WEBVTT - How Exploding Lakes Work

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff

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<v Speaker 1>works dot com. Wow, hey, guys, welcome to the podcast.

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<v Speaker 1>This is Alison Madermillick at how stuff works dot com

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<v Speaker 1>Science editor, and this is Robert Lamb, science writer for

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<v Speaker 1>how stuff works dot com. Today we're talking about excluding lakes. Robert, Yes,

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<v Speaker 1>do you have this talent of making yourself out talent?

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<v Speaker 1>But this this ability to make yourself burp? Yes, I

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<v Speaker 1>I do have this ability. You've never done it at

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<v Speaker 1>work there, Um, I haven't burped in years. I just

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<v Speaker 1>I just try and keep just practice manners as much

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<v Speaker 1>as possible. I do have have the ability to make

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<v Speaker 1>myself burp, although I will not do it on on

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<v Speaker 1>the microphone, and I'm not necessarily very proud of it.

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<v Speaker 1>But lakes, as it turns out, can also release some

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<v Speaker 1>pretty massive burps. These exploding lakes in particular that we're

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<v Speaker 1>going to talk about today and on the evening of

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<v Speaker 1>August one, when such burp happened. That's right, Lake NEOs

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<v Speaker 1>Uh in western Cameroon, in the very crook of Africa. There,

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<v Speaker 1>it's like nine thirty at night. Um, you know, villagers

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<v Speaker 1>are tending to their cattle and then their livestock in

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<v Speaker 1>the area, and suddenly there's this monstrous rumbling from the

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<v Speaker 1>lake and they look out there and there's just this

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<v Speaker 1>gas frothing up out of the lake like like like

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<v Speaker 1>somebody's open a champagne bottle, just rising up into the air.

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<v Speaker 1>And this column and then just beginning to expand outward

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<v Speaker 1>from the lake. It's like a bat out of hell

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<v Speaker 1>just moving out across the valley. Yeah, and uh, and

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<v Speaker 1>then you know, these guys see this in there, confused,

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<v Speaker 1>they're they're frightened, they're going to check it out. Oh no,

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<v Speaker 1>don't go out to check it out, because we have

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<v Speaker 1>always in a horror movie. Yeah, never never walk into

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<v Speaker 1>the mist. Just tight, hide in the closet, hide in

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<v Speaker 1>your No, that's not gonna work. That the mist is

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<v Speaker 1>going to come for you. And it did. It did.

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<v Speaker 1>Like the guys who went in to check on it

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<v Speaker 1>didn't come out in the miskept spreading. Livestock keels over,

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<v Speaker 1>people are stumbling to the ground, people are collapsing in

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<v Speaker 1>their tracks pretty much wherever they were, whether it was

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<v Speaker 1>in the closet or outside or by the lakeside. But

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<v Speaker 1>it's spread throughout the whole canyon there. Yeah, the valley

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<v Speaker 1>it was about I think it. I think it's spread

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<v Speaker 1>to Um fifteen point five miles from from the source

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<v Speaker 1>of that original eruption, if you will. And in the

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<v Speaker 1>first two towns, the first two closest towns, NEOs and Cam.

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<v Speaker 1>I believe everyone but four people died. And I mean

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<v Speaker 1>that that accounts for the massive scale. About sevent people

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<v Speaker 1>died with the eruption of this, with this Limnic eruption

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<v Speaker 1>or this Lake eruption. I had no idea what happened. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>like thirty six hours later, some of the people wake up,

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<v Speaker 1>right and find that most of the people are un dead.

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<v Speaker 1>Can you imagine how horrifying that is? I can't even

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<v Speaker 1>even manage. I mean, you just have to think it

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<v Speaker 1>was the end of the world. Yeah, totally. When you

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<v Speaker 1>wake up, you look around, your family members are dead,

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<v Speaker 1>drew neighbors, your livelihood, and in the form of live stock,

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<v Speaker 1>they're all keeled over. It's pretty terrible to think about.

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<v Speaker 1>So um the cloud. The cloud's gone. About thirty six

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<v Speaker 1>hours later, right, and people are asking questions, just you know,

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<v Speaker 1>what what happened here? You know, they had no idea.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean there, you know it could have been a

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<v Speaker 1>lake spirit. It could have been any number of things.

