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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of IHEARTRADIOW.

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Speaker 2: And welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's Chuck

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Speaker 2: and Jerry's here too. And she was making too many

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Speaker 2: laser noises, so we asked her to please go on

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Speaker 2: you because she did, and I assume she's still making

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Speaker 2: laser noises. We just can't hear right now.

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Speaker 1: You have a little attitude about it.

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Speaker 2: Too, she did. I mean, I was really mean and kurt,

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Speaker 2: but she didn't have to be that way back.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a one way street, right, it's.

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Speaker 2: My way or the highway.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's about time we did an episode on lasers.

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Speaker 1: This seems like something that we would have tackled in

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Speaker 1: those first formative in that first formative decade, and.

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Speaker 2: I'm glad we didn't because I think it's good to

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Speaker 2: still do like a traditional you know, how X works episode,

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Speaker 2: we should do one, And how X works it depends

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Speaker 2: on what kind of X you're talking about.

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Speaker 1: Ruby used to give us an X when she was little,

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Speaker 1: when she was like two years old. If she didn't

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Speaker 1: like something, she would do her fingers as an X.

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Speaker 2: And she just keeps getting cooler and cooler.

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Speaker 1: She forgot that she lost that one along the way.

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Speaker 1: I told her to bring that back.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a good one.

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Speaker 1: Uncle Josh likes it.

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Speaker 2: That's like talk to the hand, but way better.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 2: All right, So we're talking lasers today, not necessarily X.

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Speaker 2: Maybe we will do X someday. Let's find out, okay,

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Speaker 2: And everybody knows what a laser is, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean I feel like it's one of the

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Speaker 1: more like one of those acronyms like scuba that you

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Speaker 1: learn when you're like on the playground. M hm. So

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Speaker 1: in this case, it stands for light amplification by stimulated

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Speaker 1: emission of radiation. And now that I know what a

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Speaker 1: laser is and how it works, they kind of nailed

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Speaker 1: it with that acronym they did.

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Speaker 2: You you can totally forgive them for the B and

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Speaker 2: the of because that's a world class acronym.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that would be lab sere if they included those

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Speaker 1: lasers so much cooler.

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Speaker 2: Lab se or doesn't. It doesn't have that same ring

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Speaker 2: to it as laser.

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Speaker 1: Throw me the lab se or gun.

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Speaker 2: That someone would say. No. So, lasers are everywhere everybody,

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Speaker 2: They're all around you. A lot of them are pointed

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Speaker 2: at you right now, you just can't see them. But

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Speaker 2: like a UPC code scanner at a supermarket checkout. They

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Speaker 2: still have supermarkets, right, Oh yeah, that's right. Everyone goes

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Speaker 2: in and empties all of their bank accounts into them

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Speaker 2: every week to get suesstenates. Well, when you check out,

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Speaker 2: boo boo boop like that, that's actually a laser being triggered.

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Speaker 2: You're scanning your UPC code. So lasers are everywhere. They're

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Speaker 2: at the supermarket. At least, that doesn't necessarily mean you

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Speaker 2: understand them. I didn't understand them until we started to

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Speaker 2: research this, did you know.

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Speaker 1: And it's really not that hard to wrap your head around.

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Speaker 1: Actually I was kind of dreading this. But Dave did

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Speaker 1: a great job with this article, sort of like you

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Speaker 1: here in the traditional sense, like you said, yep, And

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Speaker 1: he does a good job initially by sort of laying

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Speaker 1: the groundwork of regular light compared to a laser light.

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Speaker 1: And I think that's a great way to start.

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Speaker 2: Well, yeah, if we're going to talk about lasers, we

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Speaker 2: really I mean, we're talking about light. We kind of

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Speaker 2: need to go back a couple of steps and say, okay,

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Speaker 2: there's different kinds of light, you know, like the light

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Speaker 2: we think of as sunlight or a light bulb or

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Speaker 2: something like that, what we would call generally white light

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Speaker 2: is as a lot of people know, all of the

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Speaker 2: colors of the spectrum, the visible light spectrum together coming

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Speaker 2: together to form white light.

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Speaker 1: That's right, many different wavelengths. But just like you know,

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Speaker 1: elementary school science, when you get that prism and your

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Speaker 1: little mind is blown, it's still kind of blows my mind.

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Speaker 1: You scatter that light into its different wavelengths and it's

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Speaker 1: the colors of the rainbow there. But and this is

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Speaker 1: something that like I don't think I even realize this,

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Speaker 1: even those different wavelengths, it's not a single wavelengths. It's

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Speaker 1: still a spectrum of different wavelengths creating the red or

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Speaker 1: the blue or the yellow or whatever. And that's kind

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Speaker 1: of where we find ourselves, you know, departing in what

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Speaker 1: a laser ends at being.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, because so for example, the yellow band, what we

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Speaker 2: see is yellow, and the visible spectrum occupies the five

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Speaker 2: hundred and seventy nanimeter to five hundred and ninety nanimeter range.

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Speaker 2: You show up below that, I think you've got what

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Speaker 2: red orange, something like that. ROYGBIV, Yeah, I can't remember

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Speaker 2: above that you've got blue Green, roy g Green, and

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Speaker 2: those just have different wave links. They're all electromagnetic light.

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Speaker 2: It's the same thing as a microwave. It's the same

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Speaker 2: thing as a radio wave. It's the same thing as

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Speaker 2: a gamma ray. It's just the different frequencies make them

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Speaker 2: different kinds of energy what we call the visible spectrum.

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Speaker 2: The point is is within all those different nanometer wavelengths,

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Speaker 2: say from five to seventy to five ninety, there's different

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Speaker 2: kinds of yellow. There's different shades of yellow right in

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Speaker 2: there across that the spectrum within the spectrum, I guess.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, spectrum within the spectrum. Also a great album title.

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Speaker 2: That is a great album title, Jeszisch. Maybe you could

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Speaker 2: have like a prism with a beam of light coming

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Speaker 2: in and then a rainbow coming out the other side.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is nineteen sixties for sure.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, pyramid even is a prism.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. With Isaac Kay's's head floating above it.

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Speaker 2: I'm describing the Dark Side of the Moon album cover.

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Speaker 1: I know it's just kidding.

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Speaker 2: Okay, well you were really throwing me off, you were.

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Speaker 2: That was some meta joking right there.

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Speaker 1: I have a great pressing of Dark Side of the

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Speaker 1: Moon by the way you do. Yeah, you know, I

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Speaker 1: had a record press or a guy who does that

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Speaker 1: for a living. I was hanging out with him in

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Speaker 1: New York with our friend Joey Ciara and these two

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Speaker 1: guys who did that, and he said, yeah, some pressings

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Speaker 1: like it's done by a human, so you might have

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Speaker 1: some records that just sound really awesome because it was

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Speaker 1: well done. And I was like yeah, and they're you know,

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Speaker 1: one hundred and eighty gram. He was like, that's all bunk,

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Speaker 1: by the way. He's like, it just makes you feel

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Speaker 1: better that it's heavier, and I was like, oh man,

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Speaker 1: that's disappointing.

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Speaker 2: I do like the heft of a eighty gram.

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Speaker 1: Apparently, they said, is that's all just for you to

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Speaker 1: make you think it is better because it's heavier.

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Speaker 2: It's heavier, so it's worth more.

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Speaker 1: All right. So back to lasers. What you just described

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Speaker 1: very well, by the way, was regular light wavelength within

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Speaker 1: the wavelength. If you talk about the differences of a

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Speaker 1: laser light, you're talking about three main differences, in the

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Speaker 1: first of which is that single wavelength it's monoc like

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Speaker 1: truly monochromatic. That beam of light that a laser is

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Speaker 1: or I guess you know, produces Well, no, it's what

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Speaker 1: it is is is just a very it's a single wavelength,

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Speaker 1: highly highly concentrated.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, so rather than say a wavelength between five seventy

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Speaker 2: and five for being yellow, this is a five hundred

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Speaker 2: and seventy two nanometer wavelength that is that specific yellow.

