Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It comes
Speaker 1: with the privacy and security you expect from Apple. Plus,
Speaker 1: you earn up to three percent daily cash back on
Speaker 1: every purchase, which can automatically earn interest when you open
Speaker 1: a high yield savings account through Apple Card. Apply for
Speaker 1: Apple Card in the wallet app subject to credit approval.
Speaker 1: Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility.
Speaker 1: Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt
Speaker 1: Lake Sidney Branch, Member FDIC, terms and more at applecard
Speaker 1: dot com.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect's original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to
Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts,
Speaker 2: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 4: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs,
Speaker 4: WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on
Speaker 4: today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with
Speaker 4: experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's
Speaker 4: health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy,
Speaker 5: it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
Speaker 5: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
Speaker 5: each other.
Speaker 4: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
Speaker 4: wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 6: As the US.
Speaker 3: Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more
Speaker 3: divided than ever, But in a new copule season of
Speaker 3: my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that
Speaker 3: we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better and
Speaker 7: that we can be better.
Speaker 3: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
Speaker 3: listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8: In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one game on
Speaker 8: their minds, sword Quest, because the company had promised one
Speaker 8: hundred and fifty grand in prizes to four finalists, but
Speaker 8: the prizes disappeared, leading to one of the biggest controversies
Speaker 8: in eighties pop culture. I'm Jamie Loftus. Join me this
Speaker 8: spring for the Legend of sword Quest. We'll follow the
Speaker 8: quest for lost treasure across four decades. Listen to the
Speaker 8: Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts
Speaker 8: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 1: Hey or Hey, when was the last time your family moved?
Speaker 9: We moved to our house maybe eleven years ago.
Speaker 1: Wow, that's been a while. You know. The longer you
Speaker 1: live somewhere, the harder it is to move.
Speaker 9: What do you think that is? Lake indersia or potential energy?
Speaker 9: Are we trapped in a potential energy?
Speaker 1: Well sort of. I think you're trapped by your You
Speaker 1: gradually accumulate stuff in every corner, makes it impossible to ever.
Speaker 9: Leave because of the gravity or the nostalgia.
Speaker 1: The overwhelming task of packing it all up into boxes.
Speaker 9: Sounds like you need Marie Coonda to do some consulting
Speaker 9: for you.
Speaker 1: It's all right. I try to leave the house as
Speaker 1: little as possible.
Speaker 10: Anyway.
Speaker 9: Hi, I'm Jorge Amy, cartoonists and the author of Oliver's
Speaker 9: Great big universe.
Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor
Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I've moved a lot of times
Speaker 1: in my life and never was it fun.
Speaker 9: Well, there's a certain aspect of getting rid of your
Speaker 9: old stuff that's kind of cathartic. Don't you feel lighter
Speaker 9: after you move? Or did you just bring everything with you?
Speaker 11: No?
Speaker 1: I always start out so optimistic and thinking, Oh, this
Speaker 1: time it's going to be great, and then about halfway
Speaker 1: through I realized I'm only five percent of the way through.
Speaker 1: And then at the end of just throwing random stuff away.
Speaker 9: Of throwing out your stuff, of packing. Oh, but you know,
Speaker 9: you can hire people to do that, right, or ask
Speaker 9: your friends and buy them a peer.
Speaker 1: I usually use moving as an opportunity to cleanse myself
Speaker 1: of all the stuff I should have thrown away earlier.
Speaker 9: When was the last time you moved?
Speaker 1: Between two thousand and seven and twenty twelve, the family
Speaker 1: moved across the Atlantic, I think eleven times.
Speaker 9: I think that's just called going on vacation, isn't.
Speaker 1: It now when you're living there for nine months and
Speaker 1: setting up schools and bank accounts.
Speaker 9: Soul man, But you've been in the same place now
Speaker 9: for twelve years.
Speaker 1: Yeah, since the kids got older, we've stayed in California
Speaker 1: and haven't moved back to the Collider as often.
Speaker 9: Wow, so it's your house now, just the giant pile
Speaker 9: of stuff.
Speaker 1: I can't even close the door, it's so jammed full
Speaker 1: of crap.
Speaker 9: Well, fortunately it makes for a good soundproofing, I guess
Speaker 9: for podcast recording.
Speaker 1: That's why I've been doing it.
Speaker 9: Yes, one positive thing. But anyways, welcome to our podcast
Speaker 9: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.
Speaker 1: In which we help you soar through the ever increasing
Speaker 1: piles of knowledge that humanity has accumulated along the way.
Speaker 1: We learned this, we learned that, we learned the other thing,
Speaker 1: and our goal is to organize it to marry condo
Speaker 1: your mind and make it crisp and clean and understandable.
Speaker 1: Because we think, we hope, we assume the universe is understandable,
Speaker 1: that we can make sense of it with our little minds,
Speaker 1: and that we can explain all of it to you.
Speaker 9: That's right. We try to relocate your brain out there
Speaker 9: to the giant, vast cosmos that exists out there for
Speaker 9: us to try to understand, and we try to move
Speaker 9: you with the amazing things that scientists have discovered about
Speaker 9: why we're here and how things work.
Speaker 1: And one thing we'd love our listeners to do is
Speaker 1: to participate in this goal directly by asking their own
Speaker 1: questions about the universe. Don't just sit back and let
Speaker 1: the answers from scientists rain down upon your brain. Go
Speaker 1: out there and ask your own questions about the universe.
Speaker 1: What doesn't make sense to you, how do you think
Speaker 1: it works, Why isn't your idea the right one about
Speaker 1: the universe? And so On this podcast we talk to
Speaker 1: you about the universe, but we also want to hear
Speaker 1: from you. Send us your questions to questions at Danielandjorge
Speaker 1: dot com.
Speaker 9: That's right, because it's not just scientists that have questions,
Speaker 9: it's everybody. We all look at the night sky, the
Speaker 9: day sky, all of the guys, and we wonder about
Speaker 9: what's out there and how to make sense of it all.
Speaker 1: It's a part of being human trying to make sense
Speaker 1: of the universe, wanting to understand it, and it's something
Speaker 1: that everybody can do. You don't have to be a
Speaker 1: professional scientist to look up at the night sky, and
Speaker 1: wonder what it all means. Or if you've been listening
Speaker 1: to the podcast and there's some ideas that don't quite
Speaker 1: fit into your mind together, they don't click the way
Speaker 1: that you want them to, then write to me questions
Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Everybody gets an answer,
Speaker 1: and sometimes I got a question that we answer right
Speaker 1: here on the podcast.
Speaker 9: Yeah, and sometimes we'd like to answer your questions. And
Speaker 9: so today on the program, we'll be tackling listener questions
Speaker 9: number sixty seven over five dozen.
Speaker 1: These are questions for listeners that tickled me, or I
Speaker 1: thought we would have fun talking about, or I needed
Speaker 1: a little extra time to do some research before answering.
Speaker 9: So we have three awesome questions here today. They are
Speaker 9: about habitable moons, about the Higgs field, and about Daniel's
Speaker 9: favorite subject, particle colliders and moving it. Right, are we
Speaker 9: going to move the particle collider?
Speaker 1: We're not going to move the particle collider, but we
Speaker 1: might spend tens of billions of dollars on a new one.
Speaker 9: Oh boy, isn't it easier just to move it?
Speaker 1: You don't gain anything from moving it. You need a bigger,
Speaker 1: fancier one or a different flavor of one and those
Speaker 1: are expensive.
Speaker 9: Oh boy, Well we'll dig into that, but first we'll
Speaker 9: tackle a question from Lydia, who is eleven years old.
Speaker 12: Hi, Daniel Jorge. My name is Lydia and I'm eleven
Speaker 12: years old. I have a question for you. Do you
Speaker 12: think it will ever be possible to move planets or
Speaker 12: moons into more habitable zones? And if you could, which
Speaker 12: planet or moon in our Solar System.
Speaker 7: Would you move?
Speaker 9: All right, pretty interesting question about lots of things here,
Speaker 9: about habitable zones and solar systems and about I guess
Speaker 9: planet orbits. That's a lot going on in the mind
Speaker 9: of an eleven year old.
Speaker 1: I love that Lydia is thinking about the future. She's
Speaker 1: trying to make the Solar System a better place for humanity,
Speaker 1: and she's wondering about all the details of it. So
Speaker 1: good job, Lydia. Thanks for your forward thinking.
