0:17:46.880 --> 0:17:51.479 of small, has like an unfathomable amount of stuff, and 0:17:51.560 --> 0:17:54.040 so to move Mars from one orbit to the other 0:17:54.440 --> 0:17:57.880 would take like ten to the thirty one jewels. 0:17:58.160 --> 0:18:00.800 Well, that's a lot of jewels. What would that mean? Like, 0:18:00.800 --> 0:18:03.760 could you use rockets to you know, slow yourself down? 0:18:03.760 --> 0:18:05.200 How would you even slow down a planet? 0:18:05.400 --> 0:18:07.919 This is a huge amount of energy, like orders of magnitude, 0:18:08.160 --> 0:18:12.719 much more than humanity produces and uses every year, So 0:18:12.800 --> 0:18:16.639 you'd need something crazy. You basically have to build like 0:18:16.720 --> 0:18:20.119 a rocket and attach it to the planet and drive 0:18:20.160 --> 0:18:22.760 the planet like a spaceship. So the simplest way to 0:18:22.800 --> 0:18:25.280 do this is to like dig stuff out of the 0:18:25.320 --> 0:18:27.880 planet and launch it into space. If you could pick 0:18:27.920 --> 0:18:30.080 up a rock and throw it into space so it 0:18:30.080 --> 0:18:33.119 doesn't like come back to the planet it reaches escape velocity, 0:18:33.680 --> 0:18:37.360 then effectively that's giving the whole planet a little push, right, 0:18:37.359 --> 0:18:40.199 because by conservation momentum, the rock goes one way, the 0:18:40.240 --> 0:18:43.240 planet goes the other way. Now, that's a really tiny 0:18:43.240 --> 0:18:45.239 little push because it's just a little rock. But if 0:18:45.280 --> 0:18:47.000 you keep doing it, and you do a lot of it, 0:18:47.200 --> 0:18:50.480 and you push those rocks really really fast, then effectively 0:18:50.720 --> 0:18:53.200 you are pushing the planet. So if you build something 0:18:53.240 --> 0:18:55.840 which like dig stuff out of Mars and throws it 0:18:55.880 --> 0:18:59.119 into space, that's essentially a rocket attached to Mars. And 0:18:59.160 --> 0:19:00.080 that's how you could do it. 0:19:01.040 --> 0:19:03.120 Couldn't you just use rockets. 0:19:03.080 --> 0:19:05.360 Like build rockets and just point them at the ground. 0:19:05.320 --> 0:19:07.120 Yeah, basically build them upside down. 0:19:07.160 --> 0:19:09.120 Yeah, absolutely, you can do that. But then where you're 0:19:09.119 --> 0:19:11.439 gonna get all the fuel? Right? The thing is you 0:19:11.480 --> 0:19:14.680 need an enormous amount of energy, and so you might 0:19:14.680 --> 0:19:18.080 as well take the propulsion from the planet itself. This 0:19:18.200 --> 0:19:21.040 an incredible amount, like in order to do this on 0:19:21.200 --> 0:19:24.200 Mars and achieve this kind of transfer. You just dig 0:19:24.240 --> 0:19:28.840 out a trillion kilograms of material and eject it into 0:19:28.880 --> 0:19:31.920