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Speaker 2: That's right, and it's it's not it's made up entirely

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Speaker 2: of yellow light on the exact same wavelength. That is

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Speaker 2: incredibly important. That's a huge, huge difference. Lasers don't occur naturally.

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Speaker 2: We've figured out how to make them, and by we,

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Speaker 2: I'm including myself in you.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The second big difference between laser light and

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Speaker 1: regular light is that it's coherent. So not only is

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Speaker 1: it just a single wavelength, but the photons of the light,

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Speaker 1: and we're going to talk about where they come into

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Speaker 1: play here in a second. Thanks to mister Einstein or

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Speaker 1: doctor Einstein, the photons are perfectly in phase with one another.

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Speaker 1: So if you look at that wavelength, the peaks and

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Speaker 1: the troughs are all perfectly in sync.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and not like they're following the same plane and

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Speaker 2: they're just kind of in synct like that like, they're

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Speaker 2: upright above each other, right below each other. They're not

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Speaker 2: interfering with one another in any way whatsoever.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 2: And then the last one is that they're colimated, meaning

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Speaker 2: they're all traveling in the exact same direction.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean that's important. I mean culimated sort of

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Speaker 1: a fancy way of saying directional. But as we'll see,

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Speaker 1: they all have to be traveling that same direction to

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Speaker 1: pick up their little photon buddies.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. So essentially what you've got is a very specific

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Speaker 2: kind of the exact same kind of light, none of

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Speaker 2: which are interfering with the other photons that are coming

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Speaker 2: out of the laser, all of which are traveling in

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Speaker 2: the same direction, so they do not get in one

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Speaker 2: another's way, and they can be combined very very tightly.

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Speaker 2: And that's essentially what a laser does.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure. And it all goes back to that

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Speaker 1: acronym stimulated emission, the SE and laser. You can't make

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Speaker 1: a laser without SE, that's true. You can't spell laser

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Speaker 1: without SE, and you can't have a laser without stimulated emission.

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Speaker 1: And our buddy Einstein is the guy who sort of

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Speaker 1: laid the theoretical groundwork. He didn't go out and build

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Speaker 1: a laser. That came later, but he laid the theoretical

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Speaker 1: groundwork for all of this back in the ridiculously in

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Speaker 1: the early nineteen hundreds.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, so back in nineteen oh five, most people were like,

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Speaker 2: light's a continuous wave, and by proxy, the universe is

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Speaker 2: one smooth, continuous thing. In Einstein's like, I don't think

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Speaker 2: that's true. I think if you zoom in far enough,

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Speaker 2: close enough into the fabric of the universe, you're going

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Speaker 2: to see it's actually made of discrete, little little things

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Speaker 2: and call them pixels, right, And he's like, if that's true,

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Speaker 2: then light can't be one continuous wave either. So I

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Speaker 2: think they're actually made up of those little tiny packets

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Speaker 2: that I'm going to call photons. And he turned out

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Speaker 2: to be right. He had a great equation for it too.

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Speaker 2: It's so elegantly simple. That's the thing about Einstein. He

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Speaker 2: could come up with like three different things and could

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Speaker 2: completely change our understanding of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure, this is the Planck Einstein, Einstein, what

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Speaker 1: just happened? I was concentrating so heavily. I'm not saying Plank.

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Speaker 2: I've heard Plank I think that's how most people say.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I've always heard plank.

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Speaker 2: Okay, I've heard both, but most of the people I've

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Speaker 2: ever heard say plank. But I mean, I run in

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Speaker 2: pretty low brow crowds.

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Speaker 1: I think the probably the correctest plank, but most people

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Speaker 1: do say plank. You're right.

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Speaker 2: I like the way that you said it the first time.

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Speaker 2: The plank Einstein.

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Speaker 1: No, it says Einstein though. Yeah, the Plank Einstein relation,

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Speaker 1: which is the energy beach photon is equal to its

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Speaker 1: frequency times Plunk's constant e equals HF.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and all Plunk's constant is all it is. It's

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Speaker 2: the smallest possible measurement of energy that anything can have

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Speaker 2: on like the quantum level. Right, And so Einstein was like, Hey,

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Speaker 2: I want to figure out how all this stuff kind

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Speaker 2: of interacts because I know that photons interact with electrons.

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Speaker 2: I'm just positive of it.

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Speaker 1: Wow.

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Speaker 2: And they were figured that's pretty good. They were figuring out.

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Speaker 2: He was figuring out I think other people were at

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Speaker 2: the same time that when you have sub atomic particles

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Speaker 2: like an electron orbiting an atom, which if you go

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Speaker 2: listen to our periodic Table episode, I think we did

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Speaker 2: a pretty decent explanation of how you know that symbolism

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Speaker 2: or that visualization of it is not very correct. But

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Speaker 2: for all intents and purposes for this, let's say that

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Speaker 2: these electrons orbit in different orbits around the atom, and

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Speaker 2: when a photon hits it that orbit, that electron goes

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Speaker 2: up in energy I think for like one hundred nanoseconds typically, Yeah,

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Speaker 2: and then it says, okay, I want to get back

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Speaker 2: to my resting state it's ground state, and it goes

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Speaker 2: back to its previous orbital But when it does, it

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Speaker 2: poops out a photon.

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Speaker 1: You know what's funny? What as earlier when I was

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Speaker 1: going over there in my head, I said, poops out

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Speaker 1: of photon.

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Speaker 2: Sure, I mean you and I we share a brain

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Speaker 2: when it comes to toilet humor.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. Yeah, that's exactly right. So an atom

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Speaker 1: is going to absorb that energy, and it can do

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Speaker 1: that in a lot of ways, but let's just say

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Speaker 1: in this case, it's like some it gets heated up,

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Speaker 1: you know, like literally heated up. Those electrons are going

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Speaker 1: to jump around and get excited. But once they that

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Speaker 1: makes it unstable. But it wants to be stable. So

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Speaker 1: when it goes back to that state. You're right, it

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Speaker 1: poops out that photon. Einstein saw this, called it spontaneous emission. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and this happens all the time all over the place

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Speaker 1: in nature. These photons are getting pooped out all over

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Speaker 1: the place. But Einstein was like, well, hey, if it

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Speaker 1: happens all the time naturally, he theorized, maybe we can

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Speaker 1: we can stimulate it to do this. Maybe we can

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Speaker 1: make this happen and control that emission.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, Because here's the thing, right, Like you say you

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Speaker 2: have a photon that hits an atom and knocks an

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Speaker 2: electron into the higher energy state, then that electron poops

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Speaker 2: out a photon. Well, that electron is just absorbed the photon.

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Speaker 2: So another way of looking at it is the photon

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Speaker 2: essentially goes into the electron and comes back out the

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Speaker 2: other side kind of, but there's only one photon ever,

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Speaker 2: one gets absorbed, one's produced. What Einstein figured out is

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Speaker 2: with stimulated emission, you can use a photon to create

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Speaker 2: another photon without losing the first photon. And if you

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Speaker 2: do that a bunch of times, buddy, you can have like, oh,

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Speaker 2: like you could make a basket with your shirt and

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Speaker 2: fill it with photons.

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Speaker 1: If you do it, right, Yeah, I mean he realized

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Speaker 1: that photons like to hang out with one another, so

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Speaker 1: it doesn't take a lot to get them, you know,

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Speaker 1: traveling in a direction and saying, hey, buddy, come with me,

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Speaker 1: and it creates this sort of sort of like a snowball,

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Speaker 1: like a cascading effect where if you can get them

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Speaker 1: in an excited state and stimulate them and have them

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Speaker 1: pick up other photons and have them all travel in

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Speaker 1: the same direction, you're like halfway toward laser town pretty much.

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Speaker 2: You can see the outskirts of town and the light

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Speaker 2: shooting up in the sky.

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Speaker 1: Yeah you can.