Speaker 9: Yeah, future president, hopefully seems like we could use some
Speaker 9: some forward thinking in our leadership. But the question is interesting.
Speaker 9: It sounds like she's asking whether there are planets out
Speaker 9: there that we can't live in or move us, whether
Speaker 9: we can somehow not terraform it or change it, but
Speaker 9: actually just move it. To a cozier spot.
Speaker 1: Yeah. For example, some of the planets that are closer
Speaker 1: to the Sun than Earth, Venus and Mercury, are very
Speaker 1: very hot, and planets that are further from Earth, like Mars,
Speaker 1: are very very cold. Neither of those seem very cozy
Speaker 1: to live on. And so I think Lydia's ideas like
Speaker 1: could we bring Mars closer? Could we push Venus further out?
Speaker 1: Or I love that she even mentions moons. You know,
Speaker 1: Jupiter and Saturn have some huge moons. Could we snag
Speaker 1: one of those and bring them closer and make it
Speaker 1: a place that humanity could survive.
Speaker 9: You need a lot of friends and a lot of
Speaker 9: beer to get your friends to move a whole moon.
Speaker 1: Depends how much stuff it's accumulated in the years. Right,
Speaker 1: If you've been keeping it clean and crisp, maybe it's
Speaker 1: a little easier to pack everything up.
Speaker 9: I think it just depends on how many friends you have.
Speaker 1: Can you call a moving company and be like, hey,
Speaker 1: do you have a box big enough to fit like Europa?
Speaker 9: I'm sure U haul has something for that. You haul
Speaker 9: the moon, you haul a planet. I mean, they just
Speaker 9: rent you the vehicle of stuff. Then you have to
Speaker 9: do it.
Speaker 1: Hey, if they have a device capable of moving a moon,
Speaker 1: I'll drive it. That sounds like fun. I compare aalletl
Speaker 1: park that thing.
Speaker 9: Don't you need a special license?
Speaker 1: Though only if you get pulled over.
Speaker 9: By the Solar syst the police. But anyways, it's a
Speaker 9: pretty interesting question, and so let's dig into it, Daniel,
Speaker 9: Is it possible to move a planet to a different orbit?
Speaker 1: So it definitely is possible, like the physics doesn't say no,
Speaker 1: But in the case of some planets or moons, it's
Speaker 1: not necessarily a good idea, Like, even if you could
Speaker 1: do it, it wouldn't really give you a place humans
Speaker 1: could live. And in other cases, like Mars, it's possible
Speaker 1: and it might solve some of the problems, but it
Speaker 1: would cost an enormous amount of energy.
Speaker 9: Hmm, Well, you mentioned Mars, so maybe let's start but
Speaker 9: that what's wrong with Mars now, isn't it sort of
Speaker 9: already in the habitable zone?
Speaker 1: So Mars is a lot smaller than Earth and a
Speaker 1: little further out, so it gets a lot less sun
Speaker 1: than Earth does, which makes it very very cold. It
Speaker 1: also has a very dilute atmosphere, so it has trouble
Speaker 1: hanging on to any of the heat that it does
Speaker 1: get from the Sun. So bringing Mars closer Earth would
Speaker 1: definitely help that. You also need to increase the atmosphere,
Speaker 1: so you couldn't totally avoid doing terraforming. You need to
Speaker 1: make an oxygen rich atmosphere unless you want to live
Speaker 1: in bubbles your whole life. But bringing it closer to
Speaker 1: Earth would be handy. It would also make it easier
Speaker 1: to colonize Mars, like the round trip time would be shorter,
Speaker 1: connections between the two civilizations could be crisper, So there'd
Speaker 1: be a lot of advantages to having Mars closer in.
Speaker 9: Oh, I see, it's sort of like that saying, right,
Speaker 9: like if Muhammad can't go to the mountain, then you
Speaker 9: bring the mountain to you.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's sort of like where you're going to
Speaker 1: buy your vacation house. Is it just going to be
Speaker 1: half an hour away or is it a nine our
Speaker 1: plane flight. It's a lot easier if it's just the
Speaker 1: short drive.
Speaker 9: But is he the biggest problem for Mars? It's I
Speaker 9: know it's cold, but it's not like crazy cold.
Speaker 1: I mean, Mars is definitely like less comfortable than Antarctica,
Speaker 1: so it's not cold the way like the surface of
Speaker 1: Pluto is, but it's definitely very cold, too cold for humans.
Speaker 1: But that's all connected to the atmosphere, right. It has
Speaker 1: a very dilute atmosphere, so it doesn't hold in that temperature.
Speaker 1: That thin atmosphere also means that it doesn't protect you
Speaker 1: from cosmic rays the way the Earth's atmosphere does. It
Speaker 1: also doesn't have a magnetic field to do a lot
Speaker 1: of shielding. So yeah, there's big problems with Mars that
Speaker 1: you couldn't solve even by moving it.
Speaker 9: So then would it even help to move it, Like
Speaker 9: if it got warmer, would it maybe just blow off
Speaker 9: all the atmosphere or is this an actual working proposal.
Speaker 1: No, that's definitely an issue. Now you bring it warmer,
Speaker 1: you're going to melt some of the frozen CO two
Speaker 1: for example that's at the poles, and that's going to
Speaker 1: increase the atmosphere, but you might also blow it off. Right,
Speaker 1: as you say, is increasing radiation because Mars is smaller,
Speaker 1: so it doesn't have the same gravity as Earth, so
Speaker 1: it's harder for it to hang onto its atmosphere. That's
Speaker 1: a bigger issue for the moons for example, like Europa,
Speaker 1: or Enceladus or Io. All these big moons of the
Speaker 1: gas giants. A lot of them have frozen surfaces, and
Speaker 1: some of them even have like liquid oceans underneath them.
Speaker 1: But if you brought them into the habitable zone, you
Speaker 1: would melt those surfaces and boil off those oceans and
Speaker 1: leave yourself with just a rocky core. So moving these
Speaker 1: things to the habitable zone wouldn't necessarily work.
Speaker 9: Well, let's say that we try with Mars and we
Speaker 9: wanted to make it as warm as Earth. How much
Speaker 9: would you.
Speaker 1: Have to move it in Well, given the current atmosphere,
Speaker 1: you'd have to have Mars be closer to the Sun
Speaker 1: than Earth, because Mars can't hang on to the heat.
Speaker 1: But if you just wanted to move Mars like near
Speaker 1: the Earth's orbit so that it was in the same
Speaker 1: zone it was easier to go back and forth, which
Speaker 1: might make terraforming and building an atmosphere easier as well.
Speaker 1: Then you'd need to do what's called a a Homan transfer,
Speaker 1: which is a way to like change orbits. This is
Speaker 1: what spaceships do. For example, if they're orbiting high and
Speaker 1: they want to go low, or they're orbiting low and
Speaker 1: they want to go high. It's a classic way to
Speaker 1: change your orbit by firing your rocket thrusters.
Speaker 9: How does it work? Do you have to like accelerate
Speaker 9: or just move away from the sun or towards the Sun?
Speaker 9: How does that work?
Speaker 1: So there's a zillion different ways you could do it,
Speaker 1: but the Homan transfer is the one that requires the
Speaker 1: least energy, and it definitely requires some force, some acceleration.
Speaker 1: Imagine you're in a circular orbits you have a particular
Speaker 1: velocity and a particular radius, and that's all aligned and nice,
Speaker 1: and now you want to be in a different circular orbit,
Speaker 1: maybe larger, maybe smaller. What you need to do is
Speaker 1: change to an elliptical orbit. So you fire your thrusters,
Speaker 1: so you move out of your circular orbit into an
Speaker 1: elliptical orbit. Elliptical orbit, because an ellipse doesn't have a
Speaker 1: fixed radius, right, a circle is a fixed radius. You're
Speaker 1: always the same distance from the Sun or whatever. An
Speaker 1: ellipse you get closer sometimes and further other times. You
Speaker 1: go on this elliptical orbit temporarily, and then when you
Speaker 1: get to the radius you want, you fire your rockets
Speaker 1: again to put yourself back into a circular orbit at
Speaker 1: that new radius. So it's two firings of your rocket,
Speaker 1: two accelerations, two delta vs as they call them in
Speaker 1: the space business.
