1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Hey, Chuck, you're almost done. Everybody with the science playlist. 2 00:00:04,040 --> 00:00:06,680 Speaker 1: I hope all of our egghead friends out there got 3 00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:10,160 Speaker 1: into this one. This one is I feel like quite 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,799 Speaker 1: a while ago, but it's about X rays. It's called 5 00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: How X Rays Work, and it's super nerdy and super fascinating. 6 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:17,640 Speaker 1: Give it a listen. 7 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from HowStuffWorks dot com. 8 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:32,879 Speaker 3: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with 9 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:36,280 Speaker 3: Charles W. Chuck Bryan as always, and there's Jerry over 10 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:39,840 Speaker 3: there fiddlin around with stuff. So it's Stuff you should 11 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:42,760 Speaker 3: know the podcast, not Stuff you should know. 12 00:00:42,800 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 4: The movie. 13 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:47,720 Speaker 3: That's right, you know, we're sworn to secrecy about that. 14 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:49,519 Speaker 1: That'd be a good movie. That'd be a bad movie. 15 00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 3: I don't know, Man, it could go either way. I 16 00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:55,280 Speaker 3: always see I imagine it like Strange Brew. 17 00:00:55,800 --> 00:00:59,480 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yes, they could base it on the Stuff 18 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: you Should Know Tell All book I'm writing. Oh yeah, 19 00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: that would be exciting. 20 00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 3: That would be very exciting to be I'm looking forward 21 00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:06,240 Speaker 3: to that book like. 22 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:07,520 Speaker 1: A Lifetime movie of the Week. 23 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:12,120 Speaker 3: Do you like switch people's names like am I Joe? 24 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, Joe Clack, Yeah exactly. Now it's sort of like like, 25 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:20,759 Speaker 1: did you see the Say It by the Bell movie? 26 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:21,399 Speaker 4: Oh? 27 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:24,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, I didn't Screech write a book. It was based 28 00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 3: on a book by Screech. Right, Yeah, wasn't it like 29 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:28,320 Speaker 3: all sex and drugs and stuff? 30 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:30,240 Speaker 1: Oh it was, you know, it was a bunch of 31 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: teenagers in Hollywood, So sure there was some of that 32 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 1: in there, but it was I didn't read the book. 33 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: But the movie was bad and not nearly as sealacious 34 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:40,120 Speaker 1: as he wanted it to be. 35 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:43,360 Speaker 3: Right. I remember a lot of people being disappointed, and 36 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 3: I remember, I mean, I recall the like two weeks 37 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 3: ago when people were talking about it when it came out. 38 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:50,640 Speaker 1: It's stunk. I'll watch Emily and I'll watch some of 39 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:56,080 Speaker 1: those just terrible, terrible biopics occasionally on TV, and it's 40 00:01:56,240 --> 00:01:58,720 Speaker 1: it can be fun. Like we watched the who was 41 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 1: the one actor? Brittany Murphy? The Britney Murphy story? 42 00:02:04,280 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 3: Oh really? Does she have a heck of a story? 43 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 3: Is she alive still or did she die? 44 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: No, she passed away because under kind of weird circumstances, 45 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:14,080 Speaker 1: because she and her husband both passed away within weeks 46 00:02:14,080 --> 00:02:14,560 Speaker 1: of each other. 47 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:15,239 Speaker 3: Weird. 48 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: And there were all these strange claims that her house 49 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:23,160 Speaker 1: was poisoned, that they were poisoned, and yeah, it was. 50 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:24,200 Speaker 1: It was fun. 51 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:25,320 Speaker 3: What's your take on it? 52 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: Oh? I don't know, just that the movie wasn't very good. 53 00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 3: Who played Brittany Murphy? Do you remember so many Bowen? 54 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:34,000 Speaker 3: Wasn't it? No, she's in all of those. 55 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 1: Someone who didn't look very much like Britney Murphy, Julie Bowen. 56 00:02:38,639 --> 00:02:39,359 Speaker 3: But I was right. 57 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:41,320 Speaker 1: The Ashton Kutcher guy was pretty good, though, I. 58 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 3: Gotta say Steve Jobs played him. 59 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:45,679 Speaker 1: They should have just gotten Ashton Kutcher to play himself. 60 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:47,919 Speaker 3: He's not doing much. He's on what two and a 61 00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:48,320 Speaker 3: half Men? 62 00:02:48,639 --> 00:02:49,080 Speaker 1: I don't know. 63 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:51,560 Speaker 3: That's got to require fifteen minutes of work a week. 64 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:52,920 Speaker 1: He's selling cameras. 65 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:54,760 Speaker 3: Do you remember when that whole two and a half 66 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:57,240 Speaker 3: Men thing was going down? We were in La and 67 00:02:57,360 --> 00:02:59,639 Speaker 3: for the one and only time in my entire life, 68 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:01,400 Speaker 3: I see John Cryer that day. 69 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:03,760 Speaker 1: Oh, during the Charlie Sheen mel. 70 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:06,320 Speaker 3: Meltdown like the day of the meltdown, like it happened 71 00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 3: at night. And within eight hours I saw John Cryer 72 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:11,760 Speaker 3: for the first time in person at a McDonald's. Did 73 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:15,840 Speaker 3: gel ducky No, I left him alone he looks stressed out. 74 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:18,760 Speaker 1: Well, yeah, he's probably like, my career is going down 75 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:20,040 Speaker 1: the tubes, but little did he know. 76 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 3: He's a survivor. 77 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, his career is just fun. Yep. 78 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:26,000 Speaker 3: So x rays. Yeah, that's what we're talking. 79 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:29,000 Speaker 1: About, right, Yep. That the lightest part of this podcast. 80 00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 3: I like this one. This one. It's one of those 81 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:35,800 Speaker 3: things where if you can just hang on by your fingernails, 82 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:39,040 Speaker 3: it can click and then you lose it again, but 83 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 3: that means that it could click again later on. That's 84 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:43,520 Speaker 3: what I like about it. 85 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,400 Speaker 1: Good. I'll leave that to you. I got lots of 86 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:49,120 Speaker 1: other stuff about it. Oh you do, but I totally understand. 87 00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:49,320 Speaker 3: Good. 88 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:49,560 Speaker 1: Good. 89 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:53,000 Speaker 3: So have you ever broken anything and needed an X 90 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 3: ray or has it all just been dental stuff? 91 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:56,640 Speaker 1: You know it? Dude? Never broken a bone? 92 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 3: Knock on wood? 93 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:02,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean I've had my injuries were always stitches. 94 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:07,040 Speaker 1: I was always getting busted open, oh yeah, rocks and sprinklers, 95 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:09,960 Speaker 1: and I was always getting cut yeah and sewed back up. 96 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:11,160 Speaker 1: But I never broke a bone. 97 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 3: That's great. Yeah, you should probably knocking on old one 98 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:14,800 Speaker 3: more time, just to be safe. 99 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: Yeah. 100 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:17,760 Speaker 3: Uh so, Yeah, all of my X rays too, have 101 00:04:17,839 --> 00:04:19,719 Speaker 3: been like just going to the dentist or whatever. 102 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:20,800 Speaker 1: You never had a bone broken. 