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<v Speaker 1>They weren't really sure. Yeah, so they do what most

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<v Speaker 1>people would do in this situation. You call in scientists

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<v Speaker 1>to examine the hard facts and figure out what in

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<v Speaker 1>the world happened. And the sciences is pretty pretty quickly

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<v Speaker 1>figured out that CEO two had a carbon dioxide had

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<v Speaker 1>a big role to play. Right. Basically, this cloud was

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<v Speaker 1>a mixture of c O two and air just that

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<v Speaker 1>rose up out of the depths of the lake and

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<v Speaker 1>expanded outward um and everybody breathed in in either lost

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<v Speaker 1>consciousness or died. Those people who breathe in more than

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<v Speaker 1>carbon diactside died and those who were like enough quote

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<v Speaker 1>unquote lucky enough to breathe in less lost consciousness and

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<v Speaker 1>revived you know about it and off later roughly right.

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<v Speaker 1>So the big question then becomes, how did this CEO

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<v Speaker 1>two come to apparently be at the bottom of the

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<v Speaker 1>lake or come up from the bottom of the lake.

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<v Speaker 1>Where to come from? What source? A lot of CEO two?

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<v Speaker 1>There are two theories were two theories arose, each one

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<v Speaker 1>related to magma, liquid rock. Okay. One theory is that

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<v Speaker 1>this is basically a volcanic eruption underneath the lake. We

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<v Speaker 1>just had a geologic upheaval where magma comes surging up,

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<v Speaker 1>releases c O two. C O two explodes out of

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<v Speaker 1>the out of the water, and then the other The

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<v Speaker 1>other theory was more of a gradual time frame. And

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<v Speaker 1>if they basically said that, well, listen, TU two has

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<v Speaker 1>been gradually seeping into the bottom of the lake from

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<v Speaker 1>for for a long time. And the way it might

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<v Speaker 1>have done that is if you think about how a

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<v Speaker 1>volcanic lake is formed, as as Lake NEOs is and

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<v Speaker 1>and was at that time. It's formed because you have

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<v Speaker 1>this you know, hot liquid magna in the earth and

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<v Speaker 1>there's weak spots the Earth's crust, and the magma all

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<v Speaker 1>of a sudden, you know, just busts up and blasts

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<v Speaker 1>this giant hole in the ground and forms this hole,

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<v Speaker 1>and eventually rain water fills it and makes a nice lake.

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<v Speaker 1>What was once the crater of an active volcano is

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<v Speaker 1>now a peaceful, serene lake, right like NEOs. Anyhow, the

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<v Speaker 1>tube that the magma uses to blast up through the

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<v Speaker 1>surface is actually still in existence, and what happens then

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<v Speaker 1>is that the CEO two takes advantage of this existing

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<v Speaker 1>tube and it just kind of keeps coming up, kind

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<v Speaker 1>of keeps chiling up the you know, three to six

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<v Speaker 1>miles because you have a lot of pressure down there,

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<v Speaker 1>and the pressure actually pretty much squeezes the CEO two

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<v Speaker 1>out of the magma, and uh that's that's that's how

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<v Speaker 1>it rises to the surf, well, to the bottom of

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<v Speaker 1>the lake, right, and then it just sits because right

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<v Speaker 1>CEO two is uh is pretty heavy and it likes

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<v Speaker 1>to sit. And you know this this dense water and

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<v Speaker 1>of water on top of it. So when we're talking

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<v Speaker 1>about a pretty thick layer there. Well, so they had

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<v Speaker 1>to fgure out which of these hypotheses was right. And

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<v Speaker 1>they figured out that, you know, the first one maybe

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<v Speaker 1>wasn't such a good one. Why why wasn't it a

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<v Speaker 1>good one? Well, because we sent some guys out or

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<v Speaker 1>we uh some guys went out to Cameronian government government,

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<v Speaker 1>some scientists out there, and uh they ended up bringing

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<v Speaker 1>in some seismologists. These guys are used to you know,

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<v Speaker 1>encountering like, you know, really shaky conditions, you know, the

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<v Speaker 1>near the summits of volcanoes or you know, high highly

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<v Speaker 1>active earthquake zones, and uh, they come here and there's

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<v Speaker 1>nothing happening. There's like little or no seismic activity. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>they're probably just sunning themselves lakeside and drinking Guinness the

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<v Speaker 1>whole time, because Guinness is the the beer of Western cameraon.

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<v Speaker 1>But but then there was another another tail tale son

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<v Speaker 1>who this was not a volcano, right, oh right. They

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<v Speaker 1>didn't find any sulfur or I believe chloride in the lake,

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<v Speaker 1>and that would have been indicative of a full volcanic eruption.

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<v Speaker 1>But they found neither of those um so that led

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<v Speaker 1>them to their second theory, which was the C O

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<v Speaker 1>two had gradually been seeping into the bottom of the lake.