Speaker 9: Oh, I see. So you wouldn't have to fire your
Speaker 9: rockets or push the planet the w hallway. You just
Speaker 9: give it like a one initial push, and then later,
Speaker 9: when you're further where you want to be, you give
Speaker 9: it another push.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 9: And in the case where you want to get closer
Speaker 9: to the Sun, you're talking about slowing down the planet, right, you.
Speaker 1: Want to slow it down, you also have to change
Speaker 1: its direction, right, because in an elliptical orbit operates differently
Speaker 1: from a circular orbit, So you want to change your
Speaker 1: whole vector, not just the magnitude.
Speaker 9: But yeah, okay, so we have to slow down Mars.
Speaker 9: And then once it gets closer to Earth, or maybe
Speaker 9: even beyond Earth or its orbit, then you want to
Speaker 9: slow it down some more.
Speaker 1: Well, things in the inner Solar System orbit at a
Speaker 1: higher velocity than things in the outer Solar System, and
Speaker 1: that's just basic circular motion. So for example, Earth is
Speaker 1: moving at thirty kilometers per second relative to the Sun
Speaker 1: and Mars is moving at twenty four kilometers per second.
Speaker 1: Relative to the Sun, and that doesn't depend on mass,
Speaker 1: It just depends on radius. At every radius is a
Speaker 1: certain velocity you need in order to move in a
Speaker 1: circular orbit. In the end, you'd have to speed Mars
Speaker 1: up in order to get it to move at the
Speaker 1: Earth's orbit.
Speaker 9: All right, So then once you're in this closer orbit
Speaker 9: to the Sun, then you'll eat in a stable orbit.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so it did the calculation for like
Speaker 1: how much of a kick would you need to give
Speaker 1: Mars in order to accomplish this, And so initially, to
Speaker 1: move Mars into an elliptical orbit, you have to change
Speaker 1: its velocity by like two and a half kilometers per second,
Speaker 1: which is not a small amount. I mean Mars is
Speaker 1: currently going like twenty four kilometers per second, so it's
Speaker 1: like more than ten percent of the speed of Mars.
Speaker 1: And then you're in the elyptical orbit. And then to
Speaker 1: kick it back into a circular orbit, you have to
Speaker 1: give it a delta v of almost three kilometers per second.
Speaker 1: And so those are the two kicks that you have
Speaker 1: to give Mars in order to change its orbit to
Speaker 1: have the same radius as the Earth's orbit.
Speaker 9: Oh interesting, And so it sort of sounds like it's
Speaker 9: going to be hard, right, because you have to sloid
Speaker 9: down by ten percent of a whole giant planet.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And it's fascinating because these numbers don't depend
Speaker 1: on mass, Like it's the same for a proton as
Speaker 1: it is for a planet when you're talking in terms
Speaker 1: of delta V. But then when you think about it
Speaker 1: in terms of energy, right, the energy is like one
Speaker 1: half mv squared, Then the mass really does affect it.
Speaker 1: It takes a lot more energy to change the orbit
Speaker 1: of a planet relative to a proton. And these planets
Speaker 1: just have so much mass. Even Mars, which is kind
Speaker 1: of small, has like an unfathomable amount of stuff, and
Speaker 1: so to move Mars from one orbit to the other
Speaker 1: would take like ten to the thirty one jewels.
Speaker 9: Well, that's a lot of jewels. What would that mean? Like,
Speaker 9: could you use rockets to you know, slow yourself down?
Speaker 9: How would you even slow down a planet?
Speaker 1: This is a huge amount of energy, like orders of magnitude,
Speaker 1: much more than humanity produces and uses every year, So
Speaker 1: you'd need something crazy. You basically have to build like
Speaker 1: a rocket and attach it to the planet and drive
Speaker 1: the planet like a spaceship. So the simplest way to
Speaker 1: do this is to like dig stuff out of the
Speaker 1: planet and launch it into space. If you could pick
Speaker 1: up a rock and throw it into space so it
Speaker 1: doesn't like come back to the planet it reaches escape velocity,
Speaker 1: then effectively that's giving the whole planet a little push, right,
Speaker 1: because by conservation momentum, the rock goes one way, the
Speaker 1: planet goes the other way. Now, that's a really tiny
Speaker 1: little push because it's just a little rock. But if
Speaker 1: you keep doing it, and you do a lot of it,
Speaker 1: and you push those rocks really really fast, then effectively
Speaker 1: you are pushing the planet. So if you build something
Speaker 1: which like dig stuff out of Mars and throws it
Speaker 1: into space, that's essentially a rocket attached to Mars. And
Speaker 1: that's how you could do it.
Speaker 9: Couldn't you just use rockets.
Speaker 1: Like build rockets and just point them at the ground.
Speaker 9: Yeah, basically build them upside down.
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, you can do that. But then where you're
Speaker 1: gonna get all the fuel? Right? The thing is you
Speaker 1: need an enormous amount of energy, and so you might
Speaker 1: as well take the propulsion from the planet itself. This
Speaker 1: an incredible amount, like in order to do this on
Speaker 1: Mars and achieve this kind of transfer. You just dig
Speaker 1: out a trillion kilograms of material and eject it into
Speaker 1: space at ninety nine percent of the speed of light
Speaker 1: every single day for almost five thousand years.
Speaker 9: WHOA, that sounds crazy. So this is using your like
Speaker 9: scooping up dirt and throw it in into space scheme.
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we haven't even talked about, like how do
Speaker 1: you accomplish getting dirt to ninety nine percent the speed
Speaker 1: of light?
Speaker 2: Well?
Speaker 9: Could you you just use like atomic bombs or something
Speaker 9: you know, I'm thinking of like a rocket that uses
Speaker 9: nuclear fission.
Speaker 1: Maybe you might want to use fission or fusion as
Speaker 1: a way to accelerate this stuff. But you can need
Speaker 1: some propellant, right, you need to change the momentum of
Speaker 1: the planet, which means you need to eject something from it.
Speaker 1: The other thing you could do is like solar power, right,
Speaker 1: try to use that somehow. But either way, it's just
Speaker 1: an overwhelming amount of energy, something that humanity you can't
Speaker 1: even conceive of producing. Not to mention like wrestling into
Speaker 1: this crazy scheme.
Speaker 9: Because you need ten to the thirty one jewels, but like,
Speaker 9: how much is this then an atomic bomb? Give off.
Speaker 9: I'm just trying to get a sense of like, is
Speaker 9: it thirty thousand nuclear bombs or thirty basillion.
Speaker 1: Yeah, atomic bombs are pretty impressive, but they give off
Speaker 1: order of magnitude like ten to the twelve, ten to
Speaker 1: the thirteen jewels, and we need ten to the thirty one.
Speaker 1: So we're talking like, you know, ten to the nineteen
Speaker 1: nuclear bombs.
Speaker 9: Whoa, so that's one followed by nineteen zero number of
Speaker 9: nuclear bombs.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, So pretty impractical. Another way to do this,
Speaker 1: maybe is to try to take advantage of other things
Speaker 1: in the Solar System that have energy in them, you know,
Speaker 1: things like asteroids and comets. These things have a vast
Speaker 1: amount of gravitational energy as it come towards the inner
Speaker 1: Solar System. They're moving with very high velocity, and we
Speaker 1: often are using the gravity of other things in the
Speaker 1: Solar System to navigate, like when we send spacecraft out
Speaker 1: there where you slingshot them around Jupiter or this kind
Speaker 1: of stuff. So if you could somehow direct comets from
Speaker 1: the Ord Cloud or the Kuiper Belt to rain down
Speaker 1: and pass near Mars, each one of them would give
Speaker 1: Mars a little bit of a tug. If you did
Speaker 1: a gravitational slingshot using comets, it would change the trajectory
Speaker 1: of the comet and the planet. So if you did
Speaker 1: that enough times, you could change the trajectory of the
Speaker 1: planet enough to accomplish this same maneuver. But it would
Speaker 1: still take a lot of comets.
Speaker 9: Well, yeah, it sounds like you were just making it
Speaker 9: more complicated because you still have to spend all that
Speaker 9: energy to move the comets to get out there to
Speaker 9: the comets and then move them.