103 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 3: I don't want to say, because I don't even know 104 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:24,320 Speaker 3: if knocking on wood will. 105 00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: Do it on lambin at ikea. 106 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:30,479 Speaker 3: That would just be so horribly interesting if both of 107 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:31,839 Speaker 3: us broke a bone after this. 108 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:34,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, and we're at the age where like you should 109 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:36,120 Speaker 1: break bones when you're a kid, where you're like, eh, whatever, 110 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:38,280 Speaker 1: I get a cast at this age, it's a drag. 111 00:04:38,440 --> 00:04:38,719 Speaker 3: Yeah. 112 00:04:38,839 --> 00:04:39,080 Speaker 1: Yeah. 113 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 3: I remember reading like a Tom Clancy novel and like 114 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:45,120 Speaker 3: some kid got an arm torn off or whatever, and 115 00:04:45,240 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 3: one of the surgeons was like, if the arm's in 116 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:49,719 Speaker 3: the same room as the kid, it can be healed. 117 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:50,240 Speaker 1: Right. 118 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 3: That doesn't hold true in you're Tom Clancy's age. 119 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:55,240 Speaker 1: No, So. 120 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:59,040 Speaker 3: You are familiar with X rays, so you've seen them before, 121 00:04:59,080 --> 00:05:00,679 Speaker 3: you've watched er surely? 122 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean I've had X rays for like the 123 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:05,720 Speaker 1: dental ones like you said, and then just other various 124 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:09,360 Speaker 1: like uh like chest X rays for sicknesses and things 125 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 1: like that, which I think may be a little frivolous, 126 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:12,000 Speaker 1: to be honest. 127 00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:16,159 Speaker 3: Yeah, and kind of dangerous really Yeah, conceivably sure, which 128 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:19,080 Speaker 3: we'll get into later. But did you were you familiar 129 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:20,880 Speaker 3: with X rays at all. Beyond that, did you know 130 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:24,040 Speaker 3: that they were invented or discovered accidentally? 131 00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: Yeah? I did know that. 132 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 3: I did not. 133 00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:28,360 Speaker 1: That's one of the few things I know. I saw 134 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,280 Speaker 1: a little like Quickie short on some like it might 135 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:32,520 Speaker 1: have been actually Science Channel. 136 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 3: I looked all over. The most I could find was 137 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:40,040 Speaker 3: a dude on Siemens just describing it in the most. 138 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:41,760 Speaker 1: Flat affect I've watched. 139 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:43,200 Speaker 4: Video. 140 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 3: Yeah. I got to five and five wouldn't load, and 141 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:46,359 Speaker 3: I was like, forget this. 142 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, if I've never loaded for me. I watched the 143 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:51,840 Speaker 1: other fourteen though, and the whole time I was going, man, 144 00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:54,839 Speaker 1: these are a minute long, please join them all together 145 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:56,240 Speaker 1: into one six minute video. 146 00:05:56,440 --> 00:05:57,520 Speaker 3: No, it was so weird. 147 00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:00,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, it was pretty silly, but he was he was good. 148 00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:02,600 Speaker 1: He was just very dry. 149 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:06,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, and they spent zero pennies on any kind of 150 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:10,400 Speaker 3: soundtrack or anything like if he grabs papers, you hear 151 00:06:10,480 --> 00:06:14,719 Speaker 3: papers wrestling in a classroom. It was pretty straightforward. 152 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:19,680 Speaker 1: Yes, but that's a very wind about, roundabout way of 153 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:23,320 Speaker 1: getting to it's discovery in eighteen ninety five by a 154 00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:28,920 Speaker 1: German physicist named Wilhelm Runtiken Nice, and he was testing 155 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: whether cathode rays could pass through glass, and he saw 156 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:36,600 Speaker 1: that the fluorescent screen was glowing when he turned on 157 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:39,440 Speaker 1: his electron beam, which wasn't a big deal, but he 158 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,080 Speaker 1: was like, wait, this's got cardboard around it, right. 159 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:44,839 Speaker 3: There shouldn't be any visible light escaping, which is silly 160 00:06:44,839 --> 00:06:46,359 Speaker 3: to think of. Now, well, yeah it is, but you 161 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:49,120 Speaker 3: have to put yourself in his shoes like X hadn't 162 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 3: been discovered because he was literally on the verge of 163 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:52,720 Speaker 3: discovering them, right. 164 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: Then, that's right. 165 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 3: And yeah, so he was like, this is very curious 166 00:06:55,880 --> 00:06:57,080 Speaker 3: that this is fluorescing. 167 00:06:57,320 --> 00:07:00,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, and he noticed other things were glowing, and eventually 168 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 1: he started putting other objects between the tube and the screen. 169 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:07,880 Speaker 1: They glowed the screen dead. That is finally put his 170 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:08,400 Speaker 1: hand there. 171 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:09,600 Speaker 3: I read his wife's hand. 172 00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:12,239 Speaker 1: Oh really. He's like, either way, come. 173 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:13,680 Speaker 3: In here for a second. Yeah, I want you to 174 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 3: try something. 175 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: And saw bones projected and then I guess probably poo 176 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:23,200 Speaker 1: pooed his pants. It's a man, I think, come on 177 00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:26,240 Speaker 1: to something here. Yeah, it was really that quickly. He 178 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 1: was like immediately the application was clear. It wasn't one 179 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:32,400 Speaker 1: of those things where it took twenty years. He's like, 180 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: hold on, you can see bones. This could be really helpful. Yes, 181 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:38,880 Speaker 1: And he won a Nobel Prize very rightfully so, the 182 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:41,800 Speaker 1: first one ever for physics. And he named him X 183 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: rays because he didn't know what the heck it was. No, 184 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:46,920 Speaker 1: exactly like kind of signing your name. 185 00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 3: He'd probably right. I think he assumed that later on 186 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:53,160 Speaker 3: future scientists would fill in the blanks, but they were like, no, 187 00:07:53,200 --> 00:07:54,160 Speaker 3: we're cool with X rays. 188 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:56,360 Speaker 1: Well, he probably thought that someone would eventually call it 189 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:59,000 Speaker 1: like the Rundken ray or something. 190 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:02,000 Speaker 3: He wasn't much of a self promoter. He was just like, 191 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 3: all this calum X rays is a placeholder. 192 00:08:04,400 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 1: And he didn't patent any anything, you know, he never 193 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:07,480 Speaker 1: like made money off that. 194 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 3: And then just his wife had hand cancer as a result. 195 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:15,240 Speaker 3: Really no, oh, I was laughing, but no, she did. 196 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:16,040 Speaker 1: That would be their it was. 197 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:17,960 Speaker 3: It was just a joke. You can proceed with the laugh. 198 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:19,840 Speaker 1: Plus, I've never heard a hand cancer. 199 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:22,160 Speaker 3: It's gotta be out there. 200 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:24,360 Speaker 1: And then a couple of years later they were already 201 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: using it in the Balkan War. Was the first time 202 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 1: it was really put to practical use with the. 203 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:32,080 Speaker 3: First Balkan War, the one around World War. 204 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: One was that well, No, eighteen ninety seven. 205 00:08:34,320 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 3: Oh, that Balkan war. I didn't know that existed until 206 00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 3: just now. 207 00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, and they said we can see bullets and trapnel 208 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:43,240 Speaker 1: and stuff now, which is helpful. 