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<v Speaker 1>But C two in and of itself is really not

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<v Speaker 1>enough to cause one of these massive lake eruptions. You

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<v Speaker 1>need a couple other things. Basically, you need to have

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<v Speaker 1>it needs to be pretty deep, which this is six

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<v Speaker 1>two ft because if there's if there's only a small

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<v Speaker 1>amount of water between that bubble of gas and the surface,

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<v Speaker 1>then like a stiff wind or or you know fish

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<v Speaker 1>or you know, a tree falling into the water and

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<v Speaker 1>anything like that, nessy you know, monsters could set it

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<v Speaker 1>off as well, but it would not take much for

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<v Speaker 1>that gas to be released. But if you have a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of water. You know, the more water you have

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<v Speaker 1>between the surface and that gas, the more of a

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<v Speaker 1>disturbance it is going to take. And then you're also

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<v Speaker 1>going to need to, uh to be in a pretty

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<v Speaker 1>stable climate, like a tropical zone where you're not experiencing

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<v Speaker 1>summer and winter and freezes and and and summer heat.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, you're just keeping it more or less a

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<v Speaker 1>constant temperature. With constant temperatures, I mean, lakes tend to

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<v Speaker 1>hold their position more. And what you mean position is

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<v Speaker 1>that you know, the cold, denser water stays on the

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<v Speaker 1>bottom and the warmer water stays on top near the surface.

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<v Speaker 1>And when they trade spots that cold and the cold

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<v Speaker 1>and warm water, that's caused an exhalation or that's when

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<v Speaker 1>the lake turns over. And that's what happens. Where with

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<v Speaker 1>climates that experience season will change, you know, like in

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<v Speaker 1>the natural release valve. Sure sure, sure, so you really

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<v Speaker 1>I mean this lake exhalation is a good thing, but

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<v Speaker 1>it doesn't tend to happen in UH in the tropical

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<v Speaker 1>climates like a Cameroon for example. And then you have

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<v Speaker 1>I mean that you need a trigger as well, right, yea,

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<v Speaker 1>In this case, they're they're thinking that there was there

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<v Speaker 1>was apparently a rock slide around the same time, so

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<v Speaker 1>they think that enough rock may have collapsed into the lake,

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<v Speaker 1>disturb that gas on the bottom and send it rising

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<v Speaker 1>up to the top, kind of like if you've ever

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<v Speaker 1>had a mixed drink where you can you can look

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<v Speaker 1>at the side of the glass and see a distinct

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<v Speaker 1>difference between the layer of alcohol and the air of

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<v Speaker 1>nixer throw an ice cube and then everything moving. So

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<v Speaker 1>that's that's may be that maybe what had happened here, right,

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<v Speaker 1>and then I mean there's also scientists like to think

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<v Speaker 1>that or some signs just like to think that CEO

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<v Speaker 1>two is inherently unstable in a in a freshwater environment,

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<v Speaker 1>so that it really wouldn't even require a trigger. It's

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<v Speaker 1>just generally a bad situation if you have those first

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<v Speaker 1>three factors that we talked about already set up, so

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<v Speaker 1>it just kind of builds up to it until it

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<v Speaker 1>reaches a natural breaking point. Sure, So are there other

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<v Speaker 1>lakes that face this situation? There are, There's at least

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<v Speaker 1>one in the in pretty much the same area, Lake Monoun. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>and it happened it had already exploded two years earlier

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<v Speaker 1>in see actually sixty two miles in southeast of NEOs,

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<v Speaker 1>killing thirty seven people. Then there's a lake kivu Um

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<v Speaker 1>it's also in the African Rift Valley. And then there's

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<v Speaker 1>a lake Quilitoa. S a picture of this, right, they

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<v Speaker 1>really really beautiful looking place um tourists trekking into, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>relaxed by the water. But imagine after this explosion, though,

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<v Speaker 1>wouldn't be a very beautiful lake because like NEOs changed color.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, it was this beautiful, deep, still blue lake

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<v Speaker 1>and then after the explosion it kicked up all this

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<v Speaker 1>iron rich bottom water and so like the color of

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<v Speaker 1>blood or something. Yeah, so how do you keep like

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<v Speaker 1>that's that becomes a challenge. How do you keep a

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<v Speaker 1>potentially explosive lake from exploding or exploding again? Well, I

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<v Speaker 1>mean it kind of makes sense if you think about it.