Speaker 1: Well, I don't think it would take that much energy
Speaker 1: to move the comets because you're using the energy of
Speaker 1: the Sun. You just take the comment, give it a
Speaker 1: little nudge so it falls out of orbit. You know,
Speaker 1: they're moving pretty slow that far out, and so it
Speaker 1: doesn't take a big nudge to get them to fall
Speaker 1: towards the Inner Solar System. And then they gather a
Speaker 1: lot of energy as they're coming in, and you take
Speaker 1: advantage of it when they're zipping by. But you know
Speaker 1: that's dangerous for other reasons, like you make a miscalculation
Speaker 1: and boom, comet hits the Earth and it's all over.
Speaker 9: Yeah, then we'll really need to move to another planet exactly.
Speaker 1: So Lydia a great question. I don't think it's really
Speaker 1: practical anytime in the near future, but I hope somebody
Speaker 1: figures it out.
Speaker 9: It sounds like maybe it's easier just to terror for Mars,
Speaker 9: so that becomes warmer.
Speaker 1: Yeah, we have a whole episode about how you might
Speaker 1: do that. It's very challenging and quite impractical. Maybe less
Speaker 1: impractical than moving the planet. It's still very, very difficult.
Speaker 1: I see.
Speaker 9: All right, Well, maybe the solution is just to hire
Speaker 9: Marie Konda to come clean up our planet and then
Speaker 9: nobody will want to move.
Speaker 1: That's right, Lydia, and I hope you clean up your room.
Speaker 9: Hey, yeah, and Lydia's parents, you're welcome. All right, Well,
Speaker 9: thank you Lydia for that awesome question. Now let's get
Speaker 9: to our other questions of the day. We have a
Speaker 9: question about the Higgs field and about particle colliders, so
Speaker 9: let's get to those. But first let's take a quick break.
Speaker 11: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.
Speaker 11: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are
Speaker 11: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI
Speaker 11: needs a lot of speed and processing power, so how
Speaker 11: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's
Speaker 11: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.
Speaker 11: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform
Speaker 11: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI
Speaker 11: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,
Speaker 11: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and
Speaker 11: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now
Speaker 11: you can train your AI models at twice the speed
Speaker 11: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If
Speaker 11: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber
Speaker 11: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic. Take a free
Speaker 11: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.
Speaker 11: That's Oracle dot com slash strategic, Oracle dot com slash Strategic.
Speaker 13: I'm Buzsknight and I'm the host of the Taking a
Speaker 13: Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 14: Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
Speaker 14: know that I was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 13: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
Speaker 13: musicians and the inside stories.
Speaker 1: Behind their music.
Speaker 15: Russ Kunkle, the basic connection that I had with someone
Speaker 15: that was great coming out of the whiskey was David Crosby.
Speaker 1: David.
Speaker 15: I met David and Steven and Graham kind of around
Speaker 15: the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who is
Speaker 15: Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 13: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
Speaker 13: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers.
Speaker 1: It is correct.
Speaker 6: I rarely worked things out. I like to go off
Speaker 6: the cup and try to grab things out of the
Speaker 6: air while you're playing the song and try to catch
Speaker 6: a little magic.
Speaker 13: Listen to the Take in a Walk podcast on the
Speaker 13: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between
Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry. We'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
Speaker 2: the voices of black writers and to bring their words
Speaker 2: to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new
Speaker 3: copule season of my podcast, I'll share with the science
Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better with.
Speaker 3: The help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 11: It's really tragic.
Speaker 5: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with,
Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 16: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
Speaker 16: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
Speaker 16: and still be in relationships with each other.
Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Lap. Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8: In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one thing on
Speaker 8: their minds sword Quest. This wasn't just a new game.
Speaker 8: Atari promised one hundred and fifty grand in prizes to
Speaker 8: four finalists, but the prizes disappeared, and what started as
Speaker 8: a video game promotion became one of the most controversial
Speaker 8: moments in eighties pop culture.
Speaker 1: I just don't believe they exist. If my reactions shock
Speaker 1: at awe.
Speaker 9: That sword was amazing, It was so beautiful.
Speaker 8: I'm Jamie Loftus. Join me this for the Legend of
Speaker 8: sword Quest, a podcast about the fall of Atari and
Speaker 8: the disappearing sword Quest prizes. We'll follow the quest for
Speaker 8: lost treasure across four decades.
Speaker 9: It's almost like a metaphor for the industry and Atari
Speaker 9: itself in a way.
Speaker 8: Listen to the Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 8: Apple podcast or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 9: All right, we're answering listener questions here today, and our
Speaker 9: next question comes from Mark, who has a question about
Speaker 9: the Higgs Field.
Speaker 17: Hey, daniel Le Jorge I'm back with a serious question,
Speaker 17: just as I sort of feel confident that I'm building
Speaker 17: a mental map, at least at the most primitive.
Speaker 1: Level, of how this quantum stuff works.
Speaker 17: This Higgs Boston is I don't understand how does a
Speaker 17: field lend mass to other fields?
Speaker 1: What does it?
Speaker 8: In part?
Speaker 17: If mass is like what potential energy you're gathered?
Speaker 7: What?
Speaker 17: Yeah, that's the question. Where is the mass coming from?
Speaker 17: Then it just seems like we're at another level of
Speaker 17: incomprehensibility here. How is it transferring mass?
Speaker 9: All right? A pretty massive question here about basically how
Speaker 9: does the Higgs field work? How does it give mass
Speaker 9: other particles?
Speaker 1: Yeah, a really good question, a really deep question. And
Speaker 1: when that we've been sort of probing in several different
Speaker 1: episodes on the podcast, trying to give people an intuition
Speaker 1: for how this works.
Speaker 9: Well, I guess maybe let's go get back to basics.
Speaker 9: So the Higgs field is something that was proven to
Speaker 9: exist about ten years ago, and in the media you
Speaker 9: always hear that it's the field and the particle that
Speaker 9: gives other particles their mass.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And maybe we should start with the concept
Speaker 1: of a field because this is a little bit mysterious
Speaker 1: for people. I mean, particles are something we can sort
Speaker 1: of imagine. We think of them as tiny specks of
Speaker 1: stuff explaining the microscopic world. You see. They're traces in
Speaker 1: cloud chambers or particle detectors. But fields are a little
Speaker 1: bit more in direct We don't ever see fields directly,
Speaker 1: and we say that particles move through fields, and particles
Speaker 1: are excitations of fields. And a field is just like
Speaker 1: a number that you put everywhere in space, like the
Speaker 1: Higgs field, for example. It's just a number. It has
Speaker 1: a value here, it has a value there, it has
Speaker 1: a value somewhere else. But those values aren't just random
Speaker 1: and arbitrary. There's mathematics that describe how those values relate
Speaker 1: to each other and how those values change in time.
Speaker 1: The same way. It's like if you have a sheet,
Speaker 1: one that you might put on your bed and you
Speaker 1: wave it in the air, right, waves move through that sheet,
Speaker 1: and the same way waves can move through the Higgs
Speaker 1: field or any other kind of field.
Speaker 18: Right.
Speaker 9: Right, But I guess maybe a question is like our
Speaker 9: fields physical things or just sort of like mathematical conveniences
Speaker 9: that physicists use in their equations, Meaning like if you
Speaker 9: have a field, but no particles in it? Is that
Speaker 9: field there?
Speaker 1: Nobody knows the answer to that question, man. I mean,
Speaker 1: I think the mainstream view is that fields are the
Speaker 1: fundamental building blocks of the universe as we know so far.
Speaker 1: We don't know what they're made out of, and we
Speaker 1: think of particles as emerging from fields. There're these special
Speaker 1: ripples in the fields. They move in a special way.
Speaker 1: There's something that comes out of the fields. But nobody
Speaker 1: really knows that the fields are there, or if they's
Speaker 1: just something we think about. To answer your second question,
Speaker 1: in our current conception, if you believe fields are there,
Speaker 1: then they're still there with no particles in them. Right.
Speaker 1: They exist everywhere in space and they can never go
Speaker 1: down all the way to zero because they're quantum, so
Speaker 1: they're always fuzzing and frothing a tiny little bit. But
Speaker 1: whether fields are really there, like when we're not looking
Speaker 1: at them, is not a science question. It's a philosophy question.
Speaker 1: It's one you can't test. It requires answering the question
Speaker 1: what happens when you don't look, And to do science
Speaker 1: you have to look.