209 00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:47,559 Speaker 3: It is extremely helpful. So, like this guy Runken discovers 210 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:51,000 Speaker 3: X rays and their most practical application in one fell 211 00:08:51,080 --> 00:08:55,440 Speaker 3: swoop basically yep, And a little further study revealed the 212 00:08:55,600 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 3: X rays are actually just another part of the electromagnetic spectrum, 213 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:06,760 Speaker 3: of which radio waves, microwaves what we call visible light. Yeah, 214 00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:09,520 Speaker 3: what else is on there? 215 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 1: Well, I've got my handy wallet electromagnetic spectrum card. Yeah, 216 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: and X rays fall between gamma rays and ultraviolet rays 217 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:24,160 Speaker 1: on that spectrum, which are all below. Well you say below, 218 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:26,160 Speaker 1: I don't know if it's not really an above or 219 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:31,560 Speaker 1: below situation visible light and then infrared, microwaven radio. 220 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 3: Waves, so it would be a higher or lower frequency, 221 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:35,720 Speaker 3: because that's how the whole thing's divided. 222 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:36,559 Speaker 1: Yeah. 223 00:09:36,600 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 3: So, like the visible spectrum of light consists of electromagnetic 224 00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:45,720 Speaker 3: radiation that has a frequency a wavelength that our eyes 225 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:48,840 Speaker 3: are sensitized to, so we can pick up visible light. 226 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 3: There's plenty of other stuff on the spectrum of electromagnetic 227 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:56,079 Speaker 3: radiation and all of it is delineated by the frequency 228 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:59,319 Speaker 3: the wavelengths. So at the highest end you have gamma rays. 229 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:02,719 Speaker 1: They're like, yeah, that means the squiggly line is very 230 00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:03,920 Speaker 1: close together exactly. 231 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 3: And then on the farthest end you have radio waves 232 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 3: that are like. 233 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:12,560 Speaker 1: And that means the squiggly line is far apart exactly, 234 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,440 Speaker 1: And that is called chuck science. 235 00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:16,360 Speaker 3: That's good stuff. 236 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:16,920 Speaker 1: Yeah. 237 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 3: So back of my wallet xtra, right next to the 238 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 3: what else you have in there? 239 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: I just have my PAPS blue ribbon membership car, which 240 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: I actually do, do you really, Yeah, but I've had 241 00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:30,959 Speaker 1: it for like twenty years. 242 00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 3: Wow, when you got it when you're like seven eight? 243 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:35,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, you flatter me. 244 00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:41,720 Speaker 3: So X rays fall, I guess we're about in the well, Yeah, 245 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:43,920 Speaker 3: the higher and they have a higher frequency as far 246 00:10:43,960 --> 00:10:47,200 Speaker 3: as the electromagnetic spectrum goes. But the point is is 247 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:50,199 Speaker 3: that it is ultimately the same thing. It's a it's 248 00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:54,199 Speaker 3: a type of electromagnetic energy that is carried on a photon, 249 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:56,840 Speaker 3: which is a particle of what we would call light. 250 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:00,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, and we talked about photons a plenty in the show, 251 00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:06,160 Speaker 1: and the same like photons produce the visible light that 252 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 1: we can see. Photons blast out from the Sun. How 253 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:10,560 Speaker 1: long does it take? 254 00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 3: Like it takes like one hundred thousand years to get 255 00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:15,080 Speaker 3: from the core to the surface and then like eight 256 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 3: minutes to get from the surface to Earth. That's right, man, 257 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:19,320 Speaker 3: I love that fact. 258 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:22,080 Speaker 1: So this is the only part I understand, so I'll 259 00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:26,200 Speaker 1: lead with it. If you want to imagine an atom, 260 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 1: a nucleus of an atom and rings around that atiom 261 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 1: atiom that's a new word, an atom. As orbitals, when 262 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: an electron drops to a lower orbital, it releases energy 263 00:11:39,840 --> 00:11:41,439 Speaker 1: in the form of a photon. 264 00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:44,079 Speaker 3: And the electron will always drop to the lower orbital. 265 00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:44,680 Speaker 1: That's right. 266 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:47,080 Speaker 3: So like if an orbital is if an electron is 267 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:49,760 Speaker 3: kicked off of a lower orbital, an electron in the 268 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,760 Speaker 3: higher orbital goes yeah and drops down to that one. 269 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:54,840 Speaker 1: Yes, And depending on how far it drops, it's going 270 00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:57,480 Speaker 1: to determine the energy level of that photon. 271 00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,880 Speaker 3: That's that it releases as energy when it drops, right, Yeah, Because. 272 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:03,400 Speaker 1: It doesn't have to drop more than one orbital, right, 273 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:05,640 Speaker 1: you can skip down I don't even know how far, 274 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:07,319 Speaker 1: but a long way. 275 00:12:06,760 --> 00:12:09,200 Speaker 3: Yeah, it can. And like you said, the greater the 276 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:12,559 Speaker 3: distance between the two orbitals or the greater the energy differential, 277 00:12:12,840 --> 00:12:16,240 Speaker 3: the greater the energy that photon when released will have. 278 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:17,400 Speaker 1: Right, that's right. 279 00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:20,600 Speaker 3: And as we said, photons are the energy carriers of 280 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:24,760 Speaker 3: the electromagnetic spectrum. And depending on that energy or the 281 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:29,160 Speaker 3: frequency the wavelength of that photon, that determines what kind 282 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,800 Speaker 3: of photon it is, right, whether it's a radio photon 283 00:12:32,040 --> 00:12:35,800 Speaker 3: or an X ray photon, or a photon that we 284 00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:37,800 Speaker 3: can see that's in the visible spectrum. 285 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:41,920 Speaker 1: That's right. Sometimes when these photons are flying around, they 286 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: will collide with other atoms, and sometimes those atoms absorb 287 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:49,560 Speaker 1: that photon's energy and then kick it up to that 288 00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: higher level. 289 00:12:50,240 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 3: Again, right, But it has to be from what I understand, 290 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:56,079 Speaker 3: and I saw that there's like of course it's science, 291 00:12:56,080 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 3: so there's like atomic science, so there's little exceptions. Did 292 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 3: this and that? Sure, But from what I could see, Chuck, 293 00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:08,600 Speaker 3: there is the energy of that photon has to exactly 294 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 3: match the energy differential between one orbital and another on 295 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:17,240 Speaker 3: an atom so that it can kick it up, so 296 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:20,040 Speaker 3: that it hits that one electron in the lower orbital 297 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:23,000 Speaker 3: kicks it up to the higher orbital and thus transfers 298 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:27,360 Speaker 3: its energy, which means that atom just absorbed that energy 299 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:29,960 Speaker 3: that that photon was carrying. Right, But if it's a 300 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:32,280 Speaker 3: little less, it's not going to have the energy to 301 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:35,120 Speaker 3: kick that electron up, which makes sense to me, right. 302 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:38,040 Speaker 3: But if it's a little more, this is what doesn't 303 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:41,319 Speaker 3: make sense to me. It doesn't kick the electron up, 304 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:45,600 Speaker 3: and then the photon carries on in a diminished energetic state. 