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Speaker 2: So yeah, So that's stimulated emission. And the key here

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Speaker 2: is you don't have to spend a photon to get

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Speaker 2: a photon, right, You can excite the atom in other

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Speaker 2: ways as long as it's already in its excited state.

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Speaker 2: When the photon comes along, it's going to produce another photon. Now,

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Speaker 2: for the purposes of lasers, what's really really important here

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Speaker 2: is it is going to produce an exactly identical photon

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Speaker 2: as the first one that passes by, right, traveling in

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Speaker 2: the same direction, and it's not going to interfere with

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Speaker 2: the first one. So they're cohesive, and they're collimated, and

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Speaker 2: they're exactly the same. They're monochromatic, which, as we said before,

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Speaker 2: those are the things you need for a laser. So

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Speaker 2: Einstein figured out back in nineteen seventeen how to make

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Speaker 2: a laser, and it was like, you, guys, figure it out.

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Speaker 2: I'm going to think about some other stuff.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And if you say, well, wait a minute, I

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Speaker 1: thought you said nineteen oh five, like it even took

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Speaker 1: Ein Einstein a little while to get there, you know,

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Speaker 1: that's right, took a little while. So should we take

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Speaker 1: a break.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I feel like a break is imminent.

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Speaker 1: We'll be right back with more lasers, all right. So

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Speaker 1: when we left, Einstein did some great work kind of

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Speaker 1: laying the groundwork, this theoretical foundation of a laser. And

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Speaker 1: then he was like, guys, I like to think of

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Speaker 1: things with my brain and say them out loud and

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Speaker 1: write them on chalkboards. If you want to build this thing, fine,

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Speaker 1: maybe slide me some cash. But I don't do that

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Speaker 1: kind of work. So people did though, that followed in

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Speaker 1: his footsteps, and in the nineteenth fifties it was a

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Speaker 1: physicist named Charles Towns. He worked at Bell Labs and

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Speaker 1: he was doing research on microwaves microwave radiation, and he

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Speaker 1: was trying to He didn't know it yet, but he was.

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Speaker 1: He was halfway to laser town because he was trying

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Speaker 1: to find ways to concentrate a beam of microwaves.

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Speaker 2: In this case, what's nuts is this guy figured it out.

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Speaker 2: He just basically tinkered around and made his own version

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Speaker 2: of a laser. But rather than using light, he used

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Speaker 2: microwave beams. Right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, he built like a thing.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, he just he used ammonia adams. He put him

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Speaker 2: in a sealed chamber and he got them to essentially

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Speaker 2: emit microwave radiation that he was able to concentrate into

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Speaker 2: a beam. Right, So that cascading effect happened just like

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Speaker 2: we discussed before, and essentially the only difference is it

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Speaker 2: wasn't a light, it was a microwave beam. And to

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Speaker 2: test it, he aimed it at the front pocket of

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Speaker 2: a passing colleague, Percy Spencer, who happened to have a

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Speaker 2: chocolate bar in the front pocket, and he melted it and

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Speaker 2: Percy Spencer never forgave him because that was his favorite

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Speaker 2: short sleeve, button down shirt.

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Speaker 1: I think we talked about this, did we do one

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Speaker 1: of microwaves. Yeah, okay, well that would be exactly where

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Speaker 1: we talked about it then, probably.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and they weren't colleagues. I just made that part up.

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Speaker 2: But that was a that was for you, buddy.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, wait, there was a chocolate thing though, what right?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, yeah, that happened. But separately, I think Spencer

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Speaker 2: was in the presence of some microwave generator and his

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Speaker 2: chocolate bar melted. And now that went on to invent microwaves.

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Speaker 2: This thing was totally different. It's just yeah, it just

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Speaker 2: brought Percy Spencer to mind.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I like it. So he literally called this a mazer,

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Speaker 1: a microwave amplified stimulated emission of radiation. He teamed up

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Speaker 1: with a guy. It was a colleague named Arthur Shallow,

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Speaker 1: and he said, let me see if we can do

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Speaker 1: the same thing with light, and we'll call it an

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Speaker 1: optical maser. And everyone was like, buddy, it's right there

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Speaker 1: in front of your face, like, come on, just get there.

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Speaker 2: I think it was theor myman I like to call

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Speaker 2: him my man who actually came up with the laser.

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Speaker 2: He built the first functional laser in nineteen.

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Speaker 1: Sixty and came up with a name.

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Speaker 2: I think he did Okay. Up to this point, they

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Speaker 2: were all theoretical and my man was the first one

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Speaker 2: to actually build one, and he used a ruby crystal,

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Speaker 2: which at the time I think had already been dismissed.

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Speaker 2: People were like, you can't use that to make a laser.

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Speaker 2: And he's like, let me try again, and he did

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Speaker 2: some more calculations. He's like, the ruby's actually going to

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Speaker 2: be great. So he used a pink ruby crystal as

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Speaker 2: what's called the gain medium.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's like the material lasing material that you would

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Speaker 1: use exactly.

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Speaker 2: That's where the atoms that you get excited are all stored.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So he surrounded that crystal with a with a flash.

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Speaker 1: It was a coil shaped flash bulb. So that's that's

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Speaker 1: going to be the thing that you know, the heat

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Speaker 1: or whatever or the light that stimulates the initial reactions

364
00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:06,239
Speaker 1: the pump. Sure, and then the two ends of that

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00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:09,520
Speaker 1: crystal were painted reflective silver. So everything is sort of

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Speaker 1: kind of trapped in there together, encouraging all those photons

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Speaker 1: to bounce around and get a little wild and create

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Speaker 1: more photons and say, hey, you know we're doing something here,

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Speaker 1: guys and all.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, all of these photons came out at six hundred

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Speaker 2: and ninety four nanometers, which I guess is the precise

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Speaker 2: wavelength of ruby red.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess so.

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Speaker 2: And he showed that like there, there, here's a laser.

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Speaker 2: Check it out. Let me see your face. Basically, I

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Speaker 2: think was how he showed it off right. He would

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Speaker 2: just wave it in people's faces.

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Speaker 1: That's why he's my man.

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Speaker 2: So that was it. I mean, that was the first

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Speaker 2: laser that and it was what you want to say,

381
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Speaker 2: like it was as easy as that. Of course that's

382
00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:52,080
Speaker 2: not easy, but the principle of it is kind of

383
00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:54,800
Speaker 2: like you said, it's simple to understand, which is great.

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Speaker 2: Like we did one on the breathalyzer, and it is

385
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Speaker 2: so ridiculously complicated. It's more complicated than a laser by far.

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Speaker 1: I hated that one.

387
00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:05,560
Speaker 2: I did too.

388
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Speaker 1: That was a long period of time ago.

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Speaker 2: I remember we picked it, we started researching, and I

390
00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:09,840
Speaker 2: was like.

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Speaker 1: This sucks.

392
00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:13,359
Speaker 2: Wait, why am I not understanding this? It was just

393
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Speaker 2: so complex. Let's never talk about it again.

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Speaker 1: I think we just wanted the explanation to be like

395
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Speaker 1: blow into tube smells beer exactly.

396
00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:23,960
Speaker 2: You just make a bunch of like drunk jokes.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, all right, So that that was the first laser,

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Speaker 1: Like you said, he use that ruby to begin with.

399
00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:33,359
Speaker 1: But there are all sorts of gain mediums. There can

400
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,280
Speaker 1: be liquids, there can be gases, and we should probably

401
00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:41,080
Speaker 1: go over the five main types of laser now, starting

402
00:20:41,119 --> 00:20:44,800
Speaker 1: with like if you've ever been for tattoo removal or

403
00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:48,800
Speaker 1: like had a skin cancer with laser removal, they're using

404
00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:51,720
Speaker 1: a solid state laser in that case, and it's called

405
00:20:51,720 --> 00:20:54,960
Speaker 1: solid state because they're using a solid crystal or a

406
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,359
Speaker 1: glass or something like that. Mix it up with a

407
00:20:57,359 --> 00:21:01,879
Speaker 1: little with a gain medium like well, it's they're all

408
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:07,360
Speaker 1: rare earth elements like chromium or something like that. Neodymium

409
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:08,760
Speaker 1: is that one.