Speaker 9: M But I guess you know we talked about and
Speaker 9: I know you said that fields have like an energy
Speaker 9: to them. So if they have an energy to them,
Speaker 9: doesn't that mean that they sort of exist when you're
Speaker 9: not looking, well, we.
Speaker 1: Describe them as existing and having energy, that doesn't mean
Speaker 1: that they are there, that they are real. You know,
Speaker 1: there's no way to interact with a field directly to
Speaker 1: like measure it. You know, you can see this effect
Speaker 1: on other stuff, but you can't actually measure them directly,
Speaker 1: even if you do ascribe energy to it. But the
Speaker 1: energy in the field is a crucial concept for getting
Speaker 1: an intuition for like how this all works, because what's
Speaker 1: happening in the field when it's oscillating is sometimes it's
Speaker 1: oscillating in a way that moves like way you wiggle
Speaker 1: your sheet and a ripple moves through it. But sometimes
Speaker 1: you can also oscillate in place, and what's happening there
Speaker 1: is that the field is wiggling sort of the same
Speaker 1: way that like a ball trapped in a well if
Speaker 1: there isn't any friction, can go up and down for ever.
Speaker 1: It's switching between like kinetic energy it's moving fast at
Speaker 1: the bottom of the well, and potential energy. It's not moving,
Speaker 1: but it still has energy of location. When it's at
Speaker 1: the top of the well. Put a ball in a
Speaker 1: little well. It can oscillate around that forever. Fields can
Speaker 1: do that too. They can sort of oscillate in place,
Speaker 1: like a little standing wave, and that's where their mass
Speaker 1: comes from.
Speaker 9: Like the whole field, or just like in a little spot.
Speaker 1: At any point. These fields can do that. So, for example,
Speaker 1: the electron field can be mostly empty and then in
Speaker 1: one spot they can be doing this special oscillation. And
Speaker 1: that's what an electron is. It's this special oscillation of
Speaker 1: the electron field. It's got some energy and it's oscillating
Speaker 1: in this stable way. And some fields can do this,
Speaker 1: like the electron field can do this. They can just
Speaker 1: oscillate in place, and that's what we call an electron
Speaker 1: and that's an electron at rest. And fields that can
Speaker 1: do this are fields that have mass. Like the photon field,
Speaker 1: it can only oscillate in the way the ripples move.
Speaker 1: It can never oscillate in place. Right. The electromagnet field
Speaker 1: can't make you a photon that's just sitting there because
Speaker 1: photons don't have mass, and so in order to do
Speaker 1: this thing, to oscillate in place, they have to have mass.
Speaker 9: Oh, well, that's sort of another philosophical question, right, like
Speaker 9: can an electron stay still? Like, isn't it a quantum particle?
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a good point. An electron can never be
Speaker 1: located to exactly one location, which you have is like
Speaker 1: a little packet. And we talked about like how long
Speaker 1: is a particle, how wide is a particle on a
Speaker 1: recent podcast. It depends on how much uncertainty there is,
Speaker 1: And so you always have like a little neighborhood of
Speaker 1: the field that's sort of oscillating coherently, and that depends
Speaker 1: on the uncertainty in those measurements. So it's never like
Speaker 1: a dot, it's none. Think of it like a single
Speaker 1: point in the field as doing the oscillation. Think of
Speaker 1: it like a little localized packet. And the important thing
Speaker 1: to understand is that none of these fields operate independently. Right.
Speaker 1: You have a field that has some energy, it's oscillating,
Speaker 1: but there are also other fields, and the fields can
Speaker 1: transfer energy back and forth. That's how, for example, the
Speaker 1: photon field and the electron field, energy can slide between
Speaker 1: Themhotons can turn into electrons and positrons or photons can
Speaker 1: push on electrons, for example, in the same way the
Speaker 1: Higgs field interacts with all of these fields and changes
Speaker 1: how they wiggle, and then changing how they wiggle it
Speaker 1: gives them mass. It gives some of these fields the
Speaker 1: capacity to do this wiggle in place thing, which is
Speaker 1: what gives those particles mass.
Speaker 9: I think you're getting to Mark's question now, which is
Speaker 9: that like, how exactly does that happen? And it seems
Speaker 9: like you sort of said it this both ways, like
Speaker 9: you need mass for it to stay in place, or
Speaker 9: it can only stay in place if you give it mass.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, So go back to the thinking about the
Speaker 1: ball in the well. The ball in the well moves
Speaker 1: in a certain way because it has mass. Right now,
Speaker 1: if the ball didn't have mass, it would operate very differently,
Speaker 1: like it wouldn't feel the same gravitational potential energy, it
Speaker 1: wouldn't oscillate in the well that way. So imagine you
Speaker 1: took a ball without mass and you added some special
Speaker 1: magic forces that changed the way the ball moved. So
Speaker 1: now it moves exactly the same way it would if
Speaker 1: it did have mass. Okay, so every time the ball
Speaker 1: is moving, you give it a little special push to
Speaker 1: change its direction so that it moves exactly the same
Speaker 1: way it did as if it had mass. That's what
Speaker 1: the Higgs field is doing. It's taking particles that naturally
Speaker 1: don't have mass. The electron wouldn't have any mass without
Speaker 1: Higgs field and changing the way it moves in exactly
Speaker 1: the same way that you would expect if the electron
Speaker 1: field had its own mass by itself. That's why we
Speaker 1: say it gives the electron mass because it changes the
Speaker 1: way the electron field wiggles and precisely the way it
Speaker 1: would if the electron had its own mass. So the
Speaker 1: mass comes from the Higgs field and the interaction between
Speaker 1: the Higgs field and the electron field. It's not inherent
Speaker 1: in the electron field itself.
Speaker 9: Meaning I guess I got a little confused with your
Speaker 9: ball analogy because now I'm thinking, like, the ball has
Speaker 9: mass or what. But it seemed interesting to think about that.
Speaker 9: An electron is just a standing wiggle in the electron field,
Speaker 9: And you're saying that because of the way that the
Speaker 9: electron field and the Higgs field interact, then that wiggle
Speaker 9: can stay in place. Is that kind of what you're saying?
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, So for the electron field to wiggle in place,
Speaker 1: it needs to be able to trade kinetic energy for
Speaker 1: potential energy and back to kinetic energy and then back
Speaker 1: to back to potential energy. That's what the wiggle is, right,
Speaker 1: And in order to do that, it needs to be
Speaker 1: able to have potential energy, and that's what the Higgs
Speaker 1: field gives it. Interactions between the electron field and the
Speaker 1: Higgs field create a potential well for the electron which
Speaker 1: lets it oscillate in.
Speaker 9: Place, like it gives it a place for the energy
Speaker 9: to go to.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it can go from kinetic to potential and
Speaker 1: then back, whereas a photon field is like just kinetic energy.
Speaker 1: It's always flying through space that doesn't slosh back into
Speaker 1: potential energy and then kinetic energy and potential energy and
Speaker 1: kinetic energy.
Speaker 9: Well, let me recap. Maybe what you're saying is that
Speaker 9: in order for the electron field to wiggle in place
Speaker 9: and therefore have an electron instead of need something to
Speaker 9: suck some energy out of it kind of in place.
Speaker 9: Otherwise it we'll just go somewhere, we'll take off.
Speaker 1: You could still have an electron, it would be massless, right,
Speaker 1: in order to have an electron at rest, it has
Speaker 1: to have mass, and so you need something to change
Speaker 1: how the electron is oscillating. It's not exactly taking the
Speaker 1: energy out of the electron field. It's just creating potential
Speaker 1: energy for the electron You know, imagine, for example, a
Speaker 1: kid on a swing. Right. In order for the kid
Speaker 1: to swing back and forth, that has to be the
Speaker 1: swing there pushing them back as they move. Without the swing,
Speaker 1: the kid just flies off. So the Higgs field is
Speaker 1: sort of like the swing that keeps the kid oscillating
Speaker 1: back and forth rather than just flying off.
Speaker 9: It pushes the electron wiggle to stay in place.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And in another universe where you didn't have
Speaker 1: a Higgs field and you had an electron field that
Speaker 1: actually had mass on its own, it would wiggle in
Speaker 1: exactly the same way.
Speaker 9: Are there things that have mass on their own?
Speaker 1: There are none in our universe. We don't think particles
Speaker 1: like that can exist because it would break some of
Speaker 1: the other laws of particle physics, some of the symmetries
Speaker 1: that we think are held. That's why you need something
Speaker 1: like the Higgs field to give these particles mass.