305 00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 3: It just doesn't do anything. It doesn't interact with that. 306 00:13:49,559 --> 00:13:52,679 Speaker 3: It has to be exactly, say, like the energy differential 307 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 3: between orbits is eight, so a photon has to have 308 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 3: an energy of eight or else it's not going to 309 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:00,600 Speaker 3: do anything with that atom. 310 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 1: That's right, Okay, And so depending on the well, let's 311 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:09,160 Speaker 1: say you have a radio wave. They don't have very 312 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:13,079 Speaker 1: much energy, so they can't move electrons between these orbitals. 313 00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: They just pass through things. X rays are super powerful. 314 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:19,960 Speaker 1: There's lots of energy, so they can pass through things, 315 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: which is key if you want to check out your 316 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:24,520 Speaker 1: bones from outside of your body. 317 00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:33,640 Speaker 3: It is and we're gonna explain exactly how right after this. Okay, 318 00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 3: so we're back, Chuck, and you tantalized everybody by saying 319 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 3: that this difference in absorption is what produces X rays, right, 320 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 3: was that tantalizing? I was tantalized, okay, and I even 321 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:46,960 Speaker 3: know it's coming, all right, that's how excited I am 322 00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:47,720 Speaker 3: about X rays. 323 00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 1: Good. 324 00:14:48,440 --> 00:14:55,520 Speaker 3: So consider this, Like different atoms have different atomic weights, 325 00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:59,840 Speaker 3: they have different densities, they're just different, like different atoms are. 326 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:07,200 Speaker 3: And atoms also have what are called differences in radiological density. Right, Okay, 327 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:12,880 Speaker 3: So a really high energy, high atomic weight, very dense 328 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:15,960 Speaker 3: atom is going to be able to absorb a lot 329 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,760 Speaker 3: of energy. Smaller atoms that maybe are looser and have 330 00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,320 Speaker 3: a lower atomic weight are going to get kicked around 331 00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,480 Speaker 3: by any old photon that wants to come along. 332 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:28,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's key. Like I said, if you want 333 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: to see bones because your soft tissue, if you've ever noticed, 334 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:33,720 Speaker 1: when you have an X ray, you'll see the bones, 335 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:36,360 Speaker 1: but you know the rest is sort of a grayish 336 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:40,520 Speaker 1: black mess exactly because your soft tissue has smaller atoms. 337 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:45,080 Speaker 1: Your bones calcium atoms are much larger, so they're going 338 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:47,440 Speaker 1: to absorb those X ray photons. 339 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:48,520 Speaker 3: It's exactly right. 340 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: They do it really well. 341 00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:54,760 Speaker 3: Exactly. So imagine you have let's say, Chuck, let's go 342 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 3: back and hang out with tuk tuk. Right, oh, man, 343 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 3: let's get back in the way back. 344 00:15:58,680 --> 00:15:59,320 Speaker 1: It's been a while. 345 00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:10,440 Speaker 4: Okay, look at him over there. 346 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:13,800 Speaker 3: So here we are in France in this cave, Tucktook 347 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:17,600 Speaker 3: has his hand up against the cave wall, as you'll see, 348 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:19,960 Speaker 3: and in his other hand he's got that little straw 349 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:24,800 Speaker 3: filled with pigment, red pigment. He's blowing it on his hand, right, 350 00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,560 Speaker 3: And now that he moves his hand away, there's the 351 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:29,760 Speaker 3: outline of his hand. 352 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:32,000 Speaker 1: It's called a stencil, right exactly. 353 00:16:32,040 --> 00:16:35,120 Speaker 3: He's just made an early stencil. He's like a banksy, 354 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,280 Speaker 3: basically like a caveman banksy. But if you look at 355 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:40,440 Speaker 3: the back of Tuktok's hand, don't get too close, but 356 00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:42,760 Speaker 3: look at the back of his hand, it's covered in 357 00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,040 Speaker 3: red pigment. Right, So if you can, if you want 358 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:51,280 Speaker 3: to equate this to an X ray, the hand absorbed 359 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,960 Speaker 3: all of that pigment, and the stuff that passed through 360 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:58,280 Speaker 3: left the picture on the cave wall. That's kind of 361 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:01,320 Speaker 3: what happens with an X ray, except with an X 362 00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:05,399 Speaker 3: ray photograph. The X ray photons are absorbed by the 363 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:10,359 Speaker 3: denser calcium rich bones, yes, and they pass through the 364 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:13,400 Speaker 3: softer tissue. So the picture that we have is the 365 00:17:13,440 --> 00:17:17,680 Speaker 3: outline the silhouette of the bones because the X rays 366 00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:20,640 Speaker 3: made it through the tissue. Didn't make it through the bones. 367 00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:22,600 Speaker 3: They made it through the tissue and onto the X 368 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:25,520 Speaker 3: ray plate, which absorbed the picture in negative. 369 00:17:25,920 --> 00:17:28,120 Speaker 1: That's right. And I'm glad you said picture, because that's 370 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:30,400 Speaker 1: all it is. On the other side of the human being. 371 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:33,920 Speaker 1: You know that they're shooting the X ray at there's 372 00:17:33,960 --> 00:17:37,920 Speaker 1: a camera and you're just gonna get a regular negative, 373 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:40,160 Speaker 1: and they could make it a positive, but they leave 374 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,399 Speaker 1: it as a negative because you really don't need the 375 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:46,159 Speaker 1: positive image, right, And that's what they'll put on that 376 00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:48,600 Speaker 1: little screen to show you your cracked femur. 377 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,000 Speaker 3: Exactly, And they can see the crack because some of 378 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:54,960 Speaker 3: those X rays will make it through the gap. That's right, right, 379 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,200 Speaker 3: So all you're seeing is the result of X rays 380 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:02,679 Speaker 3: that made it through the tissue. We're absorbed by the bone, 381 00:18:03,119 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 3: so those don't make it to the plate. The ones 382 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 3: that make it to the plate cause the chemical reaction 383 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:10,320 Speaker 3: that gives you your negative, your X ray. And it's 384 00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 3: it's pretty simple, really like if you think about it, 385 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:18,879 Speaker 3: at least in principle. It's also extraordinarily difficult to conceive of. 386 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,000 Speaker 3: But if you understand like the principle behind it, it 387 00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:24,480 Speaker 3: makes uttering complete sense. 388 00:18:24,840 --> 00:18:27,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's a pretty focused shot that they're using there. 389 00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:30,399 Speaker 1: It's not like they don't fill the entire room with 390 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: X rays. You know. They've got a thick lead shield 391 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:38,040 Speaker 1: around the whole device and it you know, contains everything, 392 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:40,600 Speaker 1: and it's got a little small window that's just gonna 393 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,119 Speaker 1: let that narrow beam pass through through a series of 394 00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:47,399 Speaker 1: filters and basically hit you wherever they want to hit you. 395 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:50,200 Speaker 3: Yeah, And the reason that they use lead is because 396 00:18:50,240 --> 00:18:56,359 Speaker 3: lead is an extremely dense element, yeah element, yes, right, sure, 397 00:18:56,480 --> 00:18:59,919 Speaker 3: Oh gotta hope, so with a very high atomic no, 398 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:02,199 Speaker 3: which means it can absorb tons of energy. 