410
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:14,359
Speaker 2: Yeah, there's also a bitterum you abitterum man I even

411
00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:17,760
Speaker 2: looked it up, udbium atbium.

412
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Speaker 1: Aterbium I betze, right, that's a that's why that looks funny.

413
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Speaker 2: It is great though, why t t E r b

414
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,080
Speaker 2: I U m yatterbium I got it And all of

415
00:21:26,119 --> 00:21:29,320
Speaker 2: those Basically they dope that say, like you could still

416
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Speaker 2: use ruby, but you would create like a ruby crystal

417
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Speaker 2: that's doped with these impurities that you've selected based on

418
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:42,120
Speaker 2: their say like reflective properties, or they're phosphorescent properties. These

419
00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:46,320
Speaker 2: things can generate some photons really efficiently, and they're going

420
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Speaker 2: to generate them in exactly the wavelength that you want. Yeah,

421
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Speaker 2: it's a solid state laser. I follows in the tradition

422
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Speaker 2: of that original Mamayan's laser from nineteen sixty.

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Speaker 1: You know, Emily knows not much about football, doesn't care,

424
00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:00,919
Speaker 1: but there's always a few plays that she knows of,

425
00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:06,560
Speaker 1: and it's always very funny. Patrick Mahomes is one of them,

426
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,600
Speaker 1: and every time she'd hears of him or anything, she

427
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Speaker 1: just goes my homes very nice, sort of like my man.

428
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Speaker 2: Oh no, I'm with you. That's a great way to

429
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Speaker 2: say it. Nice.

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Speaker 1: One thing I wanted to point out though about these

431
00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,960
Speaker 1: different types of blazers is all of them are that

432
00:22:22,119 --> 00:22:25,600
Speaker 1: they use different types of blazers according to whatever application

433
00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:28,480
Speaker 1: they want to use it for. So it's not just like, hey,

434
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Speaker 1: these are cool, let's use let's use this crystal with

435
00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:35,719
Speaker 1: this doping agent because we just think it sounds awesome.

436
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,199
Speaker 1: It's all highly specific to what you want to end

437
00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:38,960
Speaker 1: up using it for.

438
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:42,800
Speaker 2: Yeah, Like even like tattoo removal you said, which I'm

439
00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:45,200
Speaker 2: in the process of I'm getting towards the end there, buddy.

440
00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:47,040
Speaker 1: How's it looking pretty gone?

441
00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:49,480
Speaker 2: Pretty light? Yeah? It start? Yeah, I mean you can

442
00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:51,399
Speaker 2: still see it, especially if you walk up to it,

443
00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:53,720
Speaker 2: but you could also miss it if you weren't looking

444
00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:56,440
Speaker 2: for it's getting like that, Just like while that guy's

445
00:22:56,480 --> 00:22:57,960
Speaker 2: got mildew on his arm.

446
00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:00,520
Speaker 1: I took the other tack. As you have seen recently

447
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:02,720
Speaker 1: when we were on tour, I had a probably two

448
00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:04,840
Speaker 1: inch by two inch tattoo that I covered with half

449
00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:05,680
Speaker 1: of an arm sleeve.

450
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:09,280
Speaker 2: I didn't see it. You haven't shown it to me? Oh?

451
00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:11,159
Speaker 1: How was was I always in long sleeves?

452
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:14,400
Speaker 2: Yeah? And I forgot to ask. I actually thought about

453
00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:16,000
Speaker 2: that when we were researching this. I was like, I

454
00:23:16,040 --> 00:23:17,240
Speaker 2: haven't seen chucks do tattoo.

455
00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,720
Speaker 1: Well, i'll I'll take my shirt off in front of

456
00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:20,040
Speaker 1: you soon.

457
00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:24,640
Speaker 2: Okay. But even with the tattoo removal ones. They have

458
00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:30,680
Speaker 2: different types of solid state lasers. The gain medium is different. Right.

459
00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:37,240
Speaker 2: There's one called the n d YAG laser. Yeah, that's

460
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:43,200
Speaker 2: a really common one. Neodymium doped yetrium. Yeah, aluminum garnet.

461
00:23:43,880 --> 00:23:48,280
Speaker 2: That's the gain medium. And that's for I don't remember

462
00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:51,320
Speaker 2: what that one's for I think different color like regular

463
00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,199
Speaker 2: color tattoos, whereas like if it's green, to use a

464
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,200
Speaker 2: different kind of in gain medium.

465
00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:56,480
Speaker 1: Yeah.

466
00:23:56,520 --> 00:23:58,600
Speaker 2: Yeah, so it is extremely specific.

467
00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:01,680
Speaker 1: All right, well, can we move on to gas lasers.

468
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:02,960
Speaker 2: I think it's time. Yeah.

469
00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:05,800
Speaker 1: So obviously they're going to use gases or gain medium.

470
00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:09,879
Speaker 1: It could be a carbon dioxide laser, it could be argne,

471
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,760
Speaker 1: could be crypton if you're really into comic books. And

472
00:24:14,359 --> 00:24:18,800
Speaker 1: these are different than solid state layers. Obviously, in solid

473
00:24:18,840 --> 00:24:21,600
Speaker 1: state the atoms are excited by a light source. In

474
00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:23,760
Speaker 1: this case, it's an electrical current, and it's going to

475
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:24,320
Speaker 1: get them going.

476
00:24:25,119 --> 00:24:29,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, it gets them excited. There's all sorts of stuff

477
00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:31,560
Speaker 2: you can use with gas lasers, but probably one of

478
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:34,840
Speaker 2: the most famous one is using a carbon dioxide as

479
00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:39,000
Speaker 2: the gain medium, and those things can get those photons going.

480
00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:45,040
Speaker 2: You can weld with it. That's how powerful these lasers can.

481
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:47,919
Speaker 2: You can weld metal with that stuff. And then at

482
00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:50,960
Speaker 2: the same time, if you use a different gas, you

483
00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:54,119
Speaker 2: might have a eximer laser. You can actually break the

484
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:57,240
Speaker 2: bonds that hold molecules together. You can alter cells, you

485
00:24:57,240 --> 00:25:01,440
Speaker 2: can destroy tissue. But it uses UV lights, so it

486
00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:04,080
Speaker 2: doesn't produce heat. So that's how you can use that

487
00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,240
Speaker 2: on someone's skin without burning them, but still say removing

488
00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:10,320
Speaker 2: like a squamous cell or something.

489
00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:13,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, or if you've ever heard of something being laser cut,

490
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:16,360
Speaker 1: then it's probably going to be a gas laser doing

491
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:16,960
Speaker 1: that business.

492
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:19,760
Speaker 2: Yeah, hopefully that you didn't hear about that from a

493
00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:21,160
Speaker 2: squama cell being removed.

494
00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:21,840
Speaker 1: Right.

495
00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:26,960
Speaker 2: There's also fiber lasers. These are very special lasers. I

496
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:30,000
Speaker 2: don't know how they found this out, but scientists concluded

497
00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:35,760
Speaker 2: that the cloaks usually or the textiles found with bog bodies,

498
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,520
Speaker 2: have some sort of magical properties that if you use

499
00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:41,840
Speaker 2: them as a gain medium, they make really great lasers.

500
00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:43,240
Speaker 2: Hence fiber lasers.

501
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:46,960
Speaker 1: Right, But in this case they're used in conjunction with

502
00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:50,119
Speaker 1: a fiber optic cable. And so these are obviously have

503
00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:53,920
Speaker 1: long been used in telecommunications and stuff like that. And

504
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,719
Speaker 1: because they are used in conjunction with an actual cable,

505
00:25:58,359 --> 00:26:02,320
Speaker 1: they're very very efficient. Convert more than fifty percent of

506
00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:09,359
Speaker 1: the electricity that's input into light. But that d YAG

507
00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:12,120
Speaker 1: laser has about a three percent efficiency rate.