Speaker 9: Ah interesting, And I guess, just to be clear, you
Speaker 9: need the Higgs field to give things resting mass, right.
Speaker 1: Yeah, resting mass is the only kind of mass we
Speaker 1: think about. There's this concept called relativistic mass, which is
Speaker 1: really just a confusing way to think about energy. You
Speaker 1: shouldn't think about things gaining mass as they go faster.
Speaker 1: We define mass to be an invarying quantity, the same
Speaker 1: as you would measure at rest.
Speaker 9: But I guess this idea that you know a lot
Speaker 9: of our mass that we have in our bodies comes
Speaker 9: from the energy doesn't necessarily come from particles. It comes
Speaker 9: from the trapped energy between the particles. That's a different
Speaker 9: kind of mass, right, Or does that mass also comes
Speaker 9: from the Higgs field?
Speaker 1: Oh? No, great point. You're right, This is not the
Speaker 1: only way to get mass, right, Mass in general comes
Speaker 1: from internal stored energy. What we've been describing is like
Speaker 1: how the electron gets internal stored energy, is that oscillates
Speaker 1: in place that comes from the Higgs field. Quarks do
Speaker 1: the same thing. Quarks get energy from the Higgs field.
Speaker 1: But you put three quarks together into a proton that
Speaker 1: has much more mass than the mass of the individual quarks.
Speaker 1: And that's because those quarks now have a little bounce state.
Speaker 1: The proton is like a little box keeping them oscillating
Speaker 1: in place, and that energy comes from the strong force
Speaker 1: creating that box, not from the Higgs field, and that
Speaker 1: most of the mass of the proton comes from the
Speaker 1: energy of the bonds between the quarks, this little bull
Speaker 1: that the quarks live in that we call the proton.
Speaker 1: So most of the mass in your bodies comes actually
Speaker 1: from these bounds created by the strong force that give
Speaker 1: the proton internal stored energy. And that's really where mass
Speaker 1: comes from, any kind of internal stored energy, not energy
Speaker 1: of motion, energy at rest, internal stored energy.
Speaker 9: So then the Higgs field is responsible for some of
Speaker 9: our mass, but not all of it.
Speaker 1: Yeah, really a tiny, tiny fraction, because quarks have almost
Speaker 1: no mass. Almost all of your mass comes from the
Speaker 1: mass of protons and neutrons, which is overwhelmingly from the
Speaker 1: strong force.
Speaker 9: So when they say, like the Higgs field and the
Speaker 9: Higgs boson gives particles their mass, it's maybe not as
Speaker 9: grand deal as of a statement as it may sound
Speaker 9: to a lot of people.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. I mean, without the Higgs field, all the
Speaker 1: fundamental particles would have no mass, and then nothing would
Speaker 1: be possible, like electrons would fly out of orbits at
Speaker 1: the speed of light, all this kind of stuff. But
Speaker 1: you're right, most of the mass in the universe doesn't
Speaker 1: come directly from the Higgs field.
Speaker 9: Where does it come from, Daniel?
Speaker 1: Most of the mass in protons comes from the strong force, right.
Speaker 1: It gives internalstored energy to the proton, and that's what
Speaker 1: gives us mass. A deeper question is like, well, all right,
Speaker 1: you're talking about mass, but why is inertial mass a thing? Anyway?
Speaker 1: Why is internal stored energy change how much force it
Speaker 1: takes to get some acceleration? And that's a really deep.
Speaker 9: Question, That's what I mean. Yeah, that's still a big
Speaker 9: UNNOI right.
Speaker 1: Still a big unknown. You know, why do we even
Speaker 1: have a inertiut man?
Speaker 9: Yeah? Like why are heavier? Or at the same time,
Speaker 9: why are more energetic things harder to move? Like we
Speaker 9: don't know that, right, nobody knows that.
Speaker 1: Yeah, we describe that using general relativity, but we don't
Speaker 1: have an answer for like why in the same way
Speaker 1: that like general relativity describes that space does get curved
Speaker 1: in the presence of mass, but doesn't really tell us
Speaker 1: like why does that happen? What is the mechanism for
Speaker 1: underlying it? To understand that, we'd need to have some
Speaker 1: deeper level theory that explains like what space is, but
Speaker 1: we have no idea yet.
Speaker 9: Right, right, Or maybe we could just move to a
Speaker 9: universe in which people have figured it out.
Speaker 19: Let's just take a big rocket, put it, we get
Speaker 19: a U haul, we'll put pack all the physicists into it,
Speaker 19: and then and then just ship into a more knowledgeable universe.
Speaker 1: Yeah, or just more knowledgeable solar system even you know,
Speaker 1: to go to another universe. Let's just go visit the
Speaker 1: aliens and go to their physics school and learn how
Speaker 1: this all works.
Speaker 9: Unless they're also on the move, in which case you
Speaker 9: might get there and then nobody's there. We missed the party, man, Yeah,
Speaker 9: you missed the main course, which might have might be
Speaker 9: you if there are aliens involved. All right, Well, I
Speaker 9: think that answers a question for Mark, which is just
Speaker 9: sort of like, how does the Higgs field work? And
Speaker 9: it sounds like it's mainly about the interaction between the
Speaker 9: Higgs field and the electron field allowing it to wiggle
Speaker 9: in place, which is what looks like mass.
Speaker 1: That's right, And if you want a deeper intuition into
Speaker 1: what fields are and how this all.
Speaker 9: Works, then it's not possible.
Speaker 1: So then I really recommend Matt Stressler's book Waves In
Speaker 1: an Impossible See, which starts from almost nothing, uses almost
Speaker 1: no math, and gives you a really deep intuition for Fields.
Speaker 9: All right, well, thank you Mark for that question. Now
Speaker 9: let's get to our last question of the day, and
Speaker 9: it's about Daniel's future career. It seems about the particle
Speaker 9: collider at CERN, so let's dig into that. But first
Speaker 9: let's take another quick break.
Speaker 13: I'm buzs Knight and I'm the host of the Taking
Speaker 13: a Walk podcast music History on Foot.
Speaker 14: John Oates Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and
Speaker 14: happy to know that I was part of something that
Speaker 14: will endure.
Speaker 13: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
Speaker 13: musicians and the inside stories.
Speaker 1: Behind their music.
Speaker 15: Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone
Speaker 15: that was great coming out of.
Speaker 1: The Whiskey was David Crosby.
Speaker 15: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
Speaker 15: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
Speaker 15: is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 13: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
Speaker 13: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers.
Speaker 6: It is correct. I rarely worked things out. I like
Speaker 6: to go off the cup and try to grab things
Speaker 6: out of the air while you're playing the song and
Speaker 6: try to catch a little magic.
Speaker 13: Listen to the Taking a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 13: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge Between
Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
Speaker 2: the voices of Black writers and to bring their words
Speaker 2: to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 2: Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new
Speaker 3: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll share with the science
Speaker 3: it really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most
Speaker 3: people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture, in
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better.
Speaker 3: With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamil Zaki.
Speaker 1: It's really tragic.
Speaker 20: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with,
Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 16: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
Speaker 16: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
Speaker 16: and still be in relationships with each other.
Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Lab listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 18: I'm Carrie Champion, and this is season four of Naked Sports,
Speaker 18: where we live at the intersection of sports and culture.
Speaker 18: Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry Caitlin
Speaker 18: Clark versus Angel Reese.
Speaker 20: I know I'll go down in history.
Speaker 16: People an't talking about women's basketballs just because of one
Speaker 16: single game.
Speaker 9: Every great player needs a foil.
Speaker 7: And hear them wise.
Speaker 6: I just come here to play.
Speaker 7: Ask Paul Ray Kendled, and that's what I focused on.
Speaker 18: From college to the pros, Clark and Reeves have changed
Speaker 18: the way we consume women's sports.
Speaker 1: Angel Reese is a joy to watch.
Speaker 8: She is unapologetically black.
Speaker 9: I love her.
Speaker 18: What exactly ignited this fire? Why has it been so
Speaker 18: good for the game? And can the fanfare surrounding these
Speaker 18: two supernovas be sustained? This game is only going to
Speaker 18: get better because the talent is getting better. This new
Speaker 18: season will cover all things sports and culture. Listen to
Speaker 18: Naked Sports on the Black Effect Podcast Network. iHeartRadio, app,
Speaker 18: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast.