399 00:19:02,359 --> 00:19:04,520 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that's why you're gonna wear a lead apron 400 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:07,880 Speaker 1: if you're not you know, if you're getting your skull done, 401 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:09,880 Speaker 1: you're probably gonna wear an apron on your chest. Let's say. 402 00:19:09,920 --> 00:19:13,880 Speaker 3: Sure, so you're so, this lead is being bombarded with 403 00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:17,160 Speaker 3: X ray, photons and electrons and it's just taken it. 404 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:19,959 Speaker 3: It's fine, and it's not being able to it's not 405 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:23,280 Speaker 3: able to pass through because it doesn't have high enough energy. 406 00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:26,480 Speaker 3: But yes, they when they put that little window in 407 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 3: the X ray generating machine. It passes right through there 408 00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:34,399 Speaker 3: and a concentrated beam and Chuck, let's talk about the machine, right, So, 409 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,000 Speaker 3: and this is basically what we use as X ray machines. 410 00:19:38,040 --> 00:19:43,199 Speaker 3: Is essentially what Routkin was, what Made was experimenting with 411 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:46,439 Speaker 3: when he accidentally discovered them. Because if you look for 412 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:50,400 Speaker 3: X rays like they're they propagate naturally. But I think 413 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:52,960 Speaker 3: like twenty percent of the X rays on Earth come 414 00:19:53,040 --> 00:19:56,119 Speaker 3: from humans. Oh really, yeah, like we generate a lot 415 00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:59,320 Speaker 3: of X rays. They don't they don't come like you 416 00:19:59,359 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 3: don't find them normally on Earth. They're coming from outer 417 00:20:01,960 --> 00:20:05,800 Speaker 3: space to us. Okay, hence X ray astronomy. But the 418 00:20:05,840 --> 00:20:09,960 Speaker 3: ones here on Earth that are generated on Earth, it's 419 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 3: not like rocks put out X rays or something like that, right, 420 00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,720 Speaker 3: we do. We humans do. Humans and light aprons put 421 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,120 Speaker 3: out X rays and they use this machine like root 422 00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:19,760 Speaker 3: Gin made. 423 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:21,639 Speaker 1: Yeah, what you have in the machine, and you have 424 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,359 Speaker 1: an electrode pair, cathode and an anode and that's inside 425 00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:29,719 Speaker 1: a good old fashioned glass vacuum tube. Which it's amazing 426 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:31,720 Speaker 1: how vacuum tubes are still like the best way to 427 00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:32,920 Speaker 1: do many of these things. 428 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 3: Well, it it allows things to travel at the speed 429 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:36,000 Speaker 3: of light easily. 430 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:38,440 Speaker 1: That's right, and allows guitar amps to sound great. 431 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:40,679 Speaker 3: I didn't know these vacuums in that. Oh is that 432 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:41,920 Speaker 3: a cathode tube? Yeah? 433 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:45,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, like a like the best amps are still made 434 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:48,479 Speaker 1: with vacuum tubes. You can get solid state amps, but 435 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: they're just the sound isn't as rich. So it's kind 436 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:52,960 Speaker 1: of like this old technology that's still superior. 437 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:55,359 Speaker 3: Right. They're all pumped out by hand by a ninety 438 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:57,080 Speaker 3: year old man in Tennessee. 439 00:20:57,480 --> 00:21:01,919 Speaker 1: Mister Marshall. Yes, no, uh So. The cathode is a 440 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:04,639 Speaker 1: heated filament, just like you might see in a light bulb, 441 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:07,560 Speaker 1: and the machine's are gonna pass the current through that 442 00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:10,160 Speaker 1: and heat that thing up, and then it's gonna spit 443 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:14,640 Speaker 1: electrons off that surface, and it's gonna hit a disc 444 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:18,600 Speaker 1: made of tungsten, and it's gonna draw those across a tube. 445 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:21,520 Speaker 1: It's basically the tube is sort of the key piece. 446 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:24,960 Speaker 3: Right, because you've got the positive and the and the 447 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 3: negative charge the cathode and the anode, right, Yeah, and 448 00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 3: that difference that electrical charge draws as electrons down to 449 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 3: the anode. 450 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:35,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, with a lot of force. 451 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:40,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, And that force means that when those electrons hit 452 00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:44,679 Speaker 3: the tungsten anode, it knocks a bunch of electrons off, 453 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 3: creates a bunch of X rays in the process, and 454 00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 3: you have a whole box filled with X ray radiation, 455 00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:56,159 Speaker 3: a box full of X rays. That's exactly what it is, 456 00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 3: like you're just I mean, they might as well be 457 00:21:58,119 --> 00:21:59,800 Speaker 3: like a foot crank to this thing, like an old 458 00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:04,159 Speaker 3: sowing machine. For as technologically advanced as it is, there. 459 00:22:04,040 --> 00:22:05,400 Speaker 1: May be for all I know, I don't know what 460 00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:07,080 Speaker 1: goes on in that other room. 461 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:10,160 Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, you know true, there's some dude in there 462 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 3: with like his right leg is three times more muscular 463 00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:15,479 Speaker 3: than his left leg because that's the only one who 464 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:20,000 Speaker 3: uses So in addition, like I said, to X rays 465 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:25,000 Speaker 3: being created, the other X rays, other photons can go 466 00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:28,080 Speaker 3: on and knock more electrons off. So you have what's 467 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:30,160 Speaker 3: like a process of chain reaction starting. 468 00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:30,359 Speaker 4: Right. 469 00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 3: It's not like one gets hit and then that's it 470 00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:35,440 Speaker 3: and a photon's created. It just hangs around until it's 471 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:39,000 Speaker 3: beamed out. Right, You're just generating this huge amount of 472 00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:41,919 Speaker 3: X rays, and the X rays are also continuing to 473 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,600 Speaker 3: propagate themselves because they're knocking more electrons free. And the 474 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:48,920 Speaker 3: more free electrons you have, the more interactions you have, right, right, 475 00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 3: So one of the ways that more electrons can be 476 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 3: knocked off. You don't even need a direct transfer of energy, 477 00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:59,240 Speaker 3: where a photon is absorbed or knocks an electron from 478 00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:02,439 Speaker 3: one orbit to another, or knocks it loose entirely. A 479 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 3: photon actually has this really cool capability of just orbiting 480 00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:12,480 Speaker 3: close by the nucleus of an atom, and when the 481 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:16,320 Speaker 3: nucleus basically draws it into its orbit, the photon just 482 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:17,680 Speaker 3: takes a hard left turn. 483 00:23:17,840 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, it just bumps it off its course. 484 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,560 Speaker 3: But even like the dodge viper has to like slow 485 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 3: down to take a left turn, slow a little bit, right, 486 00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:28,760 Speaker 3: just a little, just a little yeah. But that little 487 00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:33,880 Speaker 3: bit in photon world means a transfer of energy from 488 00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:35,440 Speaker 3: the photon outward. 489 00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:37,120 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah. 490 00:23:37,119 --> 00:23:40,080 Speaker 3: And then the photon, like the photon takes that left 491 00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 3: turn and the energy is transferred to the atom. 492 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:45,919 Speaker 1: Yeah. And one of the byproducts. If this sounds like 493 00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:48,600 Speaker 1: it's gonna create a lot of heat, it's because it will. 494 00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,040 Speaker 1: And in order to combat this, they rotate this anode 495 00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:53,639 Speaker 1: to keep it. It would just melt down if you 496 00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:57,280 Speaker 1: kept it in place, and apparently there's a cool oil 497 00:23:57,359 --> 00:24:00,720 Speaker 1: bath that helps absorb heat as well, which I never 498 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:01,840 Speaker 1: have heard of that either. 