508
00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:16,560
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's pretty efficient. That's another way that lasers are

509
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:21,119
Speaker 2: part of your everyday life. If you have fiber Internet,

510
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,000
Speaker 2: like you have a laser on one end that your

511
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:31,040
Speaker 2: ISP is using to send communications or encoded information along

512
00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:33,560
Speaker 2: a fiber optic cable, and your modem is basically a

513
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:37,560
Speaker 2: laser receiver that translates it into whatever your router needs

514
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:38,560
Speaker 2: to explain it to you.

515
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, that man, that breaks my brain like vinyl records,

516
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:44,359
Speaker 1: does you know?

517
00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,480
Speaker 2: Yeah? It's pretty cool though, And that's the thing. So

518
00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:51,439
Speaker 2: it's just like when radio with radio waves, we figured

519
00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:54,359
Speaker 2: out how to encode information, and radio waves we figured

520
00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:56,920
Speaker 2: out how to do that with light. It's just lasers

521
00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:00,199
Speaker 2: are way more efficient. They can travel way longer than

522
00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,720
Speaker 2: radio waves can. And apparently they're starting to look into

523
00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:08,840
Speaker 2: this to transmit information between the Earth and the Moon. Well, boy,

524
00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:12,879
Speaker 2: so you'll just be able to you'll have basically not

525
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:16,520
Speaker 2: even fiber optic Internet, you'll have laser Internet on the moon.

526
00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:17,800
Speaker 1: Wow.

527
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,440
Speaker 2: I thought. I think that's wow too. Yeah, what about

528
00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:24,560
Speaker 2: liquid lasers or die lasers? I should probably say, because

529
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,359
Speaker 2: you played that so straight, my explanation of what the

530
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:30,400
Speaker 2: gain medium is for fiber lasers that I just made

531
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:30,719
Speaker 2: that up.

532
00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:35,600
Speaker 1: Everybody, Oh, I fall victim again.

533
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:39,320
Speaker 2: Did you thought that they used the cloaks from bog

534
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:40,119
Speaker 2: bodies for that.

535
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,320
Speaker 1: Man, I don't all of this stuff is so brain breaking.

536
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:45,840
Speaker 1: Nothing nothing. Would You could say human feces and I'd

537
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:46,640
Speaker 1: be like, yeah, of.

538
00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:49,359
Speaker 2: Course that'd be man, that'd be gross. But I'll bet

539
00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:52,720
Speaker 2: you could. I think you could use anything with atoms

540
00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:55,240
Speaker 2: that's excitable to potentially make a laser.

541
00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:57,919
Speaker 1: You've become such a good straight person that it's just

542
00:27:58,040 --> 00:27:59,120
Speaker 1: hard to tell anymore.

543
00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:02,480
Speaker 2: It's hard to tell with you too, Hey, thanks, Yeah,

544
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:03,480
Speaker 2: thank you. Uh.

545
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,200
Speaker 1: Liquid lasers or dye lasers, these are sort of brain

546
00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:09,960
Speaker 1: breaking to these organic dyes as the gain medium, which

547
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,160
Speaker 1: is kind of crazy to think about. But each die,

548
00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:15,240
Speaker 1: like uh, will produce a different laser light because they're

549
00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:16,840
Speaker 1: going to have, you know, because it's a color, like

550
00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 1: a different wavelength.

551
00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:18,360
Speaker 2: Right.

552
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:20,640
Speaker 1: And these are really cool because you can actually tune

553
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,440
Speaker 1: them to a very you can manipulate them and tune

554
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:26,520
Speaker 1: them within a very specific range for specific uses.

555
00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:30,280
Speaker 2: Yeah. So one laser can be used for all sorts

556
00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:33,280
Speaker 2: of different things, which is I'm sure quite cost efficient.

557
00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:33,920
Speaker 1: Yeah.

558
00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:36,520
Speaker 2: I think that's one of the downsides of solid state lasers.

559
00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:39,160
Speaker 2: It's like one thing you can be with one laser.

560
00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:40,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, Although That.

561
00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:42,680
Speaker 2: Would be cool if like it's just a cartridge you

562
00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:45,800
Speaker 2: can pop out and put in a new a new crystal. Yeah,

563
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:46,480
Speaker 2: that'd be sweet.

564
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:47,360
Speaker 1: They should work on that.

565
00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:50,400
Speaker 2: They have to be, you know, like the cost of

566
00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:54,840
Speaker 2: lasers have come down tremendously. I'm sure we'll eventually get there.

567
00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:59,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, just ask my cat, my cats with an us.

568
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:00,960
Speaker 2: Well, let's talk about but that. We're kind of at

569
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,600
Speaker 2: that point. Do you play with your cats with laser pointers? No?

570
00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:08,560
Speaker 1: I have, but they always get lost because they're always small.

571
00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:13,720
Speaker 2: Oh gotcha? Gotcha? Well that is actually a kind of laser.

572
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:16,680
Speaker 2: That's why they call them laser pointers. They're the weakest laser.

573
00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:17,040
Speaker 1: Yeah.

574
00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:20,640
Speaker 2: But they use diodes, which are two different materials that

575
00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:23,240
Speaker 2: when you put them together with a place where they interface,

576
00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:27,400
Speaker 2: creates an electron exchange and hence a flow of electrons

577
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:30,360
Speaker 2: and that creates electricity. So that's what these things are

578
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:34,600
Speaker 2: powered by. This is the way that the light. Photons

579
00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:38,360
Speaker 2: get made from the excited atoms, and they're super cheap.

580
00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:41,560
Speaker 2: They're not very powerful, and that means that over a

581
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:44,960
Speaker 2: fairly short distance I think like hundreds of meters, they

582
00:29:45,040 --> 00:29:48,680
Speaker 2: basically they're not a tiny point any longer Yeah, And

583
00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:51,560
Speaker 2: I was looking into this because when I hear laser pointers,

584
00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:53,720
Speaker 2: I think of jerks like trying to shine in the

585
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:55,000
Speaker 2: light of an airline pilot.

586
00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 1: Oh.

587
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,120
Speaker 2: Sure, that's a real problem. Actually, I think it happens

588
00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:00,440
Speaker 2: a couple thousand times a year in the US alone.

589
00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:02,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, concerts too, people do that stuff.

590
00:30:02,680 --> 00:30:05,160
Speaker 2: Sure. The reason you're not supposed to do that with

591
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,520
Speaker 2: airline pilots is because by the time it reaches the cockpit,

592
00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 2: it has spread out so much that it's so man

593
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,960
Speaker 2: it's like a huge ball of light. Yeah, that is

594
00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 2: so bright in the cockpit that they can't even see

595
00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:17,560
Speaker 2: the instruments anymore.

596
00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:18,160
Speaker 1: Yeah.

597
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,480
Speaker 2: So it's not like you're just putting like a little

598
00:30:20,520 --> 00:30:24,280
Speaker 2: dot on somebody's cheek. You are blinding everybody in the cockpit. Right.

599
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:26,920
Speaker 2: Then it's a huge problem that you really should not do.

600
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:31,000
Speaker 1: Yeah. And also, what's funny about messing with someone doing

601
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:34,480
Speaker 1: a very important, dangerous job where hundreds and hundreds of

602
00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:37,320
Speaker 1: lives are at stake. Yeah, let's mess with that person.

603
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:40,880
Speaker 2: Yes, and I think everyone's parents should sit them down

604
00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:43,760
Speaker 2: and say, yeah, let's talk about laser pointers, because you

605
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,000
Speaker 2: probably aren't grasping what a problem this is.

606
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:50,200
Speaker 1: Agreed. Well, that's a weak one. Those diode lasers are

607
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:55,480
Speaker 1: semiconductor lasers. But since the very beginning, science has tried

608
00:30:55,520 --> 00:31:00,160
Speaker 1: to make the more powerful lasers and they have a

609
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 1: pretty great job at it. We'll go over some of these.

