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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one,

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Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the

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Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here

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Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to this Day in History Class from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you

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Speaker 1: missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore

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Speaker 1: the past, one day at a time with a quick

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Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome

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Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy Vie Wilson, and it's October four.

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Speaker 1: The Orient Express made its first run from Paris to

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Speaker 1: istan Bull on this day in eight three. At that time,

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Speaker 1: Iston Bull was more often called Constantinople. The Orient Express is,

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Speaker 1: of course, the world's most famous train. It was conceived

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Speaker 1: by George Nagglemackers. He had gone to the United States

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Speaker 1: and he had seen the Pullan sleeper cars that were

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Speaker 1: being used on a number of United States train lines.

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Speaker 1: These were transporting passengers and relatively more luxurious accommodations than

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Speaker 1: they had in other cars. He wanted something similar and

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Speaker 1: even better in Europe, so when he got home to

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Speaker 1: Belgium he started working up a plan. This plan took

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Speaker 1: him a really long time to put into action, though

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Speaker 1: he first came up with this whole idea in eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty five, and it was almost twenty years before his

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Speaker 1: train took its first journey that was not all the

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Speaker 1: way to Istanbul. It was from Paris to Vienna on

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Speaker 1: June five three. That's well over six hundred miles or

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Speaker 1: a thousand kilometers, so it's not like this was a

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Speaker 1: short trip, but it was not nearly to the point

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Speaker 1: of his very ambitious idea of connecting the whole continent

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Speaker 1: with an incredibly luxurious train. That first October fourth journey

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Speaker 1: from Paris to Istanbul was an eighty hour trip was

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Speaker 1: a media extravaganza. Eighty hours. That sounds like a long time,

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Speaker 1: but this was much faster and much more comfortable than

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Speaker 1: any of the ways that you could have gotten to

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Speaker 1: Istanbul before this. There were lots of reporters on board,

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Speaker 1: plus diplomats and dignitaries, officials from Nagolmaker's train company, and

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Speaker 1: they were all marveling at the use wonderfully luxurious accommodations,

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Speaker 1: with wood paneled cars, dining cars that served fine foods,

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Speaker 1: silk sheets on the bed and a staff of attentive

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Speaker 1: people who were ready to serve. Nagol Makers even used

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Speaker 1: those pullman sleeping cars that had been his original inspiration

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Speaker 1: to make his own train look better. He got some

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Speaker 1: really broken down, dilapidated ones to compare them to his

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Speaker 1: brand new extra fancy train. That last stretch of the

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Speaker 1: journey from Paris to Constantinople had to be made in

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Speaker 1: that first trip by steamer. The rail line wasn't completed yet.

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Speaker 1: Those rails were finished that took the eighty hour trip

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Speaker 1: down to sixty eight hours from Paris. A new station

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Speaker 1: opened in constant to Noble in eight nine, and this

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Speaker 1: train became associated with royalty, the rich and spies. There were,

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Speaker 1: of course, some actual murders that also did for real

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Speaker 1: take place on the train. Although this Paris to Istanbul

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Speaker 1: roots was the big name, most of the Orient Expresses

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Speaker 1: service was really connecting major European cities with daily service.

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Speaker 1: The run all the way to Istanbul was just a

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Speaker 1: couple of times a week. Over time, other train lines

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Speaker 1: started using the name Orient Express and offering similarly fancy

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Speaker 1: service along similar routes, and the Orient Expresses all over

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Speaker 1: fiction although not all of these books and stories and

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Speaker 1: movies are really about the Orient Express. Some of them

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Speaker 1: are about some of these other companies that started using

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Speaker 1: a similar name as time went on. Some of these

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Speaker 1: works include Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express and

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Speaker 1: Ian Flemings from Russia with Love. Murder on the Orient

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Speaker 1: Express is actually set on one of the other Orient Expresses,

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Speaker 1: not the Orient Express, a car from the Orient Expresses

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Speaker 1: where German officers surrendered during World War One. That same

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Speaker 1: car is also the one that Hitler ordered to be

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Speaker 1: used when France surrendered to Germany during World War Two.

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Speaker 1: The Paris to Istanbul run of the Orient Express ran

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Speaker 1: for the last time in ninety seven, and then the

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Speaker 1: Orient Express itself made its last run in two thousand nine.