499 00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:05,120 Speaker 3: It sounds oily a cool oil bat. Yeah, it doesn't 500 00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:07,680 Speaker 3: sound refreshing at all. It sounds like the opposite of refreshing. 501 00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:09,560 Speaker 1: Yeah. Cool and oil don't really go together. 502 00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:12,400 Speaker 3: No, Yeah, and I misspoke. That's an electron that can 503 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:16,320 Speaker 3: be drawn into the nucleus of an atom, appropriately enough, 504 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 3: because they orbit nuclei anyway, right, But it doesn't have 505 00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:22,720 Speaker 3: to hook up with that atom. When it takes that 506 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,399 Speaker 3: hard left, it emits the photon like you said. 507 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:27,920 Speaker 1: That's right, And like I said earlier, there's a camera 508 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:30,040 Speaker 1: on the other side of the patient and it's going 509 00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:33,120 Speaker 1: to record that pattern of light when it passes through 510 00:24:33,119 --> 00:24:36,879 Speaker 1: the body. And it's not so different from a regular camera. 511 00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:39,719 Speaker 1: And then the injur're just gonna get a picture, like 512 00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:40,840 Speaker 1: I said, a negative image. 513 00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 3: Yeah. And if you hook it up with a computer 514 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:46,440 Speaker 3: that allows you to take X rays basically in slices, 515 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:49,400 Speaker 3: you can come up with commuter computerized tomography. 516 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, you aka CT, right, a CT scan exactly. 517 00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:57,400 Speaker 3: If you use if you get a breast exam, you're 518 00:24:57,480 --> 00:25:01,040 Speaker 3: using a type of X ray called mimmography yep. And 519 00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:05,720 Speaker 3: then there's a fluoroscopy, which the man in the extraordinarily 520 00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:11,480 Speaker 3: dry presentation from Semens said was basically like moving picture. 521 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:15,679 Speaker 3: It's like exactly, and then he showed us what the 522 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:17,399 Speaker 3: movie is with a flip book, right. 523 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:18,600 Speaker 1: That old flip book trick. 524 00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:21,280 Speaker 3: And if you listen to this podcast, I'm sorry. I 525 00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:24,480 Speaker 3: just want to apologize for both of us. Semens guy. 526 00:25:24,840 --> 00:25:28,760 Speaker 3: Oh yeah, like, hats off to you for doing that 527 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:29,120 Speaker 3: at all. 528 00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:31,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, because he's probably saying, well, at least I was 529 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,160 Speaker 1: correct and everything I said exactly. 530 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:38,360 Speaker 3: It's a good point, sir. But with fluoroscopy, it's basically 531 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,920 Speaker 3: like a movie of an X ray movie, and you 532 00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:44,040 Speaker 3: would do this to make sure like a heart is 533 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:46,960 Speaker 3: beating correctly because you wanted to see it. But you 534 00:25:47,080 --> 00:25:51,240 Speaker 3: have to have an additional instrument because, as we've said, 535 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,600 Speaker 3: X rays will pass through tissue like heart tissue and 536 00:25:55,680 --> 00:25:58,680 Speaker 3: muscle tissue and all and blood vessels and all this stuff. 537 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:00,679 Speaker 3: You want to get pictures of you an X ray, 538 00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:03,359 Speaker 3: so you have to use something called the contrast media 539 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:03,679 Speaker 3: for it. 540 00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:07,439 Speaker 1: Yeah. A contrast agent is basically more dense than the 541 00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: soft tissue. So if you want to let's say swallow. 542 00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:15,439 Speaker 1: It's usually like a barium compound. If you want to 543 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:19,160 Speaker 1: examine like your blood vessels or your circulatory system, you're 544 00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,520 Speaker 1: sometimes they can inject that, or you might drink it 545 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,280 Speaker 1: to see if you're doing like a gastro intestinal like 546 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:27,480 Speaker 1: a GI tract. You're going to swallow that stuff, which 547 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:29,119 Speaker 1: I've never had to do. I think my dad had 548 00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:31,280 Speaker 1: to do that. Yeah, I don't think it's super pleasant. 549 00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:34,160 Speaker 3: I get the impression not too but my dad did 550 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:34,640 Speaker 3: it as well. 551 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's an old guy thing, so I should be 552 00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: getting one soon. And then it allows you, you know, 553 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 1: to see a moving image basically how that liquid is 554 00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:48,960 Speaker 1: if there's any blockage. There's all sorts of applications for it. 555 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, because you're that liquid has a high radiological density, 556 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:57,600 Speaker 3: which means that the X rays don't just pass right 557 00:26:57,640 --> 00:27:00,879 Speaker 3: through your the tissue that it's being suspended in, like 558 00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:04,359 Speaker 3: your blood vessels, it absorbs it for it. So you 559 00:27:04,359 --> 00:27:06,879 Speaker 3: get a picture of your blood vessels, your circulatory system, 560 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,240 Speaker 3: which is pretty cool. It's pretty clever. It's also extraordinarily 561 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:13,760 Speaker 3: elementary and principle. That's right, my dear Watson. 562 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:15,720 Speaker 1: And that single picture, I think we you know, we 563 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,800 Speaker 1: mentioned CT and mimography and all that and philoscopy, but 564 00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:21,959 Speaker 1: the single picture is just called standard radiography. And that's 565 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,639 Speaker 1: when you're you know, taking a photo of your skull 566 00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:28,680 Speaker 1: right or your lungs or your bones or your teeth. 567 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,360 Speaker 3: And so so. Speaking of the lead apron thing, man, 568 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:34,280 Speaker 3: it's always made me kind of nervous, Like if the 569 00:27:34,320 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 3: rest of my body has to wear a lead apron, 570 00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:39,640 Speaker 3: but you're shooting an X ray into my head, am 571 00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:40,439 Speaker 3: I going to be? Okay? 572 00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:55,840 Speaker 1: Well, we'll answer that right after this message. Oh all right, 573 00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:58,880 Speaker 1: X rays are they bad for you? The answer is yes, 574 00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:04,440 Speaker 1: pretty unequivocally. But like all things, it's it's in moderation 575 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 1: is the key. In the nineteen thirties and forties and 576 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:11,560 Speaker 1: into the fifties, they had X ray machines at shoe stores. 577 00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:14,360 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, they could X ray your feet to get 578 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:17,480 Speaker 1: a better fit, and they didn't realize at the time 579 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:20,280 Speaker 1: that they were X raying people way way too much. 580 00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:22,760 Speaker 3: You had talkative kids in class, they just shoot them 581 00:28:22,760 --> 00:28:25,840 Speaker 3: with an X ray and with they no, they probably 582 00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,000 Speaker 3: did I've got you like twice, Well no, I believe that, Like, hey, 583 00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:29,920 Speaker 3: let's look at his brain. 