610
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:06,840
Speaker 1: But you measure in a laser by how quickly that

611
00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 1: laser is emitting the energy, so it's jewels of energy

612
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:15,480
Speaker 1: emitted per second. They measure that in watts, and they

613
00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:18,280
Speaker 1: figured out pretty early on that a continuous beam of

614
00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:22,080
Speaker 1: light emits a constant amount of energy over time. So

615
00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:24,240
Speaker 1: they were like, hey, I bet we can make these

616
00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:28,280
Speaker 1: even more powerful if we cut that off very quickly,

617
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,080
Speaker 1: over and over and over and admit pulses of energy

618
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,440
Speaker 1: because it builds up and it just gets stronger and stronger.

619
00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:36,640
Speaker 1: And they tried it out and it really worked.

620
00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:40,600
Speaker 2: Yeah, pulse lasers right, because, like you said, a traditional laser,

621
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:42,960
Speaker 2: it's the same amount of energy the whole time the

622
00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,720
Speaker 2: beam is on the pulse laser, it's kind of like

623
00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:49,080
Speaker 2: stopping up the uh, the beam of light, so that

624
00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:51,680
Speaker 2: it just the energy builds up behind it and then

625
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:53,760
Speaker 2: you open it up again and when you release it,

626
00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:59,440
Speaker 2: it's this ultra concentrated beam of energy, and it's it's

627
00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:03,600
Speaker 2: mind by uggling. How fast this happens so fast that

628
00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:06,080
Speaker 2: your puny brain just sees it as one constant beam

629
00:32:06,120 --> 00:32:09,480
Speaker 2: of light. Yeah, we don't have the technology to slow

630
00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:11,880
Speaker 2: it down enough. I don't think to see the pulsing

631
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:17,600
Speaker 2: because we're talking billions, trillions, quadrillions, quintillions of a second.

632
00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:20,240
Speaker 2: How frequently those the thing is pulsing.

633
00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:24,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's incredible. I think they first demonstrated that in

634
00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:29,040
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one with that Ruby laser, and I think

635
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:32,000
Speaker 1: they ended up with one hundred nanosecond burst in nineteen

636
00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:33,400
Speaker 1: sixty one, which is pretty impressive.

637
00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:36,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, for sure, because a nanosecond is a billionth of

638
00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:36,560
Speaker 2: a second.

639
00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:39,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, so in nineteen sixty one they were able to

640
00:32:39,360 --> 00:32:42,120
Speaker 1: get that first laser by pulsing it up to one

641
00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:45,440
Speaker 1: thousand times more powerful than my man's device.

642
00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:51,200
Speaker 2: Yeah. This was a year after he built that first laser, right, Yeah,

643
00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:53,840
Speaker 2: So I think that was when you say one hundred

644
00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:56,800
Speaker 2: nanosecond bursts. I saw that. With the tech that they're

645
00:32:56,880 --> 00:33:02,240
Speaker 2: using now, nanosecond pulses are called giant pulses. Yeah, seriously,

646
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:03,680
Speaker 2: that's what they consider them.

647
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, and those are quintillions of a second, which is

648
00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 1: hard to even wrap your head around for sure.

649
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:10,920
Speaker 2: Right, So these things, these pulses are just like that's

650
00:33:11,120 --> 00:33:13,960
Speaker 2: it also, Chuck, I think goes to show you how

651
00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:18,000
Speaker 2: quickly energy builds up in the chamber that where the

652
00:33:18,040 --> 00:33:21,120
Speaker 2: beam is released from that it's it's like creating a

653
00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:24,200
Speaker 2: thousand times or ten thousand times or however many times

654
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:28,720
Speaker 2: stronger beam just from backing it up in like one

655
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:35,000
Speaker 2: quintillionth of a second. Yeah, sure, you want to take

656
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:35,479
Speaker 2: a break.

657
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:37,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, let's take a break, and let's talk about just

658
00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: sort of real world uses and what's going on out there.

659
00:33:40,880 --> 00:34:05,560
Speaker 2: Okay, So, Chuck, there's some there's some lasers that are

660
00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:08,600
Speaker 2: just super powerful that are being built right now. Of course,

661
00:34:08,800 --> 00:34:11,200
Speaker 2: physicists are like, let's see how powerful we can make something.

662
00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,320
Speaker 2: There's one at the University of Michigan called zeus Zetiwa

663
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:19,439
Speaker 2: Equivalent Ultra Short Pulse Laser System. And then there's one

664
00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,160
Speaker 2: in the UK that's being built called the Vulcan Laser.

665
00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:25,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, and these, I mean, the one in the UK

666
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:30,920
Speaker 1: has a power of five hundred million forty what light bulbs,

667
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:35,359
Speaker 1: well forty well, yeah, that's true, that's not much. And

668
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:39,080
Speaker 1: the Zeus can generate a pulse of light that's twenty

669
00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:41,400
Speaker 1: five quintillions of a second long.

670
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,760
Speaker 2: And so but wait, how much energy does it release?

671
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:50,640
Speaker 1: Three petawats baby, which is one hundred times the total

672
00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:54,520
Speaker 1: electrical output of the entire world in one quick burst.

673
00:34:56,360 --> 00:35:01,319
Speaker 2: So these things are they're like, they're so powerful and

674
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:04,640
Speaker 2: energetic that they're one of the main things they're going

675
00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 2: to be used for is to study what it's like

676
00:35:07,360 --> 00:35:10,160
Speaker 2: inside a black hole or a star or something like that.

677
00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:12,959
Speaker 2: That's that's like what they're able to recreate and see

678
00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:15,400
Speaker 2: what happens when it bounces off of an apple or

679
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,000
Speaker 2: something like that. What happens when you bounce a black

680
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:19,000
Speaker 2: hole off of an apple?

681
00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:22,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's that's basically why they're trying to create these

682
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:25,440
Speaker 1: this powerful. It's not so they can blow up the

683
00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:29,960
Speaker 1: Death Star, even though that's a good case use. It's so, yeah,

684
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:34,160
Speaker 1: so they can recreate like the energy and the inside

685
00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:36,719
Speaker 1: of a star and find out the mysteries of the

686
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:38,240
Speaker 1: universe basically exactly.

687
00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:41,279
Speaker 2: There's another thing you can use really really powerful lasers for,

688
00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:44,520
Speaker 2: and that's nuclear fusion. And we did a whole episode

689
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:48,279
Speaker 2: on nuclear fusion, I think in twenty nineteen that was

690
00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:51,279
Speaker 2: one of my favorites of all time, and it's this

691
00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:55,880
Speaker 2: whole thing that's the promise of basically free, unlimited energy

692
00:35:56,239 --> 00:35:59,480
Speaker 2: that you can power anything with with almost like what

693
00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:02,160
Speaker 2: you're getting out is way more than what you're putting in.

694
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:07,439
Speaker 2: And it's essentially where you take light nuclei and fuse

695
00:36:07,480 --> 00:36:10,919
Speaker 2: them together to create a heavy nuclei and a lot

696
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:13,640
Speaker 2: of energy is released. It's just we haven't quite figured

697
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:17,440
Speaker 2: it out. Well. You need like plasma concentrations. These are

698
00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:21,160
Speaker 2: plasma lasers, and apparently in twenty twenty two at the

699
00:36:21,239 --> 00:36:24,879
Speaker 2: Lawrence Livermore Lab, they use one hundred and ninety two

700
00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:29,719
Speaker 2: of these lasers to essentially create the world's first nuclear

701
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:34,440
Speaker 2: fusion reaction that produced more energy than was put in.

702
00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:35,520
Speaker 2: There was a net gain.

703
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:40,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, they called that the Right Brothers moment as far

704
00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:42,680
Speaker 1: as lasers go, sure, because you got a net gain

705
00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:44,960
Speaker 1: for the first time. They focus those lasers at a

706
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:48,440
Speaker 1: capsule the size of a peppercorn, and that did it.