Speaker 4: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 21: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a
Speaker 21: kite in the rain, but those experiments are the most
Speaker 21: important scientific discoveries of the time.
Speaker 1: I'm Evan Ratliffe.
Speaker 20: Last season we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with
Speaker 20: biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story
Speaker 20: of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted
Speaker 20: off from history.
Speaker 21: His media empire makes him the most successful self made
Speaker 21: business person in America. I mean, he was never early
Speaker 21: to bed, an early to rise type person. He's enormously famous.
Speaker 21: Women start wearing their hair and what was called the
Speaker 21: coiffor a la Franklin.
Speaker 20: And who's more relevant now than ever.
Speaker 21: The only other person who could have possibly been the
Speaker 21: first president would have been Benjamin Franklin, but he's too
Speaker 21: old and wants Washington to do it.
Speaker 20: Listen to On Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the
Speaker 20: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 9: Where we're talking about listener questions here today on our
Speaker 9: last question comes from Bill comes from Union City, California.
Speaker 22: Hi, Daniel and Jorge. This is Bill Quirk, a retired
Speaker 22: astrophysicist living in Union City, California. I'm curious what's going
Speaker 22: to happen now at CERN and the other large particle
Speaker 22: colliders now that you haven't found the supersymmetric particles. What
Speaker 22: are people going to be looking at what possible discoveries
Speaker 22: can this lead to. Daniel, I don't understand how you
Speaker 22: can understand so many different things. You'll explain them so well.
Speaker 22: Thanks for everything, enjoy the show very much.
Speaker 1: Bye.
Speaker 9: All right, great question from Bill. So, cern is the
Speaker 9: big facility outside of Geneva where the large Hadron collider is,
Speaker 9: and I think Bill is asking what's going to happen
Speaker 9: to it? You know, there was a lot of fanfare
Speaker 9: about ten fifteen years ago about the Higgs boson, but
Speaker 9: not a lot of news since then. What are the
Speaker 9: plans for it?
Speaker 1: Yeah, the plans are to keep running it because though
Speaker 1: we haven't found anything after the Higgs boson, there are
Speaker 1: still lots of possibilities for discoveries. Bill mentions super symmetric particles.
Speaker 1: These are particles that a lot of physicists hoped to
Speaker 1: discover shortly after finding the Higgs, but we haven't seen
Speaker 1: any of them, which has been a bit of a disappointment.
Speaker 9: Like have you ruled them out totally, like you've given
Speaker 9: up or is there still a possibility or do most
Speaker 9: physicists think they don't exist?
Speaker 1: Yeah, a little bit of all of that sort of
Speaker 1: We can't ever rule out something exists because it could
Speaker 1: exist but just be really really rare, like if it
Speaker 1: only happens once every twenty years than our collider and
Speaker 1: we only run the collider for one year, we can't
Speaker 1: rule it out. It could also be really really heavy,
Speaker 1: like maybe our collider doesn't have enough energy to make it.
Speaker 1: So all we can do is we can rule out
Speaker 1: low mass stuff that we could make that isn't rare,
Speaker 1: And so it's sort of a statistical statement. The longer
Speaker 1: that we run the collider, the more we can rule
Speaker 1: out rare stuff, and the higher the energy the collider,
Speaker 1: the more we can rule out heavy stuff. So we're
Speaker 1: always just ruling out like a fraction of that space.
Speaker 1: So that said, a lot of physicists claimed that nature
Speaker 1: really wanted very common, very low mass supersymmetric particles, and
Speaker 1: those people were wrong. A lot of the field has
Speaker 1: moved on from supersymmetry. They've sort of given up on it,
Speaker 1: But there's also a lot of diehards that really believe
Speaker 1: in it.
Speaker 9: And they believe that maybe they're there, but they're just
Speaker 9: heavier or rarer than we thought before.
Speaker 1: Yeah, and maybe we're just looking for them wrong. And
Speaker 1: so they don't appear the way that we expected, and
Speaker 1: we need to look for them in new interesting ways.
Speaker 1: Maybe they're hidden in certain ways and we can reveal
Speaker 1: them if we're clever enough. So there's definitely a lot
Speaker 1: of people looking for supersymmetry. And realize also that, like
Speaker 1: the LEDC has been running for fifteen years or so,
Speaker 1: it's going to run for another fifteen but the rate
Speaker 1: at which the collisions happens increases very quickly. But most
Speaker 1: of the collisions we're ever going to see are in
Speaker 1: the future. That's because we get better and better at
Speaker 1: operating the machine, so we can have more collisions per
Speaker 1: second as time goes on. So we've seen like one
Speaker 1: percent of the data we're ever going to see from
Speaker 1: the machine. Most of the data is still in the future,
Speaker 1: and so it could be that that future data reveals
Speaker 1: something like supersymmetry or something else interesting.
Speaker 9: So to answer Bill's question, that's sort of part of
Speaker 9: the plan. The plan is for the Large Hydron Collider
Speaker 9: to just keep smashing particles for another fifteen years.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, for about another fifteen years. And we're not
Speaker 1: just looking for supersymmetry. We're also looking for all sorts
Speaker 1: of other stuff. We're looking for things we didn't necessarily anticipate,
Speaker 1: because you know, you land on Mars, so you don't
Speaker 1: just look for cats and dogs and people. You look
Speaker 1: for any kind of life. So we're trying to broadly imagine,
Speaker 1: like what new particles might be out there that we
Speaker 1: didn't imagine or that are really weird and crazy. And
Speaker 1: one of my favorite example is actually Bill's last name.
Speaker 1: There's a theory of a particle called a quirk, not
Speaker 1: a quirk, but a quirk with an eye just like Bill. WHOA.
Speaker 9: That's an interesting coincidence.
Speaker 1: It is really a fun coincidence.
Speaker 9: I mean it sounds like if you just want to
Speaker 9: find a quirk, just good call Bill exactly.
Speaker 1: It's a really quirky theory, and it predicts particles that
Speaker 1: look very different from anything we've ever seen before. They
Speaker 1: were sort of move in a really weird way in
Speaker 1: our detector, and so far the way we've analyzed the data,
Speaker 1: we wouldn't be able to see these quirks. And so
Speaker 1: my group and a bunch of other people are starting
Speaker 1: to go back and analyze data to see if we
Speaker 1: can find evidence for these quirks. So that's just one example,
Speaker 1: But there could be stuff in the data we've taken
Speaker 1: already that we haven't found yet because we haven't figured
Speaker 1: out how to look for it yet. Some of the
Speaker 1: stuff is trickier to look for than your standard electrons,
Speaker 1: muons and this kind of stuff. So as we develop
Speaker 1: new techniques, we might be able to discover things in
Speaker 1: existing data, not just wait for more data.
Speaker 9: I see. Well, since you mentioned that, maybe give people
Speaker 9: a quick three minute explanation of what is a quirk
Speaker 9: because I don't think we've talked about it before.
Speaker 1: Have we? No, we have not. Yeah, a quirk is
Speaker 1: like a quark, but it has a different kind of force.
Speaker 1: It's like a new version of the strong force. And
Speaker 1: quirks are much heavier than quarks, and so when you
Speaker 1: produce two quarks at the particle collider, what happens is
Speaker 1: that the strong force doesn't like them being far apart,
Speaker 1: so it creates a bunch of new quarks out of
Speaker 1: that energy. For quirks, that's not possible because quirks are
Speaker 1: too massive, So the universe can't turn that energy into
Speaker 1: new quirks because there isn't enough energy to make quirks
Speaker 1: because their mass is higher, And so what that means
Speaker 1: is that you have these two particles that now fly
Speaker 1: apart from each other, and they still have that great
Speaker 1: energy between them, which means they wiggle in really weird ways.
Speaker 1: Rather than just flying through a magnetic field like a
Speaker 1: charge particle, they oscillate inside the detector, which is really
Speaker 1: a challenge for our current data analysis pipeline to discover.
Speaker 9: So then that's sort of the answer for bills that
Speaker 9: you're a large hundred collatter is going to keep running
Speaker 9: and you're looking for I guess rarer or harder to
Speaker 9: find particles.