584 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,359 Speaker 1: There may be a mouse running around inside of it. 585 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 3: People in the thirties were dumb. 586 00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:39,640 Speaker 1: Well, it's basically radiation sickness. It's a form of ionization 587 00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: or ionizing radiation. So what can happen, Like if just 588 00:28:43,880 --> 00:28:46,479 Speaker 1: normal light hits an atom, is no big deal. But 589 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: when an X ray hits an atom, it knocks electrons 590 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:53,520 Speaker 1: off of it creates an ion, which is an electrically 591 00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:58,720 Speaker 1: charged atom, and basically anything from cellular death to mutation 592 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,240 Speaker 1: can happen at that point, and mutation can spread and 593 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:03,280 Speaker 1: it can cause cancer. 594 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:06,920 Speaker 3: Right Because stable atoms are neutral, right, because they have 595 00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,680 Speaker 3: an equal number of protons and electrons. You lose an 596 00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 3: electron all of a sudden, you have a positively charged 597 00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 3: ion and that negatively charge electron running around and it 598 00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:20,440 Speaker 3: just causes trouble. And you said light. Visible light can 599 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:23,320 Speaker 3: be absorbed and it's no big deal because visible light 600 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:26,840 Speaker 3: exists on a wavelength that's about in tune with the 601 00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:29,480 Speaker 3: soft tissues of our body, right, So we know how 602 00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:32,600 Speaker 3: to absorb it and it makes us tan and that's cool, right, 603 00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 3: But with these ionized atoms, these positively charged atoms like 604 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:42,400 Speaker 3: going around in your body, it can cause a lot 605 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:44,920 Speaker 3: of problems like mutations like cancer, right. 606 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:46,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean if you break that DNA chain, that's 607 00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:47,360 Speaker 1: not good. 608 00:29:47,440 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 3: No, it is. And one of the results is the 609 00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:55,640 Speaker 3: DNA can basically lose its ability to regulate itself and 610 00:29:56,520 --> 00:30:00,080 Speaker 3: the cell replicates more frequently than it should. All of 611 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:01,800 Speaker 3: a sudden, you have a tumor on your hands, and 612 00:30:01,840 --> 00:30:05,320 Speaker 3: that can spread. It can also be a problem if 613 00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:09,520 Speaker 3: that DNA break occurs in utero, because then that can 614 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:11,840 Speaker 3: lead to birth defects. Yeah, sure, which is why pregnant 615 00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:15,280 Speaker 3: women shouldn't get X rays yea. And it can also 616 00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:17,080 Speaker 3: just lead to plane old cellular death. 617 00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:17,440 Speaker 1: Yeah. 618 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:20,720 Speaker 3: If you have cellular death, then the tissues that are 619 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:24,000 Speaker 3: made up by those cells break down and you have 620 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:25,520 Speaker 3: a problem on your hands with that as well. 621 00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:29,440 Speaker 1: So here's the deal. We get exposed to radiation every 622 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:33,440 Speaker 1: day just walking around on the planet. It depends on 623 00:30:33,480 --> 00:30:37,240 Speaker 1: where you live, but every year, the average person is 624 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:40,040 Speaker 1: going to be exposed to anywhere from one to four 625 00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:45,160 Speaker 1: It's measured in milliseaverts per year. Like I said, depending 626 00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:47,680 Speaker 1: on where you are. I think in higher elevations it's 627 00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:51,560 Speaker 1: less than at sea level. So if you live in Denver, Colorado, 628 00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:52,800 Speaker 1: you're going to be exposed to less. 629 00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:55,800 Speaker 3: Well, yeah, because of Death Valley, you're higher up in 630 00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:59,080 Speaker 3: the atmosphere and that makes a difference. Exactly, you have 631 00:30:59,160 --> 00:30:59,959 Speaker 3: less protection, right. 632 00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:03,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, So you know, they what they want to do 633 00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:08,160 Speaker 1: medically speaking, they want to use, or they're supposed to use, 634 00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,960 Speaker 1: the minimum amount to achieve the pictures you need. It's 635 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:13,720 Speaker 1: not like the old days where they're just like, let's 636 00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:17,080 Speaker 1: do twenty X rays. Yeah, like, let's do the minimum 637 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:19,120 Speaker 1: amount we need to get the information that we need. 638 00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:23,520 Speaker 1: A CT scan can can get your you know, you 639 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:25,440 Speaker 1: lay down in the tube and it rotates around you 640 00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:27,720 Speaker 1: and your whole body can be photographed in less than 641 00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:31,680 Speaker 1: five seconds these days. Nice, but you know there are 642 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:35,360 Speaker 1: concerns if you get too many X rays still, like 643 00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,440 Speaker 1: a dental panorama. I think what I say, one to 644 00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:39,920 Speaker 1: four milisiverts per year. 645 00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,440 Speaker 3: And it's cumulative too, you should yeah, like it's not. 646 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,160 Speaker 3: It's not like you get one and then you know, 647 00:31:46,360 --> 00:31:49,040 Speaker 3: eight months later, you get another one in that first 648 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 3: one went away, Like it accumulates over the course of 649 00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:52,200 Speaker 3: a year. 650 00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:54,960 Speaker 1: Yeah. So here's just a few examples of how much 651 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:58,640 Speaker 1: radiation you're being exposed to with X rays. A dental 652 00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:02,280 Speaker 1: panorama is going to be point zero one milliseiverts, so 653 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:06,160 Speaker 1: not very much like two chest X rays might be 654 00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:10,720 Speaker 1: point one mam or gram is around point four your 655 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:15,600 Speaker 1: pelvis point six your back upper back maybe one point zero. 656 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:19,720 Speaker 3: I wonder why, because there's so incent bone there. 657 00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:23,960 Speaker 1: Maybe yeah, maybe you have to do with exposure to Yeah, 658 00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:24,720 Speaker 1: that makes sense. 659 00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:27,520 Speaker 3: I got a ton of bone in my upper back. 660 00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:31,880 Speaker 1: A full CT scan, it depends on what you are. 661 00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: It depends on what your X raying. But a CT 662 00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:40,120 Speaker 1: scan is obviously more like an abdominal or pelvis CT 663 00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:43,320 Speaker 1: scan could be as many as ten milliseiverts. Yeah, so 664 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:45,960 Speaker 1: that's like up to two or three years worth of 665 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:49,600 Speaker 1: radiation in a single CT scan, which can be problematic, 666 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:51,960 Speaker 1: which is why they don't say get in the CT 667 00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:56,000 Speaker 1: machine like every other week. But you know some of 668 00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:58,720 Speaker 1: the reasons you might if you had a traumatic injury, 669 00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:00,880 Speaker 1: they're going to X ray you a lot of times 670 00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: for disease confirmation. Go use an X ray machine during 671 00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:09,400 Speaker 1: surgery is a visual guide. Like if you do endoscopic surgery, 672 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:13,440 Speaker 1: the surgeons actually needs to look at something, so sometimes 673 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:16,400 Speaker 1: it was X rays for that or to monitor your 674 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,360 Speaker 1: healing process. You know when you break a bone, it's 675 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,680 Speaker 1: not just that first X ray. You're gonna keep getting 676 00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:22,960 Speaker 1: them to see how you're healing up. 677 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:26,160 Speaker 3: This is right out of the Semens video. Huh no, 678 00:33:27,760 --> 00:33:29,080 Speaker 3: uh uh okay. 679 00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:30,920 Speaker 1: I don't think so. I mean I looked at so 680 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,400 Speaker 1: much stuff all together, cumulative research. 