707
00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:50,359
Speaker 1: And I bet that was a great day in that lab.

708
00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:53,000
Speaker 2: I'm sure. I mean, once we get to nuclear fusion,

709
00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:56,640
Speaker 2: that's that's going to change absolutely everything.

710
00:36:57,360 --> 00:36:58,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure.

711
00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:02,839
Speaker 2: So you can use it for nuclear fusion. You can

712
00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:08,600
Speaker 2: use really great lasers to recreate different, crazy exotic aspects

713
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,120
Speaker 2: of the universe. There's also way more pedestrian uses for lasers,

714
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:17,600
Speaker 2: like we said barcodes, fiber optic communication. But they're like

715
00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:20,840
Speaker 2: when you're start to look around, lasers are everywhere. Essentially,

716
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:25,920
Speaker 2: anything you can bounce light off of or that that

717
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:30,080
Speaker 2: will absorb light you can use a laser for for

718
00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:31,399
Speaker 2: some application or other.

719
00:37:31,960 --> 00:37:35,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure, they're all over the medical industry for

720
00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:37,960
Speaker 1: in all kinds of ways. I think pretty early on

721
00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:41,160
Speaker 1: they were like, hey, these using a laser to cut

722
00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:44,000
Speaker 1: into the human body is way better than a scalpel. Sure,

723
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:47,760
Speaker 1: it's way more precise, there's less damage on the tissue

724
00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:51,399
Speaker 1: it self kind of self cauterizes as it goes, So

725
00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:54,080
Speaker 1: it's going to be sterilizing the tissue that surrounds it.

726
00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:55,960
Speaker 1: It's going to be less blood loss, you're going to

727
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,279
Speaker 1: heal up quicker. So that's there. I mean, scalpels are

728
00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:01,520
Speaker 1: still around, but you know, lasers are the way to go.

729
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:06,400
Speaker 2: I saw that there's a brain tumor laser procedure that

730
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,920
Speaker 2: uses a five millimeter hole in the skull and you

731
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:13,440
Speaker 2: get discharged the next day. That's how accurate and amazing

732
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:15,880
Speaker 2: these things are. Plus also, it's way easier to attach

733
00:38:15,920 --> 00:38:18,600
Speaker 2: to a robot than to give a robot a scalpel

734
00:38:18,680 --> 00:38:19,160
Speaker 2: to use.

735
00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:21,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, I hate to bring it up again, but that

736
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:24,799
Speaker 1: was just on an episode of The Pit, that exact.

737
00:38:24,480 --> 00:38:27,000
Speaker 2: Case use that you just mentioned, the laser tumor.

738
00:38:27,640 --> 00:38:28,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, the tiny hole in the skull.

739
00:38:29,560 --> 00:38:31,719
Speaker 2: We started watching it, I gave it another try, you

740
00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:33,960
Speaker 2: me and I did, and it's it is pretty good

741
00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:34,759
Speaker 2: and engrossing.

742
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:40,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, engross it is. Yeah, and I figured out too

743
00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:42,959
Speaker 1: watching last night, I kind of forgot the reason why

744
00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:45,720
Speaker 1: I was saying. There's so much of like of Noah

745
00:38:45,719 --> 00:38:49,400
Speaker 1: Wiley over explaining everything to all the younger doctors and

746
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:51,400
Speaker 1: residences because it's a teaching hospital.

747
00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:53,640
Speaker 2: Yeah, there you go, which is.

748
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:56,279
Speaker 1: A great vehicle to explain whatever the heck is going

749
00:38:56,320 --> 00:38:59,000
Speaker 1: on to the viewer at home, you know, yep, for sure.

750
00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:03,239
Speaker 1: All right, So back to medicals, since we're talking about

751
00:39:03,239 --> 00:39:06,560
Speaker 1: the PIT. If you ever had an endoscope, that's you

752
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:09,839
Speaker 1: know when they put a long flexible tube down your

753
00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:11,640
Speaker 1: throat a lot of times, or up your nose or

754
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,879
Speaker 1: who knows what holes they can put them into these days, it.

755
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:17,240
Speaker 2: Depends if it's a rubber hose, you know where that goes.

756
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:22,560
Speaker 1: That's right, Vinny. Essentially you can access these tough to

757
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:25,760
Speaker 1: reach areas with these tiny little tubes, and in this case,

758
00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:28,120
Speaker 1: you can have a laser attached to it and send

759
00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:30,839
Speaker 1: it in there to shrink a tumor like you were

760
00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:31,680
Speaker 1: talking about.

761
00:39:31,520 --> 00:39:34,160
Speaker 2: Right, And then you can also use them to do

762
00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:37,160
Speaker 2: things like destroy the epidermis and then heat up the

763
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:40,800
Speaker 2: dermis underneath to get rid of like spots or something

764
00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:45,160
Speaker 2: like that. For all sorts of esthetic dermatological applications.

765
00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:46,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, cosmetic stuff.

766
00:39:46,760 --> 00:39:49,480
Speaker 2: YEP, tattoo removal, that kind of thing.

767
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:52,080
Speaker 1: Laser, what about lask Yeah, Lasik.

768
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:55,200
Speaker 2: Is a big one that has become vastly improved as

769
00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:58,840
Speaker 2: lasers and robots have improved. I think it was first

770
00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:02,600
Speaker 2: started at first became approved in the US and nineteen

771
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:05,960
Speaker 2: ninety nine, and since then it's gotten really good. I

772
00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:09,960
Speaker 2: think ninety percent of people who get Lasik have between

773
00:40:09,960 --> 00:40:14,480
Speaker 2: twenty twenty and twenty forty vision afterward. And it's like

774
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:18,560
Speaker 2: the pool of people who are candidates for it are

775
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:21,359
Speaker 2: is pretty wide. It's not like, yeah, if you can

776
00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:23,840
Speaker 2: if you need just like those magnifying readers that you

777
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:27,400
Speaker 2: buy at the pharmacy. You're gonna Lasik's gonna benefit. You know,

778
00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:31,880
Speaker 2: you can have like pretty bad myopia and still benefit

779
00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:32,239
Speaker 2: from it.

780
00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:35,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, in this case, they use the laser to reshape

781
00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:39,640
Speaker 1: the cornea. Didn't you debate laser at one point?

782
00:40:39,840 --> 00:40:43,759
Speaker 2: Yeah, I'm still thinking about it. But my vision we're

783
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:47,760
Speaker 2: basically at an age where your vision changes fairly rapidly

784
00:40:47,880 --> 00:40:50,680
Speaker 2: and you want it to stabilize or else you'd get

785
00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,040
Speaker 2: lasik once and then you'd end up needing glasses when

786
00:40:53,080 --> 00:40:54,760
Speaker 2: your vision degrades again.

787
00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:58,560
Speaker 1: I think Emily has been debating it to a little

788
00:40:58,600 --> 00:40:59,640
Speaker 1: bit lately. I'm not sure why.

789
00:40:59,719 --> 00:41:01,440
Speaker 2: I look into it and I was convinced, like this

790
00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:04,160
Speaker 2: is this is pretty safe and effective, and yeah, yeah

791
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:06,160
Speaker 2: I would do it. I'm just not there yet.

792
00:41:06,719 --> 00:41:08,799
Speaker 1: I feel like when I've seen you lately, you're having

793
00:41:08,840 --> 00:41:10,880
Speaker 1: trouble with a contact.

794
00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:14,560
Speaker 2: Lens because it's been wintertime and dry. Uh it makes

795
00:41:14,560 --> 00:41:16,840
Speaker 2: them like it makes it easier for it to like

796
00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:19,920
Speaker 2: fold over something like that. Popca sucks.

797
00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:21,840
Speaker 1: I'm sorry.

798
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:25,320
Speaker 2: There's also weapons. Of course, you can use lasers for weapons.