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<v Speaker 1>You stick a giant straw down there, and you suck

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<v Speaker 1>up all the CEO two and release it in the

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<v Speaker 1>controlled fashion. And that is in fact what scientists did

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<v Speaker 1>at Nios and uh and Minuon, although and the case

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<v Speaker 1>of like NEOs, it took them like fifteen years to

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<v Speaker 1>get those darned straws in the ground, so it's such

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<v Speaker 1>a safe environment for for for a while. Although they

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<v Speaker 1>did take some other measures, right, Oh yeah, they also

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<v Speaker 1>put up c O two monitors in the area to

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<v Speaker 1>keep been eye on two levels as well as just

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<v Speaker 1>just keeping an eye on the conditions. Yeah. So, I

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<v Speaker 1>mean without work, just like a one of your carbon

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<v Speaker 1>man accident. Pretty much pretty much just ye, just CEO

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<v Speaker 1>two rises to a certain point, it's going to set

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<v Speaker 1>off alarms and they're just gonna try and get the

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<v Speaker 1>heck out of dodge. Yeah. Although I have seen this before,

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<v Speaker 1>I'm not sure that I'm not sure that people could

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<v Speaker 1>outrun it. It's in the case of Lake News, I

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<v Speaker 1>don't I don't know that people could have escaped it. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>I mean it seems to have spread pretty quickly, and it,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, sure claimed a lot of lives, so it

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<v Speaker 1>may have been a foregune conclusion at the time that rumbling. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>So now that we've contributed to your fear of swimming

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<v Speaker 1>in lakes, now do we have to worry about this

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<v Speaker 1>around here? Though? Not so much. I mean take Lake Lanier.

0:11:47.000 --> 0:11:49.360
<v Speaker 1>Have you been to Lake Lanier. It's frightening, and that

0:11:49.480 --> 0:11:52.800
<v Speaker 1>our pretty matter producer has grew up around there and

0:11:53.160 --> 0:11:56.920
<v Speaker 1>probably swimming its murky depths, although there are there are

0:11:56.960 --> 0:11:59.679
<v Speaker 1>so many depths these days to la here anywhere, so

0:11:59.800 --> 0:12:03.600
<v Speaker 1>that's one factor. It's not really that deep. Probably that's

0:12:03.600 --> 0:12:06.160
<v Speaker 1>a strike against it, strike against it, and the fact

0:12:06.200 --> 0:12:08.439
<v Speaker 1>that it's man made it's probably another strike against it.

0:12:08.600 --> 0:12:10.920
<v Speaker 1>Another that's another strike. And I I'm not really sure

0:12:10.920 --> 0:12:14.319
<v Speaker 1>what the level of volcanic activity beneath Lake Cleaner is either,

0:12:14.440 --> 0:12:16.880
<v Speaker 1>so so we probably don't have to worry about it

0:12:16.920 --> 0:12:19.480
<v Speaker 1>in these parts. But I mean we're also not a

0:12:19.520 --> 0:12:24.960
<v Speaker 1>tropical area, so even if it's right snow this year, yeah, yeah, first,

0:12:25.040 --> 0:12:27.160
<v Speaker 1>but it was the first for me since I moved

0:12:27.200 --> 0:12:30.120
<v Speaker 1>down here. So Camearonians perhaps have more to worry about

0:12:30.120 --> 0:12:36.800
<v Speaker 1>than than people and colder climates, fluctuating climates. So now

0:12:36.840 --> 0:12:39.640
<v Speaker 1>that we've contributed to everybody's fear, I know, if there

0:12:39.720 --> 0:12:41.959
<v Speaker 1>wasn't enough to be afraid of anyway, you know, they're

0:12:42.040 --> 0:12:49.679
<v Speaker 1>la monsters, exploding lakes, snakes, lake disappearing lakes, yes, nibbling fish,

0:12:50.040 --> 0:12:54.000
<v Speaker 1>submarines with ghosts in them. So you can read all

0:12:54.080 --> 0:12:57.920
<v Speaker 1>about these crazy lake happenings at Houston works dot com

0:12:57.960 --> 0:13:00.000
<v Speaker 1>and you can always check out our our science stuff

0:13:00.040 --> 0:13:04.199
<v Speaker 1>flog at blogs dot how stuff works dot com. All right,

0:13:04.440 --> 0:13:06.600
<v Speaker 1>thanks for listening, guys, and a happy swimming at the lake.

0:13:13.920 --> 0:13:16.319
<v Speaker 1>For more on this and thousands of other topics because

0:13:16.360 --> 0:13:19.840
<v Speaker 1>at how stuff works dot com. Want more how stuff works,

0:13:20.120 --> 0:13:22.320
<v Speaker 1>check out our blogs on the house stuff works dot

0:13:22.320 --> 0:13:23.080
<v Speaker 1>com home page