681 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,160 Speaker 3: So I did a brain stuff on sieverts and how 682 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:41,720 Speaker 3: many we can take. Yeah, and yeah, it's it's kind 683 00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:44,520 Speaker 3: of like it's a little alarming. Sure, how much radiation 684 00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:46,920 Speaker 3: we're exposed to. People who fly a lot too, are 685 00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:49,880 Speaker 3: exposed to tons of radiation because you're again higher up in 686 00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:52,680 Speaker 3: the atmosphere, so you're less protected by the atmosphere. 687 00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:56,880 Speaker 1: Speaking of flying, and of course baggage that is X rayed. 688 00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:00,560 Speaker 1: The food industry uses X rays a lot. Are geologists 689 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,600 Speaker 1: use it if they don't want to destroy an object 690 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,480 Speaker 1: and they want to see what's inside. Or earth sciences, 691 00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:08,680 Speaker 1: I'll use X rays for rocks to see what kind 692 00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:11,839 Speaker 1: of mineral composition. So there's all sorts of applications. It's 693 00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:14,200 Speaker 1: not just medical space. 694 00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:15,080 Speaker 3: Yeah. 695 00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:19,480 Speaker 1: X ray telescopes out on satellites apparently you can see 696 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,520 Speaker 1: a lot. You can see things you can't detect from 697 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,719 Speaker 1: an earthbound telescope. Because X rays are absorbed by our atmosphere, 698 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:28,960 Speaker 1: so you can't like shoot it into space like that. 699 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:31,960 Speaker 3: So this article makes a pretty good point if you 700 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:36,120 Speaker 3: ask me. It says like, yes, X rays are like 701 00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:39,200 Speaker 3: are bad for you, and you should use them with 702 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:43,560 Speaker 3: care and caution. And one good point is to always 703 00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:46,319 Speaker 3: ask if there's an alternative to an X ray, just 704 00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:49,600 Speaker 3: to basically say, hey, doc or Dennis, slow your role, Yeah, 705 00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:52,840 Speaker 3: is there another way we can get this information without 706 00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:54,920 Speaker 3: an X ray? I know it's the easiest, but whatever 707 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:58,080 Speaker 3: the alternatives. But then the article makes the point like 708 00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:01,960 Speaker 3: it's still safer than and then the ultimate alternative, the 709 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,720 Speaker 3: thing that X rays replaced, which was exploratory surgery. 710 00:35:04,920 --> 00:35:07,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, and in the day, if they thought you had cancer, 711 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:09,920 Speaker 1: they would cut you open and see yeah, and this 712 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:10,960 Speaker 1: is definitely better than that. 713 00:35:11,040 --> 00:35:14,239 Speaker 3: Yeah, or broken bone. Imagine getting that on cut open 714 00:35:14,360 --> 00:35:16,319 Speaker 3: just to see how yeah it's doing. 715 00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:19,239 Speaker 1: They're like, no, it's not broken, right. 716 00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:21,719 Speaker 3: And we haven't invented anesthetic yet. 717 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:25,040 Speaker 1: So good luck with your dentists, by the way, because 718 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,160 Speaker 1: I always get the feeling that the dentists are like, no, 719 00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:31,480 Speaker 1: your insurance allows us to bill for so many per 720 00:35:31,560 --> 00:35:33,200 Speaker 1: year exact that's how many are going to get. 721 00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:36,760 Speaker 3: These X rays are putting my kid through college. Yeah, 722 00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:39,040 Speaker 3: you got anything else on X rays? No, that was 723 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:41,719 Speaker 3: a fine amount of stuff. I'm feeling good about it. 724 00:35:41,719 --> 00:35:43,799 Speaker 3: You feel good about this one? Sure? I do too. 725 00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:44,760 Speaker 1: Yeah. 726 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:46,480 Speaker 3: If you want to know more about X rays, you 727 00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:50,399 Speaker 3: can check out this really informative article on HowStuffWorks dot com. 728 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:52,840 Speaker 3: It's got some great diagrams that explain a lot of 729 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:56,000 Speaker 3: the stuff we were saying visually. And you can type 730 00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:58,200 Speaker 3: x ray into the search bar at how stuff Works 731 00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:00,359 Speaker 3: and it'll bring that up. Since I said it's part, 732 00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:01,439 Speaker 3: it's time for listener mail. 733 00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:07,560 Speaker 1: This is from my buddy Poppy in Vancouver. Stuff you 734 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:09,080 Speaker 1: should don't listener that I met while I was there, 735 00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:12,680 Speaker 1: and Poppy as this is to say, he's got a 736 00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,480 Speaker 1: pretty cool job. He listened to the PTSD show and 737 00:36:15,480 --> 00:36:18,440 Speaker 1: wanted to write in about another option that he works with. 738 00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:22,520 Speaker 1: He's a registered acupuncturist in Vancouver with special training in 739 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:26,960 Speaker 1: trauma and addictions. He's a program called Neurotrophic Stimulation Therapy 740 00:36:27,640 --> 00:36:30,000 Speaker 1: NTSD in A large part of the program uses ear 741 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:35,320 Speaker 1: acupuncture and electro acupuncture to promote neuroplasticity in the brain. 742 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:38,680 Speaker 1: He says, you can't necessarily directly fix the brain, but 743 00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,120 Speaker 1: you can stimulate the ear nerves and will help the 744 00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:45,799 Speaker 1: brain reregulate certain functionality so it can heal itself. He's 745 00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:49,000 Speaker 1: been treating trauma and PTSD patients for several years and 746 00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:51,759 Speaker 1: the evidence for his efficacy is high. It can be 747 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,520 Speaker 1: done with acupuncture needles alone or in combination with a 748 00:36:54,640 --> 00:36:58,480 Speaker 1: mild electrical stimulation. Remember we talked. 749 00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 3: About transcranial electromagnetic stimulation. 750 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:06,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, transdermal cranial stimulation. He says that's one of the 751 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:08,520 Speaker 1: things that he's also using to treat PTSD, which is 752 00:37:08,520 --> 00:37:11,560 Speaker 1: pretty cool wow. And he said it makes cognitive behavioral 753 00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:14,960 Speaker 1: therapies so much easier to introduce because it promotes neuroplasticity 754 00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:17,239 Speaker 1: and the results help a PTSD suffer to be more 755 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:22,239 Speaker 1: open to and able to receive positive social programming. So 756 00:37:22,360 --> 00:37:24,279 Speaker 1: he has a program we want to promote. If you 757 00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:27,200 Speaker 1: want to see all the components in action in his program, 758 00:37:27,239 --> 00:37:31,399 Speaker 1: you can visit Lastdoor Recovery Society at lastdoor dot org, 759 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:36,520 Speaker 1: slash ntst, or you can donate funds to help purchase 760 00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:39,360 Speaker 1: a brain scanner so that they can scientifically measure the 761 00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:41,680 Speaker 1: results of the program, which would really help show the 762 00:37:41,719 --> 00:37:45,280 Speaker 1: validity of the therapies. And if you're interested in helping 763 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:48,600 Speaker 1: out Poppy's cause there because he's really big on treating 764 00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:52,479 Speaker 1: veterans in Canada. In the US, I shortened his little 765 00:37:52,640 --> 00:37:57,400 Speaker 1: URL to bitley bit dot l y slash one one 766 00:37:57,760 --> 00:38:03,040 Speaker 1: y n l Q and that is from Poppy and 767 00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:04,720 Speaker 1: he says, I'm mistay. 768 00:38:04,640 --> 00:38:07,000 Speaker 3: Thanks a lot, Poppy, Is it Poppy with a oh 769 00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:10,680 Speaker 3: p O P P I nice. If you want to 770 00:38:10,719 --> 00:38:13,279 Speaker 3: get in touch with us, you can tweet to us 771 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:16,359 Speaker 3: at s y s K podcast. You can join us 772 00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:19,480 Speaker 3: on Facebook dot com slash stuff you Should Know. You 773 00:38:19,520 --> 00:38:22,480 Speaker 3: can send us an email to stuff Podcast at HowStuffWorks 774 00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:25,560 Speaker 3: dot com. That's right, and as always, joined us at 775 00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:32,959 Speaker 3: our home on the web, stuff youshould Know dot com. 776 00:38:33,160 --> 00:38:35,680 Speaker 2: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit 777 00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:44,160 Speaker 2: HowStuffWorks dot com.