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Speaker 1: Although other outfits have picked up the name or some

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Speaker 1: version of it, there are some restored cars from the

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Speaker 1: original Orient Express that are still in use today. Thanks

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Speaker 1: to Eve's Jeff Cote for her research work on today's podcast,

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Speaker 1: Antatari Harrison for all of her audio work on this show.

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Speaker 1: You can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on

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Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, and wherever il to get your podcasts.

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Speaker 1: You can tune in tomorrow for a women's march hundreds

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Speaker 1: of years ago. Hey everyone, welcome to the podcast I'm

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Speaker 1: Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a podcast that really takes to heart the phrase you

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Speaker 1: learn something new every day. The day was October four,

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Speaker 1: ninety seven. The Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite,

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Speaker 1: and scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noticed that

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Speaker 1: the frequency of its radio signal increased as it moved

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Speaker 1: closer and decreased as it moved farther away. This discovery

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Speaker 1: led scientists to study how they could use satellites to

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Speaker 1: locate receivers on Earth, an idea that marked the beginning

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Speaker 1: of the development of satellite navigation systems and eventually GPS.

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Speaker 1: After spot Nik launched to physicists at Johns Hopkins Applied

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Speaker 1: Physics Laboratory Dr Is William Geyer and George Wifenbach tracked

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Speaker 1: the satellite using the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect is

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Speaker 1: the change in frequency or a wavelength of a wave

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Speaker 1: as the waves source and its observer move toward or

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Speaker 1: away from each other. A familiar illustration of the Doppler

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Speaker 1: effect is the change in pitch of sirens as an

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Speaker 1: emergency vehicle approaches and passes by. Chairman of the Applied

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Speaker 1: Physics Laboratories Research Center, Frank McClure, suggested that if the

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Speaker 1: satellite position is known, then a navigator on Earth could

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Speaker 1: receive and process the satellite signal to determine their location.

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Speaker 1: This led to the creation of the TRANSIT system, the

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Speaker 1: first satellite based geo positioning system. TRANSIT was developed by

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Speaker 1: the a p L and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,

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Speaker 1: and it was sponsored by the U. S. Navy. Its

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Speaker 1: main purpose was to provide location updates to the Navy's

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Speaker 1: ballistic missile submarines, but it was also used as a

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Speaker 1: navigation system for surface ships and for surveying. Transit was

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Speaker 1: fully operational by nineteen sixty four. In nineteen sixty seven,

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Speaker 1: Transit became available for civilian use, but scientists realized that

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Speaker 1: a more accurate navigation system that could operate all day,

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Speaker 1: every day would be better than TRANSIT. Transit had high

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Speaker 1: accuracy compared to other navigation systems, but it still had limitations.

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Speaker 1: The technology and techniques developed for TRANSIT contributed to the

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Speaker 1: introduction of the Global Positioning System, or GPS, so did

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Speaker 1: the development of other programs like Tomation and but by

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Speaker 1: the early nineteen seventies, US defense officials realized that it

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Speaker 1: would be advantageous to have a single satellite based navigation

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Speaker 1: system with several military applications, rather than having a bunch

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Speaker 1: of expensive ones. The first rational GPS satellite was launched

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Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy eight, and by nine three GPS reached

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Speaker 1: initial operational capability with a full constellation of twenty four satellites.

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Speaker 1: Two years later, GPS became fully operational with twenty seven satellites,

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Speaker 1: three of which were spares. From the beginning, GPS was

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Speaker 1: a dual use system, meaning that it was made for

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Speaker 1: civilian and military use. The Transit System ended its navigation

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Speaker 1: service in nine six since GPS technology had improved greatly

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Speaker 1: and deemed it obsolete, and in two thousand, the Defense

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Speaker 1: Department ended the selective availability of GPS, which meant that

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Speaker 1: it was no longer purposefully degrading the signal for civilian users.

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Speaker 1: GPS receivers now have a much higher accuracy than they

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Speaker 1: did at the time of this switch. As GPS technology advanced,

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Speaker 1: it became available in more personal products like car navigation

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Speaker 1: devices and cell phones. I'm Eve stepf Coote and hopefully

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Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you

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Speaker 1: did yesterday. You can find us on social media at

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Speaker 1: t D i h C Podcast on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook,

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Speaker 1: and you can email us at this Day at I

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Speaker 1: heart media dot com. Thanks again for listening, and have

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Speaker 1: a fantastic twenty four hours until we see you again.

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Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart

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Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your

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Speaker 1: favorite shows.