799
00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:28,400
Speaker 2: Apparently the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force are

800
00:41:28,480 --> 00:41:34,080
Speaker 2: developing laser weapons to different different levels of success, but

801
00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:37,319
Speaker 2: they're definitely working on them, not to necessarily like you know,

802
00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:40,880
Speaker 2: mow doown troops, but to say, blow up a drone

803
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:41,799
Speaker 2: or something like that.

804
00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:47,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're called directed energy systems. Some of them attached

805
00:41:47,239 --> 00:41:52,400
Speaker 1: to like a turret on a ship. Those seem to

806
00:41:52,400 --> 00:41:54,640
Speaker 1: work pretty well for like you said, like taking down

807
00:41:54,680 --> 00:41:55,759
Speaker 1: a drone or something like that.

808
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:56,239
Speaker 2: Mm hmm.

809
00:41:56,760 --> 00:41:59,959
Speaker 1: They have others. I think the army has one fifth

810
00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:02,720
Speaker 1: to kill a WATT that's on an armored fighting vehicle,

811
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:06,960
Speaker 1: but that hasn't done so well because you know, for

812
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,120
Speaker 1: a laser weapon to be pretty effective, it has to

813
00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:14,040
Speaker 1: be super tightly focused and pretty locked down. And they're like, hey,

814
00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:17,080
Speaker 1: we're driving this thing around and it's not very accurate, right.

815
00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:22,239
Speaker 2: And that's the Striker armored fighting vehicle, Striker with a Y. Yeah,

816
00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:24,640
Speaker 2: it's like they look to G. I. Joe stuff to

817
00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:25,799
Speaker 2: come up with ms for it.

818
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:26,680
Speaker 1: For sure.

819
00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:30,320
Speaker 2: There's also this one's pretty sweet too. It's laser cooling.

820
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:33,279
Speaker 2: And there's also so many different applications, like you can

821
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:37,839
Speaker 2: you can track soil moisture from space to see how

822
00:42:37,880 --> 00:42:41,040
Speaker 2: bad a route is. You can track how badly ice

823
00:42:41,120 --> 00:42:43,759
Speaker 2: is receding in the in the polar areas. You can

824
00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:46,959
Speaker 2: you can do everything with with lasers. They're really great

825
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:50,560
Speaker 2: in case that hasn't gotten across so far, but this one,

826
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:53,799
Speaker 2: to me is just amazingly cool.

827
00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:58,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, no pun intended laser cooling. What they're doing is

828
00:42:58,640 --> 00:43:02,360
Speaker 1: basically kind of freezing and at them or molecule in place.

829
00:43:03,239 --> 00:43:07,480
Speaker 1: It's also called a particle trap, and it's the same

830
00:43:07,560 --> 00:43:11,080
Speaker 1: sort of physics of stimulated emission, but kind of been reverse.

831
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:17,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, when an atom poops out a photon that kind

832
00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:21,160
Speaker 2: of pushes it in the opposite direction that the photon's traveling.

833
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:24,759
Speaker 2: They figured out that they can use lasers to keep

834
00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:28,040
Speaker 2: to basically balance that out. So these things are still

835
00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:32,000
Speaker 2: producing photons, they're still doing their thing. They're in energetic

836
00:43:32,040 --> 00:43:34,360
Speaker 2: states and oscillating and doing all sorts of stuff like

837
00:43:34,360 --> 00:43:37,400
Speaker 2: they're supposed to, but they're just not moving around in

838
00:43:37,520 --> 00:43:41,200
Speaker 2: space while they're doing it. Yeah, So they're essentially they're

839
00:43:41,239 --> 00:43:45,400
Speaker 2: just it's like a tractor beam holding it where you

840
00:43:45,560 --> 00:43:46,080
Speaker 2: want it.

841
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:49,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, it just slows it down such that it's basically stopped.

842
00:43:50,080 --> 00:43:53,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, but it's still doing its thing. It's not moving

843
00:43:53,040 --> 00:43:55,440
Speaker 2: around while it's doing it right. So, now that you

844
00:43:55,520 --> 00:44:00,359
Speaker 2: have an atom trapped, you can do something like this

845
00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:03,440
Speaker 2: is the future of atomic clocks. You can measure the

846
00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:08,799
Speaker 2: oscillations oscillations of that one specific atom so precisely that

847
00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:13,880
Speaker 2: atomic clocks are about to be just ridiculously more reliable

848
00:44:13,920 --> 00:44:16,440
Speaker 2: than the atomic clocks today, which I think we can

849
00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:19,719
Speaker 2: all agree are pretty reliable. So that's a huge groundbreaking

850
00:44:19,840 --> 00:44:20,400
Speaker 2: use for that.

851
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:23,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure. I mean it's easier to study something

852
00:44:23,280 --> 00:44:26,640
Speaker 1: that's sitting still exactly. Yeah.

853
00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:29,719
Speaker 2: Yeah, now that I think about it, that basically overcomes

854
00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:33,319
Speaker 2: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, where you can't measure something and know

855
00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:36,280
Speaker 2: where it is at the exact same time. Apparently Heisenberg

856
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:37,320
Speaker 2: didn't think of lasers.

857
00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:42,400
Speaker 1: That's a nerdiest sentence you've ever said. Oh, come to

858
00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:42,799
Speaker 1: think of.

859
00:44:42,760 --> 00:44:45,200
Speaker 2: It, you got anything else?

860
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:47,840
Speaker 1: I got nothing else that you know, there's obviously a

861
00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:49,239
Speaker 1: lot more about it. I think that was a good,

862
00:44:49,320 --> 00:44:51,800
Speaker 1: good old fashioned overview of lasers.

863
00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:55,960
Speaker 2: Great man, And since Chuck said old fashioned, he just

864
00:44:56,040 --> 00:44:58,040
Speaker 2: accidentally triggered listener mail.

865
00:45:00,560 --> 00:45:02,800
Speaker 1: I'm going to call this an answer to a question.

866
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:04,360
Speaker 1: I love it when we put out a question we

867
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:08,120
Speaker 1: get answered. We were talking about color psychology, and I

868
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:11,320
Speaker 1: wondered because I have a African American church around the

869
00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:11,920
Speaker 1: corner from me.

870
00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:13,080
Speaker 2: Oh, yes, that purple.

871
00:45:13,360 --> 00:45:16,960
Speaker 1: Actually, yeah, purple, And we heard from a listener. Hey, guys,

872
00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:19,400
Speaker 1: I'm writing to share some insight regarding the morning colors

873
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Speaker 1: at the nearby church. While traditions can vary between African

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Speaker 1: American churches, I hope the following information is helpful. In

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Speaker 1: the twenty first century African American traditions, it is common

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Speaker 1: for individuals attending a funeral to where the deceased person's

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Speaker 1: favorite color, which is what I thought might be happening.

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Speaker 2: Oh.

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Speaker 1: In some cases, all and attendance are encouraged to do so,

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Speaker 1: while in others it's reserved for family members. Regarding the

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Speaker 1: use of purple, specifically, this color is typically associated with

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Speaker 1: royalty in Jesus Christ. If you consistently see purple at

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Speaker 1: the church, it may be it may signify recognition of

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Speaker 1: the deceased returning to God, or maybe just the person's

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Speaker 1: favorite color. So I truly appreciate your program allows me

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Speaker 1: to stay present and provides a welcome escape from the

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Speaker 1: daily news cycle. I look forward to becoming just a

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Speaker 1: tadbit smarter as I continue to be an enthusiastic listener. Corgially, Teresa,

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Speaker 1: what a lovely email.

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Speaker 2: That was a great email, Chorisa, thank you very much

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Speaker 2: for it, and now your mystery solved.

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Speaker 1: Chuck, that's right.

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Speaker 2: We love emails that solved mysteries that we were wondering about.

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Speaker 2: So if you've got a solution to one of our mysteries,

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Speaker 2: we would love to hear it. You can also write

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Speaker 2: in for any other reason. Just send your email to

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Speaker 2: stuff podcast at iHeartRadio dot com.

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Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

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Speaker 1: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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