Speaker 1: Yeah, and people are also developing techniques to look for
Speaker 1: things that are completely unexpected, like running machine learning based
Speaker 1: anomaly detection algorithms to see if there's anything just like
Speaker 1: really weird in the data. So we're going to keep
Speaker 1: minding this data hoping to make discoveries.
Speaker 9: And you're also trying to make antimatter, right and stuff
Speaker 9: like that.
Speaker 1: Well, in a particle collider, you can make basically anything
Speaker 1: that the universe is capable of. You smash those protons
Speaker 1: together and eventually you make everything on nature's menu. And
Speaker 1: we often make antimatter. We're hoping we might even make
Speaker 1: like dark matter and be able to detect it in
Speaker 1: our collider, all sorts of stuff. There are other experiments
Speaker 1: that's earned not the collider that do things like make
Speaker 1: anti hydrogen and study its behavior.
Speaker 9: Oh, I see, now, are there plans to make more colliders,
Speaker 9: bigger colliders, or to expand the current collider?
Speaker 1: Yes, all of those. We just finished put it together
Speaker 1: like a ten year plan for particle physics, and there's
Speaker 1: some interesting proposals. Some people think that when the large
Speaker 1: Hadron collider is done running, we should build a bigger
Speaker 1: circular collider, and so this would involve like a larger
Speaker 1: tunnel under Geneva, and because it's bigger, you could have
Speaker 1: more energy in it. You're limited by like the strength
Speaker 1: of the magnets that you need to curve the particles
Speaker 1: around in that circle. If you can't make your magnets stronger,
Speaker 1: you can just make the circle bigger, and then you
Speaker 1: can get your particles moving faster with the same magnets.
Speaker 1: So that's one possibility.
Speaker 9: So you can make particles go at point nine nine
Speaker 9: nine nine nine nine nine nine with the speed of
Speaker 9: light instead of point nine nine nine nine nine nine.
Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, currently the collider explores up to about thirteen
Speaker 1: and a half terra electron volts trillion electron volts, and
Speaker 1: this new one would go up to fifty or one
Speaker 1: hundred terra electron volts. And that doesn't sound like that
Speaker 1: big a jump, but that's like multiplying by four or
Speaker 1: eight the sort of entire energy range we've ever explored.
Speaker 1: You know, it's like landing on eight new Earth like
Speaker 1: planets simultaneously. It's an enormous range that we could use
Speaker 1: to discover something.
Speaker 9: So how many dines does that give us in terms
Speaker 9: of how fast we can explain particles at a percentage
Speaker 9: at the speed of light.
Speaker 1: Oh, I don't even know.
Speaker 9: A lot of nines, half a nine, three nines.
Speaker 1: We don't even think about it in terms of velocity
Speaker 1: because it's a crazy asymptopic quantity. We just think in
Speaker 1: terms of energy. That's right.
Speaker 9: You don't want to think that each nine cause about
Speaker 9: ten billion bills.
Speaker 1: I don't like to think about that now. But these
Speaker 1: colliders would be very expensive because you've got to drill
Speaker 1: the tunnel, you've got to build the magnets. The whole
Speaker 1: thing is expensive. It's tens of billions and a competitor
Speaker 1: on the international scene is China is proposing to maybe
Speaker 1: build one of these colliders over there. They think they
Speaker 1: have the money, and they are ramping up very quickly
Speaker 1: in terms of particle physics in their universities, and I
Speaker 1: think they would like to be the leader in particle
Speaker 1: physics in the world. So there's two big competing proposals
Speaker 1: there from CERN, one from China, and then there's a
Speaker 1: dark Horse, which is saying, hey, maybe we shouldn't be
Speaker 1: colliding protons or electrons, let's try colliding something else.
Speaker 9: What what else can you collide?
Speaker 1: Well, there's a really fun proposal for a muon collider.
Speaker 1: Muons are just like heavy versions of electrons. They're not hadrons,
Speaker 1: they're not hadrons. No, they're fundamental particles, and they're really
Speaker 1: hard to use because they don't last very long. Like
Speaker 1: electrons are stable, they last forever, but muons last a
Speaker 1: few microseconds, and so it's hard to get them in
Speaker 1: a collider and keep them going and all this kind
Speaker 1: of stuff. You might wonder like, well, why bother, Well,
Speaker 1: the answer is they have more mass than electrons do,
Speaker 1: and so colliding muons gives you more Higgs bosons than
Speaker 1: colliding electrons, because higgs boson interacts with particles that have mass, right,
Speaker 1: and interacts more with particles that have more mass. So
Speaker 1: when you smash two muons together, you have a much
Speaker 1: higher chance of making a Higgs boson than when you
Speaker 1: smash two electrons together. So the muon collider is what
Speaker 1: they call a Higgs factory. It would produce oodles and
Speaker 1: noodles of Higgs bosons and allow us to study it
Speaker 1: in great detail.
Speaker 9: To answer I guess what question?
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, well, good point. I mean, the Higgs boson
Speaker 1: was discovered and it acts the way we expect, but
Speaker 1: it might be that it's not quite the Higgs boson
Speaker 1: we expected. It could have some weird new properties. And
Speaker 1: one way to make discoveries is to like measure all
Speaker 1: the properties of the higgs boson, its mass, it's spin,
Speaker 1: it's precise interactions with all the other particles, really really accurately,
Speaker 1: and see if it lines up with our predictions. And
Speaker 1: if it doesn't, that's a hint that there's something new
Speaker 1: going on, some new particles or feels out there that
Speaker 1: are messing up our calculations.
Speaker 9: All right, now, Daniel, since technically you are employed by CERN.
Speaker 9: Do we need to give a sponsored content warning here?
Speaker 1: I am actually not technically employed by CERN. I'm employed
Speaker 1: with the University of California, though I do my research
Speaker 1: at CERN, and I'm certainly very heavily biased here that
Speaker 1: I think this stuff is a lot of fun. It's
Speaker 1: tens of billions of dollars, so whether or not governments
Speaker 1: want to spend that money is a very political question. Personally,
Speaker 1: I think we should spend lots more money on science,
Speaker 1: not just particle physics, but astrophysics and condensed matter physics
Speaker 1: and maybe even chemistry. So I'm all in favor.
Speaker 9: Of it, right right, but not philosophy.
Speaker 1: Definitely more money for philosophy. I don't know if you
Speaker 1: call that science or not. That's a philosophy question.
Speaker 9: All right, Well, great questions here today. Thanks for our
Speaker 9: question askers for standing in their questions.
Speaker 1: Thanks to everybody who thinks about the universe, wonders about it,
Speaker 1: and tunes into the podcast hoping to gain some understanding.
Speaker 1: We really love hearing your thoughts and answering your questions.
Speaker 9: We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us. See
Speaker 9: you next time.
Speaker 1: For more science and curiosity. Come find us on social
Speaker 1: media where we answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, This, Org,
Speaker 1: Instant and now TikTok. Thanks for listening and remember that.
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,
Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the
Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How
Speaker 1: is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic
Speaker 1: digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy
Speaker 1: that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit usdairy
Speaker 1: dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jacklie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to
Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to black
Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,
Speaker 2: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of The Happiness Lab podcasts.
Speaker 3: The US elections approach it can feel like we're angrier
Speaker 3: and more divided than ever, But in a new couple
Speaker 3: season of my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really
Speaker 3: shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better and
Speaker 7: that we can be better.
Speaker 3: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you
Speaker 3: listen to podcasts.
Speaker 4: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs,
Speaker 4: WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on
Speaker 4: today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with
Speaker 4: experts from across the healthcare community, WebMD reveals how today's
Speaker 4: health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy.
Speaker 5: It's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
Speaker 5: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
Speaker 5: each other.
Speaker 4: Listen to web md Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app
Speaker 4: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 11: I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Byrne.
Speaker 1: We are two cool moms.
Speaker 11: We certainly are.
Speaker 1: And guess where we could find us now?
Speaker 9: Oh, I don't know the iHeart podcast network.
Speaker 1: That's right.
Speaker 17: We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it.
Speaker 7: I am too.
Speaker 15: I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast,
Speaker 15: but now it's even more funner and cooler and hardier.
Speaker 1: That's right, it's more ieheartier. I knew it.
Speaker 11: Check your heart rate. We're here at iHeart.
Speaker 7: Yeah.
Speaker 17: You could find us wherever you listen to your podcasts,
Speaker 17: or on the iHeartRadio app.